Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Identifieur interne : 003139 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003138; suivant : 003140Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Auteurs : Mulugeta Melku [Éthiopie] ; Asmarie Kebede [Éthiopie] ; Zelalem Addis [Éthiopie]Source :
- HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) [ 1179-1373 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, causing numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of study was to assess the magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital.
The study was conducted between March and May, 2012. Sociodemographic data were collected through face-to-face interview. HIV1/2 was tested following current national HIV1/2 testing algorithm. Syphilis infection was also tested using the rapid plasm reagin test for screening and
Of 300 women, 31 (10.33%), eleven (3.7%), and three (1%) were seroreactive for HIV, syphilis, and HIV–syphilis coinfection, respectively. High seroprevalence of HIV was found in women ages 25–30 years (13.4%), and women whose husbands attended primary school (19.7%). Syphilis was high in women occupationally housewives (15.2%) and whose husbands were illiterate (11.5%). HIV was associated with husband illiteracy (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] of 4.13, 95% CI [confidence interval] [1.01, 16.95]) and primary educational level of husbands (AOR [95% CI] =3.83 [1.50, 9.90]), whereas syphilis was associated with illiteracy of husband (AOR [95% CI] =7.25 [1.74, 30.30]).
Seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was high. Low husband educational status was a risk factor for HIV and syphilis. Therefore, substantial efforts have to be made to reinforce prevention strategies and to screen as early as possible to prevent mother-to-child and further horizontal transmission.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/HIV.S81481
PubMed: 26082663
PubMed Central: 4459633
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Melku, Mulugeta" sort="Melku, Mulugeta" uniqKey="Melku M" first="Mulugeta" last="Melku">Mulugeta Melku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-7-175">Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Asmarie" sort="Kebede, Asmarie" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Asmarie" last="Kebede">Asmarie Kebede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-7-175">Department of Nursing, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nursing, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Addis, Zelalem" sort="Addis, Zelalem" uniqKey="Addis Z" first="Zelalem" last="Addis">Zelalem Addis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-7-175">Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26082663</idno><idno type="pmc">4459633</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459633</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4459633</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S81481</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000092</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000092</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000092</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000092</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000B99</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000B99</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003139</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Melku, Mulugeta" sort="Melku, Mulugeta" uniqKey="Melku M" first="Mulugeta" last="Melku">Mulugeta Melku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-7-175">Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Asmarie" sort="Kebede, Asmarie" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Asmarie" last="Kebede">Asmarie Kebede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-7-175">Department of Nursing, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nursing, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Addis, Zelalem" sort="Addis, Zelalem" uniqKey="Addis Z" first="Zelalem" last="Addis">Zelalem Addis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-7-175">Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1373</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, causing numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of study was to assess the magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>The study was conducted between March and May, 2012. Sociodemographic data were collected through face-to-face interview. HIV1/2 was tested following current national HIV1/2 testing algorithm. Syphilis infection was also tested using the rapid plasm reagin test for screening and <italic>Treponema pallidum</italic> hemagglutination as a confirmatory test. Both bivariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors associated with HIV and syphilis seroprevalence from selected sociodemographic variables.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 300 women, 31 (10.33%), eleven (3.7%), and three (1%) were seroreactive for HIV, syphilis, and HIV–syphilis coinfection, respectively. High seroprevalence of HIV was found in women ages 25–30 years (13.4%), and women whose husbands attended primary school (19.7%). Syphilis was high in women occupationally housewives (15.2%) and whose husbands were illiterate (11.5%). HIV was associated with husband illiteracy (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] of 4.13, 95% CI [confidence interval] [1.01, 16.95]) and primary educational level of husbands (AOR [95% CI] =3.83 [1.50, 9.90]), whereas syphilis was associated with illiteracy of husband (AOR [95% CI] =7.25 [1.74, 30.30]).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was high. Low husband educational status was a risk factor for HIV and syphilis. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">HIV/AIDS – Research and Palliative Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26082663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4459633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S81481</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hiv-7-175</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melku</surname><given-names>Mulugeta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-7-175">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-hiv-7-175"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kebede</surname><given-names>Asmarie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-7-175">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Addis</surname><given-names>Zelalem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-7-175">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-hiv-7-175"><label>1</label>Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="af2-hiv-7-175"><label>2</label>Department of Nursing, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="af3-hiv-7-175"><label>3</label>Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-hiv-7-175">Correspondence: Mulugeta Melku, Department of Hematology and Immuohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box 196, Gondar 6200, Ethiopia, Tel +251 9 1008 4521, Email <email>mulugeta.melku@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Melku et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, causing numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of study was to assess the magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>The study was conducted between March and May, 2012. Sociodemographic data were collected through face-to-face interview. HIV1/2 was tested following current national HIV1/2 testing algorithm. Syphilis infection was also tested using the rapid plasm reagin test for screening and <italic>Treponema pallidum</italic> hemagglutination as a confirmatory test. Both bivariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors associated with HIV and syphilis seroprevalence from selected sociodemographic variables.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 300 women, 31 (10.33%), eleven (3.7%), and three (1%) were seroreactive for HIV, syphilis, and HIV–syphilis coinfection, respectively. High seroprevalence of HIV was found in women ages 25–30 years (13.4%), and women whose husbands attended primary school (19.7%). Syphilis was high in women occupationally housewives (15.2%) and whose husbands were illiterate (11.5%). HIV was associated with husband illiteracy (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] of 4.13, 95% CI [confidence interval] [1.01, 16.95]) and primary educational level of husbands (AOR [95% CI] =3.83 [1.50, 9.90]), whereas syphilis was associated with illiteracy of husband (AOR [95% CI] =7.25 [1.74, 30.30]).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was high. Low husband educational status was a risk factor for HIV and syphilis. Therefore, substantial efforts have to be made to reinforce prevention strategies and to screen as early as possible to prevent mother-to-child and further horizontal transmission.