The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance.
Identifieur interne : 000091 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000090; suivant : 000092The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance.
Auteurs : Florian Gehre [Gambie] ; Jacob Otu [Gambie] ; Lindsay Kendall [Gambie] ; Audrey Forson [Ghana] ; Awewura Kwara [États-Unis] ; Samuel Kudzawu [Ghana] ; Aderemi O. Kehinde [Nigeria] ; Oludele Adebiyi [Nigeria] ; Kayode Salako [Nigeria] ; Ignatius Baldeh [Gambie] ; Aisha Jallow [Gambie] ; Mamadou Jallow [Gambie] ; Anoumou Dagnra [Togo] ; Kodjo Dissé [Togo] ; Essosimna A. Kadanga [Togo] ; Emmanuel Oni Idigbe [Nigeria] ; Catherine Onubogu [Nigeria] ; Nneka Onyejepu [Nigeria] ; Aissatou Gaye-Diallo [Sénégal] ; Awa Ba-Diallo [Sénégal] ; Paulo Rabna [Guinée-Bissau] ; Morto Mane [Guinée-Bissau] ; Moumine Sanogo [Mali] ; Bassirou Diarra [Mali] ; Zingue Dezemon [Burkina Faso] ; Adama Sanou [Burkina Faso] ; Madikay Senghore [Gambie] ; Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams [Gambie] ; Edward Demba [Gambie] ; Tutty Faal-Jawara [Gambie] ; Samrat Kumar [Belgique] ; Leopold D. Tientcheu [Gambie] ; Adama Jallow [Gambie] ; Samba Ceesay [Gambie] ; Ifedayo Adetifa [Royaume-Uni] ; Assan Jaye [Gambie] ; Mark J. Pallen [Royaume-Uni] ; Umberto D'Alessandro [Royaume-Uni] ; Beate Kampmann [Gambie] ; Richard A. Adegbola [Belgique] ; Souleymane Mboup [Sénégal] ; Tumani Corrah [Gambie] ; Bouke C. De Jong [Belgique] ; Martin Antonio [Gambie]Source :
- BMC medicine [ 1741-7015 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte, Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie), Antituberculeux (usage thérapeutique), Femelle, Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet, Humains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification), Mâle, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Prévalence, Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (diagnostic), Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (traitement médicamenteux), Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (épidémiologie).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- isolement et purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- traitement médicamenteux : Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- usage thérapeutique : Antituberculeux.
- épidémiologie : Afrique de l'Ouest, Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments.
- Adulte, Femelle, Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet, Humains, Mâle, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Prévalence.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Africa, Western (epidemiology), Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (diagnosis), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (drug therapy), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (epidemiology), Female, Humans, Male, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Practice Guidelines as Topic, Prevalence, World Health Organization.
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antitubercular Agents.
- diagnosis : Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- drug therapy : Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- epidemiology : Africa, Western, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Prevalence, World Health Organization.
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). The goal was to establish Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) principles and build capacity in standardised smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture across partnering laboratories to generate the first comprehensive West African drug-resistance data.
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0704-5
PubMed: 27806714
Affiliations:
- Belgique, Burkina Faso, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Royaume-Uni, Sénégal, Togo, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Grand Londres, Rhode Island, Région du Grand Accra, État d'Oyo
- Accra, Ibadan, Londres
- Université d'Ibadan
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pubmed:27806714Le document en format XML
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Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mane, Morto" sort="Mane, Morto" uniqKey="Mane M" first="Morto" last="Mane">Morto Mane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanogo, Moumine" sort="Sanogo, Moumine" uniqKey="Sanogo M" first="Moumine" last="Sanogo">Moumine Sanogo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, 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Kwambana-Adams</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demba, Edward" sort="Demba, Edward" uniqKey="Demba E" first="Edward" last="Demba">Edward Demba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faal Jawara, Tutty" sort="Faal Jawara, Tutty" uniqKey="Faal Jawara T" first="Tutty" last="Faal-Jawara">Tutty Faal-Jawara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Samrat" sort="Kumar, Samrat" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Samrat" last="Kumar">Samrat Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold D" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold D" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold D" last="Tientcheu">Leopold D. Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Adama" sort="Jallow, Adama" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Adama" last="Jallow">Adama Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ceesay, Samba" sort="Ceesay, Samba" uniqKey="Ceesay S" first="Samba" last="Ceesay">Samba Ceesay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaye, Assan" sort="Jaye, Assan" uniqKey="Jaye A" first="Assan" last="Jaye">Assan Jaye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J" last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alessandro, Umberto" sort="D Alessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Alessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D'Alessandro">Umberto D'Alessandro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampmann, Beate" sort="Kampmann, Beate" uniqKey="Kampmann B" first="Beate" last="Kampmann">Beate Kampmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adegbola, Richard A" sort="Adegbola, Richard A" uniqKey="Adegbola R" first="Richard A" last="Adegbola">Richard A. Adegbola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>GSK Vaccines, Wavre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wavre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mboup, Souleymane" sort="Mboup, Souleymane" uniqKey="Mboup S" first="Souleymane" last="Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumani" sort="Corrah, Tumani" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumani" last="Corrah">Tumani Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia. mantonio@mrc.gm.