Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes
Identifieur interne : 000530 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000529; suivant : 000531Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes
Auteurs : Stefano Palminteri [France] ; Maël Lebreton [France] ; Yulia Worbe [France] ; David Grabli [France] ; Andreas Hartmann [France] ; Mathias Pessiglione [France]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904035106
PubMed: 19850878
PubMed Central: 2776465
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.</p>
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<title-group><article-title>Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromes</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Palminteri</surname>
<given-names>Stefano</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lebreton</surname>
<given-names>Maël</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Worbe</surname>
<given-names>Yulia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
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<given-names>David</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hartmann</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
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<given-names>Mathias</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle èpinière (CR-ICM), F-75013 Paris, France;</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 975), F-75013 Paris, France;</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), F-75013 Paris, France;</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 France; and</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
Centre de Référence “Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette”, F-75013 Paris, France</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>mathias.pessiglione@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Mortimer Mishkin, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved September 16, 2009</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: D.G., A.H., and M.P. designed research; S.P. and M.L. performed research; Y.W., D.G., and A.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.P. and M.P. analyzed data; and S.P. and M.P. wrote the paper.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>10</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>106</volume>
<issue>45</issue>
<fpage>19179</fpage>
<lpage>19184</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions></permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zpq04509019179.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Theories of instrumental learning aim to elucidate the mechanisms that integrate success and failure to improve future decisions. One computational solution consists of updating the value of choices in proportion to reward prediction errors, which are potentially encoded in dopamine signals. Accordingly, drugs that modulate dopamine transmission were shown to impact instrumental learning performance. However, whether these drugs act on conscious or subconscious learning processes remains unclear. To address this issue, we examined the effects of dopamine-related medications in a subliminal instrumental learning paradigm. To assess generality of dopamine implication, we tested both dopamine enhancers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dopamine blockers in Tourette's syndrome (TS). During the task, patients had to learn from monetary outcomes the expected value of a risky choice. The different outcomes (rewards and punishments) were announced by visual cues, which were masked such that patients could not consciously perceive them. Boosting dopamine transmission in PD patients improved reward learning but worsened punishment avoidance. Conversely, blocking dopamine transmission in TS patients favored punishment avoidance but impaired reward seeking. These results thus extend previous findings in PD to subliminal situations and to another pathological condition, TS. More generally, they suggest that pharmacological manipulation of dopamine transmission can subconsciously drive us to either get more rewards or avoid more punishments.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>dopamine</kwd>
<kwd>instrumental learning</kwd>
<kwd>subliminal perception</kwd>
<kwd>reward</kwd>
<kwd>punishment</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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