The government of Kenya cash transfer for orphaned and vulnerable children: cross-sectional comparison of household and individual characteristics of those with and without
Identifieur interne : 001A05 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001A04; suivant : 001A06The government of Kenya cash transfer for orphaned and vulnerable children: cross-sectional comparison of household and individual characteristics of those with and without
Auteurs : David Ayuku [Kenya] ; Lonnie Embleton [Kenya] ; Julius Koech [Kenya] ; Lukoye Atwoli [Kenya] ; Liangyuan Hu [États-Unis] ; Samuel Ayaya [Kenya] ; Joseph Hogan [Kenya, États-Unis] ; Winstone Nyandiko [Kenya] ; Rachel Vreeman [Kenya, États-Unis] ; Allan Kamanda [Kenya] ; Paula Braitstein [Kenya, États-Unis, Canada]Source :
- BMC International Health and Human Rights [ 1472-698X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The ‘Cash Transfer to Orphans and Vulnerable Children’ (CT-OVC) in Kenya is a government-supported program intended to provide regular and predictable cash transfers (CT) to poor households taking care of OVC. CT programs can be an effective means of alleviating poverty and facilitating the attainment of an adequate standard of living for people’s health and well-being and other international human rights. The objective of this analysis was to compare the household socioeconomic status, school enrolment, nutritional status, and future outlook of orphaned and separated children receiving the CT compared to those not receiving a CT.
This project analyzes baseline data from a cohort of orphaned and separated children aged <19 years and non-orphaned children living in 300 randomly selected households (HH) in 8 Locations of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Baseline data were analyzed using multivariable logistic and Poisson regression comparing children in CT-HH vs. non-CT HH. Odds ratios are adjusted (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for guardian age and sex, child age and sex, and intra-HH correlation.
Included in this analysis were data from 1481 children and adolescents in 300 HH (503 participants in CT, 978 in non-CT households). Overall there were 922 (62.3%) single orphans, 324 (21.9%) double orphans, and 210 (14.2%) participants had both parents alive and were living with them. Participants in CT-HH were less likely to have ≥2 pairs of clothes compared to non-CT HH (AOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16-0.63). Those in CT HH were less likely to have missed any days of school in the preceding month (AOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42-0.94) and those aged <1-18 years in CT-HH were less likely to have height stunting for their age (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.89). Participants aged at least 10 years in CT-HH were more likely to have a positive future outlook (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12-2.65).
Children and adolescents in households receiving the CT-OVC appear to have better nutritional status, school attendance, and optimism about the future, compared to those in households not receiving the CT, in spite of some evidence of continued material deprivation. Consideration should be given to expanding the program further.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1472-698X-14-25
PubMed: 25239449
PubMed Central: 4175501
Affiliations:
- Canada, Kenya, États-Unis
- Ontario, Rhode Island
- Providence (Rhode Island), Toronto
- Université Brown, Université de Toronto
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sort="Embleton, Lonnie" uniqKey="Embleton L" first="Lonnie" last="Embleton">Lonnie Embleton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koech, Julius" sort="Koech, Julius" uniqKey="Koech J" first="Julius" last="Koech">Julius Koech</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atwoli, Lukoye" sort="Atwoli, Lukoye" uniqKey="Atwoli L" first="Lukoye" last="Atwoli">Lukoye Atwoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Mental Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Mental Health, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Liangyuan" sort="Hu, Liangyuan" uniqKey="Hu L" first="Liangyuan" last="Hu">Liangyuan Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayaya, Samuel" sort="Ayaya, Samuel" uniqKey="Ayaya S" first="Samuel" last="Ayaya">Samuel Ayaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hogan, Joseph" sort="Hogan, Joseph" uniqKey="Hogan J" first="Joseph" last="Hogan">Joseph Hogan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyandiko, Winstone" sort="Nyandiko, Winstone" uniqKey="Nyandiko W" first="Winstone" last="Nyandiko">Winstone Nyandiko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vreeman, Rachel" sort="Vreeman, Rachel" uniqKey="Vreeman R" first="Rachel" last="Vreeman">Rachel Vreeman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I7">School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Indianapolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamanda, Allan" sort="Kamanda, Allan" uniqKey="Kamanda A" first="Allan" last="Kamanda">Allan Kamanda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I8">Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braitstein, Paula" sort="Braitstein, Paula" uniqKey="Braitstein P" first="Paula" last="Braitstein">Paula Braitstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Eldoret</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I9">School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Indianapolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I10">Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC International Health and Human Rights</title><idno type="eISSN">1472-698X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The ‘Cash Transfer to Orphans and Vulnerable Children’ (CT-OVC) in Kenya is a government-supported program intended to provide regular and predictable cash transfers (CT) to poor households taking care of OVC. CT programs can be an effective means of alleviating poverty and facilitating the attainment of an adequate standard of living for people’s health and well-being and other international human rights. The objective of this analysis was to compare the household socioeconomic status, school enrolment, nutritional status, and future outlook of orphaned and separated children receiving the CT compared to those not receiving a CT.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>This project analyzes baseline data from a cohort of orphaned and separated children aged <19 years and non-orphaned children living in 300 randomly selected households (HH) in 8 Locations of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Baseline data were analyzed using multivariable logistic and Poisson regression comparing children in CT-HH vs. non-CT HH. Odds ratios are adjusted (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for guardian age and sex, child age and sex, and intra-HH correlation.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Included in this analysis were data from 1481 children and adolescents in 300 HH (503 participants in CT, 978 in non-CT households). Overall there were 922 (62.3%) single orphans, 324 (21.9%) double orphans, and 210 (14.2%) participants had both parents alive and were living with them. Participants in CT-HH were less likely to have ≥2 pairs of clothes compared to non-CT HH (AOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16-0.63). Those in CT HH were less likely to have missed any days of school in the preceding month (AOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42-0.94) and those aged <1-18 years in CT-HH were less likely to have height stunting for their age (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.89). Participants aged at least 10 years in CT-HH were more likely to have a positive future outlook (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12-2.65).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Children and adolescents in households receiving the CT-OVC appear to have better nutritional status, school attendance, and optimism about the future, compared to those in households not receiving the CT, in spite of some evidence of continued material deprivation. Consideration should be given to expanding the program further.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Embleton, L" uniqKey="Embleton L">L Embleton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayuku, D" uniqKey="Ayuku D">D Ayuku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamanda, A" uniqKey="Kamanda A">A Kamanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atwoli, L" uniqKey="Atwoli L">L Atwoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayaya, S" uniqKey="Ayaya S">S Ayaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vreeman, R" uniqKey="Vreeman R">R Vreeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nyandiko, W" uniqKey="Nyandiko W">W Nyandiko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gisore, P" uniqKey="Gisore P">P Gisore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koech, J" uniqKey="Koech J">J Koech</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braitstein, P" uniqKey="Braitstein P">P Braitstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimani Murage, Ew" uniqKey="Kimani Murage E">EW Kimani-Murage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holding, Pa" uniqKey="Holding P">PA Holding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fotso, Jc" uniqKey="Fotso J">JC Fotso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezeh, A" uniqKey="Ezeh A">A Ezeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madise, N" uniqKey="Madise N">N Madise</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahurani, E" uniqKey="Kahurani E">E Kahurani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zulu, E" uniqKey="Zulu E">E Zulu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lindblade, Ka" uniqKey="Lindblade K">KA Lindblade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odhiambo, F" uniqKey="Odhiambo F">F Odhiambo</name></author><author><name 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sortKey="Kleinschmidt, I" uniqKey="Kleinschmidt I">I Kleinschmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steffenson, Ae" uniqKey="Steffenson A">AE Steffenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macphail, C" uniqKey="Macphail C">C MacPhail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hlongwa Madikizela, L" uniqKey="Hlongwa Madikizela L">L Hlongwa-Madikizela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vermaak, K" uniqKey="Vermaak K">K Vermaak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padian, Ns" uniqKey="Padian N">NS Padian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cluver, L" uniqKey="Cluver L">L Cluver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, F" uniqKey="Gardner F">F Gardner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cluver, L" uniqKey="Cluver L">L Cluver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, F" uniqKey="Gardner F">F Gardner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Operario, D" uniqKey="Operario D">D 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Suchindran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skovdal, M" uniqKey="Skovdal M">M Skovdal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mushati, P" uniqKey="Mushati P">P Mushati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, L" uniqKey="Robertson L">L Robertson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munyati, S" uniqKey="Munyati S">S Munyati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nyamukapa, C" uniqKey="Nyamukapa C">C Nyamukapa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregson, S" uniqKey="Gregson S">S Gregson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilmour, S" uniqKey="Gilmour S">S Gilmour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamakawa, T" uniqKey="Hamakawa T">T Hamakawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shibuya, K" uniqKey="Shibuya K">K Shibuya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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D">DG Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odhiambo, F" uniqKey="Odhiambo F">F Odhiambo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laserson, Kf" uniqKey="Laserson K">KF Laserson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feikin, Dr" uniqKey="Feikin D">DR Feikin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Robertson, L" uniqKey="Robertson L">L Robertson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mushati, P" uniqKey="Mushati P">P Mushati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eaton, Jw" uniqKey="Eaton J">JW Eaton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dumba, L" uniqKey="Dumba L">L Dumba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mavise, G" uniqKey="Mavise G">G Mavise</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makoni, J" uniqKey="Makoni J">J Makoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schumacher, C" uniqKey="Schumacher C">C Schumacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crea, T" uniqKey="Crea T">T Crea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monasch, R" uniqKey="Monasch R">R Monasch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garnett, Gp" uniqKey="Garnett G">GP Garnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nyamukapa, C" uniqKey="Nyamukapa C">C Nyamukapa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregson, S" uniqKey="Gregson S">S Gregson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, M" uniqKey="Ranganathan M">M Ranganathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lagarde, M" uniqKey="Lagarde M">M Lagarde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lagarde, M" uniqKey="Lagarde M">M Lagarde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haines, A" uniqKey="Haines A">A Haines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, N" uniqKey="Palmer N">N Palmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lagarde, M" uniqKey="Lagarde M">M Lagarde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haines, A" uniqKey="Haines A">A Haines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, N" uniqKey="Palmer N">N Palmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baird, Sj" uniqKey="Baird S">SJ Baird</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garfein, Rs" uniqKey="Garfein R">RS Garfein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcintosh, Ct" uniqKey="Mcintosh C">CT McIntosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozler, B" uniqKey="Ozler B">B Ozler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shei, A" uniqKey="Shei A">A Shei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, F" uniqKey="Costa F">F Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Mg" uniqKey="Reis M">MG Reis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, Ai" uniqKey="Ko A">AI Ko</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li><li>Kenya</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Ontario</li><li>Rhode Island</li></region><settlement><li>Providence (Rhode Island)</li><li>Toronto</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Brown</li><li>Université de Toronto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Kenya"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ayuku, David" sort="Ayuku, David" uniqKey="Ayuku D" first="David" last="Ayuku">David Ayuku</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Atwoli, Lukoye" sort="Atwoli, Lukoye" uniqKey="Atwoli L" first="Lukoye" last="Atwoli">Lukoye Atwoli</name><name sortKey="Ayaya, Samuel" sort="Ayaya, Samuel" uniqKey="Ayaya S" first="Samuel" last="Ayaya">Samuel Ayaya</name><name sortKey="Ayaya, Samuel" sort="Ayaya, Samuel" uniqKey="Ayaya S" first="Samuel" last="Ayaya">Samuel Ayaya</name><name sortKey="Braitstein, Paula" sort="Braitstein, Paula" uniqKey="Braitstein P" first="Paula" last="Braitstein">Paula Braitstein</name><name sortKey="Braitstein, Paula" sort="Braitstein, Paula" uniqKey="Braitstein P" first="Paula" last="Braitstein">Paula Braitstein</name><name sortKey="Embleton, Lonnie" sort="Embleton, Lonnie" uniqKey="Embleton L" first="Lonnie" last="Embleton">Lonnie Embleton</name><name sortKey="Hogan, Joseph" sort="Hogan, Joseph" uniqKey="Hogan J" first="Joseph" last="Hogan">Joseph Hogan</name><name sortKey="Kamanda, Allan" sort="Kamanda, Allan" uniqKey="Kamanda A" first="Allan" last="Kamanda">Allan Kamanda</name><name sortKey="Koech, Julius" sort="Koech, Julius" uniqKey="Koech J" first="Julius" last="Koech">Julius Koech</name><name sortKey="Nyandiko, Winstone" sort="Nyandiko, Winstone" uniqKey="Nyandiko W" first="Winstone" last="Nyandiko">Winstone Nyandiko</name><name sortKey="Nyandiko, Winstone" sort="Nyandiko, Winstone" uniqKey="Nyandiko W" first="Winstone" last="Nyandiko">Winstone Nyandiko</name><name sortKey="Vreeman, Rachel" sort="Vreeman, Rachel" uniqKey="Vreeman R" first="Rachel" last="Vreeman">Rachel Vreeman</name><name sortKey="Vreeman, Rachel" sort="Vreeman, Rachel" uniqKey="Vreeman R" first="Rachel" last="Vreeman">Rachel Vreeman</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Rhode Island"><name sortKey="Hu, Liangyuan" sort="Hu, Liangyuan" uniqKey="Hu L" first="Liangyuan" last="Hu">Liangyuan Hu</name></region><name sortKey="Braitstein, Paula" sort="Braitstein, Paula" uniqKey="Braitstein P" first="Paula" last="Braitstein">Paula Braitstein</name><name sortKey="Hogan, Joseph" sort="Hogan, Joseph" uniqKey="Hogan J" first="Joseph" last="Hogan">Joseph Hogan</name><name sortKey="Vreeman, Rachel" sort="Vreeman, Rachel" uniqKey="Vreeman R" first="Rachel" last="Vreeman">Rachel Vreeman</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Braitstein, Paula" sort="Braitstein, Paula" uniqKey="Braitstein P" first="Paula" last="Braitstein">Paula 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