Growth and Mortality Outcomes for Different Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Criteria in Children Ages 1-5 Years: A Causal Modeling Analysis.
Identifieur interne : 000139 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000138; suivant : 000140Growth and Mortality Outcomes for Different Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Criteria in Children Ages 1-5 Years: A Causal Modeling Analysis.
Auteurs : Michael Schomaker [France] ; Mary-Ann Davies ; Karen Malateste ; Lorna Renner ; Shobna Sawry ; Sylvie N'Gbeche ; Karl-Günter Technau ; François Eboua ; Frank Tanser ; Haby Sygnaté-Sy ; Sam Phiri ; Madeleine Amorissani-Folquet ; Vivian Cox ; Fla Koueta ; Cleophas Chimbete ; Annette Lawson-Evi ; Janet Giddy ; Clarisse Amani-Bosse ; Robin Wood ; Matthias Egger ; Valeriane LeroySource :
- Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) [ 1531-5487 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Agents antiVIH (usage thérapeutique), Bases de données factuelles, Burkina, Causalité, Côte d'Ivoire, Développement de l'enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Facteurs temps, Femelle, Ghana, Humains, Infections à VIH (immunologie), Infections à VIH (mortalité), Infections à VIH (traitement médicamenteux), Intervention médicale précoce, Malawi, Mâle, Nourrisson, Numération des lymphocytes CD4, République d'Afrique du Sud, Sénégal, Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active (), Togo, Zimbabwe, Études de cohortes.
- MESH :
- immunologie : Infections à VIH.
- mortalité : Infections à VIH.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à VIH.
- usage thérapeutique : Agents antiVIH.
- Bases de données factuelles, Burkina, Causalité, Côte d'Ivoire, Développement de l'enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Facteurs temps, Femelle, Ghana, Humains, Intervention médicale précoce, Malawi, Mâle, Nourrisson, Numération des lymphocytes CD4, République d'Afrique du Sud, Sénégal, Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active, Togo, Zimbabwe, Études de cohortes.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Anti-HIV Agents (therapeutic use), Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active (methods), Burkina Faso, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Causality, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Cote d'Ivoire, Databases, Factual, Early Medical Intervention, Female, Ghana, HIV Infections (drug therapy), HIV Infections (immunology), HIV Infections (mortality), Humans, Infant, Malawi, Male, Senegal, South Africa, Time Factors, Togo, Zimbabwe.
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Anti-HIV Agents.
- drug therapy : HIV Infections.
- immunology : HIV Infections.
- methods : Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active.
- mortality : HIV Infections.
- Burkina Faso, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Causality, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Cote d'Ivoire, Databases, Factual, Early Medical Intervention, Female, Ghana, Humans, Infant, Malawi, Male, Senegal, South Africa, Time Factors, Togo, Zimbabwe.
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the optimal timing of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children. We conducted a causal modeling analysis in children ages 1-5 years from the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS West/Southern-Africa collaboration to determine growth and mortality differences related to different CD4-based treatment initiation criteria, age groups, and regions.
DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000412
PubMed: 26479876
Affiliations:
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Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; gYopougon University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; hAfrica Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; iAlbert Royer Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; jLighthouse Trust Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; kUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; lFélix Houphouët Boigny University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; mMédecins Sans Frontiéres South Africa, CapeTown, South Africa; nKhayelitsha ART Programme, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; oCharles de Gaulle University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; pNewlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; qHospital du Tokoin, Lomé, Togo; rSinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; sMTCT-Plus Center, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; tDesmond Tutu HIV Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; uInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; vInstitute of 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Analysis.</title><author><name sortKey="Schomaker, Michael" sort="Schomaker, Michael" uniqKey="Schomaker M" first="Michael" last="Schomaker">Michael Schomaker</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>From the aCentre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; bInstitute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; cUniversity of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; dWits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa; eCentre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation Enfants, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; fEmpilweni Service and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; gYopougon University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; hAfrica Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; iAlbert Royer Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; jLighthouse Trust Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; kUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; lFélix Houphouët Boigny University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; mMédecins Sans Frontiéres South Africa, CapeTown, South Africa; nKhayelitsha ART Programme, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; oCharles de Gaulle University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; pNewlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; qHospital du Tokoin, Lomé, Togo; rSinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; sMTCT-Plus Center, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; tDesmond Tutu HIV Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; uInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; vInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and wInserm, U897, Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>From the aCentre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; bInstitute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; cUniversity of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; dWits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa; eCentre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation Enfants, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; fEmpilweni Service and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; gYopougon University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; hAfrica Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; iAlbert Royer Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; jLighthouse Trust Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; kUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; lFélix Houphouët Boigny University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; mMédecins Sans Frontiéres South Africa, CapeTown, South Africa; nKhayelitsha ART Programme, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; oCharles de Gaulle University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; pNewlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; qHospital du Tokoin, Lomé, Togo; rSinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; sMTCT-Plus Center, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; tDesmond Tutu HIV Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; uInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; vInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and wInserm, U897, Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Mary Ann" sort="Davies, Mary Ann" uniqKey="Davies M" first="Mary-Ann" last="Davies">Mary-Ann Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malateste, Karen" sort="Malateste, Karen" uniqKey="Malateste K" first="Karen" last="Malateste">Karen Malateste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renner, Lorna" sort="Renner, Lorna" uniqKey="Renner L" first="Lorna" last="Renner">Lorna Renner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sawry, Shobna" sort="Sawry, Shobna" uniqKey="Sawry S" first="Shobna" last="Sawry">Shobna Sawry</name></author><author><name sortKey="N Gbeche, Sylvie" sort="N Gbeche, Sylvie" uniqKey="N Gbeche S" first="Sylvie" last="N'Gbeche">Sylvie N'Gbeche</name></author><author><name sortKey="Technau, Karl Gunter" sort="Technau, Karl Gunter" uniqKey="Technau K" first="Karl-Günter" last="Technau">Karl-Günter Technau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eboua, Francois" sort="Eboua, Francois" uniqKey="Eboua F" first="François" last="Eboua">François Eboua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanser, Frank" sort="Tanser, Frank" uniqKey="Tanser F" first="Frank" last="Tanser">Frank Tanser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sygnate Sy, Haby" sort="Sygnate Sy, Haby" uniqKey="Sygnate Sy H" first="Haby" last="Sygnaté-Sy">Haby Sygnaté-Sy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phiri, Sam" sort="Phiri, Sam" uniqKey="Phiri S" first="Sam" last="Phiri">Sam Phiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorissani Folquet, Madeleine" sort="Amorissani Folquet, Madeleine" uniqKey="Amorissani Folquet M" first="Madeleine" last="Amorissani-Folquet">Madeleine Amorissani-Folquet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Vivian" sort="Cox, Vivian" uniqKey="Cox V" first="Vivian" last="Cox">Vivian Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koueta, Fla" sort="Koueta, Fla" uniqKey="Koueta F" first="Fla" last="Koueta">Fla Koueta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chimbete, Cleophas" sort="Chimbete, Cleophas" uniqKey="Chimbete C" first="Cleophas" last="Chimbete">Cleophas Chimbete</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawson Evi, Annette" sort="Lawson Evi, Annette" uniqKey="Lawson Evi A" first="Annette" last="Lawson-Evi">Annette Lawson-Evi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giddy, Janet" sort="Giddy, Janet" uniqKey="Giddy J" first="Janet" last="Giddy">Janet Giddy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amani Bosse, Clarisse" sort="Amani Bosse, Clarisse" uniqKey="Amani Bosse C" first="Clarisse" last="Amani-Bosse">Clarisse Amani-Bosse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Robin" sort="Wood, Robin" uniqKey="Wood R" first="Robin" last="Wood">Robin Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egger, Matthias" sort="Egger, Matthias" uniqKey="Egger M" first="Matthias" last="Egger">Matthias Egger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leroy, Valeriane" sort="Leroy, Valeriane" uniqKey="Leroy V" first="Valeriane" last="Leroy">Valeriane Leroy</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1531-5487</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-HIV Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active (methods)</term><term>Burkina Faso</term><term>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</term><term>Causality</term><term>Child Development</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Cohort Studies</term><term>Cote d'Ivoire</term><term>Databases, Factual</term><term>Early Medical Intervention</term><term>Female</term><term>Ghana</term><term>HIV Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>HIV Infections (immunology)</term><term>HIV Infections (mortality)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Malawi</term><term>Male</term><term>Senegal</term><term>South Africa</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Togo</term><term>Zimbabwe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Agents antiVIH (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Bases de données factuelles</term><term>Burkina</term><term>Causalité</term><term>Côte d'Ivoire</term><term>Développement de l'enfant</term><term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à VIH (immunologie)</term><term>Infections à VIH (mortalité)</term><term>Infections à VIH (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Intervention médicale précoce</term><term>Malawi</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Nourrisson</term><term>Numération des lymphocytes CD4</term><term>République d'Afrique du Sud</term><term>Sénégal</term><term>Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active ()</term><term>Togo</term><term>Zimbabwe</term><term>Études de cohortes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-HIV Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortalité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Agents antiVIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Burkina Faso</term><term>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</term><term>Causality</term><term>Child Development</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Cohort Studies</term><term>Cote d'Ivoire</term><term>Databases, Factual</term><term>Early Medical Intervention</term><term>Female</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Malawi</term><term>Male</term><term>Senegal</term><term>South Africa</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Togo</term><term>Zimbabwe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Bases de données factuelles</term><term>Burkina</term><term>Causalité</term><term>Côte d'Ivoire</term><term>Développement de l'enfant</term><term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Intervention médicale précoce</term><term>Malawi</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Nourrisson</term><term>Numération des lymphocytes CD4</term><term>République d'Afrique du Sud</term><term>Sénégal</term><term>Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active</term><term>Togo</term><term>Zimbabwe</term><term>Études de cohortes</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There is limited evidence regarding the optimal timing of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children. We conducted a causal modeling analysis in children ages 1-5 years from the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS West/Southern-Africa collaboration to determine growth and mortality differences related to different CD4-based treatment initiation criteria, age groups, and regions.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26479876</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1531-5487</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>27</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Mar</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Epidemiology</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Growth and Mortality Outcomes for Different Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Criteria in Children Ages 1-5 Years: A Causal Modeling Analysis.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>237-46</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1097/EDE.0000000000000412</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">There is limited evidence regarding the optimal timing of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children. We conducted a causal modeling analysis in children ages 1-5 years from the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS West/Southern-Africa collaboration to determine growth and mortality differences related to different CD4-based treatment initiation criteria, age groups, and regions.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">ART-naïve children of ages 12-59 months at enrollment with at least one visit before ART initiation and one follow-up visit were included. We estimated 3-year growth and cumulative mortality from the start of follow-up for different CD4 criteria using g-computation.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">About one quarter of the 5,826 included children was from West Africa (24.6%).The median (first; third quartile) CD4% at the first visit was 16% (11%; 23%), the median weight-for-age z-scores and height-for-age z-scores were -1.5 (-2.7; -0.6) and -2.5 (-3.5; -1.5), respectively. Estimated cumulative mortality was higher overall, and growth was slower, when initiating ART at lower CD4 thresholds. After 3 years of follow-up, the estimated mortality difference between starting ART routinely irrespective of CD4 count and starting ART if either CD4 count <750 cells/mm³ or CD4% <25% was 0.2% (95% CI = -0.2%; 0.3%), and the difference in the mean height-for-age z-scores of those who survived was -0.02 (95% CI = -0.04; 0.01). Younger children ages 1-2 and children in West Africa had worse outcomes.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our results demonstrate that earlier treatment initiation yields overall better growth and mortality outcomes, although we could not show any differences in outcomes between immediate ART and delaying until CD4 count/% falls below 750/25%.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schomaker</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>From the aCentre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; bInstitute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; cUniversity of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; dWits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa; eCentre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation Enfants, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; fEmpilweni Service and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; gYopougon University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; hAfrica Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; iAlbert Royer Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; jLighthouse Trust Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; kUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; lFélix Houphouët Boigny University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; mMédecins Sans Frontiéres South Africa, CapeTown, South Africa; nKhayelitsha ART Programme, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; oCharles de Gaulle University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; pNewlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; qHospital du Tokoin, Lomé, Togo; rSinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; sMTCT-Plus Center, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; tDesmond Tutu HIV Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; uInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; vInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and wInserm, U897, Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davies</LastName><ForeName>Mary-Ann</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malateste</LastName><ForeName>Karen</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Renner</LastName><ForeName>Lorna</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sawry</LastName><ForeName>Shobna</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>N'Gbeche</LastName><ForeName>Sylvie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Technau</LastName><ForeName>Karl-Günter</ForeName><Initials>KG</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eboua</LastName><ForeName>François</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tanser</LastName><ForeName>Frank</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sygnaté-Sy</LastName><ForeName>Haby</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phiri</LastName><ForeName>Sam</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amorissani-Folquet</LastName><ForeName>Madeleine</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cox</LastName><ForeName>Vivian</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koueta</LastName><ForeName>Fla</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chimbete</LastName><ForeName>Cleophas</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lawson-Evi</LastName><ForeName>Annette</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giddy</LastName><ForeName>Janet</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amani-Bosse</LastName><ForeName>Clarisse</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wood</LastName><ForeName>Robin</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Egger</LastName><ForeName>Matthias</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leroy</LastName><ForeName>Valeriane</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>IeDEA West Africa and IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration</CollectiveName></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>WT097410</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01AI069919</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 AI069919</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 AI069924</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>5U01AI069924-05</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Epidemiology</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9009644</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1044-3983</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019380">Anti-HIV Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Stat Med. 2012 Aug 15;31(18):2000-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22495733</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Dec;102(12):1195-200</RefSource><PMID Version="1">18485431</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46(11):1751-60</RefSource><PMID Version="1">18426371</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2233-44</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19020325</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Jul;34(7):e159-68</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25955835</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS One. 2009 Jun 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Development</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002675" MajorTopicYN="N">Child, Preschool</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015331" MajorTopicYN="N">Cohort Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007560" MajorTopicYN="N">Cote d'Ivoire</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016208" MajorTopicYN="N">Databases, Factual</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061345" MajorTopicYN="Y">Early Medical Intervention</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005869" MajorTopicYN="N">Ghana</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015658" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007223" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008295" MajorTopicYN="N">Malawi</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012675" MajorTopicYN="N">Senegal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013019" MajorTopicYN="N">South Africa</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013997" MajorTopicYN="N">Time Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014037" MajorTopicYN="N">Togo</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015030" MajorTopicYN="N">Zimbabwe</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26479876</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1097/EDE.0000000000000412</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5410645</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">NIHMS857190</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li></region><settlement><li>Bordeaux</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Amani Bosse, Clarisse" sort="Amani Bosse, Clarisse" uniqKey="Amani Bosse C" first="Clarisse" last="Amani-Bosse">Clarisse Amani-Bosse</name><name sortKey="Amorissani Folquet, Madeleine" sort="Amorissani Folquet, Madeleine" uniqKey="Amorissani Folquet M" first="Madeleine" last="Amorissani-Folquet">Madeleine Amorissani-Folquet</name><name sortKey="Chimbete, Cleophas" sort="Chimbete, Cleophas" uniqKey="Chimbete C" first="Cleophas" last="Chimbete">Cleophas Chimbete</name><name sortKey="Cox, Vivian" sort="Cox, Vivian" uniqKey="Cox V" first="Vivian" last="Cox">Vivian Cox</name><name sortKey="Davies, Mary Ann" sort="Davies, Mary Ann" uniqKey="Davies M" first="Mary-Ann" last="Davies">Mary-Ann Davies</name><name sortKey="Eboua, Francois" sort="Eboua, Francois" uniqKey="Eboua F" first="François" last="Eboua">François Eboua</name><name sortKey="Egger, Matthias" sort="Egger, Matthias" uniqKey="Egger M" first="Matthias" last="Egger">Matthias Egger</name><name sortKey="Giddy, Janet" sort="Giddy, Janet" uniqKey="Giddy J" first="Janet" last="Giddy">Janet Giddy</name><name sortKey="Koueta, Fla" sort="Koueta, Fla" uniqKey="Koueta F" first="Fla" last="Koueta">Fla Koueta</name><name sortKey="Lawson Evi, Annette" sort="Lawson Evi, Annette" uniqKey="Lawson Evi A" first="Annette" last="Lawson-Evi">Annette Lawson-Evi</name><name sortKey="Leroy, Valeriane" sort="Leroy, Valeriane" uniqKey="Leroy V" first="Valeriane" last="Leroy">Valeriane Leroy</name><name sortKey="Malateste, Karen" sort="Malateste, Karen" uniqKey="Malateste K" first="Karen" last="Malateste">Karen Malateste</name><name sortKey="N Gbeche, Sylvie" sort="N Gbeche, Sylvie" uniqKey="N Gbeche S" first="Sylvie" last="N'Gbeche">Sylvie N'Gbeche</name><name sortKey="Phiri, Sam" sort="Phiri, Sam" uniqKey="Phiri S" first="Sam" last="Phiri">Sam Phiri</name><name sortKey="Renner, Lorna" sort="Renner, Lorna" uniqKey="Renner L" first="Lorna" last="Renner">Lorna Renner</name><name sortKey="Sawry, Shobna" sort="Sawry, Shobna" uniqKey="Sawry S" first="Shobna" last="Sawry">Shobna Sawry</name><name sortKey="Sygnate Sy, Haby" sort="Sygnate Sy, Haby" uniqKey="Sygnate Sy H" first="Haby" last="Sygnaté-Sy">Haby Sygnaté-Sy</name><name sortKey="Tanser, Frank" sort="Tanser, Frank" uniqKey="Tanser F" first="Frank" last="Tanser">Frank Tanser</name><name sortKey="Technau, Karl Gunter" sort="Technau, Karl Gunter" uniqKey="Technau K" first="Karl-Günter" last="Technau">Karl-Günter Technau</name><name sortKey="Wood, Robin" sort="Wood, Robin" uniqKey="Wood R" first="Robin" last="Wood">Robin Wood</name></noCountry><country name="France"><region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine"><name sortKey="Schomaker, Michael" sort="Schomaker, Michael" uniqKey="Schomaker M" 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