A Community in Life and Death: The Late Neolithic Megalithic Tomb at Alto de Reinoso (Burgos, Spain)
Identifieur interne : 000028 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000027; suivant : 000029A Community in Life and Death: The Late Neolithic Megalithic Tomb at Alto de Reinoso (Burgos, Spain)
Auteurs : Kurt W. Alt [Autriche, Suisse, Allemagne] ; Stephanie Zesch [Allemagne] ; Rafael Garrido-Pena [Espagne] ; Corina Knipper [Allemagne] ; Anna Szécsényi-Nagy [Hongrie] ; Christina Roth [Allemagne] ; Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez [Espagne] ; Petra Held [Allemagne] ; Í Igo García-Martínez-De-Lagrán [Espagne, France] ; Denise Navitainuck [Allemagne] ; Héctor Arcusa Magall N [Espagne] ; Manuel A. Rojo-Guerra [Espagne]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146176
PubMed: 26789731
PubMed Central: 4720281
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Autriche, Espagne, France, Hongrie, Suisse
- Bade-Wurtemberg, Communauté de Madrid, District de Karlsruhe, Hongrie centrale, Midi-Pyrénées, Occitanie (région administrative), Rhénanie-Palatinat
- Budapest, Madrid, Mannheim, Mayence, Toulouse
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PMC:4720281Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Roth, Christina" sort="Roth, Christina" uniqKey="Roth C" first="Christina" last="Roth">Christina Roth</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" sort="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" uniqKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran I" first="Í Igo" last="García-Martínez-De-Lagrán">Í Igo García-Martínez-De-Lagrán</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Navitainuck, Denise" sort="Navitainuck, Denise" uniqKey="Navitainuck D" first="Denise" last="Navitainuck">Denise Navitainuck</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Arcusa Magall N, Hector" sort="Arcusa Magall N, Hector" uniqKey="Arcusa Magall N H" first="Héctor" last="Arcusa Magall N">Héctor Arcusa Magall N</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rojo Guerra, Manuel A" sort="Rojo Guerra, Manuel A" uniqKey="Rojo Guerra M" first="Manuel A." last="Rojo-Guerra">Manuel A. Rojo-Guerra</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (<sup>87</sup>
Sr/<sup>86</sup>
Sr, δ<sup>15</sup>
N, δ<sup>13</sup>
C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic.</p>
</div>
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<author><name sortKey="Perez Jorda, G" uniqKey="Perez Jorda G">G Pérez-Jordá</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Stika, H P" uniqKey="Stika H">H-P Stika</name>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26789731</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4720281</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0146176</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-27139</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>A Community in Life and Death: The Late Neolithic Megalithic Tomb at Alto de Reinoso (Burgos, Spain)</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">A Community in Life and Death</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Alt</surname>
<given-names>Kurt W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Zesch</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garrido-Pena</surname>
<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knipper</surname>
<given-names>Corina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szécsényi-Nagy</surname>
<given-names>Anna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roth</surname>
<given-names>Christina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tejedor-Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Held</surname>
<given-names>Petra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>García-Martínez-de-Lagrán</surname>
<given-names>Íñigo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navitainuck</surname>
<given-names>Denise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arcusa Magallón</surname>
<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rojo-Guerra</surname>
<given-names>Manuel A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Danube Private University, Krems, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science and Hightech Research Center, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheim, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Anthropology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Arcadia-General Foundation of Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff010"><label>10</label>
<addr-line>Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff011"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Prehistory, University of the Basque Government, Vitoria, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff012"><label>12</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire TRACES UMR5608, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff013"><label>13</label>
<addr-line>Private Technical Archaeologist, Zaragoza, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff014"><label>14</label>
<addr-line>Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Halcrow</surname>
<given-names>Siân E</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: KWA MARG RGP. Performed the experiments: KWA CK PH CR DN. Analyzed the data: KWA ASN CR PH CK SZ MARG RGP HAM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KWA MARG RGP CTR IGML HAM. Wrote the paper: KWA CK MARG RGP PH ASN CR SZ. Participated in the excavation: MARG CTR IGML. Provided ancient samples, contextual information, and access to unpublished archaeological data: MARG RGP CTR IGML HAM. Provided input on the manuscript: CTR IGML HAM.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>kurt.alt@unibas.ch</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e0146176</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Alt et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Alt et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0146176.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (<sup>87</sup>
Sr/<sup>86</sup>
Sr, δ<sup>15</sup>
N, δ<sup>13</sup>
C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>The archaeological research was supported and financed by the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain), the anthropological analyses by the German Research Foundation Al 287/14-1, the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany (no grant number), and the Danube Private University, Krems, Austria (no grant number). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="7"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<page-count count="32"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The HVS-I mtDNA consensus sequences were uploaded to GenBank (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank</ext-link>
) under the accession numbers KT868907-KT868932.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The HVS-I mtDNA consensus sequences were uploaded to GenBank (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank</ext-link>
) under the accession numbers KT868907-KT868932.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Autriche</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Hongrie</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
<region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li>
<li>Communauté de Madrid</li>
<li>District de Karlsruhe</li>
<li>Hongrie centrale</li>
<li>Midi-Pyrénées</li>
<li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li>
<li>Rhénanie-Palatinat</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Budapest</li>
<li>Madrid</li>
<li>Mannheim</li>
<li>Mayence</li>
<li>Toulouse</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alt, Kurt W" sort="Alt, Kurt W" uniqKey="Alt K" first="Kurt W." last="Alt">Kurt W. Alt</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alt, Kurt W" sort="Alt, Kurt W" uniqKey="Alt K" first="Kurt W." last="Alt">Kurt W. Alt</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alt, Kurt W" sort="Alt, Kurt W" uniqKey="Alt K" first="Kurt W." last="Alt">Kurt W. Alt</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Held, Petra" sort="Held, Petra" uniqKey="Held P" first="Petra" last="Held">Petra Held</name>
<name sortKey="Knipper, Corina" sort="Knipper, Corina" uniqKey="Knipper C" first="Corina" last="Knipper">Corina Knipper</name>
<name sortKey="Navitainuck, Denise" sort="Navitainuck, Denise" uniqKey="Navitainuck D" first="Denise" last="Navitainuck">Denise Navitainuck</name>
<name sortKey="Roth, Christina" sort="Roth, Christina" uniqKey="Roth C" first="Christina" last="Roth">Christina Roth</name>
<name sortKey="Zesch, Stephanie" sort="Zesch, Stephanie" uniqKey="Zesch S" first="Stephanie" last="Zesch">Stephanie Zesch</name>
</country>
<country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="Garrido Pena, Rafael" sort="Garrido Pena, Rafael" uniqKey="Garrido Pena R" first="Rafael" last="Garrido-Pena">Rafael Garrido-Pena</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Arcusa Magall N, Hector" sort="Arcusa Magall N, Hector" uniqKey="Arcusa Magall N H" first="Héctor" last="Arcusa Magall N">Héctor Arcusa Magall N</name>
<name sortKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" sort="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" uniqKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran I" first="Í Igo" last="García-Martínez-De-Lagrán">Í Igo García-Martínez-De-Lagrán</name>
<name sortKey="Rojo Guerra, Manuel A" sort="Rojo Guerra, Manuel A" uniqKey="Rojo Guerra M" first="Manuel A." last="Rojo-Guerra">Manuel A. Rojo-Guerra</name>
<name sortKey="Tejedor Rodriguez, Cristina" sort="Tejedor Rodriguez, Cristina" uniqKey="Tejedor Rodriguez C" first="Cristina" last="Tejedor-Rodríguez">Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez</name>
</country>
<country name="Hongrie"><region name="Hongrie centrale"><name sortKey="Szecsenyi Nagy, Anna" sort="Szecsenyi Nagy, Anna" uniqKey="Szecsenyi Nagy A" first="Anna" last="Szécsényi-Nagy">Anna Szécsényi-Nagy</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" sort="Garcia Martinez De Lagran, I Igo" uniqKey="Garcia Martinez De Lagran I" first="Í Igo" last="García-Martínez-De-Lagrán">Í Igo García-Martínez-De-Lagrán</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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