Inhibition of CYP2B6 by Medicinal Plant Extracts: Implication for Use of Efavirenz and Nevirapine-Based Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Resource-Limited Settings.
Identifieur interne : 000835 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000834; suivant : 000836Inhibition of CYP2B6 by Medicinal Plant Extracts: Implication for Use of Efavirenz and Nevirapine-Based Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Resource-Limited Settings.
Auteurs : Nicholas E. Thomford ; Charles Awortwe ; Kevin Dzobo ; Faustina Adu ; Denis Chopera ; Ambroise Wonkam ; Michelle Skelton ; Dee Blackhurst ; Collet DandaraSource :
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1420-3049 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Angiosperms (chemistry), Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Benzoxazines (pharmacology), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 (genetics), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 (metabolism), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors (chemistry), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors (pharmacology), Herb-Drug Interactions, Humans, Nevirapine (pharmacology), Plant Extracts (chemistry), Plant Extracts (pharmacology), Plants, Medicinal (chemistry).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors, Plant Extracts.
- chemical , genetics : Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6.
- chemical , metabolism : Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6.
- chemical , pharmacology : Benzoxazines, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors, Nevirapine, Plant Extracts.
- chemistry : Angiosperms, Plants, Medicinal.
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Herb-Drug Interactions, Humans.
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly improved health parameters of HIV infected individuals. However, there are several challenges associated with the chronic nature of HAART administration. For populations in health transition, dual use of medicinal plant extracts and conventional medicine poses a significant challenge. There is need to evaluate interactions between commonly used medicinal plant extracts and antiretroviral drugs used against HIV/AIDS. Efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) are the major components of HAART both metabolized by CYP2B6, an enzyme that can potentially be inhibited or induced by compounds found in medicinal plant extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of extracts of selected commonly used medicinal plants on CYP2B6 enzyme activity. Recombinant human CYP2B6 was used to evaluate inhibition, allowing the assessment of herb-drug interactions (HDI) of medicinal plants Hyptis suaveolens, Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Launaea taraxacifolia, Boerhavia diffusa and Newbouldia laevis. The potential of these medicinal extracts to cause HDI was ranked accordingly for reversible inhibition and also classified as potential time-dependent inhibitor (TDI) candidates. The most potent inhibitor for CYP2B6 was Hyptis suaveolens extract (IC50 = 19.09 ± 1.16 µg/mL), followed by Myrothamnus flabellifolius extract (IC50 = 23.66 ± 4.86 µg/mL), Launaea taraxacifolia extract (IC50 = 33.87 ± 1.54 µg/mL), and Boerhavia diffusa extract (IC50 = 34.93 ± 1.06 µg/mL). Newbouldia laevis extract, however, exhibited weak inhibitory effects (IC50 = 100 ± 8.71 µg/mL) on CYP2B6. Launaea taraxacifolia exhibited a TDI (3.17) effect on CYP2B6 and showed a high concentration of known CYP450 inhibitory phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The implication for these observations is that drugs that are metabolized by CYP2B6 when co-administered with these herbal medicines and when adequate amounts of the extracts reach the liver, there is a high likelihood of standard doses affecting drug plasma concentrations which could lead to toxicity.
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020211
PubMed: 26891286
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:26891286Le document en format XML
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THMNIC023@myuct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Awortwe, Charles" sort="Awortwe, Charles" uniqKey="Awortwe C" first="Charles" last="Awortwe">Charles Awortwe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7602, South Africa. charzos@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dzobo, Kevin" sort="Dzobo, Kevin" uniqKey="Dzobo K" first="Kevin" last="Dzobo">Kevin Dzobo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. kd.dzobo@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu, Faustina" sort="Adu, Faustina" uniqKey="Adu F" first="Faustina" last="Adu">Faustina Adu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana. a.faustina@uccsms.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chopera, Denis" sort="Chopera, Denis" uniqKey="Chopera D" first="Denis" last="Chopera">Denis Chopera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. denis.chopera@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wonkam, Ambroise" sort="Wonkam, Ambroise" uniqKey="Wonkam A" first="Ambroise" last="Wonkam">Ambroise Wonkam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. ambroise.wonkam@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skelton, Michelle" sort="Skelton, Michelle" uniqKey="Skelton M" first="Michelle" last="Skelton">Michelle Skelton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. michelle.skelton@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackhurst, Dee" sort="Blackhurst, Dee" uniqKey="Blackhurst D" first="Dee" last="Blackhurst">Dee Blackhurst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. dee.blackhurst@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dandara, Collet" sort="Dandara, Collet" uniqKey="Dandara C" first="Collet" last="Dandara">Collet Dandara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. collet.dandara@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26891286</idno><idno type="pmid">26891286</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/molecules21020211</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000835</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000835</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Inhibition of CYP2B6 by Medicinal Plant Extracts: Implication for Use of Efavirenz and Nevirapine-Based Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Resource-Limited Settings.</title><author><name sortKey="Thomford, Nicholas E" sort="Thomford, Nicholas E" uniqKey="Thomford N" first="Nicholas E" last="Thomford">Nicholas E. Thomford</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. THMNIC023@myuct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Awortwe, Charles" sort="Awortwe, Charles" uniqKey="Awortwe C" first="Charles" last="Awortwe">Charles Awortwe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7602, South Africa. charzos@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dzobo, Kevin" sort="Dzobo, Kevin" uniqKey="Dzobo K" first="Kevin" last="Dzobo">Kevin Dzobo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. kd.dzobo@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu, Faustina" sort="Adu, Faustina" uniqKey="Adu F" first="Faustina" last="Adu">Faustina Adu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana. a.faustina@uccsms.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chopera, Denis" sort="Chopera, Denis" uniqKey="Chopera D" first="Denis" last="Chopera">Denis Chopera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. denis.chopera@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wonkam, Ambroise" sort="Wonkam, Ambroise" uniqKey="Wonkam A" first="Ambroise" last="Wonkam">Ambroise Wonkam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. ambroise.wonkam@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skelton, Michelle" sort="Skelton, Michelle" uniqKey="Skelton M" first="Michelle" last="Skelton">Michelle Skelton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. michelle.skelton@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackhurst, Dee" sort="Blackhurst, Dee" uniqKey="Blackhurst D" first="Dee" last="Blackhurst">Dee Blackhurst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. dee.blackhurst@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dandara, Collet" sort="Dandara, Collet" uniqKey="Dandara C" first="Collet" last="Dandara">Collet Dandara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. collet.dandara@uct.ac.za.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1420-3049</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiosperms (chemistry)</term><term>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active</term><term>Benzoxazines (pharmacology)</term><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 (genetics)</term><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 (metabolism)</term><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors (chemistry)</term><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors (pharmacology)</term><term>Herb-Drug Interactions</term><term>Humans</term><term>Nevirapine (pharmacology)</term><term>Plant Extracts (chemistry)</term><term>Plant Extracts (pharmacology)</term><term>Plants, Medicinal (chemistry)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors</term><term>Plant Extracts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Benzoxazines</term><term>Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors</term><term>Nevirapine</term><term>Plant Extracts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiosperms</term><term>Plants, Medicinal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active</term><term>Herb-Drug Interactions</term><term>Humans</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly improved health parameters of HIV infected individuals. However, there are several challenges associated with the chronic nature of HAART administration. For populations in health transition, dual use of medicinal plant extracts and conventional medicine poses a significant challenge. There is need to evaluate interactions between commonly used medicinal plant extracts and antiretroviral drugs used against HIV/AIDS. Efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) are the major components of HAART both metabolized by CYP2B6, an enzyme that can potentially be inhibited or induced by compounds found in medicinal plant extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of extracts of selected commonly used medicinal plants on CYP2B6 enzyme activity. Recombinant human CYP2B6 was used to evaluate inhibition, allowing the assessment of herb-drug interactions (HDI) of medicinal plants Hyptis suaveolens, Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Launaea taraxacifolia, Boerhavia diffusa and Newbouldia laevis. The potential of these medicinal extracts to cause HDI was ranked accordingly for reversible inhibition and also classified as potential time-dependent inhibitor (TDI) candidates. The most potent inhibitor for CYP2B6 was Hyptis suaveolens extract (IC50 = 19.09 ± 1.16 µg/mL), followed by Myrothamnus flabellifolius extract (IC50 = 23.66 ± 4.86 µg/mL), Launaea taraxacifolia extract (IC50 = 33.87 ± 1.54 µg/mL), and Boerhavia diffusa extract (IC50 = 34.93 ± 1.06 µg/mL). Newbouldia laevis extract, however, exhibited weak inhibitory effects (IC50 = 100 ± 8.71 µg/mL) on CYP2B6. Launaea taraxacifolia exhibited a TDI (3.17) effect on CYP2B6 and showed a high concentration of known CYP450 inhibitory phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The implication for these observations is that drugs that are metabolized by CYP2B6 when co-administered with these herbal medicines and when adequate amounts of the extracts reach the liver, there is a high likelihood of standard doses affecting drug plasma concentrations which could lead to toxicity.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26891286</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>30</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1420-3049</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>21</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>16</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Molecules</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Inhibition of CYP2B6 by Medicinal Plant Extracts: Implication for Use of Efavirenz and Nevirapine-Based Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Resource-Limited Settings.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/molecules21020211</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">E211</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly improved health parameters of HIV infected individuals. However, there are several challenges associated with the chronic nature of HAART administration. For populations in health transition, dual use of medicinal plant extracts and conventional medicine poses a significant challenge. There is need to evaluate interactions between commonly used medicinal plant extracts and antiretroviral drugs used against HIV/AIDS. Efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) are the major components of HAART both metabolized by CYP2B6, an enzyme that can potentially be inhibited or induced by compounds found in medicinal plant extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of extracts of selected commonly used medicinal plants on CYP2B6 enzyme activity. Recombinant human CYP2B6 was used to evaluate inhibition, allowing the assessment of herb-drug interactions (HDI) of medicinal plants Hyptis suaveolens, Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Launaea taraxacifolia, Boerhavia diffusa and Newbouldia laevis. The potential of these medicinal extracts to cause HDI was ranked accordingly for reversible inhibition and also classified as potential time-dependent inhibitor (TDI) candidates. The most potent inhibitor for CYP2B6 was Hyptis suaveolens extract (IC50 = 19.09 ± 1.16 µg/mL), followed by Myrothamnus flabellifolius extract (IC50 = 23.66 ± 4.86 µg/mL), Launaea taraxacifolia extract (IC50 = 33.87 ± 1.54 µg/mL), and Boerhavia diffusa extract (IC50 = 34.93 ± 1.06 µg/mL). Newbouldia laevis extract, however, exhibited weak inhibitory effects (IC50 = 100 ± 8.71 µg/mL) on CYP2B6. Launaea taraxacifolia exhibited a TDI (3.17) effect on CYP2B6 and showed a high concentration of known CYP450 inhibitory phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The implication for these observations is that drugs that are metabolized by CYP2B6 when co-administered with these herbal medicines and when adequate amounts of the extracts reach the liver, there is a high likelihood of standard doses affecting drug plasma concentrations which could lead to toxicity.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thomford</LastName><ForeName>Nicholas E</ForeName><Initials>NE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. THMNIC023@myuct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana. THMNIC023@myuct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Awortwe</LastName><ForeName>Charles</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7602, South Africa. charzos@yahoo.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dzobo</LastName><ForeName>Kevin</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. kd.dzobo@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. kd.dzobo@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adu</LastName><ForeName>Faustina</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB, Ghana. a.faustina@uccsms.edu.gh.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chopera</LastName><ForeName>Denis</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. denis.chopera@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wonkam</LastName><ForeName>Ambroise</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. ambroise.wonkam@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Skelton</LastName><ForeName>Michelle</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. michelle.skelton@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blackhurst</LastName><ForeName>Dee</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. dee.blackhurst@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dandara</LastName><ForeName>Collet</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. collet.dandara@uct.ac.za.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Molecules</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100964009</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1420-3049</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance 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Interactions</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019829" MajorTopicYN="N">Nevirapine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010936" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Extracts</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010946" MajorTopicYN="N">Plants, Medicinal</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">CYP450</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">herb-drug interactions</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">recombinant human CYPs</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">reversible inhibition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">time-dependent inhibition</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26891286</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">molecules21020211</ArticleId><ArticleId 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HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26891286" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaGhanaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |