Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus
Identifieur interne : 002D12 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 002D11; suivant : 002D13Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus
Auteurs : Ned Jenkinson [Royaume-Uni] ; Dipanker Nandi [Royaume-Uni] ; Kalai Muthusamy [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicola J. Ray [Royaume-Uni] ; Ralph Gregory [Royaume-Uni] ; John F. Stein [Royaume-Uni] ; Tipu Z. Aziz [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Movement Disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2009-02-15.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Electric Stimulation (methods), Humans, PPN, Parkinson Disease (diagnosis), Parkinson Disease (physiopathology), Parkinson Disease (therapy), Parkinson's disease, Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (anatomy & histology), Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiology), Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiopathology), anatomy, pedunculopontine, physiology.
- MESH :
- anatomy & histology : Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus.
- diagnosis : Parkinson Disease.
- methods : Electric Stimulation.
- physiology : Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus.
- physiopathology : Parkinson Disease, Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus.
- therapy : Parkinson Disease.
- Animals, Humans.
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus is composed of cholinergic and non‐cholinergic neurones and is located in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Evidence suggests that the nucleus plays a role in the production and control of movement. The nucleus has dense interconnections with the basal ganglia, as well as with other areas of the brain associated with motor control. Electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the decerebrate cat or rat produces organized locomotor movements. Physiological studies show that the pedunculopontine nucleus modulates its activity in response to locomotion, as well as voluntary arm and eye movements. Degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus is seen in post‐mortem brains in humans with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndromes. In animal models of Parkinson's disease, metabolic changes are seen in the pedunculopontine nucleus, and chemical inhibition or mechanical disruption of the nucleus can produce an akinetic state in animals and man. In this paper we review the literature in support of the suggestion that some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus. In accordance with this view, direct stimulation of the nucleus can ameliorate some symptoms of the disease, as demonstrated in both experimental animals and man. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/mds.22189
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Aziz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Movement Disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Mov. Disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-02-15">2009-02-15</date><biblScope unit="vol">24</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="319">319</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="328">328</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></series><idno type="istex">F8A804FC7A5031E670C1DF07EEB78B934B925243</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22189</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS22189</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Electric Stimulation (methods)</term><term>Humans</term><term>PPN</term><term>Parkinson Disease (diagnosis)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (physiopathology)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (therapy)</term><term>Parkinson's disease</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (anatomy & histology)</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiology)</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiopathology)</term><term>anatomy</term><term>pedunculopontine</term><term>physiology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Electric Stimulation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Humans</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The pedunculopontine nucleus is composed of cholinergic and non‐cholinergic neurones and is located in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Evidence suggests that the nucleus plays a role in the production and control of movement. The nucleus has dense interconnections with the basal ganglia, as well as with other areas of the brain associated with motor control. Electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the decerebrate cat or rat produces organized locomotor movements. Physiological studies show that the pedunculopontine nucleus modulates its activity in response to locomotion, as well as voluntary arm and eye movements. Degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus is seen in post‐mortem brains in humans with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndromes. In animal models of Parkinson's disease, metabolic changes are seen in the pedunculopontine nucleus, and chemical inhibition or mechanical disruption of the nucleus can produce an akinetic state in animals and man. In this paper we review the literature in support of the suggestion that some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus. In accordance with this view, direct stimulation of the nucleus can ameliorate some symptoms of the disease, as demonstrated in both experimental animals and man. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</div></front></TEI><double doi="10.1002/mds.22189"><ISTEX><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus</title><author><name sortKey="Jenkinson, Ned" sort="Jenkinson, Ned" uniqKey="Jenkinson N" first="Ned" last="Jenkinson">Ned Jenkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nandi, Dipanker" sort="Nandi, Dipanker" uniqKey="Nandi D" first="Dipanker" last="Nandi">Dipanker Nandi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Kalai" sort="Muthusamy, Kalai" uniqKey="Muthusamy K" first="Kalai" last="Muthusamy">Kalai Muthusamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Nicola J" sort="Ray, Nicola J" uniqKey="Ray N" first="Nicola J." last="Ray">Nicola J. Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Ralph" sort="Gregory, Ralph" uniqKey="Gregory R" first="Ralph" last="Gregory">Ralph Gregory</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, John F" sort="Stein, John F" uniqKey="Stein J" first="John F." last="Stein">John F. Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aziz, Tipu Z" sort="Aziz, Tipu Z" uniqKey="Aziz T" first="Tipu Z." last="Aziz">Tipu Z. Aziz</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:F8A804FC7A5031E670C1DF07EEB78B934B925243</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/mds.22189</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/F8A804FC7A5031E670C1DF07EEB78B934B925243/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000673</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000673</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">001053</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0885-3185:2009:Jenkinson N:anatomy:physiology:and</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus</title><author><name sortKey="Jenkinson, Ned" sort="Jenkinson, Ned" uniqKey="Jenkinson N" first="Ned" last="Jenkinson">Ned Jenkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nandi, Dipanker" sort="Nandi, Dipanker" uniqKey="Nandi D" first="Dipanker" last="Nandi">Dipanker Nandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Imperial College London, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Charing Cross Campus, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Kalai" sort="Muthusamy, Kalai" uniqKey="Muthusamy K" first="Kalai" last="Muthusamy">Kalai Muthusamy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Nicola J" sort="Ray, Nicola J" uniqKey="Ray N" first="Nicola J." last="Ray">Nicola J. Ray</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Ralph" sort="Gregory, Ralph" uniqKey="Gregory R" first="Ralph" last="Gregory">Ralph Gregory</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, John F" sort="Stein, John F" uniqKey="Stein J" first="John F." last="Stein">John F. Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aziz, Tipu Z" sort="Aziz, Tipu Z" uniqKey="Aziz T" first="Tipu Z." last="Aziz">Tipu Z. Aziz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Movement Disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Mov. Disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-02-15">2009-02-15</date><biblScope unit="vol">24</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="319">319</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="328">328</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></series><idno type="istex">F8A804FC7A5031E670C1DF07EEB78B934B925243</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22189</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS22189</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>PPN</term><term>Parkinson's disease</term><term>anatomy</term><term>pedunculopontine</term><term>physiology</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The pedunculopontine nucleus is composed of cholinergic and non‐cholinergic neurones and is located in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Evidence suggests that the nucleus plays a role in the production and control of movement. The nucleus has dense interconnections with the basal ganglia, as well as with other areas of the brain associated with motor control. Electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the decerebrate cat or rat produces organized locomotor movements. Physiological studies show that the pedunculopontine nucleus modulates its activity in response to locomotion, as well as voluntary arm and eye movements. Degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus is seen in post‐mortem brains in humans with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndromes. In animal models of Parkinson's disease, metabolic changes are seen in the pedunculopontine nucleus, and chemical inhibition or mechanical disruption of the nucleus can produce an akinetic state in animals and man. In this paper we review the literature in support of the suggestion that some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus. In accordance with this view, direct stimulation of the nucleus can ameliorate some symptoms of the disease, as demonstrated in both experimental animals and man. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</div></front></TEI></ISTEX><PubMed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus.</title><author><name sortKey="Jenkinson, Ned" sort="Jenkinson, Ned" uniqKey="Jenkinson N" first="Ned" last="Jenkinson">Ned Jenkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. ned.jenkinson@nds.ox.ac.uk</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nandi, Dipanker" sort="Nandi, Dipanker" uniqKey="Nandi D" first="Dipanker" last="Nandi">Dipanker Nandi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Kalai" sort="Muthusamy, Kalai" uniqKey="Muthusamy K" first="Kalai" last="Muthusamy">Kalai Muthusamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Nicola J" sort="Ray, Nicola J" uniqKey="Ray N" first="Nicola J" last="Ray">Nicola J. Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Ralph" sort="Gregory, Ralph" uniqKey="Gregory R" first="Ralph" last="Gregory">Ralph Gregory</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, John F" sort="Stein, John F" uniqKey="Stein J" first="John F" last="Stein">John F. Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aziz, Tipu Z" sort="Aziz, Tipu Z" uniqKey="Aziz T" first="Tipu Z" last="Aziz">Tipu Z. Aziz</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/mds.22189</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:19097193</idno><idno type="pmid">19097193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001E96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001E96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001F54</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002469</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002469</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002469</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus.</title><author><name sortKey="Jenkinson, Ned" sort="Jenkinson, Ned" uniqKey="Jenkinson N" first="Ned" last="Jenkinson">Ned Jenkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. ned.jenkinson@nds.ox.ac.uk</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nandi, Dipanker" sort="Nandi, Dipanker" uniqKey="Nandi D" first="Dipanker" last="Nandi">Dipanker Nandi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Kalai" sort="Muthusamy, Kalai" uniqKey="Muthusamy K" first="Kalai" last="Muthusamy">Kalai Muthusamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Nicola J" sort="Ray, Nicola J" uniqKey="Ray N" first="Nicola J" last="Ray">Nicola J. Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Ralph" sort="Gregory, Ralph" uniqKey="Gregory R" first="Ralph" last="Gregory">Ralph Gregory</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, John F" sort="Stein, John F" uniqKey="Stein J" first="John F" last="Stein">John F. Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aziz, Tipu Z" sort="Aziz, Tipu Z" uniqKey="Aziz T" first="Tipu Z" last="Aziz">Tipu Z. Aziz</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><date when="2009" type="published">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Electric Stimulation (methods)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Parkinson Disease (diagnosis)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (physiopathology)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (therapy)</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (anatomy & histology)</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiology)</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (physiopathology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Electric Stimulation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Humans</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The pedunculopontine nucleus is composed of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurones and is located in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Evidence suggests that the nucleus plays a role in the production and control of movement. The nucleus has dense interconnections with the basal ganglia, as well as with other areas of the brain associated with motor control. Electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the decerebrate cat or rat produces organized locomotor movements. Physiological studies show that the pedunculopontine nucleus modulates its activity in response to locomotion, as well as voluntary arm and eye movements. Degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus is seen in post-mortem brains in humans with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndromes. In animal models of Parkinson's disease, metabolic changes are seen in the pedunculopontine nucleus, and chemical inhibition or mechanical disruption of the nucleus can produce an akinetic state in animals and man. In this paper we review the literature in support of the suggestion that some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus. In accordance with this view, direct stimulation of the nucleus can ameliorate some symptoms of the disease, as demonstrated in both experimental animals and man.</div></front></TEI></PubMed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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