A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian
Identifieur interne : 000102 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000101; suivant : 000103A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian
Auteurs : John S. Oxford ; Douglas GillSource :
- Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics [ 2164-5515 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
When we reconsider the virology and history of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, the science of 2018 provides us with tools which did not exist at the time. Two such tools come to mind. The first lies in the field of ‘gain of function’ experiments. A potential pandemic virus, such as influenza A (H5N1), can be deliberately mutated in the laboratory in order to change its virulence and spreadability. Key mutations can then be identified. A second tool lies in phylogenetics, combined with molecular clock analysis. It shows that the 1918 pandemic virus first emerged in the years 1915–1916.
We have revisited the literature published in Europe and the United States, and the notes left by physicians who lived at the time. In this, we have followed the words of the late Alfred Crosby: who wrote that “contemporary documentary evidence from qualified physicians” is the key to understanding where and how the first outbreaks occurred. In our view, the scientists working in Europe fulfill Crosby’s requirement for contemporary evidence of origin.
Elsewhere, Crosby also suggested that “the physicians of 1918 were participants in the greatest failure of medical science in the twentieth century”. Ours is a different approach. We point to individual pathologists in the United States and in France, who strove to construct the first universal vaccines against influenza. Their efforts were not misdirected, because the ultimate cause of death in nearly all cases flowed from superinfections with respiratory bacteria.
Url:
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1607711
PubMed: 31121112
PubMed Central: 6773402
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Oxford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Douglas" sort="Gill, Douglas" uniqKey="Gill D" first="Douglas" last="Gill">Douglas Gill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31121112</idno><idno type="pmc">6773402</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773402</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6773402</idno><idno type="doi">10.1080/21645515.2019.1607711</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A53</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A53</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A53</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A53</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000102</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000102</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian</title><author><name sortKey="Oxford, John S" sort="Oxford, John S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="John S." last="Oxford">John S. Oxford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Douglas" sort="Gill, Douglas" uniqKey="Gill D" first="Douglas" last="Gill">Douglas Gill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics</title><idno type="ISSN">2164-5515</idno><idno type="eISSN">2164-554X</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>When we reconsider the virology and history of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, the science of 2018 provides us with tools which did not exist at the time. Two such tools come to mind. The first lies in the field of ‘gain of function’ experiments. A potential pandemic virus, such as influenza A (H5N1), can be deliberately mutated in the laboratory in order to change its virulence and spreadability. Key mutations can then be identified. A second tool lies in phylogenetics, combined with molecular clock analysis. It shows that the 1918 pandemic virus first emerged in the years 1915–1916.</p><p>We have revisited the literature published in Europe and the United States, and the notes left by physicians who lived at the time. In this, we have followed the words of the late Alfred Crosby: who wrote that “contemporary documentary evidence from qualified physicians” is the key to understanding where and how the first outbreaks occurred. In our view, the scientists working in Europe fulfill Crosby’s requirement for contemporary evidence of origin.</p><p>Elsewhere, Crosby also suggested that “the physicians of 1918 were participants in the greatest failure of medical science in the twentieth century”. Ours is a different approach. We point to individual pathologists in the United States and in France, who strove to construct the first universal vaccines against influenza. Their efforts were not misdirected, because the ultimate cause of death in nearly all cases flowed from superinfections with respiratory bacteria.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macpherson, Wg" uniqKey="Macpherson W">WG. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Hum Vaccin Immunother</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Hum Vaccin Immunother</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KHVI</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">khvi20</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2164-5515</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2164-554X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Taylor & Francis</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31121112</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6773402</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1607711</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/21645515.2019.1607711</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Commentary</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-authors">J. S. OXFORD AND D. GILL</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-title">HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oxford</surname><given-names>John S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="AN0001"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gill</surname><given-names>Douglas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref></contrib><aff id="AFF0001"><institution>Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London</institution>, Whitechapel,<country>London</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="AN0001">CONTACT John S. Oxford <email xlink:href="j.oxford@qmul.ac.uk">j.oxford@qmul.ac.uk</email><institution>Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London</institution>, <addr-line>4 Newark Street</addr-line>, Whitechapel E1 2AT, <country>London</country></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>5</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>23</day><month>5</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>15</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage seq="4">2009</fpage><lpage>2012</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>3</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>4</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="khvi-15-09-1607711.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>When we reconsider the virology and history of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, the science of 2018 provides us with tools which did not exist at the time. Two such tools come to mind. The first lies in the field of ‘gain of function’ experiments. A potential pandemic virus, such as influenza A (H5N1), can be deliberately mutated in the laboratory in order to change its virulence and spreadability. Key mutations can then be identified. A second tool lies in phylogenetics, combined with molecular clock analysis. It shows that the 1918 pandemic virus first emerged in the years 1915–1916.</p><p>We have revisited the literature published in Europe and the United States, and the notes left by physicians who lived at the time. In this, we have followed the words of the late Alfred Crosby: who wrote that “contemporary documentary evidence from qualified physicians” is the key to understanding where and how the first outbreaks occurred. In our view, the scientists working in Europe fulfill Crosby’s requirement for contemporary evidence of origin.</p><p>Elsewhere, Crosby also suggested that “the physicians of 1918 were participants in the greatest failure of medical science in the twentieth century”. Ours is a different approach. We point to individual pathologists in the United States and in France, who strove to construct the first universal vaccines against influenza. Their efforts were not misdirected, because the ultimate cause of death in nearly all cases flowed from superinfections with respiratory bacteria.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><title>KEYWORDS</title><kwd>Spanish Influenza Origin</kwd><kwd>Influenza Epidemics in 1917</kwd><kwd>New Vaccines</kwd><kwd>Etaples Administrative District</kwd><kwd>Hospital Beds in the Great War</kwd><kwd>Hygiene in the Great War</kwd></kwd-group><counts><ref-count count="23"></ref-count><page-count count="4"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Gill, Douglas" sort="Gill, Douglas" uniqKey="Gill D" first="Douglas" last="Gill">Douglas Gill</name><name sortKey="Oxford, John S" sort="Oxford, John S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="John S." last="Oxford">John S. Oxford</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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