Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
Identifieur interne : 001456 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001455; suivant : 001457Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
Auteurs : Hussen Mekonnen Asfaw ; Fikre Enquselassie GasheSource :
- Reproductive Health [ 1742-4755 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Given the degree of HIV epidemic among women and the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale up in Ethiopia; considering the issue of fertility is vital to ensure the delivery of integrated reproductive health along with prevention services provided to positive women. This study was aimed to assess fertility intentions of women living with HIV attending public health institutions (hospitals & health centers) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Institution based cross sectional survey was conducted, among 1855 HIV positive, women aged 18–49 years selected from different public health facilities in Addis Ababa; from June to October 2012. Information was gathered by using interviewer administered questionnaires. Data were double entered in EPI Info version 3.5.2 software, cleaned finally exported to IBM SPSS statistics version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict the association of study variables and adjusted for possible confounders.
Overall, 44% of women reported fertility intention. ART users had higher fertility intention
A considerable proportion of women reported fertility intention. There was an association between fertility intentions and ART use. It is important for health care providers and policy makers to strengthen the fertility need of HIV positive women along with HIV care so that women may decide freely and responsibly on their fertility issues.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-11-36
PubMed: 24885318
PubMed Central: 4038077
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4038077Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Asfaw, Hussen Mekonnen" sort="Asfaw, Hussen Mekonnen" uniqKey="Asfaw H" first="Hussen Mekonnen" last="Asfaw">Hussen Mekonnen Asfaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of preventive medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gashe, Fikre Enquselassie" sort="Gashe, Fikre Enquselassie" uniqKey="Gashe F" first="Fikre Enquselassie" last="Gashe">Fikre Enquselassie Gashe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of preventive medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24885318</idno><idno type="pmc">4038077</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038077</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4038077</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-11-36</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001456</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001456</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Asfaw, Hussen Mekonnen" sort="Asfaw, Hussen Mekonnen" uniqKey="Asfaw H" first="Hussen Mekonnen" last="Asfaw">Hussen Mekonnen Asfaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of preventive medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gashe, Fikre Enquselassie" sort="Gashe, Fikre Enquselassie" uniqKey="Gashe F" first="Fikre Enquselassie" last="Gashe">Fikre Enquselassie Gashe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of preventive medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Reproductive Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1742-4755</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Given the degree of HIV epidemic among women and the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale up in Ethiopia; considering the issue of fertility is vital to ensure the delivery of integrated reproductive health along with prevention services provided to positive women. This study was aimed to assess fertility intentions of women living with HIV attending public health institutions (hospitals & health centers) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Institution based cross sectional survey was conducted, among 1855 HIV positive, women aged 18–49 years selected from different public health facilities in Addis Ababa; from June to October 2012. Information was gathered by using interviewer administered questionnaires. Data were double entered in EPI Info version 3.5.2 software, cleaned finally exported to IBM SPSS statistics version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict the association of study variables and adjusted for possible confounders.</p></sec><sec><title>Result</title><p>Overall, 44% of women reported fertility intention. ART users had higher fertility intention <bold>(AOR; 1.26, 95%CI; 1.01 to 1.60)</bold> than ART naïve. In addition to this, having partner being on sexual relationship, young age, being single and having fewer or no children were found to be predictors of fertility intentions. The presence of ART, improvement of health condition and the influence of husband were the main reasons for childbearing intentions of women in the study area.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>A considerable proportion of women reported fertility intention. There was an association between fertility intentions and ART use. It is important for health care providers and policy makers to strengthen the fertility need of HIV positive women along with HIV care so that women may decide freely and responsibly on their fertility issues.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Unaids, Who" uniqKey="Unaids W">WHO UNAIDS</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andia, I" uniqKey="Andia I">I Andia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaida, A" uniqKey="Kaida A">A Kaida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maier, M" uniqKey="Maier M">M Maier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman, D" uniqKey="Guzman D">D Guzman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emenyonu, N" uniqKey="Emenyonu N">N Emenyonu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pepper, L" uniqKey="Pepper L">L Pepper</name></author><author><name sortKey="David, R" uniqKey="David R">R David</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, S" uniqKey="Robert S">S Robert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Myer, L" uniqKey="Myer L">L Myer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morroni, C" uniqKey="Morroni C">C Morroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rebe, K" uniqKey="Rebe K">K Rebe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooper, D" uniqKey="Cooper D">D Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harries, J" uniqKey="Harries J">J Harries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Myer, L" uniqKey="Myer L">L Myer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orner, P" uniqKey="Orner P">P Orner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bracken, H" uniqKey="Bracken H">H Bracken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zweigenthal, V" uniqKey="Zweigenthal V">V Zweigenthal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Homsy, J" uniqKey="Homsy J">J Homsy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bunnell, R" uniqKey="Bunnell R">R Bunnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, D" uniqKey="Moore D">D Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, R" uniqKey="King R">R King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malamba, S" uniqKey="Malamba S">S Malamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakityo, R" uniqKey="Nakityo R">R Nakityo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glidden, D" uniqKey="Glidden D">D Glidden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tappero, J" uniqKey="Tappero J">J Tappero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mermin, J" uniqKey="Mermin J">J Mermin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baylies, C" uniqKey="Baylies C">C Baylies</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feldman, R" uniqKey="Feldman R">R Feldman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matters" uniqKey="Matters">Matters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maposhere, C" uniqKey="Maposhere C">C Maposhere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oladapo, O" uniqKey="Oladapo O">O Oladapo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniel, O" uniqKey="Daniel O">O Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odusoga, O" uniqKey="Odusoga O">O Odusoga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayoola Sotubo, O" uniqKey="Ayoola Sotubo O">O Ayoola-Sotubo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iliyasu, Z" uniqKey="Iliyasu Z">Z Iliyasu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abubakar, I" uniqKey="Abubakar I">I Abubakar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kabir, M" uniqKey="Kabir M">M Kabir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babashani, M" uniqKey="Babashani M">M Babashani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faisal" uniqKey="Faisal">Faisal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shuaib, F" uniqKey="Shuaib F">F Shuaib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aliy, Mh" uniqKey="Aliy M">MH Aliy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laura, P" uniqKey="Laura P">P Laura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spriggs, M" uniqKey="Spriggs M">M Spriggs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charles, T" uniqKey="Charles T">T Charles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olufemi, T" uniqKey="Olufemi T">T Olufemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olusoji, J" uniqKey="Olusoji J">J Olusoji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okanlawon, L" uniqKey="Okanlawon L">L Okanlawon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oluwafayukemi, A" uniqKey="Oluwafayukemi A">A Oluwafayukemi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="N Breg, Aa" uniqKey="N Breg A">AA Nóbreg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Fa" uniqKey="Oliveira F">FA Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galvao, Mt" uniqKey="Galvao M">MT Galvão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mota, Rs" uniqKey="Mota R">RS Mota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa, Rm" uniqKey="Barbosa R">RM Barbosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dourado, I" uniqKey="Dourado I">I Dourado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kendall, C" uniqKey="Kendall C">C Kendall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr Pontes, Lrs" uniqKey="Kerr Pontes L">LRS Kerr-Pontes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Othman, K" uniqKey="Othman K">K Othman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michael, O" uniqKey="Michael