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>magnitude</kwd><kwd>seroprevalence</kwd><kwd>syphilis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-hiv-7-175" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Age</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤20 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 21–25 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–30 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–35 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >35 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Residence</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">282</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-175">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Maternal educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tertiary</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Husband educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Do not have husband</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.4</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tertiary</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Government employee</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Private sector employee</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-7-175">**</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family monthly income</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <1,000 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1,000–1,500 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1,501–2,800 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >2,800 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family size</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-hiv-7-175"><label>*</label><p>Includes divorced and widowed;</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-hiv-7-175"><label>**</label><p>includes students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-hiv-7-175"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> ETB, Ethiopian birr.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-hiv-7-175" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Some obstetric, anthropometric, and medical conditions of pregnant women in relation to seropositivity for HIV and syphilis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Variable</th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">HIV seroreactivity
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Syphilis seroreactivity
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive<break></break>n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonreactive<break></break>n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive<break></break>n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonreactive<break></break>n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Gravidity</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primigravidae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (35.48)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (43.87)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (27.27)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 (43.60)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secundigravidae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (41.94)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (23.79)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (9.09)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (26.30)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4 gravida</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (22.58)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (21.19)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (45.45)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (20.42)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5 gravida</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (11.15)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (18.18)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (9.69)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">History of abortion</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (16.13)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (13.38)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (9.09)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (13.84)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (83.87)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233 (86.62)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (90.91)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">249 (86.16)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Gestational age</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1st trimester</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.23)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (2.60)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (2.77)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2nd trimester</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (41.94)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (31.60)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (18.18)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (33.23)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3rd trimester</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (54.83)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177 (65.80)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (81.82)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185 (64.00)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Body mass Index</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Underweight</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (25.81)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (10.04)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (12.11)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (48.39)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170 (63.20)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (81.82)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176 (60.90)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overweight</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (22.58)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (23.43)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (18.18)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (23.53))</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obese</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.23)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (3.35)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (3.46)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-hiv-7-175"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-hiv-7-175" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Seroprevalence of HIV and bivariate and multivariate analysis according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and medical conditions of study participants</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Variable</th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">HIV seroreactivity
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive<break></break>n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonreactive<break></break>n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Age</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <25 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (6.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (93.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.2, 2.61)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–30 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (13.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (86.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.59 (0.51, 4.93)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >30 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (8.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (91.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Residence</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (11.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213 (88.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78 (0.6, 5.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.303</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (93.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (11)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251 (89)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-7-175">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (100)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Maternal educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Below secondary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (6.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (93.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 (0.26, 2.35)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 (0.08, 1.33)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (16.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (83.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16 (0.81, 5.78)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54 (0.54, 4.38)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tertiary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (8.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (91.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Husband educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (90.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 (0.40, 3.44)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.125</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.13 (1.01, 16.95)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-7-175">†</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (19.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (80.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.71 (1.18, 6.25)</bold></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.83 (1.50, 9.90)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-hiv-7-175">††</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary and above</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (8.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 (91.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (10.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 (89.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32 (0.47, 3.68)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.807</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Government employee</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (8.