A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval Eastern and Central Europe.
Identifieur interne : 000111 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000110; suivant : 000112A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval Eastern and Central Europe.
Auteurs : Helen D. Donoghue [Royaume-Uni] ; G. Michael Taylor [Royaume-Uni] ; Ant Nia Marcsik [Hongrie] ; Erika Molnár [Hongrie] ; Gyorgy Pálfi [Hongrie] ; Ildik Pap [Hongrie] ; Maria Teschler-Nicola [Autriche] ; Ron Pinhasi [Irlande (pays)] ; Yilmaz S. Erdal [Turquie] ; Petr Velemínsky [République tchèque] ; Jakub Likovsky [République tchèque] ; Maria Giovanna Belcastro [Italie] ; Valentina Mariotti [France] ; Alessandro Riga [Italie] ; Mauro Rubini [Italie] ; Paola Zaio [Italie] ; Gurdyal S. Besra [Royaume-Uni] ; Oona Y-C Lee [Royaume-Uni] ; Houdini H T. Wu [Royaume-Uni] ; David E. Minnikin [Royaume-Uni] ; Ian D. Bull [Royaume-Uni] ; Justin O'Grady [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark Spigelman [Israël]Source :
- Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases [ 1567-7257 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : Europe.
- epidemiology : Leprosy.
- genetics : Mycobacterium leprae.
- history : Leprosy.
- transmission : Leprosy.
- Adult, Female, Genotype, History, Medieval, Human Migration, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Paleopathology, Young Adult.
Abstract
Leprosy was rare in Europe during the Roman period, yet its prevalence increased dramatically in medieval times. We examined human remains, with paleopathological lesions indicative of leprosy, dated to the 6th-11th century AD, from Central and Eastern Europe and Byzantine Anatolia. Analysis of ancient DNA and bacterial cell wall lipid biomarkers revealed Mycobacterium leprae in skeletal remains from 6th-8th century Northern Italy, 7th-11th century Hungary, 8th-9th century Austria, the Slavic Greater Moravian Empire of the 9th-10th century and 8th-10th century Byzantine samples from Northern Anatolia. These data were analyzed alongside findings published by others. M. leprae is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone an evolutionary bottleneck followed by clonal expansion. Therefore M. leprae genotypes and sub-genotypes give information about the human populations they have infected and their migration. Although data are limited, genotyping demonstrates that historical M. leprae from Byzantine Anatolia, Eastern and Central Europe resembles modern strains in Asia Minor rather than the recently characterized historical strains from North West Europe. The westward migration of peoples from Central Asia in the first millennium may have introduced different M. leprae strains into medieval Europe and certainly would have facilitated the spread of any existing leprosy. The subsequent decline of M. leprae in Europe may be due to increased host resistance. However, molecular evidence of historical leprosy and tuberculosis co-infections suggests that death from tuberculosis in leprosy patients was also a factor.
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.001
PubMed: 25680828
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Erdal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veleminsky, Petr" sort="Veleminsky, Petr" uniqKey="Veleminsky P" first="Petr" last="Velemínsky">Petr Velemínsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Likovsky, Jakub" sort="Likovsky, Jakub" uniqKey="Likovsky J" first="Jakub" last="Likovsky">Jakub Likovsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belcastro, Maria Giovanna" sort="Belcastro, Maria Giovanna" uniqKey="Belcastro M" first="Maria Giovanna" last="Belcastro">Maria Giovanna Belcastro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mariotti, Valentina" sort="Mariotti, Valentina" uniqKey="Mariotti V" first="Valentina" last="Mariotti">Valentina Mariotti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riga, Alessandro" sort="Riga, Alessandro" uniqKey="Riga A" first="Alessandro" last="Riga">Alessandro Riga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubini, Mauro" sort="Rubini, Mauro" uniqKey="Rubini M" first="Mauro" last="Rubini">Mauro Rubini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaio, Paola" sort="Zaio, Paola" uniqKey="Zaio P" first="Paola" last="Zaio">Paola Zaio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Besra, Gurdyal S" sort="Besra, Gurdyal S" uniqKey="Besra G" first="Gurdyal S" last="Besra">Gurdyal S. Besra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Oona Y C" sort="Lee, Oona Y C" uniqKey="Lee O" first="Oona Y-C" last="Lee">Oona Y-C Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Houdini H T" sort="Wu, Houdini H T" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Houdini H T" last="Wu">Houdini H T. Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, David E" sort="Minnikin, David E" uniqKey="Minnikin D" first="David E" last="Minnikin">David E. Minnikin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, Ian D" sort="Bull, Ian D" uniqKey="Bull I" first="Ian D" last="Bull">Ian D. Bull</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Grady, Justin" sort="O Grady, Justin" uniqKey="O Grady J" first="Justin" last="O'Grady">Justin O'Grady</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25680828</idno><idno type="pmid">25680828</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.001</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000111</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000111</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000111</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000111</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval Eastern and Central Europe.