O">O Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dan, K" uniqKey="Dan K">K Dan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanniappan, S" uniqKey="Kanniappan S">S Kanniappan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeyapaul, Mj" uniqKey="Jeyapaul M">MJ Jeyapaul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalyanwala, S" uniqKey="Kalyanwala S">S Kalyanwala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jp" uniqKey="Chen J">JP Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ka" uniqKey="Phillips K">KA Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanouse, D" uniqKey="Kanouse D">D Kanouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collings, L" uniqKey="Collings L">L Collings</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mil, A" uniqKey="Mil A">A Mil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Myer, L" uniqKey="Myer L">L Myer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rebe, K" uniqKey="Rebe K">K Rebe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morroni, C" uniqKey="Morroni C">C Morroni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ogilvie, Gs" uniqKey="Ogilvie G">GS Ogilvie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palepu, A" uniqKey="Palepu A">A Palepu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remple, Vp" uniqKey="Remple V">VP Remple</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maan, E" uniqKey="Maan E">E Maan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, K" uniqKey="Heath K">K Heath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, G" uniqKey="Macdonald G">G MacDonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christilaw, J" uniqKey="Christilaw J">J Christilaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkowitz, J" uniqKey="Berkowitz J">J Berkowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, Wa" uniqKey="Fisher W">WA Fisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burdge, Dr" uniqKey="Burdge D">DR Burdge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooper, D" uniqKey="Cooper D">D Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moodley, J" uniqKey="Moodley J">J Moodley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zweigenthal, V" uniqKey="Zweigenthal V">V Zweigenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bekker, Lg" uniqKey="Bekker L">LG Bekker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, I" uniqKey="Shah I">I Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Myer, L" uniqKey="Myer L">L Myer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaida, A" uniqKey="Kaida A">A Kaida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laher, F" uniqKey="Laher F">F Laher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strathdee, Sa" uniqKey="Strathdee S">SA Strathdee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, Pa" uniqKey="Janssen P">PA Janssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Money, D" uniqKey="Money D">D Money</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, Rs" uniqKey="Hogg R">RS Hogg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, G" uniqKey="Gray G">G Gray</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ndlovu, V" uniqKey="Ndlovu V">V Ndlovu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kodzi, Ia" uniqKey="Kodzi I">IA Kodzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dr" uniqKey="Johnson D">DR Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casterline, Jb" uniqKey="Casterline J">JB Casterline</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Assefa, B" uniqKey="Assefa B">B Assefa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Debeko, K" uniqKey="Debeko K">K Debeko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seme, A" uniqKey="Seme A">A Seme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamene, W" uniqKey="Tamene W">W Tamene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fantahun, M" uniqKey="Fantahun M">M Fantahun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Worku, D" uniqKey="Worku D">D Worku</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, M" uniqKey="Fletcher M">M Fletcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaida, A" uniqKey="Kaida A">A Kaida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laher, F" uniqKey="Laher F">F Laher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steffanie, S" uniqKey="Steffanie S">S Steffanie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Money, D" uniqKey="Money D">D Money</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, P" uniqKey="Janssen P">P Janssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, R" uniqKey="Hogg R">R Hogg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, Rs" uniqKey="Hogg R">RS Hogg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, G" uniqKey="Gray G">G Gray</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Getachew, M" uniqKey="Getachew M">M Getachew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alemseged, F" uniqKey="Alemseged F">F Alemseged</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abera, M" uniqKey="Abera M">M Abera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deribew, A" uniqKey="Deribew A">A Deribew</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Gj" uniqKey="Wagner G">GJ Wagner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanyenze, R" uniqKey="Wanyenze R">R Wanyenze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hart, Ta" uniqKey="Hart T">TA Hart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammed, Ss" uniqKey="Mohammed S">SS Mohammed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desheng Su, D" uniqKey="Desheng Su D">D DeSheng Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ralph, Ed" uniqKey="Ralph E">ED Ralph</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, Sl" uniqKey="Walmsley S">SL Walmsley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soje, Lc" uniqKey="Soje L">LC Soje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muchenje, M" uniqKey="Muchenje M">M Muchenje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rachlis, Ar" uniqKey="Rachlis A">AR Rachlis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smaill, Fm" uniqKey="Smaill F">FM Smaill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angel, Jb" uniqKey="Angel J">JB Angel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raboud, Jm" uniqKey="Raboud J">JM Raboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silverman, Ms" uniqKey="Silverman M">MS Silverman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tharao, We" uniqKey="Tharao W">WE Tharao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gough, K" uniqKey="Gough K">K Gough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yudin, Mh" uniqKey="Yudin M">MH Yudin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maier, M" uniqKey="Maier M">M Maier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andia, I" uniqKey="Andia I">I Andia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emenyonu, N" uniqKey="Emenyonu N">N Emenyonu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman, D" uniqKey="Guzman D">D Guzman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaida, A" uniqKey="Kaida A">A Kaida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pepper, L" uniqKey="Pepper L">L Pepper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, R" uniqKey="Hogg R">R Hogg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bangsberg, Dr" uniqKey="Bangsberg D">DR Bangsberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saleem, S" uniqKey="Saleem S">S Saleem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bobak, M" uniqKey="Bobak M">M Bobak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moursund, A" uniqKey="Moursund A">A Moursund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kravdal, " uniqKey="Kravdal ">Ø Kravdal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Reproductive Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1742-4755</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24885318</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4038077</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1742-4755-11-36</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-11-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Asfaw</surname><given-names>Hussen Mekonnen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>hussen_mk@yahoo.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Gashe</surname><given-names>Fikre Enquselassie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>fikreens@yahoo.com</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of preventive medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Asfaw and Gashe; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Asfaw and Gashe; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/11/1/36"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Given the degree of HIV epidemic among women and the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale up in Ethiopia; considering the issue of fertility is vital to ensure the delivery of integrated reproductive health along with prevention services provided to positive women. This study was aimed to assess fertility intentions of women living with HIV attending public health institutions (hospitals & health centers) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Institution based cross sectional survey was conducted, among 1855 HIV positive, women aged 18–49 years selected from different public health facilities in Addis Ababa; from June to October 2012. Information was gathered by using interviewer administered questionnaires. Data were double entered in EPI Info version 3.5.2 software, cleaned finally exported to IBM SPSS statistics version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict the association of study variables and adjusted for possible confounders.</p></sec><sec><title>Result</title><p>Overall, 44% of women reported fertility intention. ART users had higher fertility intention <bold>(AOR; 1.26, 95%CI; 1.01 to 1.60)</bold> than ART naïve. In addition to this, having partner being on sexual relationship, young age, being single and having fewer or no children were found to be predictors of fertility intentions. The presence of ART, improvement of health condition and the influence of husband were the main reasons for childbearing intentions of women in the study area.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>A considerable proportion of women reported fertility intention. There was an association between fertility intentions and ART use. It is important for health care providers and policy makers to strengthen the fertility need of HIV positive women along with HIV care so that women may decide freely and responsibly on their fertility issues.