Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia
Identifieur interne : 001455 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001454; suivant : 001456Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia
Auteurs : Addisu Polisi ; Ewenat Gebrehanna ; Gezahegn Tesfaye ; Fekede AsefaSource :
- Reproductive Health [ 1742-4755 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
In many areas of the world where HIV prevalence is high, rates of unintended pregnancy have also been shown to be high. Of all pregnancies worldwide in 2008, 41% were reported as unintended and approximately 50% of these ended in abortion. To address these problems family planning is the best solution. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess modern contraceptive use among females on ART in health facilities of Gimbie town, Western Ethiopia.
A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gimbie town, western Ethiopia from December 2012 to January 2013. HIV infected women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) who came for ART care follow up during the data collection period were included in the study. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were employed using SPSS version 17.
Three hundred ninety five women on ART have participated in the study. More than half, 224 (56.7%), of the respondents were using modern contraceptive, of whom 67 (30%) use dual contraceptive method. Having information on modern contraception is positively associated with modern contraceptive use with (AOR=6.3, 95% CI (1.67, 24.1)) and respondents who have family size ≤4 were 50% less contraceptive users than those who have family size >4 (AOR=0.51, 95% CI (0.27, 0.96)).
In this study contraceptive use among HIV positive women is better than the general population. However, use of dual methods, long acting and permanent method of contraceptives were found to be low. Continuous and targeted information provision on modern contraceptive should be done.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-11-30
PubMed: 24731751
PubMed Central: 3989849
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3989849Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Polisi, Addisu" sort="Polisi, Addisu" uniqKey="Polisi A" first="Addisu" last="Polisi">Addisu Polisi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of ART, Filtu Zonal Hospital, Somali region, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebrehanna, Ewenat" sort="Gebrehanna, Ewenat" uniqKey="Gebrehanna E" first="Ewenat" last="Gebrehanna">Ewenat Gebrehanna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Reproductive Health, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tesfaye, Gezahegn" sort="Tesfaye, Gezahegn" uniqKey="Tesfaye G" first="Gezahegn" last="Tesfaye">Gezahegn Tesfaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asefa, Fekede" sort="Asefa, Fekede" uniqKey="Asefa F" first="Fekede" last="Asefa">Fekede Asefa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24731751</idno><idno type="pmc">3989849</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989849</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3989849</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-11-30</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001455</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001455</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Polisi, Addisu" sort="Polisi, Addisu" uniqKey="Polisi A" first="Addisu" last="Polisi">Addisu Polisi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of ART, Filtu Zonal Hospital, Somali region, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebrehanna, Ewenat" sort="Gebrehanna, Ewenat" uniqKey="Gebrehanna E" first="Ewenat" last="Gebrehanna">Ewenat Gebrehanna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Reproductive Health, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tesfaye, Gezahegn" sort="Tesfaye, Gezahegn" uniqKey="Tesfaye G" first="Gezahegn" last="Tesfaye">Gezahegn Tesfaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asefa, Fekede" sort="Asefa, Fekede" uniqKey="Asefa F" first="Fekede" last="Asefa">Fekede Asefa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Reproductive Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1742-4755</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>In many areas of the world where HIV prevalence is high, rates of unintended pregnancy have also been shown to be high. Of all pregnancies worldwide in 2008, 41% were reported as unintended and approximately 50% of these ended in abortion. To address these problems family planning is the best solution. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess modern contraceptive use among females on ART in health facilities of Gimbie town, Western Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gimbie town, western Ethiopia from December 2012 to January 2013. HIV infected women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) who came for ART care follow up during the data collection period were included in the study. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were employed using SPSS version 17.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Three hundred ninety five women on ART have participated in the study. More than half, 224 (56.7%), of the respondents were using modern contraceptive, of whom 67 (30%) use dual contraceptive method. Having information on modern contraception is positively associated with modern contraceptive use with (AOR=6.3, 95% CI (1.67, 24.1)) and respondents who have family size ≤4 were 50% less contraceptive users than those who have family size >4 (AOR=0.51, 95% CI (0.27, 0.96)).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In this study contraceptive use among HIV positive women is better than the general population. However, use of dual methods, long acting and permanent method of contraceptives were found to be low. Continuous and targeted information provision on modern contraceptive should be done.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="King, R" uniqKey="King R">R King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khana, K" uniqKey="Khana K">K Khana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakayiwa, S" uniqKey="Nakayiwa S">S Nakayiwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katuntu, D" uniqKey="Katuntu D">D Katuntu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Homsy, J" uniqKey="Homsy J">J Homsy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindkvist, P" uniqKey="Lindkvist P">P Lindkvist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, E" uniqKey="Johansson E">E Johansson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bunnell, R" uniqKey="Bunnell R">R Bunnell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Orner, Pj" uniqKey="Orner P">PJ Orner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruyn, M" uniqKey="Bruyn M">M Bruyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa, Rm" uniqKey="Barbosa R">RM Barbosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boonstra, H" uniqKey="Boonstra H">H Boonstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gatsi Mallet, J" uniqKey="Gatsi Mallet J">J Gatsi-Mallet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Dd" uniqKey="Cooper D">DD Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berhane, Y" uniqKey="Berhane Y">Y Berhane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berhe, H" uniqKey="Berhe H">H Berhe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abera, Gb" uniqKey="Abera G">GB