New insights into the lifestyle of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies
Identifieur interne : 000E84 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000E83; suivant : 000E85New insights into the lifestyle of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies
Auteurs : Christian Foth [Allemagne, Suisse] ; Serjoscha W. Evers [Allemagne, Royaume-Uni] ; Ben Pabst [Suisse] ; Octávio Mateus [Portugal] ; Alexander Flisch [Suisse] ; Mike Patthey [Suisse] ; Oliver W. M. Rauhut [Allemagne]Source :
- PeerJ [ 2167-8359 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult
Url:
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.940
PubMed: 26020001
PubMed Central: 4435507
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
specimen from the Howe Stephens Quarry, Morrison Formation (Late Kimmeridgian–Early Tithonian), Wyoming, exhibits multiple pathologies. Pathologic bones include the left dentary, two cervical vertebrae, one cervical and several dorsal ribs, the left scapula, the left humerus, the right ischium, and two left pedal phalanges. These pathologies can be classified as follows: the fifth cervical vertebra, the scapula, several ribs and the ischium are probably traumatic, and a callus on the shaft of the left pedal phalanx II-2 is probably traumatic-infectious. Traumatically fractured elements exposed to frequent movement (e.g., the scapula and the ribs) show a tendency to develop pseudarthroses instead of a callus. The pathologies in the lower jaw and a reduced extensor tubercle of the left pedal phalanx II-2 are most likely traumatic or developmental in origin. The pathologies on the fourth cervical are most likely developmental in origin or idiopathic, that on the left humerus could be traumatic, developmental, infectious or idiopathic, whereas the left pedal phalanx IV-1 is classified as idiopathic. With exception of the ischium, all as traumatic/traumatic-infectious classified pathologic elements show unambiguous evidences of healing, indicating that the respective pathologies did not cause the death of this individual. Alignment of the scapula and rib pathologies from the left side suggests that all may have been caused by a single traumatic event. The ischial fracture may have been fatal. The occurrence of multiple lesions interpreted as traumatic pathologies again underlines that large-bodied theropods experienced frequent injuries during life, indicating an active predatory lifestyle, and their survival perhaps supports a gregarious behavior for <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
. Alternatively, the frequent survival of traumatic events could be also related to the presence of non-endothermic metabolic rates that allow survival based on sporadic food consumption or scavenging behavior. Signs of pathologies consistent with infections are scarce and locally restricted, indicating a successful prevention of the spread of pathogens, as it is the case in extant reptiles (including birds).</p>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-3"><institution>Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg/Freiburg</institution>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-4"><institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford</institution>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Pabst, Ben" sort="Pabst, Ben" uniqKey="Pabst B" first="Ben" last="Pabst">Ben Pabst</name>
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,<addr-line>Aathal-Seegräben</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mateus, Octavio" sort="Mateus, Octavio" uniqKey="Mateus O" first="Octávio" last="Mateus">Octávio Mateus</name>
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,<addr-line>Caparica</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-7"><institution>Museu da Lourinhã</institution>
,<addr-line>Rua João Luis de Moura, Lourinhã</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flisch, Alexander" sort="Flisch, Alexander" uniqKey="Flisch A" first="Alexander" last="Flisch">Alexander Flisch</name>
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,<addr-line>Center for X-ray Analytics, Düebendorf</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Patthey, Mike" sort="Patthey, Mike" uniqKey="Patthey M" first="Mike" last="Patthey">Mike Patthey</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Rauhut, Oliver W M" sort="Rauhut, Oliver W M" uniqKey="Rauhut O" first="Oliver W. M." last="Rauhut">Oliver W. M. Rauhut</name>
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,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<idno type="doi">10.7717/peerj.940</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">New insights into the lifestyle of <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
(Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies</title>
<author><name sortKey="Foth, Christian" sort="Foth, Christian" uniqKey="Foth C" first="Christian" last="Foth">Christian Foth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-1"><institution>SNBS, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-3"><institution>Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg/Freiburg</institution>
,<addr-line>Fribourg</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evers, Serjoscha W" sort="Evers, Serjoscha W" uniqKey="Evers S" first="Serjoscha W." last="Evers">Serjoscha W. Evers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-4"><institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pabst, Ben" sort="Pabst, Ben" uniqKey="Pabst B" first="Ben" last="Pabst">Ben Pabst</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-5"><institution>Sauriermuseum Aathal</institution>
,<addr-line>Aathal-Seegräben</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mateus, Octavio" sort="Mateus, Octavio" uniqKey="Mateus O" first="Octávio" last="Mateus">Octávio Mateus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-6"><institution>CICEGe, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</institution>
,<addr-line>Caparica</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-7"><institution>Museu da Lourinhã</institution>
,<addr-line>Rua João Luis de Moura, Lourinhã</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flisch, Alexander" sort="Flisch, Alexander" uniqKey="Flisch A" first="Alexander" last="Flisch">Alexander Flisch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-8"><institution>Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology</institution>
,<addr-line>Center for X-ray Analytics, Düebendorf</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patthey, Mike" sort="Patthey, Mike" uniqKey="Patthey M" first="Mike" last="Patthey">Mike Patthey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-9"><institution>Vetsuisse Fakulty, Universität Zürich</institution>
,<addr-line>Zürich</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rauhut, Oliver W M" sort="Rauhut, Oliver W M" uniqKey="Rauhut O" first="Oliver W. M." last="Rauhut">Oliver W. M. Rauhut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-1"><institution>SNBS, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PeerJ</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2167-8359</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
specimen from the Howe Stephens Quarry, Morrison Formation (Late Kimmeridgian–Early Tithonian), Wyoming, exhibits multiple pathologies. Pathologic bones include the left dentary, two cervical vertebrae, one cervical and several dorsal ribs, the left scapula, the left humerus, the right ischium, and two left pedal phalanges. These pathologies can be classified as follows: the fifth cervical vertebra, the scapula, several ribs and the ischium are probably traumatic, and a callus on the shaft of the left pedal phalanx II-2 is probably traumatic-infectious. Traumatically fractured elements exposed to frequent movement (e.g., the scapula and the ribs) show a tendency to develop pseudarthroses instead of a callus. The pathologies in the lower jaw and a reduced extensor tubercle of the left pedal phalanx II-2 are most likely traumatic or developmental in origin. The pathologies on the fourth cervical are most likely developmental in origin or idiopathic, that on the left humerus could be traumatic, developmental, infectious or idiopathic, whereas the left pedal phalanx IV-1 is classified as idiopathic. With exception of the ischium, all as traumatic/traumatic-infectious classified pathologic elements show unambiguous evidences of healing, indicating that the respective pathologies did not cause the death of this individual. Alignment of the scapula and rib pathologies from the left side suggests that all may have been caused by a single traumatic event. The ischial fracture may have been fatal. The occurrence of multiple lesions interpreted as traumatic pathologies again underlines that large-bodied theropods experienced frequent injuries during life, indicating an active predatory lifestyle, and their survival perhaps supports a gregarious behavior for <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
. Alternatively, the frequent survival of traumatic events could be also related to the presence of non-endothermic metabolic rates that allow survival based on sporadic food consumption or scavenging behavior. Signs of pathologies consistent with infections are scarce and locally restricted, indicating a successful prevention of the spread of pathogens, as it is the case in extant reptiles (including birds).</p>
</div>
</front>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SNBS, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie , München , Germany ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München , Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>SNBS, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie , München , Germany ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>München </wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>München </wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>München </wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PeerJ</title>
<imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult Allosaurus specimen from the Howe Stephens Quarry, Morrison Formation (Late Kimmeridgian-Early Tithonian), Wyoming, exhibits multiple pathologies. Pathologic bones include the left dentary, two cervical vertebrae, one cervical and several dorsal ribs, the left scapula, the left humerus, the right ischium, and two left pedal phalanges. These pathologies can be classified as follows: the fifth cervical vertebra, the scapula, several ribs and the ischium are probably traumatic, and a callus on the shaft of the left pedal phalanx II-2 is probably traumatic-infectious. Traumatically fractured elements exposed to frequent movement (e.g., the scapula and the ribs) show a tendency to develop pseudarthroses instead of a callus. The pathologies in the lower jaw and a reduced extensor tubercle of the left pedal phalanx II-2 are most likely traumatic or developmental in origin. The pathologies on the fourth cervical are most likely developmental in origin or idiopathic, that on the left humerus could be traumatic, developmental, infectious or idiopathic, whereas the left pedal phalanx IV-1 is classified as idiopathic. With exception of the ischium, all as traumatic/traumatic-infectious classified pathologic elements show unambiguous evidences of healing, indicating that the respective pathologies did not cause the death of this individual. Alignment of the scapula and rib pathologies from the left side suggests that all may have been caused by a single traumatic event. The ischial fracture may have been fatal. The occurrence of multiple lesions interpreted as traumatic pathologies again underlines that large-bodied theropods experienced frequent injuries during life, indicating an active predatory lifestyle, and their survival perhaps supports a gregarious behavior for Allosaurus. Alternatively, the frequent survival of traumatic events could be also related to the presence of non-endothermic metabolic rates that allow survival based on sporadic food consumption or scavenging behavior. Signs of pathologies consistent with infections are scarce and locally restricted, indicating a successful prevention of the spread of pathogens, as it is the case in extant reptiles (including birds).</div>
</front>
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