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Fertility intension</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>ART use</kwd><kwd>Women</kwd><kwd>Addis ababa</kwd><kwd>Ethiopia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) continues to profoundly affect women across the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. The burden is however, heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]; approximately 58% of adults living with HIV [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] and 53% of all adult deaths in the region are women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. In Ethiopia women (2.9%) than men (1.9%) are living with HIV [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>].</p><p>Most of these women are particularly vulnerable to HIV due to complex burden they have [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>] including physiological, social vulnerability and gender inequalities [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. Since infected women are of childbearing age [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>], they risk infecting their children and thus face difficult choices about childbearing.</p><p>Despite the risks and challenges; studies elsewhere revealed that, HIV positive women continue to desire children, after knowing their HIV-positive status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. Even infection like HIV does not seem to negatively modify subsequent reproductive intentions of some patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]; also majority of them intended to have more than two children [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. The desire of having children in the future has significant implication for the transmission of HIV to sexual partner and new-born [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>].</p><p>The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved quality of life and survival for people living with HIV(PLWH) and now days HIV infection can be seen as a chronic manageable disease as a result many will contemplate child bearing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>].</p><p>With access to ART and preventive care, people living with HIV are better able to consider parenthood [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>] as compared to early days. Earlier studies involving women on ART have revealed that most of pregnancies among positive women might be intentional [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. Subsequent studies from sub-Saharan Africa reported antiretroviral therapy access has an influence on fertility intentions of HIV positive women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p><p>ART has not only transformed their physical state but it has also transformed mostly what had been desire into intention [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. Since childbearing intentions are among predictors of subsequent fertility behaviors of women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], hence creating responsive reproductive health services to HIV positive women in relation to ART, requires clear understanding of expressed childbearing intentions.</p><p>Although, ART has influence in improving quality of life and reduce mother to child transmission of HIV virus (MTCT) in developed countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]; vertical transmission accounts for more than 90% of pediatric AIDS in prevalent areas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] as a result, reproductive assistance to HIV positive women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] is important to have informed decision making about child bearing and child rearing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p><p>Indeed existing evidences in Ethiopia have indicated fertility desire of positive men and women was ranging from about 34 to 45% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. However information on situation of fertility intentions, differences of fertility intentions by ART use and reasons to have future children among HIV positive women are lacking.</p><p>Ethiopia is a country characterized by high fertility 5.6% children per childbearing woman [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>], cultural value is attached with children and being childless considered as social violation and stigma. While majority (91%) of women deliver at home without skilled attendant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]; identification of factors associated to have children among HIV positive women is useful for establishing intervention priorities in reproductive health for these populations.</p><p>Furthermore, in the light of preventive efforts undergoing in Ethiopia, it becomes imperative to assess fertility intention, with emphasis to HIV positive women who have been enrolled in care; in order to proffer appropriate prevention measures and better integration of reproductive health services.</p><p>Thus, this study will attempt to update existed knowledge and inform the policy makers and programs to promote efforts for provision of safer and healthier reproductive options among HIV positive women in the study area.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Study area</title><p>The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union. As a chartered city, Addis Ababa has the status of both a city and a state. From its lowest point, around Bole International Airport, at 2,326 m above sea level in the southern periphery, the city rises to over 3,000 m in the Entoto mountains to the north [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Addis Ababa has 10 sub-cities (top layers) and 116 woredas (lower administration units). Each sub-city is expected to serve for a total population of 300,000 and each woreda serving for the population of 30,000 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>].</p><p>Fee based antiretroviral treatment began in 2003 and free ART was launched in Ethiopia in 2005 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Both public and private health institutions have been offering ART services in the city [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. A total of five public hospitals, twenty five health centers, one clinic and thirteen private hospitals were offering ART [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>] and about 124,983 enrolled, 76,035 ever started and 54,667 currently on ART [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Study design and sampling procedures</title><p>Institution based cross sectional survey was conducted in selected public health facilities (hospitals & health centers) of Addis Ababa, from June to October, 2012.</p><p>Sample size was determined using single proportion formula with the assumption of fertility desire of HIV positive women being 44.7% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>] with 5% level of significance a design effect of 2 and an addition of 10% non response rate. With these assumptions, the minimum required sample size was 806. However, the total sample size calculated for comparison purposes was 1924. As large sample size increases the precision of the findings by reducing the level of sampling error [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>], we took 1924 HIV positive women aged 18–49 years.</p><p>Respondents were selected principally using multi-stage sampling technique. Initially, unique identification number was given to each public hospitals and health centers. Secondly, a total of five public hospitals and seven health centers were selected by lottery methods, then proportion of sample size allocations were carried out according the patient load in each public institution. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study subjects from the selected ART sites.</p></sec><sec><title>Data collection</title><p>Data were collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaires. The data collection tool was adopted from previous similar studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>] and adapted in to the local context. The data collection instrument was prepared in English and translated in to the local language (<italic>Amharic</italic>), by expert who is fluent in both languages and back translated to English by another expert to ensure consistency and accuracy.</p><p>Data collectors were recruited based on previous experience in data collection, relevance of qualification, training on (VCT, ART) and ability of the local language. Training was given for five consecutive days in order to make data collectors and supervisors familiar to the tool and interview techniques. Emphasis was also given during training on the ethical issues, safety of the participants as well as interviewers, minimization of under-reporting and maintaining confidentiality. The data collection tools were pre-tested in the randomly selected ART units out of the study site on 10% of the total sample size.</p><p>A field work manual was developed by the principal investigator and used by all research teams. To ensure the quality of the data and minimize inter-interviewer variation, about 5% of the respondents were re-interviewed at random by the principal investigator and supervisors and checked for consistency. In addition, daily cheek and follow up were done by the supervisors and investigator.</p></sec><sec><title>Measurement</title><p>The primary outcome variable for the study was self-reported fertility intentions, which was defined by answers to the question: “Are you currently planning to have (more) children in the future?” Women were free to respond “Yes”, “No”, or “Don’t know, the small proportion of women who responded “Don’t Know” (less than 5%) were included in the “No” category. There was little difference in the proportion of women reporting “Don’t know” by HIV and HAART use status. Variables known to be associated with fertility intentions were included in the analysis to provide an adjusted estimate of the association.</p><p>Covariates included were age, religion, marital status education, employment, monthly household income, current sexual partnership status, number of living children, and HIV clinical variables including recent CD4 count, nadir CD4 count, and WHO stage of disease. Medical record review was also conducted to confirm HAART history and obtain clinical data, including World Health Organization stage of disease and CD4 cell count.