Abera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berhe, H" uniqKey="Berhe H">H Berhe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bogale, B" uniqKey="Bogale B">B Bogale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wondafrash, M" uniqKey="Wondafrash M">M Wondafrash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tilahun, T" uniqKey="Tilahun T">T Tilahun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Girma, E" uniqKey="Girma E">E Girma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alemayehu, M" uniqKey="Alemayehu M">M Alemayehu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belachew, T" uniqKey="Belachew T">T Belachew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tilahun, T" uniqKey="Tilahun T">T Tilahun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakaie, N" uniqKey="Nakaie N">N Nakaie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuon, S" uniqKey="Tuon S">S Tuon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nozaki, I" uniqKey="Nozaki I">I Nozaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, F" uniqKey="Yamaguchi F">F Yamaguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasaki, Y" uniqKey="Sasaki Y">Y Sasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kakimoto, K" uniqKey="Kakimoto K">K Kakimoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Getnet, S" uniqKey="Getnet S">S Getnet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sufa, A" uniqKey="Sufa A">A Sufa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abera, M" uniqKey="Abera M">M Abera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Admasu, B" uniqKey="Admasu B">B Admasu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crede, S" uniqKey="Crede S">S Credé</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoke, T" uniqKey="Hoke T">T Hoke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Constant, D" uniqKey="Constant D">D Constant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Ms" uniqKey="Green M">MS Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moodley, J" uniqKey="Moodley J">J Moodley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harries, J" uniqKey="Harries J">J Harries</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asiimwe, D" uniqKey="Asiimwe D">D Asiimwe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kibombo, R" uniqKey="Kibombo R">R Kibombo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsiko, J" uniqKey="Matsiko J">J Matsiko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardee, K" uniqKey="Hardee K">K Hardee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Steinfeld, Rl" uniqKey="Steinfeld R">RL Steinfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newmann, Sj" uniqKey="Newmann S">SJ Newmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Onono, M" uniqKey="Onono M">M Onono</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cr" uniqKey="Cohen C">CR Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bukusi, Ea" uniqKey="Bukusi E">EA Bukusi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grossman, D" uniqKey="Grossman D">D Grossman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strachan, M" uniqKey="Strachan M">M Strachan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kwateng Addo, A" uniqKey="Kwateng Addo A">A Kwateng-Addo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardee, K" uniqKey="Hardee K">K Hardee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subramaniam, S" uniqKey="Subramaniam S">S Subramaniam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Judice, N" uniqKey="Judice N">N Judice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, K" uniqKey="Agarwal K">K Agarwal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haile, A" uniqKey="Haile A">A Haile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enqueselassie, F" uniqKey="Enqueselassie F">F Enqueselassie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muyindike, W" uniqKey="Muyindike W">W Muyindike</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fatch, R" uniqKey="Fatch R">R Fatch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinfield, R" uniqKey="Steinfield R">R Steinfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, Lt" uniqKey="Matthews L">LT Matthews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Musinguzi, N" uniqKey="Musinguzi N">N Musinguzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emenyonu, Ni" uniqKey="Emenyonu N">NI Emenyonu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Jn" uniqKey="Martin J">JN Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hahn, Ja" uniqKey="Hahn J">JA Hahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akelo, V" uniqKey="Akelo V">V Akelo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Girde, S" uniqKey="Girde S">S Girde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borkowf, Cb" uniqKey="Borkowf C">CB Borkowf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angira, F" uniqKey="Angira F">F Angira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Achola, K" uniqKey="Achola K">K Achola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lando, R" uniqKey="Lando R">R Lando</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, La" uniqKey="Mills L">LA Mills</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Tk" uniqKey="Thomas T">TK Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lecher, Sl" uniqKey="Lecher S">SL Lecher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Reproductive Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1742-4755</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24731751</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3989849</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1742-4755-11-30</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-11-30</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Polisi</surname><given-names>Addisu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>addispolis@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Gebrehanna</surname><given-names>Ewenat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>gewenat@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Tesfaye</surname><given-names>Gezahegn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>gezites@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Asefa</surname><given-names>Fekede</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>sinboona@gmail.com</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of ART, Filtu Zonal Hospital, Somali region, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Department of Reproductive Health, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Polisi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Polisi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/11/1/30"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>In many areas of the world where HIV prevalence is high, rates of unintended pregnancy have also been shown to be high. Of all pregnancies worldwide in 2008, 41% were reported as unintended and approximately 50% of these ended in abortion. To address these problems family planning is the best solution. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess modern contraceptive use among females on ART in health facilities of Gimbie town, Western Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gimbie town, western Ethiopia from December 2012 to January 2013. HIV infected women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) who came for ART care follow up during the data collection period were included in the study. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were employed using SPSS version 17.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Three hundred ninety five women on ART have participated in the study. More than half, 224 (56.7%), of the respondents were using modern contraceptive, of whom 67 (30%) use dual contraceptive method. Having information on modern contraception is positively associated with modern contraceptive use with (AOR=6.3, 95% CI (1.67, 24.1)) and respondents who have family size ≤4 were 50% less contraceptive users than those who have family size >4 (AOR=0.51, 95% CI (0.27, 0.96)).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In this study contraceptive use among HIV positive women is better than the general population. However, use of dual methods, long acting and permanent method of contraceptives were found to be low. Continuous and targeted information provision on modern contraceptive should be done.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>ART attendees</kwd><kwd>Contraceptive utilization</kwd><kwd>Family planning</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>HIV/AIDS continues to have disastrous medical, economic, social, and physical impacts on individuals, their communities and the nations of the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Sub-Saharan Africa is at the epicenter of the epidemic and continues to carry the full brunt of its health and socioeconomic impact. And, Ethiopia is among the countries most affected by the HIV epidemic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Despite that many people living with HIV in the country, ART enables them a return to normal life including a resumption of sexual activity and desire for children. Unless appropriate care taken in sexual activity and desire to have children, it also means for HIV infected women that the chances of transmitting the infection to their children and to their partner are higher considering the high population momentum. Therefore, one pillars of the WHO global effort to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) is the prevention of unwanted pregnancies in HIV-infected women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>].</p><p>In many areas of the world where HIV prevalence is high, rates of unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion have also been shown to be high. Of all pregnancies worldwide in 2008, 41% were reported as unintended or unplanned and approximately 50% of these ended in abortion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. To address these problems family planning is the best solution. It helps HIV positive women to prevent unintended pregnancy, avoid stress of pregnancy and also plan desired pregnancy while minimization of transmission risk. However, little has been known about the utilization of modern contraceptive among HIV positive women under antiretroviral treatment. This study was therefore, aimed to find out contraceptive utilization among HIV positive women on ART in health facilities of Gimbie town.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods and materials</title><p>The study was conducted in West Ethiopia, Gimbie town which is located at 410 km away from Addis Ababa towards the west. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to January 2013. HIV infected women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) who came for follow up at ART clinics during the data collection period and who started ART, had at least one visit to the selected health facility were included in the study. Clients who are known to be infertile, pregnant mothers, have hearing problem and mentally ill or critically ill were excluded from the study.</p><p>Sample size was calculated using open Epi version 2.3 by taking proportions of HIV positive women who use contraceptive (p = 0.46) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>], 95% confidence interval, maximum of 5% margin of error and adding 10% non-response rate which gives a total sample of 424. The data was collected from two hospitals and one health center found in the town. The sample required for this study was proportionally allocated to each of these facilities based on number females on ART. Systematic random sampling method was employed to select participants in each of the facilities by using client flow as sampling frame.</p><p>A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used for collecting the data which was prepared in English then translated to the local language Afan Oromo. Four diploma nurse data collectors and two BSC nurse supervisors were involved in data collection after trained on the purpose of the study, on how to make the interview, how to complete the questionnaire and ethical issues. The principal investigator and supervisor made day to day onsite supervision during the time of data collection.</p><p>Current use of modern contraceptive (use of any form of modern contraceptive by ART attendee women to delay or avoid pregnancy in the past 30 days) is the dependent variable. And, the independent variables include demographic characteristics (age, marital status, religion, educational status), reproductive factors (number of children, number of pregnancy, desired family size, intention to have another child), social factors (decision making on RH, occupation, income), clinical factors (Duration on ART, ART status), and service-related factors.</p><p>The collected data were entered, edited and cleaned using Epi info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Statistical tests such as chi-square, measures of association (odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and P value) were calculated. The factors with P ≤ 0.2 values in bivariate analysis were retained for multivariate analyses. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P <0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p><p>Ethical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar research ethics committee and Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (ACIPH) and Oromia regional Health bureau. Informed consent was obtained from each study subjects before conducting the actual interview. The confidentiality and privacy of the study participants were strictly maintained.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec><title>Socio-demographic and reproductive health related characteristics</title><p>A total of 395 women agreed to participate in the study making the response rate 93.2%. The rest, 29 (6.8%), refuse to participate in the study. The mean age of study participants was 32.35 years (SD ±5.964 years) & 215 (54.4%), of the study participants were found in the age group of 25-34 years. One hundred forty nine, 149 (37.7%), of the respondents were protestant and 148 (37.5%), were Orthodox Christian. Majority of the respondents, 294 (74.4%), were married and 277 (70.1%) attended formal education. More than one third, 138 (34.9%), of the study participants has no means of income (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Socio-demographic and reproductive health related characteristics of female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia, 2013</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Variables</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Frequency</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Percent</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Age (years)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">15-24<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">41<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">10.