Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B1 Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults
Identifieur interne : 000914 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000913; suivant : 000915Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B1 Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults
Auteurs : Pauline E. Jolly ; Tomi F. Akinyemiju ; Megha Jha ; Inmaculada Aban ; Andrea Gonzalez-Falero ; Dnika JosephSource :
- Toxins [ 2072-6651 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- Wicri :
- geographic : Ghana.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Aflatoxins.
- geographic : Ghana.
- blood : HIV Infections.
- Adolescent, Adult, Albumins, Eating, Female, Food Contamination, Food Storage, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Seasons, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Zea mays.
Abstract
The association between aflatoxin exposure and alteration in immune responses observed in humans suggest that aflatoxin could suppress the immune system and work synergistically with HIV to increase disease severity and progression to AIDS. No longitudinal study has been conducted to assess exposure to aflatoxin (AF) among HIV positive individuals
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124868
PubMed: 26633502
PubMed Central: 4690118
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PMC:4690118Le document en format XML
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Akinyemiju</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26633502</idno><idno type="pmc">4690118</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690118</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4690118</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/toxins7124868</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000136</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000136</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000914</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults</title><author><name sortKey="Jolly, Pauline E" sort="Jolly, Pauline E" uniqKey="Jolly P" first="Pauline E." last="Jolly">Pauline E. Jolly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" sort="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" uniqKey="Akinyemiju T" first="Tomi F." last="Akinyemiju">Tomi F. Akinyemiju</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Toxins</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6651</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aflatoxins (blood)</term><term>Albumins</term><term>Eating</term><term>Female</term><term>Food Contamination</term><term>Food Storage</term><term>Ghana</term><term>HIV Infections (blood)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Aflatoxines (sang)</term><term>Albumines</term><term>Consommation alimentaire</term><term>Contamination des aliments</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à VIH (sang)</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Stockage de nourriture</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Aflatoxins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Ghana</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aflatoxines</term><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Albumins</term><term>Eating</term><term>Female</term><term>Food Contamination</term><term>Food Storage</term><term>Humans</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Albumines</term><term>Consommation alimentaire</term><term>Contamination des aliments</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Stockage de nourriture</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ghana</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The association between aflatoxin exposure and alteration in immune responses observed in humans suggest that aflatoxin could suppress the immune system and work synergistically with HIV to increase disease severity and progression to AIDS. No longitudinal study has been conducted to assess exposure to aflatoxin (AF) among HIV positive individuals<bold>.</bold> We examined temporal variation in AFB<sub>1</sub> albumin adducts (AF-ALB) in HIV positive Ghanaians, and assessed the association with socioeconomic and food consumption factors. We collected socioeconomic and food consumption data for 307 HIV positive antiretroviral naive adults and examined AF-ALB levels at recruitment (baseline) and at six (follow-up 1) and 12 (follow-up 2) months post-recruitment, by age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and food consumption patterns. Generalized linear models were used to examine the influence of socioeconomic and food consumption factors on changes in AF-ALB levels over the study period, adjusting for other covariates. AF-ALB levels (pg/mg albumin) were lower at baseline (mean AF-ALB: 14.9, SD: 15.9), higher at six months (mean AF-ALB: 23.3, SD: 26.6), and lower at 12 months (mean AF-ALB: 15.3, SD: 15.4). Participants with the lowest SES had the highest AF-ALB levels at baseline and follow up-2 compared with those with higher SES. Participants who bought less than 20% of their food and who stored maize for less than two months had lower AF-ALB levels. In the adjusted models, there was a statistically significant association between follow up time and season (dry or rainy season) on AF-ALB levels over time (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). Asymptomatic HIV-positive Ghanaians had high plasma AF-ALB levels that varied according to season, socioeconomic status, and food consumption patterns. Steps need to be taken to ensure the safety and security of the food supply for the population, but in particular for the most vulnerable groups such as HIV positive people.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali, M V" uniqKey="Ali M">M.V. 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Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><double pmid="26633502"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults</title><author><name sortKey="Jolly, Pauline E" sort="Jolly, Pauline E" uniqKey="Jolly P" first="Pauline E." last="Jolly">Pauline E. Jolly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" sort="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" uniqKey="Akinyemiju T" first="Tomi F." last="Akinyemiju">Tomi F. Akinyemiju</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26633502</idno><idno type="pmc">4690118</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690118</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4690118</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/toxins7124868</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000136</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000136</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults</title><author><name sortKey="Jolly, Pauline E" sort="Jolly, Pauline E" uniqKey="Jolly P" first="Pauline E." last="Jolly">Pauline E. Jolly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" sort="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" uniqKey="Akinyemiju T" first="Tomi F." last="Akinyemiju">Tomi F. Akinyemiju</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Toxins</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6651</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The association between aflatoxin exposure and alteration in immune responses observed in humans suggest that aflatoxin could suppress the immune system and work synergistically with HIV to increase disease severity and progression to AIDS. No longitudinal study has been conducted to assess exposure to aflatoxin (AF) among HIV positive individuals<bold>.