</p><p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was defined as use of one of three antiretroviral medications either efaveranze(EFV) or Neverapin(NVP) based [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>], first line drugs or use of non nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with protease inhibitors(PIs) (leponavir/ritonavir(LPV/r) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)) backbone of second line drugs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>The pre coded responses were double entered in EPI Info version 3.5.2 software, for checking its consistency then was exported to SPSS for window version 20 for statistical analysis used were percentage, frequency, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Variables found to be significant at bivariate level, (P < 0.05), were selected and included in to multiple logistic regression models. Then multiple logistic regression analyses model were used to calculate Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval to estimate association and to control the potential confounding variables. Strength and direction of the association presented using odds ratios relative to the reference category and 95% confidence levels.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethical considerations</title><p>The research was approved for scientific and ethical integrity by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University. Written permission was obtained from health bureau of the Addis Ababa city government. Consent was obtained from medical directors and respective unit heads at each health institutions. Verbal consent was also obtained from individual clients. In order to make informed decision, sufficient information was given to each participant. Confidentiality was strictly maintained for each piece of information and the interview was conducted in strict private place. At the end of the interview general information, referral and follow up linkages were made for those who need.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec><title>Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants</title><p>A total of 1924 women were approached for participation (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>), of whom 1855 (96.4%) consented to participate in the study. Five hundred forty six (29.4%) were in the age range of 30–34 years. the mean age of the respondents was 31.3 years (±5.6SD).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Socio-demographic characteristics of HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n = 1855)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Characteristics</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Frequency (%)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Age(years)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">18-24<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">189 (10.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">25-29<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">522 (28.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">30-34<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">546 (29.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">35-39<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">421 (22.7)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">40-49<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">177 (9.5)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Mean age in years</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>31.3 (±5.7SD)</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Ethnicity</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Amhara<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1104 (59.5)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Oromo<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">420 (22.6)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gurage<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">165 (8.9)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Others(Tigrea, Siltea, Gamo, welayta, yem, worji)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">166 (8.9)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Religion</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Orthodox Christian<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1461 (78.8)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Muslim<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">197 (10.6)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Others (Protestant, catholic, Jubbah)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">197 (10.6)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Marital Status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Single<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">361 (19.5)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Married/cohabited<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">945 (50.9)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Widowed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">283 (15.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Divorced<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">266 (14.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Educational status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Illiterate<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">243 (13.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Informal education<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">150 (8.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Grade 1–8 completed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">689 (37.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Grade 9–12 completed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">599 (32.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Above 12 grade<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">174 (9.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Occupation</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Unemployed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">379 (20.5)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Housewife<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">342 (18.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Daily laborer<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">279 (15.0)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Merchant<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">100 (5.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CSW**<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">34 (1.8)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Government worker<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">212 (11.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Private Business<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">509 (27.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Monthly income (in Birr)*</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No Income(dependent)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">522 (28.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Birr below 500<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">509 (27.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Birr 500-3000<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">521 (28.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Birr 1001-3000<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">258 (13.9)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Birr above 3000</td><td align="left">45(2.4)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*<italic>1USD</italic> 18 Birr (currency of Ethiopia at the time of data collection), **<italic>CSWs</italic> commercial sex workers.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The study participants were predominantly Orthodox 1461 (78.8%) and Amhara 1104 (59.5%) by their religion and ethnicity respectively. Three hundred seventy nine (27.4%) were unemployed and 509 (20.5%) reported working in private business. Six hundred eighty nine (37.1%) of the participants have completed grade 1–8, followed by those who completed grade nine to twelve 599 (32.3%). Five hundred twenty two (28.1%) reported to have no monthly income at all and 509 (27.4%) were getting monthly income of less than 500 Ethiopian Birr (equivalent to 27.8 USD). Concerning marital status about 50% of the participants were currently married and 19.5% were single.</p></sec><sec><title>Fertility intentions and clinical characteristics of study participants</title><p>Eight hundred fifteen (44%) women reported that they intended to have (more) children in the future irrespective of their ART use (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>).One thousand sixty two (57.3%) women reported ever had sexual relationship. Eight hundred sixty four (81%) women reported that their sexual partner/husband being tested for HIV of whom 630 (73%) reported that their partners are positive; while 217 (25%) reported that their partners were negative. Six hundred and five (32.6%) women reported having one child followed by 408 (22.0%) two children and 558 (30.1%) no children.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Fertility intention and clinical characteristics of HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n = 1855)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Fertility intention and clinical characteristics</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Freq. (n =%)</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Fertility intention and clinical characteristics</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Freq. (n =%)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Recent CD4 count </bold>(n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>ART use</bold> (n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><200<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">268 (14)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yes</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">823 (44.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">200 to <350<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">589 (32)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1032 (55.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">350 or greater<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">998(54)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Fertility intention</bold> (n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Nadir CD4 Count (Lowest)</bold> (n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yes</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">815 (44)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Less than 200 cell/mm<sup>2</sup><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">785 (42)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1040 (56)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">200 to less than 350 cell/mm<sup>2</sup><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">810 (33)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Have sexual partner</bold> (n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">350 and above<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">460 (25)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1062 (57.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>WHO stage of disease</bold> (n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">793 (42.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Stage I/II<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1096 (59)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Partner tested</bold> (n = 1062)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Stage III/IV<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">759 (41)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">864 (81)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Disclosed HIV Status to husband/partner</bold> (n = 1062)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">104 (10)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">906 (85)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Do not know<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">94 (9)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">140 (13)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>HIV status of partner</bold> (n = 864)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">No response<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">16 (2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Positive<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">630 (73)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Disclosed HIV status to someone else </bold>(n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Negative<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">217 (25)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1655 (89.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Do not know the status<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">17 (2)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">200 (10.8)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Ever lost a child by HIV </bold>(n = 1297)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Number of living children </bold>(n = 1855)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">45 (3)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">558 (30.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1228 (95)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">605 (32.6)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Do not know the cause<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">24 (2)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">408 (22.0)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3+</td><td align="left">284 (15.3)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>One thousand six hundred fifty five (89.2%) women have disclosed their sero-status to someone else, but the remaining 200 (10.8%) did not. Of those who disclosed, 906 (85%) reported the disclosure of their sero-status to sexual partner/husband, but, 140 (13%) did not disclose their sero-status to their sexual partner.</p></sec><sec><title>Factors associated with fertility intentions</title><p>ART users had higher fertility intention <bold>(AOR; 1.26, 95% CI; 1.01 to 1.60)</bold> than HAART naïve. Women in the age range of 40–49 years <bold>(AOR; 0.14, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.24</bold>), age range 35–39 <bold>(AOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.66)</bold> and age range 30–34 <bold>(AOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.84</bold>) were respectively less likely to report fertility intention in comparison to younger women in the age range of 18–24 years (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Adjusted analysis of variables associated with fertility intentions among positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa (n = 1855)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left"><bold>Variables</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Fertility intension</bold><hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Odds ratio (95% CI)</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left"><bold>Yes</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>No</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>AOR (95% CI)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Age ( years)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">N (%)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">N (%)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">18-24<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">112 (13.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">77 (7.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">25-29<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">284 (34.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">238 (22.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.81 (0.57-1.15)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">30-34<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">245 (30.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">301 (28.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.60 (0.42-0.84)*<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">35-39<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">151 (18.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">270 (26)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.46 (0.31-0.66)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">40-49<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">23 (2.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">154 (14.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.14 (0.08-0.24)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Marital status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Single<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">190 (23.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">171 (16.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Married/cohabited<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">485 (59.5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">460 (44.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.10 (0.34-1.41)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Widowed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">47 (5.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">236 (22.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.26 (0.18-0.39)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Divorced<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">93 (11.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">173 (16.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.59 (0.42-0.83)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Educational status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Illiterate<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">72 (8.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">171 (16.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Informal education<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">57 (7.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">93 (8.9.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.43 (0.91-2.27)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Grade 1–8 completed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">306 (37.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">383 (36.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.62 (1.15-2.27)*<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Grade 9–12 completed<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">286 (35.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">313 (36.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.74 (1.21-2.50)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Above grade 12<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">94 (11.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">80 (7.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2.16 (1.32-3.53)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Currently having partner/husband<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">257 (31.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">536 (51.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">558 (68.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">504 (48.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.46 (0.25-0.84)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Number of living children</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">384 (47.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">174 (16.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">301 (36.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">304 (29.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.34 (0.26-0.44)**<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">95 (11.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">313 (30.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.08 (0.06-0.11)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">3+<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">35 (4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">249 (23.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.30 (0.02-0.06)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>ART use</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">ART- naïve<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">339 (41.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">484 (46.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Receiving ART<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">476 (54.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">556 (53.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.26 (1.01-1.60)**<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Partner tested</bold><sup><bold><italic>#</italic></bold></sup><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><italic>Yes</italic><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">466 (44)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">398 (37)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.00<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><italic>No</italic><hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">53 (5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">51 (5)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8 (0.6-1.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>I do not know</italic></td><td align="left">39 (4)</td><td align="left">55 (5)</td><td align="left">0.6 (0.4-0.9)*</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><bold>#</bold>considers only those who have reported presence of partner =1062 * P value <0.05, **P value <0.001.