Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene
Identifieur interne : 000E83 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000E82; suivant : 000E84Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene
Auteurs : Nohemi Sala [Espagne] ; Juan Luis Arsuaga [Espagne] ; Ana Pantoja-Pérez [Espagne] ; Adrián Pablos [Espagne] ; Ignacio Martínez [Espagne] ; Rolf M. Quam [Espagne, États-Unis] ; Asier G Mez-Olivencia [Espagne, France] ; José María Bermúdez De Castro [Espagne] ; Eudald Carbonell [Espagne, République populaire de Chine]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Evidence of interpersonal violence has been documented previously in Pleistocene members of the genus
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126589
PubMed: 26018668
PubMed Central: 4446311
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PMC:4446311Le document en format XML
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of Beijing, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Evidence of interpersonal violence has been documented previously in Pleistocene members of the genus <italic>Homo</italic>
, but only very rarely has this been posited as the possible manner of death. Here we report the earliest evidence of lethal interpersonal violence in the hominin fossil record. Cranium 17 recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site shows two clear perimortem depression fractures on the frontal bone, interpreted as being produced by two episodes of localized blunt force trauma. The type of injuries, their location, the strong similarity of the fractures in shape and size, and the different orientations and implied trajectories of the two fractures suggest they were produced with the same object in face-to-face interpersonal conflict. Given that either of the two traumatic events was likely lethal, the presence of multiple blows implies an intention to kill. This finding shows that the lethal interpersonal violence is an ancient human behavior and has important implications for the accumulation of bodies at the site, supporting an anthropic origin.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26018668</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4446311</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0126589</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-09923</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Ancient Lethal Interpersonal Violence</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sala</surname>
<given-names>Nohemi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arsuaga</surname>
<given-names>Juan Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pantoja-Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Ana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pablos</surname>
<given-names>Adrián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martínez</surname>
<given-names>Ignacio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quam</surname>
<given-names>Rolf M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gómez-Olivencia</surname>
<given-names>Asier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bermúdez de Castro</surname>
<given-names>José María</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carbonell</surname>
<given-names>Eudald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Departamento Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff010"><label>10</label>
<addr-line>Àrea de Prehistòria, Departamento d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff011"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Tarragona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff012"><label>12</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of Beijing, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Bae</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Hawaii at Manoa, UNITED STATES</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: NS JLA APP AP IM. Performed the experiments: NS JLA APP AP IM. Analyzed the data: NS JLA APP AP IM RQ AGO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NS JLA APP AP IM RQ AGO. Wrote the paper: NS JLA APP AP IM RQ AGO. Direction of the excavation and research project: JLA JMBC EC.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>nsala@isciii.es</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e0126589</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Sala et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0126589.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Evidence of interpersonal violence has been documented previously in Pleistocene members of the genus <italic>Homo</italic>
, but only very rarely has this been posited as the possible manner of death. Here we report the earliest evidence of lethal interpersonal violence in the hominin fossil record. Cranium 17 recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site shows two clear perimortem depression fractures on the frontal bone, interpreted as being produced by two episodes of localized blunt force trauma. The type of injuries, their location, the strong similarity of the fractures in shape and size, and the different orientations and implied trajectories of the two fractures suggest they were produced with the same object in face-to-face interpersonal conflict. Given that either of the two traumatic events was likely lethal, the presence of multiple blows implies an intention to kill. This finding shows that the lethal interpersonal violence is an ancient human behavior and has important implications for the accumulation of bodies at the site, supporting an anthropic origin.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the government of Spain (Project Nos. CGL2012-38434-C03-01, 02 & 03). CT scanning was carried out in collaboration with the Laboratorio de la Evolución Humana at the Universidad de Burgos (Spain) with funding provided by the Junta de Castilla y León Project No. BU005A09. Fieldwork at the Atapuerca sites was funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and the Fundación Atapuerca. N.S and A.P.P. have received postdoctoral and predoctoral respectively grants from the Fundación Atapuerca. R.M.Q. has received financial support from Binghamton University (SUNY).</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count>
<table-count count="3"></table-count>
<page-count count="12"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Communauté de Madrid</li>
<li>État de New York</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Madrid</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Pékin</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université complutense de Madrid</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="Sala, Nohemi" sort="Sala, Nohemi" uniqKey="Sala N" first="Nohemi" last="Sala">Nohemi Sala</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" sort="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" uniqKey="Arsuaga J" first="Juan Luis" last="Arsuaga">Juan Luis Arsuaga</name>
<name sortKey="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" sort="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" uniqKey="Arsuaga J" first="Juan Luis" last="Arsuaga">Juan Luis Arsuaga</name>
<name sortKey="Bermudez De Castro, Jose Maria" sort="Bermudez De Castro, Jose Maria" uniqKey="Bermudez De Castro J" first="José María" last="Bermúdez De Castro">José María Bermúdez De Castro</name>
<name sortKey="Carbonell, Eudald" sort="Carbonell, Eudald" uniqKey="Carbonell E" first="Eudald" last="Carbonell">Eudald Carbonell</name>
<name sortKey="Carbonell, Eudald" sort="Carbonell, Eudald" uniqKey="Carbonell E" first="Eudald" last="Carbonell">Eudald Carbonell</name>
<name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name>
<name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name>
<name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name>
<name sortKey="Martinez, Ignacio" sort="Martinez, Ignacio" uniqKey="Martinez I" first="Ignacio" last="Martínez">Ignacio Martínez</name>
<name sortKey="Martinez, Ignacio" sort="Martinez, Ignacio" uniqKey="Martinez I" first="Ignacio" last="Martínez">Ignacio Martínez</name>
<name sortKey="Pablos, Adrian" sort="Pablos, Adrian" uniqKey="Pablos A" first="Adrián" last="Pablos">Adrián Pablos</name>
<name sortKey="Pablos, Adrian" sort="Pablos, Adrian" uniqKey="Pablos A" first="Adrián" last="Pablos">Adrián Pablos</name>
<name sortKey="Pantoja Perez, Ana" sort="Pantoja Perez, Ana" uniqKey="Pantoja Perez A" first="Ana" last="Pantoja-Pérez">Ana Pantoja-Pérez</name>
<name sortKey="Quam, Rolf M" sort="Quam, Rolf M" uniqKey="Quam R" first="Rolf M." last="Quam">Rolf M. Quam</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Quam, Rolf M" sort="Quam, Rolf M" uniqKey="Quam R" first="Rolf M." last="Quam">Rolf M. Quam</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Quam, Rolf M" sort="Quam, Rolf M" uniqKey="Quam R" first="Rolf M." last="Quam">Rolf M. Quam</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Carbonell, Eudald" sort="Carbonell, Eudald" uniqKey="Carbonell E" first="Eudald" last="Carbonell">Eudald Carbonell</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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