Ten years’ experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children
Identifieur interne : 001889 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001888; suivant : 001890Ten years’ experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children
Auteurs : Josef A. I. Weigl ; Wolfram Puppe ; Claudius U. Meyer ; Reinhard Berner ; Johannes Forster ; Heinz J. Schmitt ; Fred ZeppSource :
- European Journal of Pediatrics [ 0340-6199 ] ; 2007-09-01.
English descriptors
Abstract
Abstract: Introduction: Surveillance systems for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children currently are often limited in terms of the panel of pathogens and the age range investigated or are only syndromic and at times only active in the winter season. Methods: Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. Results: In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and Legionella pneumophila were not found at all and Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals. Conclusion: Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. The impact of atypical bacteria in children was highly overestimated in earlier studies.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0496-x
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ISTEX:40101B1A36217C9C47619DDC28CA622F27E87E67Le document en format XML
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Weigl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puppe, Wolfram" sort="Puppe, Wolfram" uniqKey="Puppe W" first="Wolfram" last="Puppe">Wolfram Puppe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Claudius U" sort="Meyer, Claudius U" uniqKey="Meyer C" first="Claudius U." last="Meyer">Claudius U. 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I." last="Weigl">Josef A. I. Weigl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puppe, Wolfram" sort="Puppe, Wolfram" uniqKey="Puppe W" first="Wolfram" last="Puppe">Wolfram Puppe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Claudius U" sort="Meyer, Claudius U" uniqKey="Meyer C" first="Claudius U." last="Meyer">Claudius U. Meyer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berner, Reinhard" sort="Berner, Reinhard" uniqKey="Berner R" first="Reinhard" last="Berner">Reinhard Berner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Albrecht Ludwig Universitaet, Freiburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forster, Johannes" sort="Forster, Johannes" uniqKey="Forster J" first="Johannes" last="Forster">Johannes Forster</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>St. Josefskrankenhaus, Abteilung für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, St. Hedwig, Freiburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmitt, Heinz J" sort="Schmitt, Heinz J" uniqKey="Schmitt H" first="Heinz J." last="Schmitt">Heinz J. 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Methods: Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. Results: In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and Legionella pneumophila were not found at all and Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals. Conclusion: Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. The impact of atypical bacteria in children was highly overestimated in earlier studies.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer-journals</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Josef A. I. Weigl</name><affiliations><json:string>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</json:string><json:string>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</json:string><json:string>E-mail: weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wolfram Puppe</name><affiliations><json:string>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</json:string><json:string>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Claudius U. 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Schmitt</name><affiliations><json:string>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Fred Zepp</name><affiliations><json:string>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Airway infections</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Metapneumovirus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Multiplex RT-PCR</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Population-based</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Surveillance</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>496</json:string><json:string>s00431-007-0496-x</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/VQC-PSDW56BV-B</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: Introduction: Surveillance systems for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children currently are often limited in terms of the panel of pathogens and the age range investigated or are only syndromic and at times only active in the winter season. Methods: Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. Results: In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and Legionella pneumophila were not found at all and Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals. Conclusion: Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. 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Methods: Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. Results: In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and Legionella pneumophila were not found at all and Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals. Conclusion: Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. The impact of atypical bacteria in children was highly overestimated in earlier studies.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Airway infections</term></item><item><term>Metapneumovirus</term></item><item><term>Multiplex RT-PCR</term></item><item><term>Population-based</term></item><item><term>Surveillance</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Medicine & Public Health</head><item><term>Pediatrics</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2006-11-03">Created</change><change 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TocLevels="0"><IssueIDStart>9</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>9</IssueIDEnd><IssueArticleCount>20</IssueArticleCount><IssueHistory><OnlineDate><Year>2007</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>19</Day></OnlineDate><PrintDate><Year>2007</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>19</Day></PrintDate><CoverDate><Year>2007</Year><Month>9</Month></CoverDate></IssueHistory><IssueCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2007</CopyrightYear></IssueCopyright></IssueInfo><Article ID="s00431-007-0496-x" OutputMedium="All"><ArticleInfo ArticleType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" Language="En" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0"><ArticleID>496</ArticleID><ArticleDOI>10.1007/s00431-007-0496-x</ArticleDOI><ArticleSequenceNumber>11</ArticleSequenceNumber><ArticleTitle Language="En">Ten years’ experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children</ArticleTitle><ArticleCategory>Original Paper</ArticleCategory><ArticleFirstPage>957</ArticleFirstPage><ArticleLastPage>966</ArticleLastPage><ArticleHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2007</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>12</Day></RegistrationDate><Received><Year>2006</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>3</Day></Received><Revised><Year>2007</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>20</Day></Revised><Accepted><Year>2007</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>10</Day></Accepted><OnlineDate><Year>2007</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>14</Day></OnlineDate></ArticleHistory><ArticleCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2007</CopyrightYear></ArticleCopyright><ArticleGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ArticleGrants></ArticleInfo><ArticleHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1 Aff2" CorrespondingAffiliationID="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Josef</GivenName><GivenName>A.</GivenName><GivenName>I.</GivenName><FamilyName>Weigl</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Phone>+49-431-5971677</Phone><Fax>+49-431-5971680</Fax><Email>weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1 Aff2"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Wolfram</GivenName><FamilyName>Puppe</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff2"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Claudius</GivenName><GivenName>U.</GivenName><FamilyName>Meyer</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff3"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Reinhard</GivenName><FamilyName>Berner</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff4"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Johannes</GivenName><FamilyName>Forster</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff2"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Heinz</GivenName><GivenName>J.