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Marital status has also an association with fertility intension in with divorced were (AOR, 0.59 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.83) and widowed women (AOR; 0.26; 95% CI; 0.18 to 0.39), respectively had less fertility intention to that of single women. However, no significant association with fertility intention was found between married/cohabited and single women (AOR; 1.10, 95% CI; 0.34 to 1.41). Women who completed grade eight (AOR, 1.62, 95% CI; 1.15 to 2.27) and those who completed grade 12 and above were two times (AOR; 2.16; 95% CI; 1.32 to 3.53), respectively, were more likely to have future children than illiterate women.</p><p>Fertility intention also declines by number of children women have. The odds of fertility intention for women who have one child (AOR, 0.34, 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.44), women who have two children (AOR; 0.08, 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.11) and women with three or more children (AOR: 0.30, 95% CI; 0.02 to 0.06) than women with no children, respectively. HIV test of the partner has an association with fertility intention, women who do not know whether their partner have taken HIV test or not were less likely to report fertility intention (AOR, 0.44; 95% CI; 0.25 to 0.78) than women who knew the test of their partner, while women who are living with partner who did not test at all were equally likely to report fertility intention. The finding also reviled that women who have sexual relationship were less likely to report fertility intention (AOR, 0.46, 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.48) than women who did not report presence of sexual relationship with partners (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Reasons to have children</title><p>There was a wide range of reasons why women intended to have additional children as shown in (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). Four hundred thirty seven (53%) women reported as a result of the presence of ART, followed by improvement of health condition 145 (18%). Other reasons mentioned were influence of husband/partner 70 (9%), like children as they are gift of God 41 (5%), advice of health workers 37 (4%), to reach ideal family size 34 (4%) and the like.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Reasons to have children in the future among positive women, aged 18-49 years in Addis Ababa (n=815).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-11-36-1"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Our finding highlighted that the prevalence of fertility intention is 44% which is consistent with the previous studies in South Africa 44% & 45% respectively [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]; but higher than reports from northern part of the country (18.5%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>], Uganda (24% and 28.6%) respectively [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], Canada (25.8%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] and lower than other study from Canada( 57%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]. The difference might be related to study site, time and study subject difference. The other plausible difference could be associated that being HIV positive did not remove childbearing intentions rather there exist diversity.</p><p>The proportion of women who reported fertility intention also showed variation with being on ART; this might be an indication of women hoping the presence of ART. Furthermore, wide range of reasons were reported as to why women intended to have children; such as presence of ART, improvement of health conditions, influence of husband, like children as they are gift of God, advice of health workers and to attain ideal family size. This suggests the need of integrating target oriented and individualized counseling along with comprehensive care and support activities. This study has shown that HAART use has an association with fertility intentions in which women who are on HAART reported more fertility intention over those who did not. The finding is consistent with previous studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>] but different from other studies in other Uganda and South Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. The difference might be associated with variation in terms of ART access and community awareness. The other plausible reason might be related to multifaceted nature on the predictors of childbearing intentions. Our finding also indicated that no association with duration of ART and fertility intention which is similar to previous study from South Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p><p>The study has indicated that women being single, low parity and young age were directly associated with fertility intention, the finding is similar to study conducted elsewhere in south Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] but different from studies conducted in Uganda and Zimbabwe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. The difference is related to study subject difference.</p><p>As it is indicated those widowed and divorced were less likely to report childbearing intention compared to single. The probable reason might be related to those groups of women had children or social instability might impose fear about childbearing. However, single women might intend children from cultural influence; in Ethiopian community having children is highly valued [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>] and considered as social security.</p><p>The respondents with twelve grades and above had two (AOR 2.16)-fold higher in childbearing intention compared to illiterates, this is similar to study conducted in South Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. This is related to participants who under gone formal education might hope the presence of ART. Furthermore, education especially of women, contributes to decision-making autonomy on fertility issues and knowledge of family planning. Studies have shown that women’s relative decision-making autonomy, independent of men authority facilitates fertility regulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>].</p><p>Overall, being on ART, young age, being single, having fewer or no children, education of grade twelve and above, were identified to be predictors of fertility intensions. However, the sero-status result of spouse, religion, ethnicity, income, occupation and clinical profile such as WHO staging, current CD4 and nadir CD4 cell count respectively were not predictors of fertility intention among HIV positive women in the study area.</p><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Our study has several limitations; the cross-sectional nature of the study may cause difficulty of determining the direction of the association between study variables and the association can only be discussed in terms of plausibility. There was a risk of social desirability bias where by HIV-positive women may over or under report their fertility intension because of pressure from health workers and community members to practice protected sex.</p><p>As to the strengths of this study, the respondents have been selected by random sampling technique with relatively large sample size. Again the team already adopted instrument conducted in other developing countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Precautions have been taken during the selection of experienced data collectors.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our finding suggests there is an association between fertility intentions and ART use, young age, being single, having fewer or no children in the study area. It is necessary integrated sexual and reproductive health services and HIV and ART care be available for HIV positive women. It is also important for health care providers and policy makers to strengthen the fertility need of HIV positive women along with HIV care so that women may decide freely and responsibly on their fertility issues.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>We declare that no financial or non-financial competing interests related to this study.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>Both authors contributed equally during design and conduct of the study. HM and FE participated in data collection, statistical analysis and interpretation of findings. HM prepared the draft then FE revised the draft of the paper. All authors read and approved the final content of the manuscript.</p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We are very much grateful to Addis Ababa University for funding the study. We would like to express our most sincere thanks to the women who participated in this study, for sharing this personal and important information. We also extend our thanks to all data collectors participated throughout the process. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Angela Kaida for using the pretested questionnaires.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>UNAIDS</collab><source>Global Report: UNAIDS Report on Global AIDS Epidemic</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Geneva: UNAIDS</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>UNAIDS</surname><given-names>WHO</given-names></name><source>Global HIV/AIDS Response-Epidemic Update and Health Sector Progress Towards Universal Access-Progress Report</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva: UNAIDS</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>UNAIDS</collab><source>Report on HIV Epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa</source><year>2013</year><publisher-name>Geneva: Regional Report UNAIDS</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia FMoHE</collab><source>Health and Health Related Indicators</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa: FMoHE</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Andia</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaida</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Maier</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Guzman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Emenyonu</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Pepper</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>David</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Robert</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased use of contraceptives among HIVpositive women during expanding access to antiretroviral therapy in Mbarara, Uganda</article-title><source>Am J Public Health</source><year>2009</year><volume>99</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>340</fpage><lpage>347</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2105/AJPH.2007.129528</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19059862</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Myer</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Morroni</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Rebe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><article-title>Prevalence