COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease
Identifieur interne : 000358 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000357; suivant : 000359COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease
Auteurs : Ye Yi ; Philip N. P. Lagniton ; Sen Ye ; Enqin Li ; Ren-He XuSource :
- International Journal of Biological Sciences [ 1449-2288 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.
Url:
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45134
PubMed: 32226295
PubMed Central: 7098028
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease</title><author><name sortKey="Yi, Ye" sort="Yi, Ye" uniqKey="Yi Y" first="Ye" last="Yi">Ye Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lagniton, Philip N P" sort="Lagniton, Philip N P" uniqKey="Lagniton P" first="Philip N. P." last="Lagniton">Philip N. P. Lagniton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Sen" sort="Ye, Sen" uniqKey="Ye S" first="Sen" last="Ye">Sen Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Enqin" sort="Li, Enqin" uniqKey="Li E" first="Enqin" last="Li">Enqin Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Ren He" sort="Xu, Ren He" uniqKey="Xu R" first="Ren-He" last="Xu">Ren-He Xu</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32226295</idno><idno type="pmc">7098028</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098028</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7098028</idno><idno type="doi">10.7150/ijbs.45134</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001798</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001798</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001798</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001798</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000358</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000358</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease</title><author><name sortKey="Yi, Ye" sort="Yi, Ye" uniqKey="Yi Y" first="Ye" last="Yi">Ye Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lagniton, Philip N P" sort="Lagniton, Philip N P" uniqKey="Lagniton P" first="Philip N. P." last="Lagniton">Philip N. P. Lagniton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Sen" sort="Ye, Sen" uniqKey="Ye S" first="Sen" last="Ye">Sen Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Enqin" sort="Li, Enqin" uniqKey="Li E" first="Enqin" last="Li">Enqin Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Ren He" sort="Xu, Ren He" uniqKey="Xu R" first="Ren-He" last="Xu">Ren-He Xu</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Biological Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1449-2288</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Velavan, Tp" uniqKey="Velavan T">TP Velavan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Cg" uniqKey="Meyer C">CG Meyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E de Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, N" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N">N van Doremalen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falzarano, D" uniqKey="Falzarano D">D Falzarano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, Vj" uniqKey="Munster V">VJ Munster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paules, Ci" uniqKey="Paules C">CI Paules</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marston, Hd" uniqKey="Marston 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int. J. Biol. Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijbs</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Biological Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1449-2288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ivyspring International Publisher</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sydney</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32226295</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7098028</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijbs.45134</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijbsv16p1753</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>Ye</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lagniton</surname><given-names>Philip N.P.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Sen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Enqin</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Ren-He</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="FNA_envelop">✉</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff>Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FNA_envelop">✉ Corresponding author: Ren-He Xu, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China. Tel: 853-8822-4993; Fax: 853-8822-8345; Email address: <email>renhexu@um.edu.mo</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Competing Interests: R.X. is a founder of ImStem Biotechnology, Inc., a stem cell company. The other authors declare no competing financial interests.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1753</fpage><lpage>1766</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>). See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ivyspring.com/terms">http://ivyspring.com/terms</ext-link> for full terms and conditions.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>outbreak</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Major events that occurred thus far during the outbreak of COVID-19.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijbsv16p1753g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Worldwide distribution of COVID-19 cases on 26 Feb. 2020, according to a coronavirus monitoring system of Johns Hopkins University <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijbsv16p1753g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>The origins and intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijbsv16p1753g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Immune response of the host to coronavirus infection <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>-<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijbsv16p1753g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Comparison of epidemic of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijbsv16p1753g005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparison items</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV-2</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">MERS-CoV</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristics</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="7" colspan="1"><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Date extracted from</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dec. 2020 - Feb. 2020</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sept. 2012</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dec. 2003</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Place of origin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wuhan, China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guangdong China</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age range</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (22-92)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (14-94)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9 (1-91)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male/Female sex ratio</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:3:1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3:1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1.25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mortality rate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confirmed cases (Global)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2494</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8096</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">R<sub>0</sub></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7 - 6.6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 - 0.91</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 - 1.88</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="1"><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incubation period (day)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 - 14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 - 6.9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 - 6.9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Symptoms</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="6" colspan="1"><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">258 (93%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">98%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">99-100%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dry cough</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">194 (70%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29-75%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dyspnea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (35%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40-42%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diarrhea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-25%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sore throat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13-25%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Treatments of COVID-19</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Efficacy</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">General oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen/noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation, conservation fluid management, management of septic shock, infection control</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Respiratory supports</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiviral therapy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduce the viral load</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Remdesivir</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steroids</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduce the severity of inflammatory damage</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological supports</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relieve stress and improve mental health</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Prognostic factors for COVID-19 in comparison with SARS and MERS</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laboratory results</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest radiography</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Others</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">COVID-19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRP<break></break>AST<break></break>ALT<break></break>CK<break></break>LDH<break></break>D-dimer<break></break>Lymphopenia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest radiography</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age<break></break>Gender<break></break>Pregnancy<break></break>Viral load<break></break>Underlying disease</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRP<break></break>AST<break></break>ALT<break></break>CK<break></break>LDH<break></break>D-dimer<break></break>Low platelet<break></break>Plasma electrolyte</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest radiography</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age<break></break>Gender<break></break>Pregnancy<break></break>Underlying diseases</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>, <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>, <xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>, <xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MERS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neutrophilia<break></break>Lymphopenia<break></break>Serum creatinine<break></break>LDH</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The diffuse or brochopneumonia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age,<break></break>Chronic kidney disease,<break></break>Hypertension,<break></break>Viral load</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>-<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Lagniton, Philip N P" 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