</bold> We examined temporal variation in AFB<sub>1</sub> albumin adducts (AF-ALB) in HIV positive Ghanaians, and assessed the association with socioeconomic and food consumption factors. We collected socioeconomic and food consumption data for 307 HIV positive antiretroviral naive adults and examined AF-ALB levels at recruitment (baseline) and at six (follow-up 1) and 12 (follow-up 2) months post-recruitment, by age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and food consumption patterns. Generalized linear models were used to examine the influence of socioeconomic and food consumption factors on changes in AF-ALB levels over the study period, adjusting for other covariates. AF-ALB levels (pg/mg albumin) were lower at baseline (mean AF-ALB: 14.9, SD: 15.9), higher at six months (mean AF-ALB: 23.3, SD: 26.6), and lower at 12 months (mean AF-ALB: 15.3, SD: 15.4). Participants with the lowest SES had the highest AF-ALB levels at baseline and follow up-2 compared with those with higher SES. Participants who bought less than 20% of their food and who stored maize for less than two months had lower AF-ALB levels. In the adjusted models, there was a statistically significant association between follow up time and season (dry or rainy season) on AF-ALB levels over time (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). Asymptomatic HIV-positive Ghanaians had high plasma AF-ALB levels that varied according to season, socioeconomic status, and food consumption patterns. Steps need to be taken to ensure the safety and security of the food supply for the population, but in particular for the most vulnerable groups such as HIV positive people.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali, M V" uniqKey="Ali M">M.V. 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Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B₁ Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults.</title><author><name sortKey="Jolly, Pauline E" sort="Jolly, Pauline E" uniqKey="Jolly P" first="Pauline E" last="Jolly">Pauline E. Jolly</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. jollyp@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" sort="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" uniqKey="Akinyemiju T" first="Tomi F" last="Akinyemiju">Tomi F. Akinyemiju</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. tomiakin@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. dr.meghajha@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. caban@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. dreigonzalez@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. nikstt@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26633502</idno><idno type="pmid">26633502</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/toxins7124868</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000227</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000227</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Temporal Variation and Association of Aflatoxin B₁ Albumin-Adduct Levels with Socio-Economic and Food Consumption Factors in HIV Positive Adults.</title><author><name sortKey="Jolly, Pauline E" sort="Jolly, Pauline E" uniqKey="Jolly P" first="Pauline E" last="Jolly">Pauline E. Jolly</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. jollyp@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" sort="Akinyemiju, Tomi F" uniqKey="Akinyemiju T" first="Tomi F" last="Akinyemiju">Tomi F. Akinyemiju</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. tomiakin@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Megha" sort="Jha, Megha" uniqKey="Jha M" first="Megha" last="Jha">Megha Jha</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. dr.meghajha@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Inmaculada" sort="Aban, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Aban I" first="Inmaculada" last="Aban">Inmaculada Aban</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. caban@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" sort="Gonzalez Falero, Andrea" uniqKey="Gonzalez Falero A" first="Andrea" last="Gonzalez-Falero">Andrea Gonzalez-Falero</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. dreigonzalez@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Dnika" sort="Joseph, Dnika" uniqKey="Joseph D" first="Dnika" last="Joseph">Dnika Joseph</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. nikstt@uab.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals Building, Room 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Toxins</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6651</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aflatoxins (blood)</term><term>Albumins</term><term>Eating</term><term>Female</term><term>Food Contamination</term><term>Food Storage</term><term>Ghana</term><term>HIV Infections (blood)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Aflatoxines (sang)</term><term>Albumines</term><term>Consommation alimentaire</term><term>Contamination des aliments</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à VIH (sang)</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Stockage de nourriture</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Aflatoxins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Ghana</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aflatoxines</term><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Albumins</term><term>Eating</term><term>Female</term><term>Food Contamination</term><term>Food Storage</term><term>Humans</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Albumines</term><term>Consommation alimentaire</term><term>Contamination des aliments</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Stockage de nourriture</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ghana</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The association between aflatoxin exposure and alteration in immune responses observed in humans suggest that aflatoxin could suppress the immune system and work synergistically with HIV to increase disease severity and progression to AIDS. No longitudinal study has been conducted to assess exposure to aflatoxin (AF) among HIV positive individuals. We examined temporal variation in AFB₁ albumin adducts (AF-ALB) in HIV positive Ghanaians, and assessed the association with socioeconomic and food consumption factors. We collected socioeconomic and food consumption data for 307 HIV positive antiretroviral naive adults and examined AF-ALB levels at recruitment (baseline) and at six (follow-up 1) and 12 (follow-up 2) months post-recruitment, by age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and food consumption patterns. Generalized linear models were used to examine the influence of socioeconomic and food consumption factors on changes in AF-ALB levels over the study period, adjusting for other covariates. AF-ALB levels (pg/mg albumin) were lower at baseline (mean AF-ALB: 14.9, SD: 15.9), higher at six months (mean AF-ALB: 23.3, SD: 26.6), and lower at 12 months (mean AF-ALB: 15.3, SD: 15.4). Participants with the lowest SES had the highest AF-ALB levels at baseline and follow up-2 compared with those with higher SES. Participants who bought less than 20% of their food and who stored maize for less than two months had lower AF-ALB levels. In the adjusted models, there was a statistically significant association between follow up time and season (dry or rainy season) on AF-ALB levels over time (p = 0.04). Asymptomatic HIV-positive Ghanaians had high plasma AF-ALB levels that varied according to season, socioeconomic status, and food consumption patterns. Steps need to be taken to ensure the safety and security of the food supply for the population, but in particular for the most vulnerable groups such as HIV positive people.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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