and determinants of fertility intentions of HIV-infected women and men receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>278</fpage><lpage>285</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/apc.2006.0108</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17461723</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Harries</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Myer</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Orner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Bracken</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Zweigenthal</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><article-title>“Life is still going on” Reproductive intentions among HIV-positive women and men in South Africa</article-title><source>Soc Sci Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>65</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>274</fpage><lpage>283</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.019</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17451852</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Homsy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Bunnell</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Malamba</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakityo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Glidden</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tappero</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Mermin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Reproductive intentions and outcomes among women on antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda: a prospective cohort study</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>e4149</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0004149</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19129911</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Baylies</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>The impact of HIV on family size preference in Zambia</article-title><source>Reprod Health Matters</source><year>2000</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11424271</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Feldman</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Matters</surname></name><name><surname>Maposhere</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Safer sex and reproductive choice: findings from positive women: voices and choices’ in Zimbabwe</article-title><source>Reprod Health Matters</source><year>2003</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>162</fpage><lpage>173</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0968-8080(03)02284-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14708407</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Oladapo</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Daniel</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Odusoga</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Ayoola-Sotubo</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive patients at a suburban specialist center</article-title><source>J Natl Med Assoc</source><year>2005</year><volume>97</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1672</fpage><lpage>1681</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16396059</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iliyasu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Abubakar</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Kabir</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Babashani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Faisal</surname></name><name><surname>Shuaib</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Aliy</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><article-title>Correlates of fertility intentions among HIV/AIDS patients in Northern Nigeria</article-title><source>Afr J Reprod Health</source><year>2009</year><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20690263</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Laura</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><article-title>High risk sexual behavior and fertility desire among hetrosexaul HIV positive patients with a sero-discordant partner two challenging issue</article-title><source>Swiss Med Wkly</source><year>2003</year><volume>133</volume><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12644959</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Spriggs</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Charles</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><article-title>Should HIV discordant couples have access to assisted reproductive technologies?</article-title><source>J Med Ethics</source><year>2003</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>329</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jme.29.6.325</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14662810</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Olufemi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Olusoji</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Okanlawon</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Oluwafayukemi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive patients at a suburban specialist center Nigeria</article-title><source>J Natl Med Assoc</source><year>2005</year><volume>97</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1672</fpage><lpage>168</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16396059</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nóbreg</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Galvão</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Mota</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Dourado</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Kendall</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerr-Pontes</surname><given-names>LRS</given-names></name><article-title>Desire for a child among women living with HIV/AIDS in Northeast Brazil</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>267</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/apc.2006.0116</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17461721</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Othman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Michael</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Dan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><article-title>Factors that predict fertility desires for people living with HIV infection at a support and treatment centre in Kabale Uganda</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2010</year><volume>7</volume><issue>27</issue><comment>doi:10.1186/1742-4755-7-27</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kanniappan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Jeyapaul</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalyanwala</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Desire for motherhood: exploring HIV-positive women’s desires, intentions and decision-making in attaining motherhood</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2008</year><volume>20</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>625</fpage><lpage>630</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540120701660361</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18576164</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kanouse</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Collings</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Mil</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desires and intentions of HIV positive men and women</article-title><source>Family Planning Perspec</source><year>2001</year><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>144</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><comment>65</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/2673717</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Myer</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Rebe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Morroni</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Missed opportunities to address reproductive health care needs among HIV-infected women in antiretroviral therapy programmes</article-title><source>Trop Med Int Health</source><year>2007</year><volume>12</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1484</fpage><lpage>1489</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01955.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18076556</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ogilvie</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Palepu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Remple</surname><given-names>VP</given-names></name><name><surname>Maan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Heath</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>MacDonald</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Christilaw</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Berkowitz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Burdge</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility intentions of women of reproductive age living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S83</fpage><lpage>S88</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.aids.0000255090.51921.60</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Moodley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Zweigenthal</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Bekker</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Myer</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility intentions and reproductive health care needs of people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for integrating reproductive health and HIV care services</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2009</year><volume>13</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19343492</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kaida</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Laher</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Strathdee</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Janssen</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Money</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><article-title>Childbearing intentions of HIV-positive women of reproductive age in Soweto, South Africa: the influence of expanding access to HAART in an HIV hyper endemic setting</article-title><source>Am J