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">25-34<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">215<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥35<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">139<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">35.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Marital status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Never married<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">4.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Married<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">294<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">74.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Others*<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">85<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Religion</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Protestant<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">149<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">37.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Orthodox Christian<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">148<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">37.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Muslim<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">38<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">9.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Adventist<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">35<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">8.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Catholic<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">5.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Educational status</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No school<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">118<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">29.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Primary school<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">134<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">33.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Secondary school or above<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">143<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">36.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Income (per month)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No income<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">138<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">34.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≤500 ETB (≤27 USD)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">137<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">34.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">500-1500 ETB (27-81 USD)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">109<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">27.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥1500 ETB (≥81 USD)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Ever pregnant (n = 395)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">338<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">85.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">57<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Total number of pregnancy (n = 395)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">None<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">57<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1-2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">157<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">39.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">3-4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">131<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">33.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Number of live births (338)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">None<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">76<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1-2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">97<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">28.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">3-4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">115<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">34<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>History of still birth (n = 338)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">37<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">10.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">301<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">89.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>History of abortion (n = 338)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">34<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">10.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">304<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">89.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Intention to have another child ever in the future (381)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">98<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">25.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">283<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">74.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Desired number of children in addition to existing (n = 98)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">47<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">51<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">52<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Family size (n = 364)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">≤4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">188<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">51.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">>4</td><td align="center">176</td><td align="center">48.4</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*Others: such as widowed, separated and co-habiting.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 17.1 years (SD = 2.28). Among 395 respondents majority 338 (85.6%) of the women had reported a history of pregnancy at least once in their life time. Of these, 37 (10.9%) and 34 (10.1%) pregnancies were ended with still birth and abortions respectively. Among those 98 (25.7%) women who expressed their desire for number of children in the future, 47 (48%) and 51 (52%) had wished to have 1 & ≥ 2 children respectively. Concerning the family size, 188 (51.6%) of the respondents wants to have a family size of ≤4 and the rest, 176 (48.4%) wants to have a family size which is >4 (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Information on contraceptive and current use</title><p>Among 395 study participants, majority 364 (92.2%) of them have mentioned hearing about at least one type of modern contraceptive from different source of information. The highest percentage of the participants 332 (91.2%) heard from health professional followed by TV 103 (28.3%). Concerning information about specific method of modern contraception 279 (76.7%) pill, 271 (74.5%) injectable, 290 (79.7%) condom were the most commonly known types of contraceptives.