Neurovirulent Murine Coronavirus JHM.SD Uses Cellular Zinc Metalloproteases for Virus Entry and Cell-Cell Fusion
Identifieur interne : 002D60 ( Ncbi/Curation ); précédent : 002D59; suivant : 002D61Neurovirulent Murine Coronavirus JHM.SD Uses Cellular Zinc Metalloproteases for Virus Entry and Cell-Cell Fusion
Auteurs : Judith M. Phillips [États-Unis] ; Tom Gallagher [États-Unis] ; Susan R. Weiss [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of Virology [ 0022-538X ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- métabolisme : Metalloproteases.
- physiologie : Virus de l'hépatite murine.
- Animaux, Fusion cellulaire, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Pénétration virale, Souris.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Metalloproteases.
- physiology : Murine hepatitis virus.
- Animals, Cell Fusion, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Mice, Virus Internalization.
Abstract
The coronavirus (CoV) S protein requires cleavage by host cell proteases to mediate virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. Many strains of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) have distinct, S-dependent organ and tissue tropisms despite using a common receptor, suggesting that they employ different cellular proteases for fusion. In support of this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of endosomal acidification only modestly decreased entry, and overexpression of the cell surface protease TMPRSS2 greatly enhanced entry, of the highly neurovirulent MHV strain JHM.SD relative to their effects on the reference strain, A59. However, TMPRSS2 overexpression decreased MHV structural protein expression, release of infectious particles, and syncytium formation, and endogenous serine protease activity did not contribute greatly to infection. We therefore investigated the importance of other classes of cellular proteases and found that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-family zinc metalloproteases markedly decreased both entry and cell-cell fusion. Suppression of virus by metalloprotease inhibition varied among tested cell lines and MHV S proteins, suggesting a role for metalloprotease use in strain-dependent tropism. We conclude that zinc metalloproteases must be considered potential contributors to coronavirus fusion.
Url:
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01564-16
PubMed: 28148786
PubMed Central: 5375694
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PMC:5375694Le document en format XML
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<term>Cell Fusion</term>
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<term>Metalloproteases (metabolism)</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Murine hepatitis virus (physiology)</term>
<term>Virus Internalization</term>
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<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Fusion cellulaire</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Metalloproteases (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Pénétration virale</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Virus de l'hépatite murine (physiologie)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Metalloproteases</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Murine hepatitis virus</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Fusion</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Virus Internalization</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Fusion cellulaire</term>
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<term>Pénétration virale</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The coronavirus (CoV) S protein requires cleavage by host cell proteases to mediate virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. Many strains of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) have distinct, S-dependent organ and tissue tropisms despite using a common receptor, suggesting that they employ different cellular proteases for fusion. In support of this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of endosomal acidification only modestly decreased entry, and overexpression of the cell surface protease TMPRSS2 greatly enhanced entry, of the highly neurovirulent MHV strain JHM.SD relative to their effects on the reference strain, A59. However, TMPRSS2 overexpression decreased MHV structural protein expression, release of infectious particles, and syncytium formation, and endogenous serine protease activity did not contribute greatly to infection. We therefore investigated the importance of other classes of cellular proteases and found that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-family zinc metalloproteases markedly decreased both entry and cell-cell fusion. Suppression of virus by metalloprotease inhibition varied among tested cell lines and MHV S proteins, suggesting a role for metalloprotease use in strain-dependent tropism. We conclude that zinc metalloproteases must be considered potential contributors to coronavirus fusion.</p>
<p><bold>IMPORTANCE</bold>
The family <named-content content-type="genus-species">Coronaviridae</named-content>
includes viruses that cause two emerging diseases of humans, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), as well as a number of important animal pathogens. Because coronaviruses depend on host protease-mediated cleavage of their S proteins for entry, a number of protease inhibitors have been proposed as antiviral agents. However, it is unclear which proteases mediate <italic>in vivo</italic>
infection. For example, SARS-CoV infection of cultured cells depends on endosomal acid pH-dependent proteases rather than on the cell surface acid pH-independent serine protease TMPRSS2, but Zhou et al. (Antiviral Res 116:76–84, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.011) found that a serine protease inhibitor was more protective than a cathepsin inhibitor in SARS-CoV-infected mice. This paper explores the contributions of endosomal acidification and various proteases to coronavirus infection and identifies an unexpected class of proteases, the matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM families, as potential targets for anticoronavirus therapy.</p>
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