Public Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>101</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>350</fpage><lpage>358</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2105/AJPH.2009.177469</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20403884</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ndlovu</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><article-title>Considering childbearing in the age of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) views of HIV-positive couples Bulawayo Zimbabwe</article-title><source>JSoc Aspects HIV/AIDS</source><year>2009</year><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>2</fpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kodzi</surname><given-names>IA</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name><name><surname>Casterline</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><article-title>Examining the predictive values of fertility intentions among Ghanaian women</article-title><source>Demogr Res</source><year>2010</year><volume>22</volume><issue>30</issue><fpage>965</fpage><lpage>984</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23970826</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>UNAIDS, WHO</collab><source>AIDS Epidemic Update</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Ministry of Health Ehiopia FMoHE, Federal HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Office FHAPCO</collab><source>Prevention with Positives (PWP). Five HIV Prevention Steps For People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Tool for Health Care Providers in HIV Care and Treatment Settings Participant’s Manual</source><year>2008</year><edition>2008</edition><publisher-name>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoHE</publisher-name><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>2</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Assefa</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desire and FP use in PLWH on pre-ART and ART care in public facilities of Addis Ababa City Administration</article-title><source>EPHA Sponsored Masters Thesis</source><year>2009</year><issue>12</issue><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>136</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Debeko</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Seme</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Sexual and reproductive health needs and preferences of people living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region</article-title><year>2007</year><comment>Masters Thesis , DCH, AAU</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tamene</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Fantahun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desire and family-planning demand among HIV-positive women and men undergoing antiretroviral treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</article-title><source>Afr J AIDS Res</source><year>2007</year><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>227</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2989/16085900709490418</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Worku</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility intension and demand for family planning among people on ART Follow up in North Wollo, Ethiopia</article-title><year>2010</year><comment>21ST Annual Public Health Conference</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia FMoHE</collab><source>National Comprehensive PMTCT/MNCH Training Package, Facilitator’s Guide</source><year>2013</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoHE</publisher-name><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>25</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>Addis Ababa City Governement AACG</collab><article-title>Profile of Addis Ababa City. Addis Ababa City Governement 2010 [cited 2010 December 12]</article-title><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/index.php/en/city-hall/city-profile">http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/index.php/en/city-hall/city-profile</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Addis Ababa HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office AAHAPCO Addis Ababa City Administration HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office(AAHAPCO)</collab><source>Strategic Planning (2007–2011), Office Document</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: AAHPCO</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia (FMoHE)</collab><source>Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for Adult Patients in Ethiopia</source><year>2008</year><edition>2</edition><publisher-name>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoHE</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia CSA</collab><article-title>The 2006 National Statistics. CSA Addis Ababa</article-title><year>2006</year><comment>[cited November,2010]; Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.csa.gov.et">http://www.csa.gov.et</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia F.M.O.H., Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office FHAPCO</collab><source>Monthly ART Update as of end of Tir 2002 E.C</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa,Ethiopia: </publisher-name><comment>[cited February, 2010]; Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hapco.gov.et/index.php/resource-center/art-monthly-updates">http://www.hapco.gov.et/index.php/resource-center/art-monthly-updates</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><source>Principles and Practice of Epidemiology</source><year>1992</year><edition>1</edition><publisher-name>Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University</publisher-name><fpage>178</fpage><lpage>189</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kaida</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Laher</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Steffanie</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Money</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Janssen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><article-title>Contraceptive use and method preference among women in Soweto South Africa the influence of expanding access to HIV care and treatment services</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2010</year><volume>5</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>e13868</fpage><comment>doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013868</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0013868</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21079770</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Getachew</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Alemseged</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Abera</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Deribew</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Factors affecting fertility decisions of married men and women living with HIV in South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia</article-title><source>Ethiop J Health Dev</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>214</fpage><lpage>220</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>GJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Wanyenze</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desire and intentions and the relationships to consistent condom use and providers communication regarding childbearing among HIV clients in Uganda</article-title><source>ISRN Infect Dis</source><year>2013</year><fpage>7</fpage><comment>doi:10.5402/2013/478192. Article ID 478192</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Hart</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohammed</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>DeSheng Su</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ralph</surname><given-names>ED</given-names></name><name><surname>Walmsley</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Soje</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Muchenje</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rachlis</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Smaill</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></name><name><surname>Angel</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Raboud</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Silverman</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Tharao</surname><given-names>WE</given-names></name><name><surname>Gough</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><article-title>Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive women of reproductive age in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional study</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>e7925</fpage><comment>doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007925</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0007925</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19997556</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Maier</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Andia</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Emenyonu</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Guzman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaida</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Pepper</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Bangsberg</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name><article-title>Antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased fertility desire, but not pregnancy or live birth, among HIV positive women in an early HIV treatment program in rural Uganda</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2009</year><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18389364</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Saleem</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bobak</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Women’s autonomy, education and contraception use in Pakistan</article-title><source>A national study Reproductive Health</source><year>2005</year><volume>2</volume><issue>8</issue><comment>doi:10.1186/1742-4755-2-8</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Moursund</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kravdal</surname><given-names>Ø</given-names></name><article-title>Individual and community effects of women’s education and autonomy on contraceptive use in India</article-title><source>Popul Stud</source><year>2003</year><volume>57</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>285</fpage><lpage>301</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/0032472032000137817</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001456 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001456 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4038077
|texte= Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24885318" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |