The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918
Identifieur interne : 000034 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000033; suivant : 000035The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918
Auteurs : M. Martini ; V. Gazzaniga ; N. L. Bragazzi ; I. BarberisSource :
- Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene [ 1121-2233 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
In Europe in 1918, influenza spread through Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy, causing havoc with military operations during the First World War. The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In addition, its socioeconomic consequences were huge.
“Spanish flu”, as the infection was dubbed, hit different age-groups, displaying a so-called “W-trend”, typically with two spikes in children and the elderly. However, healthy young adults were also affected.
In order to avoid alarming the public, several local health authorities refused to reveal the numbers of people affected and deaths. Consequently, it was very difficult to assess the impact of the disease at the time.
Although official communications issued by health authorities worldwide expressed certainty about the etiology of the infection, in laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfeiffer’s bacillus, which was, at that time, deemed to be the cause of influenza.
The first official preventive actions were implemented in August 1918; these included the obligatory notification of suspected cases and the surveillance of communities such as day-schools, boarding schools and barracks.
Identifying suspected cases through surveillance, and voluntary and/or mandatory quarantine or isolation, enabled the spread of Spanish flu to be curbed. At that time, these public health measures were the only effective weapons against the disease, as no vaccines or antivirals were available.
Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples from infected soldiers and other young people who died during the pandemic period is a major step toward a better understanding of this pandemic and of how to prepare for future pandemics.
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DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1205
PubMed: 31041413
PubMed Central: 6477554
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918</title><author><name sortKey="Martini, M" sort="Martini, M" uniqKey="Martini M" first="M." last="Martini">M. Martini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"> Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical History and Ethics,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"> UNESCO CHAIR Anthropology of Health, Biosphere and Healing System,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gazzaniga, V" sort="Gazzaniga, V" uniqKey="Gazzaniga V" first="V." last="Gazzaniga">V. Gazzaniga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"> Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies,<institution>Sapienza University of Rome</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bragazzi, N L" sort="Bragazzi, N L" uniqKey="Bragazzi N" first="N. L." last="Bragazzi">N. L. Bragazzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"> Department of Health Sciences,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barberis, I" sort="Barberis, I" uniqKey="Barberis I" first="I." last="Barberis">I. 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Martini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"> Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical History and Ethics,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"> UNESCO CHAIR Anthropology of Health, Biosphere and Healing System,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gazzaniga, V" sort="Gazzaniga, V" uniqKey="Gazzaniga V" first="V." last="Gazzaniga">V. Gazzaniga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"> Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies,<institution>Sapienza University of Rome</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bragazzi, N L" sort="Bragazzi, N L" uniqKey="Bragazzi N" first="N. L." last="Bragazzi">N. L. Bragazzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"> Department of Health Sciences,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barberis, I" sort="Barberis, I" uniqKey="Barberis I" first="I." last="Barberis">I. Barberis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"> Department of Health Sciences,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene</title><idno type="ISSN">1121-2233</idno><idno type="eISSN">2421-4248</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p>In Europe in 1918, influenza spread through Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy, causing havoc with military operations during the First World War. The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In addition, its socioeconomic consequences were huge.</p><p>“Spanish flu”, as the infection was dubbed, hit different age-groups, displaying a so-called “W-trend”, typically with two spikes in children and the elderly. However, healthy young adults were also affected.</p><p>In order to avoid alarming the public, several local health authorities refused to reveal the numbers of people affected and deaths. Consequently, it was very difficult to assess the impact of the disease at the time.</p><p>Although official communications issued by health authorities worldwide expressed certainty about the etiology of the infection, in laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfeiffer’s bacillus, which was, at that time, deemed to be the cause of influenza.</p><p>The first official preventive actions were implemented in August 1918; these included the obligatory notification of suspected cases and the surveillance of communities such as day-schools, boarding schools and barracks.</p><p>Identifying suspected cases through surveillance, and voluntary and/or mandatory quarantine or isolation, enabled the spread of Spanish flu to be curbed. At that time, these public health measures were the only effective weapons against the disease, as no vaccines or antivirals were available.</p><p>Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples from infected soldiers and other young people who died during the pandemic period is a major step toward a better understanding of this pandemic and of how to prepare for future pandemics.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wever, Pc" uniqKey="Wever P">PC Wever</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bergen, L" uniqKey="Van Bergen L">L. van Bergen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Radusin, M" uniqKey="Radusin M">M Radusin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Radusin, M" uniqKey="Radusin M">M Radusin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsoucalas, G" uniqKey="Tsoucalas G">G Tsoucalas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karachaliou, F" uniqKey="Karachaliou F">F Karachaliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalogirou, V" uniqKey="Kalogirou V">V Kalogirou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gatos, G" uniqKey="Gatos G">G Gatos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mavrogiannaki, E" uniqKey="Mavrogiannaki E">E Mavrogiannaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniou, A" uniqKey="Antoniou A">A Antoniou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gatos, K" uniqKey="Gatos K">K. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Prev Med Hyg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Prev Med Hyg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPMH</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1121-2233</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2421-4248</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pacini editore srl</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31041413</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6477554</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Overview</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MARTINI</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GAZZANIGA</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>BRAGAZZI</surname><given-names>N.L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>BARBERIS</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label> Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical History and Ethics,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label> UNESCO CHAIR Anthropology of Health, Biosphere and Healing System,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label> Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies,<institution>Sapienza University of Rome</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label> Department of Health Sciences,<institution>University of Genoa</institution>,<addr-line>Italy</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Mariano Martini, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, largo R. Benzi, University of Genoa, Italy - Tel/Fax <phone>+39 010 35385.02</phone> - E-mail: <email>mr.martini@unige.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>3</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>E64</fpage><lpage>E67</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>1</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>©2019 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution <uri xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</uri>, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to <uri xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Summary</title><p>In Europe in 1918, influenza spread through Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy, causing havoc with military operations during the First World War. The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In addition, its socioeconomic consequences were huge.</p><p>“Spanish flu”, as the infection was dubbed, hit different age-groups, displaying a so-called “W-trend”, typically with two spikes in children and the elderly. However, healthy young adults were also affected.</p><p>In order to avoid alarming the public, several local health authorities refused to reveal the numbers of people affected and deaths. Consequently, it was very difficult to assess the impact of the disease at the time.</p><p>Although official communications issued by health authorities worldwide expressed certainty about the etiology of the infection, in laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfeiffer’s bacillus, which was, at that time, deemed to be the cause of influenza.</p><p>The first official preventive actions were implemented in August 1918; these included the obligatory notification of suspected cases and the surveillance of communities such as day-schools, boarding schools and barracks.</p><p>Identifying suspected cases through surveillance, and voluntary and/or mandatory quarantine or isolation, enabled the spread of Spanish flu to be curbed. At that time, these public health measures were the only effective weapons against the disease, as no vaccines or antivirals were available.</p><p>Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples from infected soldiers and other young people who died during the pandemic period is a major step toward a better understanding of this pandemic and of how to prepare for future pandemics.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words</title><kwd>History of Pandemic</kwd><kwd>Flu</kwd><kwd>Public Health</kwd><kwd>Mortality rate</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="20"></ref-count><page-count count="4"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Barberis, I" sort="Barberis, I" uniqKey="Barberis I" first="I." last="Barberis">I. Barberis</name><name sortKey="Bragazzi, N L" sort="Bragazzi, N L" uniqKey="Bragazzi N" first="N. L." last="Bragazzi">N. L. Bragazzi</name><name sortKey="Gazzaniga, V" sort="Gazzaniga, V" uniqKey="Gazzaniga V" first="V." last="Gazzaniga">V. Gazzaniga</name><name sortKey="Martini, M" sort="Martini, M" uniqKey="Martini M" first="M." last="Martini">M. Martini</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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