</GivenName><FamilyName>Schmitt</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff2"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Fred</GivenName><FamilyName>Zepp</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><InstitutionalAuthor><InstitutionalAuthorName>PID-ARI.net</InstitutionalAuthorName></InstitutionalAuthor><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgDivision>Pediatric Infectious Diseases</OrgDivision><OrgName>Children’s Hospital Kiel</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Schwanenweg 20</Street><Postcode>24105</Postcode><City>Kiel</City><Country Code="DE">Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff2"><OrgDivision>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie</OrgDivision><OrgName>Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Mainz</City><Country Code="DE">Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff3"><OrgDivision>Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin</OrgDivision><OrgName>Albrecht Ludwig Universitaet</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Freiburg</City><Country Code="DE">Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff4"><OrgDivision>St. Josefskrankenhaus</OrgDivision><OrgName>Abteilung für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>St. Hedwig</Street><City>Freiburg</City><Country Code="DE">Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><AbstractSection ID="ASec1"><Heading>Introduction</Heading><Para>Surveillance systems for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children currently are often limited in terms of the panel of pathogens and the age range investigated or are only syndromic and at times only active in the winter season. </Para></AbstractSection><AbstractSection ID="ASec2"><Heading>Methods</Heading><Para>Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. </Para></AbstractSection><AbstractSection ID="ASec3"><Heading>Results</Heading><Para>In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Legionella pneumophila</Emphasis> were not found at all and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Chlamydia pneumoniae</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bordetella parapertussis</Emphasis> only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals.</Para></AbstractSection><AbstractSection ID="ASec4"><Heading>Conclusion</Heading><Para>Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. The impact of atypical bacteria in children was highly overestimated in earlier studies.</Para></AbstractSection></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En"><Heading>Keywords</Heading><Keyword>Airway infections</Keyword><Keyword>Metapneumovirus</Keyword><Keyword>Multiplex RT-PCR</Keyword><Keyword>Population-based</Keyword><Keyword>Surveillance</Keyword></KeywordGroup><AbbreviationGroup><AbbreviationGroupSection ID="AGS1"><Heading>Abbreviations</Heading><DefinitionList><DefinitionListEntry><Term>ARI</Term><Description><Para>acute respiratory infection</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry><DefinitionListEntry><Term>ERS</Term><Description><Para>epidemiological recruitment system</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry><DefinitionListEntry><Term>ey</Term><Description><Para>epidemiological year</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry><DefinitionListEntry><Term>LRI</Term><Description><Para>lower respiratory infections</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry><DefinitionListEntry><Term>m-RT-PCR</Term><Description><Para>multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry><DefinitionListEntry><Term>NPA</Term><Description><Para>nasopharyngeal aspirate</Para></Description></DefinitionListEntry></DefinitionList></AbbreviationGroupSection></AbbreviationGroup></ArticleHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Article></Issue></Volume></Journal></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Ten years’ experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Ten years’ experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>PID-ARI.net</namePart></name><name type="personal" displayLabel="corresp"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="given">I.</namePart><namePart type="family">Weigl</namePart><affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wolfram</namePart><namePart type="family">Puppe</namePart><affiliation>Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Claudius</namePart><namePart type="given">U.</namePart><namePart type="family">Meyer</namePart><affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Reinhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Berner</namePart><affiliation>Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Albrecht Ludwig Universitaet, Freiburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Johannes</namePart><namePart type="family">Forster</namePart><affiliation>St. Josefskrankenhaus, Abteilung für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, St. Hedwig, Freiburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Heinz</namePart><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Schmitt</namePart><affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Fred</namePart><namePart type="family">Zepp</namePart><affiliation>Kinderklinik, Paediatrische Infektiologie & Zentrum Praeventive Paediatrie, Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet, Mainz, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer-Verlag</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin/Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2006-11-03</dateCreated><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-09-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Introduction: Surveillance systems for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children currently are often limited in terms of the panel of pathogens and the age range investigated or are only syndromic and at times only active in the winter season. Methods: Within PID-ARI.net, a research network for ARI in children in Germany, an active, year-round surveillance system was formed in three regions from north to south for population-based analysis. Children from birth to 16 years of age were included and up to 19 noncolonizing airway pathogens were tested for with multiplex RT-PCR. Results: In the 10-year period from July 1996 to June 2006, a total of 18,899 samples were tested. The positive rate increased with the size of the test panel to up to 72.9%. Picornaviruses (35–39%), paramyxoviruses (23–28%) and orthomyxoviruses (5.8–12.5%) comprised the highest fraction. Reoviruses and Legionella pneumophila were not found at all and Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis only rarely. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 were anticyclical in rhythmicity with metapneumovirus and PIV1 and PIV2. The age medians per pathogen depended predominantly upon the attack rate and interepidemic intervals. Conclusion: Active surveillance systems for ARI are superior to passive systems. They should be pathogen-specific and comprehensive for viruses and bacteria and age ranges. They should be population-based and multilevel to avoid bias. The impact of atypical bacteria in children was highly overestimated in earlier studies.</abstract><note>Original Paper</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Airway infections</topic><topic>Metapneumovirus</topic><topic>Multiplex RT-PCR</topic><topic>Population-based</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic></subject><subject></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>European Journal of Pediatrics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Eur J Pediatr</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-07-19</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><subject><genre>Medicine & Public Health</genre><topic>Pediatrics</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0340-6199</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1432-1076</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">431</identifier><identifier type="IssueArticleCount">20</identifier><identifier type="VolumeIssueCount">12</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><number>166</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>9</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>957</start><end>966</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag, 2007</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">40101B1A36217C9C47619DDC28CA622F27E87E67</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/VQC-PSDW56BV-B</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s00431-007-0496-x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">496</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">s00431-007-0496-x</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer-Verlag, 2007</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-3XSW68JL-F">springer</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag, 2007</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/VQC-PSDW56BV-B/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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