</p><p>This study showed that 224 (56.7%) of the respondent were using modern contraceptive in the past one month prior to the survey. With regards to the specific contraceptives, pills 20 (8.9%), injectables 25 (11.2%), IUCD 6 (2.7%), implants 21 (9.4%), condom 77 (34.4%), vasectomy 3 (1.3%) and female sterilization 5 (2.2%), and 67 (30%) use dual methods of contraceptives. Among the current users, 54 (24.1%) want to have more children and 170 (75.9%) do not want to have more children. While among the nonusers, 50 (29.2%) want to have more children and 121 (70.8%) do not want to have more children.</p><p>The number of respondents ever used modern contraceptive was 336 (85.1%). The non users reported that they are not using modern contraceptive due to fear of complication with ART drugs 72 (42.1%) followed by 45 (26.3%) fertility related reasons, 12 (7%) partner opposition to use, 22 (12.9%) method related reasons and 15 (8.8%) want to have a child (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Information on modern contraceptive and current contraceptive use among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia, 2013</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Variable</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Frequency</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Percent</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Ever heard about modern<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">364<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">92.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Contraceptive<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Source of information</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Health professional<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">332<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">91.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">TV<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">103<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">28.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Radio<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">72<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Friends<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">44<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">News paper and magazines<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">3.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Community event<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">76<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">From pamphlets/ booklet/posters<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">3.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Methods respondent heard about</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Pills<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">279<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">76.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Injectables<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">271<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">74.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">IUCD<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">27.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Implants<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">127<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">35<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Condom<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">290<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">79.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Vasectomy<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">60<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Female sterilization<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">65<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>User’s characteristics</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Ever used contraceptive method</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">336<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">85.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">59<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Current contraceptive users</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">224<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">56.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">171<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">43.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Reasons for not using contraceptive currently (n = 171)</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Fear of complication with ART drugs<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">72<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">42.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Fertility related reasons<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">45<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">26.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Partner opposition to use<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Method related reasons<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.9<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Want to have child in the future<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">15<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">8.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Others</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">2.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>One hundred fifteen (51.3%) of current users got contraceptives from ART clinic where they have HIV care and follow up, the rest got contraceptive from family planning clinic (unit) of the health facilities 59 (26.3%), NGOs health facility 27 (12.1%), Pharmacy 13 (5.8%), private clinic 2 (0.9%) and HEWs (Health Extension Workers) 8 (3.6%). Majority of the users preferred site of family planning service delivery was ART clinic (75%) where they usually go for HIV care and follow up. The majority 248 (62.8%) of the study subjects were on ART for greater than 12 months, 135 (344.2%) for less than 12 months and the rest 12 (3%) don’t remember. Respondent were also asked about their partner’s HIV-status in which majority 331 (83.8%) were concordant, 15(3.8%) were discordant and 49 (12.4%) missing.</p></sec><sec><title>Husband’s knowledge and opinion on their wives use of contraceptive</title><p>Out of the total 224 current contraceptive users 213 (95.1%) of the study participant’s husband know the method their wives are currently using. Two hundred one (89.7%) of the husband attitude toward the use of modern contraceptive is supporting, 17 (7.6%) neutral and the rest 5 (2.2%) was against the use of modern contraceptive.</p><p>In this study it was found out that 67% of the decisions to use modern contraceptive and 56% to have a child were decided jointly with their husband. It is only 24% and 20% was decided by a woman to have a child and to use modern contraceptive respectively. The rest 13.4% of the decisions to use of contraceptive and 20% to have children were decided by the husband.</p></sec><sec><title>Factors associated with use of contraceptive</title><p>Initially bivariate analysis was done to check for the crude association of different variables with contraceptive use. Two variables (marital status and information on modern contraception) were crudely associated with contraceptive use. On multivariate analysis, information on modern contraception have positive association with contraception use (AOR = 6.32, 95% CI (1.67, 24.07) and respondents who have family size ≤4 are 50% less contraceptive users than those who have family size >4 (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI (0.27, 0.96) (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Multivariate logistic analysis of factors associated with contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia, 2013</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Variable</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Category</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Yes</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>%</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>AOR (95% </bold><bold>CI)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Age<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">15-24<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">24<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">10.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">25-34<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">118<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">52.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2.84(0.96,8.45)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥35<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">82<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">36.6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2.41(0.77,7.55)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Marital status<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Never married<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Married<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">192<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">85.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.35(0.06,2.16)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Others*<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">26<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">11.6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.86(0.28,12.46)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Educational status<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">No school<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">64<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">28.6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Primary school<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">78<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">34.8<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.80(0.41,1.55)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Secondary and<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">82<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">36.6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.08(0.56,2.08)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">above<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Family size<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">≤4<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">116<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">55.5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>0.51(0.27,0.96)</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">>4<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">93<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">44.5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Income of respondent<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">No income<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">78<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">34.8<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">≤27 USD<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">66<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">29.5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.51(0.82,2.82)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">27-81 USD<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">71<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.81(0.41,1.60)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥81USD<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">9<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">4.0<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.56(0.17,2.99)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Number of children alive<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">None<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">76<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">22.3<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2.43(0.85,6.97)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1-2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">97<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">28.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.63(0.23,1.78)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">3-4<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">115<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">34.0<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">0.66(0.28,1.54)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">≥5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">50<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">14.7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Information on modern contraceptive<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">215<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">98.2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>6.32(1.67,24.07)</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1.8</td><td align="left">1.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*Others: such as widowed, separated and co-habiting.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec><title>Discussions</title><p>Our study showed contraceptive use among HIV positive women are better than the general population. But, the prevalence of dual methods, long acting and permanent method of contraceptives were found to be low. The main reasons for non uses of modern contraceptives were fear of contraception related complication with ART drugs followed by fertility related reasons. Most of the current contraceptive users preferred ART clinic for family planning service delivery. Information on modern contraception and family size were found to be associated with contraceptive use.</p><p>Majority, 332 (91.2%), of the study participants like that of study done in Southern Ethiopia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>] their main source of information was health professional. This might be due to the fact that communities perceives health worker as a true source of information about contraceptive compared with other sources [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Having information on the use of modern contraception was found to be significant predictor of contraception utilization. This finding was similar to another study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>].</p><p>This study revealed that, 336 (85.1%), of the respondent used at least one method of modern contraceptive method in the past. The current contraceptive utilization level was found to be 56.7%. This is inconsistent with different studies in Addis Ababa (73.3%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>], Northern Ethiopia (46.3%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>], Nekemte town (66.4%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] and South Africa (89%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. This difference might be due to difference in socio-demographic and difference in study setting. On the other hand, a study done on general population shows the prevalence of contraception use to be 20% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. The possible explanation for this difference might be due to the knowledge of the study subjects are increased due to awareness creation by peer educator and health professionals.</p><p>More than half, 115 (51.3%), of current users got contraceptives from ART clinic where they have HIV care and follow up. But, three forth, (75%), of the current users preferred to get family planning service at ART clinic where they usually go for HIV care follow up. This is similar with studies done in Uganda [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>] and Kenya [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>] which majorities were preferred family planning service at ART clinic. This preference has a programmatic implication that the client need to get family planning service along with their HIV care and follow up thereby integrating HIV/AIDS chronic care with family planning services [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>].</p><p>In this study, the utilization of contraceptive methods was dominated by short acting family planning methods. It was only, 21 (9.4%), of respondents who were found to use implants. This finding were consistent with the study done in Mekele town [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>] which was 10.6%. And, IUCD users were found to be 6 (2.7%) which was more than the study done at Mekele (1.5%), and, even no IUCD use was reported in Cape Town [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. This difference might be due to the fact that large number of the women had misconception about IUCD and its side effects such as interference with sexual intercourse, cancer and delays pregnancy.</p><p>Out of the, 224, current contraceptive users, 213 (95.1%), of the study participant’s husband/partner know the method their wives/partner are using. And, 201 (89.7%), of the husband/partners’ have supportive attitude towards the use of modern contraceptive. Similarly, positive effect of husband’s involvement on couple’s contraception use has been widely demonstrated in different studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>].</p><p>In this study respondents who have family size ≤4 are 50% less contraceptive users than those who have family size >4. This difference might arise from perception that having more children is good in case if one child passed away the other will survive.</p><p>The limitation of this study was, it doesn’t used qualitative study design to explore the societal, cultural norms and values that shape the influence of women’s status on contraceptive use behavior and social desirability bias is likely.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Although contraceptive use among HIV positive women is better than the general population the prevalence of dual methods, long acting and permanent method of contraceptives were found to be low. The main reasons for nonuse of modern contraceptives were fear that contraception may create complication with ART drugs followed by fertility related reasons. Most of the current contraceptive users preferred ART clinic for family planning service delivery. Information on modern contraception and family size were found to be associated with contraceptive use. Continuous and targeted information provision on modern contraceptive should be done in addition to integrating (strengthening the already integrated) family planning services with HIV services.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors would like to declare that they have no any competing interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>AP has conceived of the study, carried out the overall design and execution of the study, performed data collection and statistical analysis. EG has critically revised the design of the study, data collection techniques and helped the statistical analysis. GT and FA have participated in the revision of the paper and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and finally approved this manuscript for submission.</p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We would like to extend our appreciations and great thanks to data collectors and supervisor for their commitment throughout the data collection process. Our thanks also go to all participants of the study for their volunteer participation in the study.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>UNAIDS’, WHO</collab><source>Global Summary of AIDS Epidemic Report</source><year>2007</year><publisher-name>Geneva: WHO</publisher-name><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>25</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</collab><source>Country Progress Report on HIV/AIDS Response</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa: HIV/AIDS Prevention & Control Office (HAPCO)</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Khana</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakayiwa</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Katuntu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Homsy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lindkvist</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Bunnell</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Pregnancy comes accidentally - like it did with me’: reproductive decisions among women on ART and their partners in rural Uganda</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><issue>530</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21199570</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Orner</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bruyn</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Boonstra</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Gatsi-Mallet</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>DD</given-names></name><article-title>Access to safe abortion: building choices for women living with HIV and AIDS</article-title><source>J Int AIDS Soc</source><year>2011</year><volume>14</volume><issue>54</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21208405</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Berhane</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Berhe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Abera</surname><given-names>GB</given-names></name><name><surname>Berhe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><article-title>Utilization of Modern Contraceptives among HIV Positive Reproductive Age Women in Tigray, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study</article-title><source>ISRN AIDS</source><year>2013</year><volume>2013</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/319724">http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/319724</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bogale</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Wondafrash</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tilahun</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Girma</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><article-title>Married women’s decision making power on modern contraceptive use in urban and rural southern Ethiopia</article-title><source>BMC Publ Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><issue>34</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>7</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Alemayehu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Belachew</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tilahun</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><article-title>Factors