</title><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D" last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK. Electronic address: h.donoghue@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michael Taylor, G" sort="Michael Taylor, G" uniqKey="Michael Taylor G" first="G" last="Michael Taylor">G. Michael Taylor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbial and Cellular Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbial and Cellular Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcsik, Ant Nia" sort="Marcsik, Ant Nia" uniqKey="Marcsik A" first="Ant Nia" last="Marcsik">Ant Nia Marcsik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Szeged, Mályva utca 23, H-6771 Szeged, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Szeged, Mályva utca 23, H-6771 Szeged</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molnar, Erika" sort="Molnar, Erika" uniqKey="Molnar E" first="Erika" last="Molnár">Erika Molnár</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palfi, Gyorgy" sort="Palfi, Gyorgy" uniqKey="Palfi G" first="Gyorgy" last="Pálfi">Gyorgy Pálfi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pap, Ildik" sort="Pap, Ildik" uniqKey="Pap I" first="Ildik" last="Pap">Ildik Pap</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Budapest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teschler Nicola, Maria" sort="Teschler Nicola, Maria" uniqKey="Teschler Nicola M" first="Maria" last="Teschler-Nicola">Maria Teschler-Nicola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Vienna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinhasi, Ron" sort="Pinhasi, Ron" uniqKey="Pinhasi R" first="Ron" last="Pinhasi">Ron Pinhasi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erdal, Yilmaz S" sort="Erdal, Yilmaz S" uniqKey="Erdal Y" first="Yilmaz S" last="Erdal">Yilmaz S. Erdal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veleminsky, Petr" sort="Veleminsky, Petr" uniqKey="Veleminsky P" first="Petr" last="Velemínsky">Petr Velemínsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Likovsky, Jakub" sort="Likovsky, Jakub" uniqKey="Likovsky J" first="Jakub" last="Likovsky">Jakub Likovsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belcastro, Maria Giovanna" sort="Belcastro, Maria Giovanna" uniqKey="Belcastro M" first="Maria Giovanna" last="Belcastro">Maria Giovanna Belcastro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mariotti, Valentina" sort="Mariotti, Valentina" uniqKey="Mariotti V" first="Valentina" last="Mariotti">Valentina Mariotti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riga, Alessandro" sort="Riga, Alessandro" uniqKey="Riga A" first="Alessandro" last="Riga">Alessandro Riga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubini, Mauro" sort="Rubini, Mauro" uniqKey="Rubini M" first="Mauro" last="Rubini">Mauro Rubini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaio, Paola" sort="Zaio, Paola" uniqKey="Zaio P" first="Paola" last="Zaio">Paola Zaio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Besra, Gurdyal S" sort="Besra, Gurdyal S" uniqKey="Besra G" first="Gurdyal S" last="Besra">Gurdyal S. Besra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Oona Y C" sort="Lee, Oona Y C" uniqKey="Lee O" first="Oona Y-C" last="Lee">Oona Y-C Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Houdini H T" sort="Wu, Houdini H T" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Houdini H T" last="Wu">Houdini H T. Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, David E" sort="Minnikin, David E" uniqKey="Minnikin D" first="David E" last="Minnikin">David E. Minnikin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, Ian D" sort="Bull, Ian D" uniqKey="Bull I" first="Ian D" last="Bull">Ian D. Bull</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Grady, Justin" sort="O Grady, Justin" uniqKey="O Grady J" first="Justin" last="O'Grady">Justin O'Grady</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1567-7257</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Europe (epidemiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, Medieval</term><term>Human Migration</term><term>Humans</term><term>Leprosy (epidemiology)</term><term>Leprosy (history)</term><term>Leprosy (transmission)</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Models, Statistical</term><term>Mycobacterium leprae (genetics)</term><term>Paleopathology</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Leprosy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium leprae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en"><term>Leprosy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Leprosy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Female</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, Medieval</term><term>Human Migration</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Models, Statistical</term><term>Paleopathology</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Leprosy was rare in Europe during the Roman period, yet its prevalence increased dramatically in medieval times. We examined human remains, with paleopathological lesions indicative of leprosy, dated to the 6th-11th century AD, from Central and Eastern Europe and Byzantine Anatolia. Analysis of ancient DNA and bacterial cell wall lipid biomarkers revealed Mycobacterium leprae in skeletal remains from 6th-8th century Northern Italy, 7th-11th century Hungary, 8th-9th century Austria, the Slavic Greater Moravian Empire of the 9th-10th century and 8th-10th century Byzantine samples from Northern Anatolia. These data were analyzed alongside findings published by others. M. leprae is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone an evolutionary bottleneck followed by clonal expansion. Therefore M. leprae genotypes and sub-genotypes give information about the human populations they have infected and their migration. Although data are limited, genotyping demonstrates that historical M. leprae from Byzantine Anatolia, Eastern and Central Europe resembles modern strains in Asia Minor rather than the recently characterized historical strains from North West Europe. The westward migration of peoples from Central Asia in the first millennium may have introduced different M. leprae strains into medieval Europe and certainly would have facilitated the spread of any existing leprosy. The subsequent decline of M. leprae in Europe may be due to increased host resistance. However, molecular evidence of historical leprosy and tuberculosis co-infections suggests that death from tuberculosis in leprosy patients was also a factor.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25680828</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>16</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1567-7257</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>31</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Infect. Genet. Evol.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval Eastern and Central Europe.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>250-6</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.001</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1567-1348(15)00044-1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Leprosy was rare in Europe during the Roman period, yet its prevalence increased dramatically in medieval times. We examined human remains, with paleopathological lesions indicative of leprosy, dated to the 6th-11th century AD, from Central and Eastern Europe and Byzantine Anatolia. Analysis of ancient DNA and bacterial cell wall lipid biomarkers revealed Mycobacterium leprae in skeletal remains from 6th-8th century Northern Italy, 7th-11th century Hungary, 8th-9th century Austria, the Slavic Greater Moravian Empire of the 9th-10th century and 8th-10th century Byzantine samples from Northern Anatolia. These data were analyzed alongside findings published by others. M. leprae is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone an evolutionary bottleneck followed by clonal expansion. Therefore M. leprae genotypes and sub-genotypes give information about the human populations they have infected and their migration. Although data are limited, genotyping demonstrates that historical M. leprae from Byzantine Anatolia, Eastern and Central Europe resembles modern strains in Asia Minor rather than the recently characterized historical strains from North West Europe. The westward migration of peoples from Central Asia in the first millennium may have introduced different M. leprae strains into medieval Europe and certainly would have facilitated the spread of any existing leprosy. The subsequent decline of M. leprae in Europe may be due to increased host resistance. However, molecular evidence of historical leprosy and tuberculosis co-infections suggests that death from tuberculosis in leprosy patients was also a factor.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Donoghue</LastName><ForeName>Helen D</ForeName><Initials>HD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK. Electronic address: h.donoghue@ucl.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Michael Taylor</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbial and Cellular Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marcsik</LastName><ForeName>Antónia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Szeged, Mályva utca 23, H-6771 Szeged, Hungary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Molnár</LastName><ForeName>Erika</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pálfi</LastName><ForeName>Gyorgy</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pap</LastName><ForeName>Ildikó</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Teschler-Nicola</LastName><ForeName>Maria</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pinhasi</LastName><ForeName>Ron</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Erdal</LastName><ForeName>Yilmaz S</ForeName><Initials>YS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Velemínsky</LastName><ForeName>Petr</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Likovsky</LastName><ForeName>Jakub</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Belcastro</LastName><ForeName>Maria Giovanna</ForeName><Initials>MG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mariotti</LastName><ForeName>Valentina</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Riga</LastName><ForeName>Alessandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rubini</LastName><ForeName>Mauro</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zaio</LastName><ForeName>Paola</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Besra</LastName><ForeName>Gurdyal S</ForeName><Initials>GS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Oona Y-C</ForeName><Initials>OY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wu</LastName><ForeName>Houdini H T</ForeName><Initials>HH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Minnikin</LastName><ForeName>David E</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bull</LastName><ForeName>Ian D</ForeName><Initials>ID</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Grady</LastName><ForeName>Justin</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spigelman</LastName><ForeName>Mark</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>MR/K012118/1</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016456">Historical Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Infect Genet Evol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101084138</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1567-1348</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005060" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Europe</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005838" MajorTopicYN="N">Genotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D049691" MajorTopicYN="N">History, Medieval</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D063426" MajorTopicYN="Y">Human Migration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007918" MajorTopicYN="N">Leprosy</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000266" MajorTopicYN="N">history</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015233" MajorTopicYN="Y">Models, Statistical</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009166" MajorTopicYN="N">Mycobacterium leprae</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010164" MajorTopicYN="N">Paleopathology</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ancient DNA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Genotyping</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Human migrations</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Lipid biomarkers</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mycobacterium leprae</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25680828</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1567-1348(15)00044-1</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.001</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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