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27806714</idno><idno type="pmid">27806714</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12916-016-0704-5</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000730</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000730</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance.</title><author><name sortKey="Gehre, Florian" sort="Gehre, Florian" uniqKey="Gehre F" first="Florian" last="Gehre">Florian Gehre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otu, Jacob" sort="Otu, Jacob" uniqKey="Otu J" first="Jacob" last="Otu">Jacob Otu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kendall, Lindsay" sort="Kendall, Lindsay" uniqKey="Kendall L" first="Lindsay" last="Kendall">Lindsay Kendall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Ghana Medical School, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwara, Awewura" sort="Kwara, Awewura" uniqKey="Kwara A" first="Awewura" last="Kwara">Awewura Kwara</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudzawu, Samuel" sort="Kudzawu, Samuel" uniqKey="Kudzawu S" first="Samuel" last="Kudzawu">Samuel Kudzawu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kehinde, Aderemi O" sort="Kehinde, Aderemi O" uniqKey="Kehinde A" first="Aderemi O" last="Kehinde">Aderemi O. Kehinde</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Ibadan</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Ibadan</settlement><region type="region">État d'Oyo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adebiyi, Oludele" sort="Adebiyi, Oludele" uniqKey="Adebiyi O" first="Oludele" last="Adebiyi">Oludele Adebiyi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>23402</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salako, Kayode" sort="Salako, Kayode" uniqKey="Salako K" first="Kayode" last="Salako">Kayode Salako</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>23402</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldeh, Ignatius" sort="Baldeh, Ignatius" uniqKey="Baldeh I" first="Ignatius" last="Baldeh">Ignatius Baldeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Aisha" sort="Jallow, Aisha" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Aisha" last="Jallow">Aisha Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Mamadou" sort="Jallow, Mamadou" uniqKey="Jallow M" first="Mamadou" last="Jallow">Mamadou Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnra, Anoumou" sort="Dagnra, Anoumou" uniqKey="Dagnra A" first="Anoumou" last="Dagnra">Anoumou Dagnra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Disse, Kodjo" sort="Disse, Kodjo" uniqKey="Disse K" first="Kodjo" last="Dissé">Kodjo Dissé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kadanga, Essosimna A" sort="Kadanga, Essosimna A" uniqKey="Kadanga E" first="Essosimna A" last="Kadanga">Essosimna A. Kadanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lome</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Idigbe, Emmanuel Oni" sort="Idigbe, Emmanuel Oni" uniqKey="Idigbe E" first="Emmanuel Oni" last="Idigbe">Emmanuel Oni Idigbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onubogu, Catherine" sort="Onubogu, Catherine" uniqKey="Onubogu C" first="Catherine" last="Onubogu">Catherine Onubogu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onyejepu, Nneka" sort="Onyejepu, Nneka" uniqKey="Onyejepu N" first="Nneka" last="Onyejepu">Nneka Onyejepu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" sort="Gaye Diallo, Aissatou" uniqKey="Gaye Diallo A" first="Aissatou" last="Gaye-Diallo">Aissatou Gaye-Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ba Diallo, Awa" sort="Ba Diallo, Awa" uniqKey="Ba Diallo A" first="Awa" last="Ba-Diallo">Awa Ba-Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabna, Paulo" sort="Rabna, Paulo" uniqKey="Rabna P" first="Paulo" last="Rabna">Paulo Rabna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mane, Morto" sort="Mane, Morto" uniqKey="Mane M" first="Morto" last="Mane">Morto Mane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée-Bissau</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bissau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanogo, Moumine" sort="Sanogo, Moumine" uniqKey="Sanogo M" first="Moumine" last="Sanogo">Moumine Sanogo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dezemon, Zingue" sort="Dezemon, Zingue" uniqKey="Dezemon Z" first="Zingue" last="Dezemon">Zingue Dezemon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanou, Adama" sort="Sanou, Adama" uniqKey="Sanou A" first="Adama" last="Sanou">Adama Sanou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Senghore, Madikay" sort="Senghore, Madikay" uniqKey="Senghore M" first="Madikay" last="Senghore">Madikay Senghore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" sort="Kwambana Adams, Brenda A" uniqKey="Kwambana Adams B" first="Brenda A" last="Kwambana-Adams">Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demba, Edward" sort="Demba, Edward" uniqKey="Demba E" first="Edward" last="Demba">Edward Demba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faal Jawara, Tutty" sort="Faal Jawara, Tutty" uniqKey="Faal Jawara T" first="Tutty" last="Faal-Jawara">Tutty Faal-Jawara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Samrat" sort="Kumar, Samrat" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Samrat" last="Kumar">Samrat Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold D" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold D" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold D" last="Tientcheu">Leopold D. Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jallow, Adama" sort="Jallow, Adama" uniqKey="Jallow A" first="Adama" last="Jallow">Adama Jallow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ceesay, Samba" sort="Ceesay, Samba" uniqKey="Ceesay S" first="Samba" last="Ceesay">Samba Ceesay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaye, Assan" sort="Jaye, Assan" uniqKey="Jaye A" first="Assan" last="Jaye">Assan Jaye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J" last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alessandro, Umberto" sort="D Alessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Alessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D'Alessandro">Umberto D'Alessandro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampmann, Beate" sort="Kampmann, Beate" uniqKey="Kampmann B" first="Beate" last="Kampmann">Beate Kampmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adegbola, Richard A" sort="Adegbola, Richard A" uniqKey="Adegbola R" first="Richard A" last="Adegbola">Richard A. Adegbola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>GSK Vaccines, Wavre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wavre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mboup, Souleymane" sort="Mboup, Souleymane" uniqKey="Mboup S" first="Souleymane" last="Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumani" sort="Corrah, Tumani" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumani" last="Corrah">Tumani Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia. mantonio@mrc.gm.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1741-7015</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Africa, Western (epidemiology)</term><term>Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (diagnosis)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (drug therapy)</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (epidemiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term><term>Practice Guidelines as Topic</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>World Health Organization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie)</term><term>Antituberculeux (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Organisation mondiale de la santé</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (diagnostic)</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments (épidémiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa, Western</term><term>Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest</term><term>Tuberculose ultrarésistante aux médicaments</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Practice Guidelines as Topic</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>World Health Organization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Guides de bonnes pratiques cliniques comme sujet</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Organisation mondiale de la santé</term><term>Prévalence</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). The goal was to establish Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) principles and build capacity in standardised smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture across partnering laboratories to generate the first comprehensive West African drug-resistance data.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27806714</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>03</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1741-7015</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>03</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMC medicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMC Med</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>160</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). The goal was to establish Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) principles and build capacity in standardised smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture across partnering laboratories to generate the first comprehensive West African drug-resistance data.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Following GCLP and laboratory training sessions, TB isolates were collected at sentinel referral sites between 2009-2013 and tested for first- and second-line drug resistance.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">From the analysis of 974 isolates, an unexpectedly high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains was found in new (6 %) and retreatment patients (35 %) across all sentinel sites, with the highest prevalence amongst retreatment patients in Bamako, Mali (59 %) and the two Nigerian sites in Ibadan and Lagos (39 % and 66 %). In Lagos, MDR is already spreading actively amongst 32 % of new patients. Pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) isolates are present in all sites, with Ghana showing the highest proportion (35 % of MDR). In Ghana and Togo, pre-XDR isolates are circulating amongst new patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">West African drug-resistance prevalence poses a previously underestimated, yet serious public health threat, and our estimates obtained differ significantly from previous World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates. Therefore, our data are reshaping current concepts and are essential in informing WHO and public health strategists to implement urgently needed surveillance and control interventions in West Africa.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gehre</LastName><ForeName>Florian</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Otu</LastName><ForeName>Jacob</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kendall</LastName><ForeName>Lindsay</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Forson</LastName><ForeName>Audrey</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kwara</LastName><ForeName>Awewura</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kudzawu</LastName><ForeName>Samuel</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kehinde</LastName><ForeName>Aderemi O</ForeName><Initials>AO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adebiyi</LastName><ForeName>Oludele</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salako</LastName><ForeName>Kayode</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, 23402, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baldeh</LastName><ForeName>Ignatius</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jallow</LastName><ForeName>Aisha</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jallow</LastName><ForeName>Mamadou</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Public Health Laboratory Services, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dagnra</LastName><ForeName>Anoumou</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dissé</LastName><ForeName>Kodjo</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kadanga</LastName><ForeName>Essosimna A</ForeName><Initials>EA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Reference Mycobacteria, Lome, Togo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Idigbe</LastName><ForeName>Emmanuel Oni</ForeName><Initials>EO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Onubogu</LastName><ForeName>Catherine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Onyejepu</LastName><ForeName>Nneka</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gaye-Diallo</LastName><ForeName>Aissatou</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ba-Diallo</LastName><ForeName>Awa</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rabna</LastName><ForeName>Paulo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mane</LastName><ForeName>Morto</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanogo</LastName><ForeName>Moumine</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diarra</LastName><ForeName>Bassirou</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dezemon</LastName><ForeName>Zingue</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanou</LastName><ForeName>Adama</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Muraz and the National TB Program, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Senghore</LastName><ForeName>Madikay</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kwambana-Adams</LastName><ForeName>Brenda A</ForeName><Initials>BA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Demba</LastName><ForeName>Edward</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faal-Jawara</LastName><ForeName>Tutty</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>Samrat</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tientcheu</LastName><ForeName>Leopold D</ForeName><Initials>LD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jallow</LastName><ForeName>Adama</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Control Program, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ceesay</LastName><ForeName>Samba</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adetifa</LastName><ForeName>Ifedayo</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jaye</LastName><ForeName>Assan</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pallen</LastName><ForeName>Mark J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Alessandro</LastName><ForeName>Umberto</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kampmann</LastName><ForeName>Beate</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adegbola</LastName><ForeName>Richard A</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mboup</LastName><ForeName>Souleymane</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie Aristide Le Dantec Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Corrah</LastName><ForeName>Tumani</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Jong</LastName><ForeName>Bouke C</ForeName><Initials>BC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Antonio</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia. mantonio@mrc.gm.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. mantonio@mrc.gm.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. mantonio@mrc.gm.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>MRC_MC_EX_MR/J010391/1</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_MC_EX_MR/K011944/1</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_MC_U190081991</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_MC_UP_A900_1122</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMC Med</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101190723</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1741-7015</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000995">Antitubercular Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>BMC Public Health. 2013 Mar 22;13:258</RefSource><PMID Version="1">23517572</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Dec;39(12):4440-4</RefSource><PMID Version="1">11724858</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Niger J Physiol Sci. 2013 Dec 20;28(2):187-91</RefSource><PMID Version="1">24937395</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Apr;135(4):856-67</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25843598</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 May;16(5):840-2</RefSource><PMID Version="1">20409379</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003 Apr;7(4):390-3</RefSource><PMID Version="1">12729346</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Ann Afr Med. 2010 Jan-Mar;9(1):15-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">20418644</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Clin Respir J. 2014 Apr;8(2):234-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">24131513</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 1;182(5):684-92</RefSource><PMID Version="1">20442432</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jan;103(1):67-71</RefSource><PMID Version="1">18789463</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014 Oct;18(10):1188-94</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25216832</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Feb;4(2):148-51</RefSource><PMID Version="1">21771441</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trop Med Int Health. 2011 Aug;16(8):974-80</RefSource><PMID Version="1">21564425</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015 May;19(5):517-24</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25868018</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010 Nov;14(11):1424-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">20937182</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000354" MajorTopicYN="N">Africa, Western</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000995" MajorTopicYN="N">Antitubercular Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D054908" MajorTopicYN="N">Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009169" MajorTopicYN="N">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017410" MajorTopicYN="Y">Practice Guidelines as Topic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015995" MajorTopicYN="N">Prevalence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014944" MajorTopicYN="N">World Health Organization</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Capacity building</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Drug-resistance surveillance</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Tuberculosis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">West Africa</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27806714</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s12916-016-0704-5</ArticleId><ArticleId 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Adegbola</name><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Adetifa, Ifedayo" sort="Adetifa, Ifedayo" uniqKey="Adetifa I" first="Ifedayo" last="Adetifa">Ifedayo Adetifa</name></region><name sortKey="D Alessandro, Umberto" sort="D Alessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Alessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D'Alessandro">Umberto D'Alessandro</name><name sortKey="Pallen, Mark J" sort="Pallen, Mark J" uniqKey="Pallen M" first="Mark J" last="Pallen">Mark J. Pallen</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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