associated with utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women of reproductive age in Mekelle town, Tigray region, north Ethiopia</article-title><source>BMC Pregnancy Childbirth</source><year>2012</year><volume>12</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22230245</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nakaie</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tuon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nozaki</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamaguchi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Sasaki</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Kakimoto</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><article-title>Family planning practice and predictors of risk of inconsistent condom use among HIV-positive women on anti-retroviral therapy in Cambodia</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2014</year><volume>14</volume><issue>170</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24383435</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Getnet</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Family Planning Service Utilization of HIV/AIDS Clients at World Wide Orphan’s Family Health Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</article-title><source>Harar Bull Health Sci</source><year>2012</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>253</fpage><lpage>270</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sufa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Abera</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Admasu</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><article-title>Utilization of Family Planning Methods and Associated Factors among Women Living with HIV Attending ART Clinics in Nekemte Public Health Facilities, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia</article-title><source>Sci Tech Arts Res J</source><year>2013</year><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>77</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Credé</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoke</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Constant</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Moodley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Harries</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Factors impacting knowledge and use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods by postpartum HIV positive and negative women in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional study</article-title><source>BMC Publ Health</source><year>2012</year><volume>12</volume><issue>197</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><comment>12:192012</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Central Statistical Agency, ICF International</collab><source>Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Addis Ababa: Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Asiimwe</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kibombo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Matsiko</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardee</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><article-title>Study of the Integration of Family Planning and VCT/PMTCT/ART Programs in Uganda</article-title><source>Makerere Institute of Social Research and the POLICY Projec</source><year>2005</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Steinfeld</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Newmann</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Onono</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Bukusi</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><name><surname>Grossman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><article-title>Overcoming Barriers to Family Planning through Integration: Perspectives of HIV-Positive Men in Nyanza Province, Kenya</article-title><source>AIDS Res Treat</source><year>2013</year><volume>2013</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/861983">http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/861983</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization, USAID, Family health international (FHI)</collab><source>Strategic Considerations for Strengthening the Linkages between Family Planning and HIV/AIDS Policies, Programs, and Services</source><year>2009</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Strachan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kwateng-Addo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardee</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Subramaniam</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Judice</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><article-title>An analysis of family planning content in HIV/AIDS,VCT and PMTCTPOLICIES in 16 countries</article-title><source>USAID</source><year>2004</year><comment>policy working paper series No. 9</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Haile</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Enqueselassie</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><article-title>Influence of women’s autonomy on couple’s contraception use in Jimma town, Ethiopia</article-title><source>Ethiop J Health Dev</source><year>2006</year><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>7</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Muyindike</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Fatch</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Steinfield</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Matthews</surname><given-names>LT</given-names></name><name><surname>Musinguzi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Emenyonu</surname><given-names>NI</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name><name><surname>Hahn</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><article-title>Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Women Enrolling into HIV Care in Southwestern Uganda</article-title><source>Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2012</year><volume>2012</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/340782">http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/340782</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Akelo</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Girde</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Borkowf</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Angira</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Achola</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lando</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Mills</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Lecher</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><article-title>Attitudes toward Family Planning among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women Enrolled in a Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission Study in Kisumu, Kenya</article-title><source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2013</year><volume>8</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001455 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001455 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3989849
|texte= Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24731751" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |