Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes
Identifieur interne : 000A74 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000A73; suivant : 000A75Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes
Auteurs : Stefano Palminteri [France] ; Maël Lebreton [France] ; Yulia Worbe [France] ; David Grabli [France] ; Andreas Hartmann [France] ; Mathias Pessiglione [France]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2009.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning (drug effects), Avoidance Learning (physiology), Conditioning (Psychology) (drug effects), Conditioning (Psychology) (physiology), Cues, Dopamine Agonists (pharmacology), Dopamine Antagonists (pharmacology), Female, Humans, Levodopa (pharmacology), Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease (drug therapy), Parkinson Disease (physiopathology), Photic Stimulation, Reward, Risperidone (pharmacology), Subliminal Stimulation, Tourette Syndrome (drug therapy), Tourette Syndrome (physiopathology).
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Dopamine Agonists, Dopamine Antagonists, Levodopa, Risperidone.
- drug effects : Avoidance Learning, Conditioning (Psychology).
- drug therapy : Parkinson Disease, Tourette Syndrome.
- physiology : Avoidance Learning, Conditioning (Psychology).
- physiopathology : Parkinson Disease, Tourette Syndrome.
- Adolescent, Adult, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Reward, Subliminal Stimulation.
Abstract
Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904035106
PubMed: 19850878
PubMed Central: 2776465
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Palminteri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael" sort="Lebreton, Mael" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël" last="Lebreton">Maël Lebreton</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Yulia" sort="Worbe, Yulia" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Yulia" last="Worbe">Yulia Worbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, David" sort="Grabli, David" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="David" last="Grabli">David Grabli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff4">Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</nlm:aff><country wicri:rule="zip">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">France</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Andreas" sort="Hartmann, Andreas" uniqKey="Hartmann A" first="Andreas" last="Hartmann">Andreas Hartmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pessiglione, Mathias" sort="Pessiglione, Mathias" uniqKey="Pessiglione M" first="Mathias" last="Pessiglione">Mathias Pessiglione</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Avoidance Learning (drug effects)</term><term>Avoidance Learning (physiology)</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology) (drug effects)</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology) (physiology)</term><term>Cues</term><term>Dopamine Agonists (pharmacology)</term><term>Dopamine Antagonists (pharmacology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Levodopa (pharmacology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Parkinson Disease (drug therapy)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (physiopathology)</term><term>Photic Stimulation</term><term>Reward</term><term>Risperidone (pharmacology)</term><term>Subliminal Stimulation</term><term>Tourette Syndrome (drug therapy)</term><term>Tourette Syndrome (physiopathology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Dopamine Agonists</term><term>Dopamine Antagonists</term><term>Levodopa</term><term>Risperidone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Avoidance Learning</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Tourette Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Avoidance Learning</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Tourette Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Cues</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Photic Stimulation</term><term>Reward</term><term>Subliminal Stimulation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.</p></div></front></TEI><double pmid="19850878"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes</title><author><name sortKey="Palminteri, Stefano" sort="Palminteri, Stefano" uniqKey="Palminteri S" first="Stefano" last="Palminteri">Stefano Palminteri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael" sort="Lebreton, Mael" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël" last="Lebreton">Maël Lebreton</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Yulia" sort="Worbe, Yulia" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Yulia" last="Worbe">Yulia Worbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, David" sort="Grabli, David" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="David" last="Grabli">David Grabli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff4">Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</nlm:aff><country wicri:rule="zip">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">France</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Andreas" sort="Hartmann, Andreas" uniqKey="Hartmann A" first="Andreas" last="Hartmann">Andreas Hartmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pessiglione, Mathias" sort="Pessiglione, Mathias" uniqKey="Pessiglione M" first="Mathias" last="Pessiglione">Mathias Pessiglione</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19850878</idno><idno type="pmc">2776465</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776465</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2776465</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0904035106</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000533</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000533</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000530</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000530</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000804</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000804</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes</title><author><name sortKey="Palminteri, Stefano" sort="Palminteri, Stefano" uniqKey="Palminteri S" first="Stefano" last="Palminteri">Stefano Palminteri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael" sort="Lebreton, Mael" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël" last="Lebreton">Maël Lebreton</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Yulia" sort="Worbe, Yulia" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Yulia" last="Worbe">Yulia Worbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, David" sort="Grabli, David" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="David" last="Grabli">David Grabli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff4">Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</nlm:aff><country wicri:rule="zip">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">France</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Andreas" sort="Hartmann, Andreas" uniqKey="Hartmann A" first="Andreas" last="Hartmann">Andreas Hartmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pessiglione, Mathias" sort="Pessiglione, Mathias" uniqKey="Pessiglione M" first="Mathias" last="Pessiglione">Mathias Pessiglione</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.</p></div></front></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes.</title><author><name sortKey="Palminteri, Stefano" sort="Palminteri, Stefano" uniqKey="Palminteri S" first="Stefano" last="Palminteri">Stefano Palminteri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael" sort="Lebreton, Mael" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël" last="Lebreton">Maël Lebreton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Yulia" sort="Worbe, Yulia" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Yulia" last="Worbe">Yulia Worbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, David" sort="Grabli, David" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="David" last="Grabli">David Grabli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Andreas" sort="Hartmann, Andreas" uniqKey="Hartmann A" first="Andreas" last="Hartmann">Andreas Hartmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pessiglione, Mathias" sort="Pessiglione, Mathias" uniqKey="Pessiglione M" first="Mathias" last="Pessiglione">Mathias Pessiglione</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:19850878</idno><idno type="pmid">19850878</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0904035106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000B45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000B45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000B05</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000B05</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000B05</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000B05</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes.</title><author><name sortKey="Palminteri, Stefano" sort="Palminteri, Stefano" uniqKey="Palminteri S" first="Stefano" last="Palminteri">Stefano Palminteri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael" sort="Lebreton, Mael" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël" last="Lebreton">Maël Lebreton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Yulia" sort="Worbe, Yulia" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Yulia" last="Worbe">Yulia Worbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, David" sort="Grabli, David" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="David" last="Grabli">David Grabli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Andreas" sort="Hartmann, Andreas" uniqKey="Hartmann A" first="Andreas" last="Hartmann">Andreas Hartmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pessiglione, Mathias" sort="Pessiglione, Mathias" uniqKey="Pessiglione M" first="Mathias" last="Pessiglione">Mathias Pessiglione</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2009" type="published">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Avoidance Learning (drug effects)</term><term>Avoidance Learning (physiology)</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology) (drug effects)</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology) (physiology)</term><term>Cues</term><term>Dopamine Agonists (pharmacology)</term><term>Dopamine Antagonists (pharmacology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Levodopa (pharmacology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Parkinson Disease (drug therapy)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (physiopathology)</term><term>Photic Stimulation</term><term>Reward</term><term>Risperidone (pharmacology)</term><term>Subliminal Stimulation</term><term>Tourette Syndrome (drug therapy)</term><term>Tourette Syndrome (physiopathology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Dopamine Agonists</term><term>Dopamine Antagonists</term><term>Levodopa</term><term>Risperidone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Avoidance Learning</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Tourette Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Avoidance Learning</term><term>Conditioning (Psychology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Tourette Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Cues</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Photic Stimulation</term><term>Reward</term><term>Subliminal Stimulation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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