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (91.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Private sector employee</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (11.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (88.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.33, 6.76)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-7-175">**</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (15.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (84.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.14 (0.46, 9.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family monthly income</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <1,000 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (11.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (88.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.41, 2.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.845</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1,000–1,500 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (8.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92 (91.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.33, 1.92)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >1,500ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (10.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (89.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family size</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (9.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (91.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.043</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (15.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (84.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.85 (1.02, 3.90)</bold></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97 (0.85, 4.57)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (98.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 (0.02, 1.49)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23 (0.03, 1.85)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">History of abortion</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (12.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (87.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25 (0.45, 3.45)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.674</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (10)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233 (90)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn5-hiv-7-175"><label>*</label><p>Includes single, divorced, and widowed;</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-hiv-7-175"><label>**</label><p>includes students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers; Bold numerical values indicate significance in bivariate analysis; Significance</p></fn><fn id="tfn7-hiv-7-175"><label>†</label><p>(<italic>P</italic><0.05) and</p></fn><fn id="tfn8-hiv-7-175"><label>††</label><p>(<italic>P</italic><0.01) in multivariate analysis.</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-hiv-7-175"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; ETB, Ethiopian birr; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-hiv-7-175" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Seroprevalence of syphilis and bivariate and multivariate analysis according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and medical conditions of study participants</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Variable</th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Syphilis seroreactivity
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive<break></break>n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonreactive<break></break>n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Age</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <25 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (98.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–30 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145 (97.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (0.26, 8.0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (0.23, 7.25)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >30 years</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (11.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (88.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6.49 (1.21, 33.3)</bold></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.62 (0.62, 22.22)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Residence</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (2.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233 (97.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.179</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (93.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.59 (0.67, 8.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (0.21, 5.00)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Maternal educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Below secondary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (5.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115 (94.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65 (0.76, 9.26)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.127</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 (0.13, 4.48)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary and above</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174 (97.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Husband educational status</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (11.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (88.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7.2 (1.72, 30.30)</bold></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.25 (1.74, 30.30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-7-175">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary school</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (96.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88 (0.31, 11.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88 (0.31, 11.50)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary and above</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166 (98.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (15.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183 (84.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.78 (0.73, 45.45)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.091</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.19 (0.88, 50.00)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn10-hiv-7-175">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (99.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family monthly income</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <1,000 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (5.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (95.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.76 (0.67, 21.28)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.132</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75 (0.11, 11.76)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1,000–1,500 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (5.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (95.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.28 (0.62, 17.24)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.54 (0.43, 14.90)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >1,500 ETB</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 (98.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Family size</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119 (97.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.087</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (97.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.20, 5.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (0.09, 3.40)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9.10)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (90.90)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.97 (0.91, 17.24)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (0.16, 7.69)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">History of abortion</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (2.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (97.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.08, 5.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.656</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (3.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">259 (96.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn10-hiv-7-175"><label>*</label><p>Other occupations include: private sector employees, governmental employees, students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers. Bold numerical values indicate significance in bivariate analysis;</p></fn><fn id="tfn11-hiv-7-175"><label>**</label><p>significance (<italic>P</italic><0.01) in multivariate analysis.</p></fn><fn id="tfn12-hiv-7-175"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; ETB, Ethiopian birr.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Éthiopie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Éthiopie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Melku, Mulugeta" sort="Melku, Mulugeta" uniqKey="Melku M" first="Mulugeta" last="Melku">Mulugeta Melku</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Addis, Zelalem" sort="Addis, Zelalem" uniqKey="Addis Z" first="Zelalem" last="Addis">Zelalem Addis</name><name sortKey="Kebede, Asmarie" sort="Kebede, Asmarie" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Asmarie" last="Kebede">Asmarie Kebede</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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