Development of Small-Molecule MERS-CoV Inhibitors
Identifieur interne : 001437 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001436; suivant : 001438Development of Small-Molecule MERS-CoV Inhibitors
Auteurs : Ruiying Liang ; Lili Wang ; Naru Zhang ; Xiaoqian Deng ; Meng Su ; Yudan Su ; Lanfang Hu ; Chen He ; Tianlei Ying [République populaire de Chine] ; Shibo Jiang [République populaire de Chine] ; Fei YuSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with potential to cause global pandemics remains a threat to the public health, security, and economy. In this review, we focus on advances in the research and development of small-molecule MERS-CoV inhibitors targeting different stages of the MERS-CoV life cycle, aiming to prevent or treat MERS-CoV infection.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v10120721
PubMed: 30562987
PubMed Central: 6316138
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Development of Small-Molecule MERS-CoV Inhibitors</title><author><name sortKey="Liang, Ruiying" sort="Liang, Ruiying" uniqKey="Liang R" first="Ruiying" last="Liang">Ruiying Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lili" sort="Wang, Lili" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lili" last="Wang">Lili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00721">Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>yywll@hebau.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Naru" sort="Zhang, Naru" uniqKey="Zhang N" first="Naru" last="Zhang">Naru Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00721">Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China;<email>zhangnr@zucc.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xiaoqian" sort="Deng, Xiaoqian" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xiaoqian" last="Deng">Xiaoqian Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Meng" sort="Su, Meng" uniqKey="Su M" first="Meng" last="Su">Meng Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Yudan" sort="Su, Yudan" uniqKey="Su Y" first="Yudan" last="Su">Yudan Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Lanfang" sort="Hu, Lanfang" uniqKey="Hu L" first="Lanfang" last="Hu">Lanfang Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Chen" sort="He, Chen" uniqKey="He C" first="Chen" last="He">Chen He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Tianlei" sort="Ying, Tianlei" uniqKey="Ying T" first="Tianlei" last="Ying">Tianlei Ying</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-10-00721">Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Shibo" sort="Jiang, Shibo" uniqKey="Jiang S" first="Shibo" last="Jiang">Shibo Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-10-00721">Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Fei" sort="Yu, Fei" uniqKey="Yu F" first="Fei" last="Yu">Fei Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30562987</idno><idno type="pmc">6316138</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316138</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6316138</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v10120721</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001437</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001437</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001437</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001437</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Development of Small-Molecule MERS-CoV Inhibitors</title><author><name sortKey="Liang, Ruiying" sort="Liang, Ruiying" uniqKey="Liang R" first="Ruiying" last="Liang">Ruiying Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lili" sort="Wang, Lili" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lili" last="Wang">Lili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00721">Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>yywll@hebau.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Naru" sort="Zhang, Naru" uniqKey="Zhang N" first="Naru" last="Zhang">Naru Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00721">Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China;<email>zhangnr@zucc.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xiaoqian" sort="Deng, Xiaoqian" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xiaoqian" last="Deng">Xiaoqian Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Meng" sort="Su, Meng" uniqKey="Su M" first="Meng" last="Su">Meng Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Yudan" sort="Su, Yudan" uniqKey="Su Y" first="Yudan" last="Su">Yudan Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Lanfang" sort="Hu, Lanfang" uniqKey="Hu L" first="Lanfang" last="Hu">Lanfang Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Chen" sort="He, Chen" uniqKey="He C" first="Chen" last="He">Chen He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Tianlei" sort="Ying, Tianlei" uniqKey="Ying T" first="Tianlei" last="Ying">Tianlei Ying</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-10-00721">Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Shibo" sort="Jiang, Shibo" uniqKey="Jiang S" first="Shibo" last="Jiang">Shibo Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-10-00721">Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Fei" sort="Yu, Fei" uniqKey="Yu F" first="Fei" last="Yu">Fei Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721">College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with potential to cause global pandemics remains a threat to the public health, security, and economy. In this review, we focus on advances in the research and development of small-molecule MERS-CoV inhibitors targeting different stages of the MERS-CoV life cycle, aiming to prevent or treat MERS-CoV infection.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cotten, M" uniqKey="Cotten M">M. Cotten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, S J" uniqKey="Watson S">S.J. Watson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, A I" uniqKey="Zumla A">A.I. Zumla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makhdoom, H Q" uniqKey="Makhdoom H">H.Q. Makhdoom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palser, A L" uniqKey="Palser A">A.L. Palser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ong, S H" uniqKey="Ong S">S.H. Ong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, A A" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">A.A. Al Rabeeah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alhakeem, R F" uniqKey="Alhakeem R">R.F. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30562987</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6316138</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v10120721</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-10-00721</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Development of Small-Molecule MERS-CoV Inhibitors</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Ruiying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-10-00721">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Lili</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-10-00721">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-10-00721">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Naru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-10-00721">3</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-10-00721">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Xiaoqian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Meng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Yudan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Lanfang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Chen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ying</surname><given-names>Tianlei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-viruses-10-00721">4</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Shibo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-viruses-10-00721">4</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6332-4326</contrib-id><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Fei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00721">1</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-10-00721"><label>1</label>College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>ruiyingliang@outlook.com</email> (R.L.);<email>dengxiaoqian0926@hotmail.com</email> (X.D.);<email>sumeng123@hotmail.com</email> (M.S.);<email>suyudan123@hotmail.com</email> (Y.S.);<email>hlf0519@hotmail.com</email> (L.H.);<email>hechen285@hotmail.com</email> (C.H.)</aff><aff id="af2-viruses-10-00721"><label>2</label>Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;<email>yywll@hebau.edu.cn</email></aff><aff id="af3-viruses-10-00721"><label>3</label>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China;<email>zhangnr@zucc.edu.cn</email></aff><aff id="af4-viruses-10-00721"><label>4</label>Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-10-00721"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>shmyf@hebau.edu.cn</email> (F.Y.); <email>shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn</email> (S.J.); <email>tlying@fudan.edu.cn</email> (T.Y.); Tel.: +86-312-7528935 (F.Y.); +86-21-54237673 (S.J.); +86-21-54237761 (T.Y.)</corresp><fn id="fn1-viruses-10-00721"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>721</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2018 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with potential to cause global pandemics remains a threat to the public health, security, and economy. In this review, we focus on advances in the research and development of small-molecule MERS-CoV inhibitors targeting different stages of the MERS-CoV life cycle, aiming to prevent or treat MERS-CoV infection.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>mechanism of action</kwd><kwd>small-molecule inhibitor</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-10-00721-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Summary of morbidity statistics with country- and quarter-level panel data.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00721-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Schematic diagram of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. MERS-CoV enters host cells by plasma membrane fusion (membrane fusion) or endosomal membrane fusion (endocytosis), and then releases the viral RNA into the cytoplasm. The RNA genome is replicated and viral proteins are produced. The progeny virus is generated and released from the infected cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00721-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Schematic representation of MERS-CoV S (spike) protein S1 subunit and S2 subunit. RBD, receptor binding domain; FP, fusion peptide; HR1, heptad repeat 1 domain; HR2, heptad repeat 2 domain; TM, transmembrane domain; CP, cytoplasmic domain. The residue numbers of each region correspond to their positions in the S protein of MERS-CoV. HR2P, the peptide derived from the HR2 domain of MERS-CoV S protein S2 subunit; HR2P-M2, HR2P analogous peptide with mutations.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00721-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Schematic representation of the inhibition mechanism of HR2P and HR2P-M2. ① Target cell membrane; ② MERS-CoV; ③ dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). (<bold>A</bold>) Mechanism of normal binding between a host cell and MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV enters the host cell by binding the viral particle via the RBD in spike protein to the cellular receptorDPP4 on the surface of the host cell. The HR2 binds to the HR1 to form a six-helix bundle (6-HB) fusion core, which brings viral and cell membranes into close apposition for fusion. (<bold>B</bold>) HR2P and HR2P-M2 block six-bundle fusion core formation between HR1 and HR2 peptides by binding to the viral S protein HR1 domain.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00721-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Chemical structure formulae of small-molecule inhibitors of MERS-CoV described in this review.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005b"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005c"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005d"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005e"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005f"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005g"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00721-g005h"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-10-00721-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-10-00721-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Peptide viral inhibitors against MERS-CoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Testing Model</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell Lines Tested</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Peptide inhibitors disturbing membrane fusion</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR2P</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero cells<break></break>Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6<break></break>0.93 ± 0.15 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1000</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR2P-M2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLTQINTTLLDLEYEMKKLEEVVKKLEESYIDLKEL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro; in vivo: <break></break>hDPP4 Tg mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calu-3 and Vero cells; Ad5-hDPP4 mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 ± 0.04 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B18-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B19-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQQVV K*LNE*Y</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 ± 0.08; 0.33 ± 0.04 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L*LTY*M LSLQQVV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.90 ± 1.1 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLT*EM L*LQQVV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.14 ± 0.7 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM *SLQ*VV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.7 ± 2.6 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQ*VV K*LNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.03 ± 0.29;<break></break>0.26 ± 0.05 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQQVV *ALN*SY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1 ± 2.3 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LXLTYXM LSLQQVV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9 ± 1.1 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTXEM LXLQQVV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.21 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM XSLQXVV KALNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.49 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQXVV KXLNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6 ± 3.3 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQQVV XALNXSY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9 ± 1.0 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21L10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQQVV KXLNEXY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.55 ± 0.2 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21R8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQ^VV K^LNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3 ± 1.1 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S8Z</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEZ LSLQ*VV K*LNESY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.80 ± 0.74;<break></break>0.63 ± 0.05 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S8F</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYEM LSLQ*VV K*LNESF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16 ± 1.1 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P21S8ZF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDLTYES LSLQ*VV K*LNESF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.89 ± 0.8 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P9 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NGAICWGPCPTAFRQIGNCGHFKVRCCKIR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDCK cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.00 μg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380 μg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LEELSKKLEELSKKLEELSKKLEELSKKLEELSKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 ± 0.08 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.04 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEISKKIEEISKKIEEISKKIEEISKKIEEISKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10 ± 0.02 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.8 ± 28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AEEASKKAEEASKKAEEASKKAEEASKKAEEASKK-βA-K(C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.47 ± 1.7 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEEFSKKFEEFSKKFEEFSKKFEEFSKKFEEFSKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.11 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YYS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YEEYSKKYEEYSKKYEEYSKKYEEYSKKYEEYSKK-βA-K(C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.26 ± 2.1 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIYKKIEEIYKKIEEIYKKIEEIYKKIEEIYKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 ± 0.4 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIWKKIEEIWKKIEEIWKKIEEIWKKIEEIWKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 2.4 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIH</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIHKKIEEIHKKIEEIHKKIEEIHKKIEEIHKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68 ± 0.47 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIQ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIQKKIEEIQKKIEEIQKKIEEIQKKIEEIQKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 ± 0.1;<break></break>0.11 ± 0.02 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIKKKIEEIKKKIEEIKKKIEEIKKKIEEIKKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 ± 0.13 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.54 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEIEKKIEEIEKKIEEIEKKIEEIEKKIEEIEKK-βA-K (C16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.93 ± 0.95 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> P9-aci-1: three acidic amino acids D, E, and D were added to the C-terminus of P9. <sup>b</sup> Concentration of peptide that blocks MERS-CoV S-mediated cell–cell fusion. “-” indicates data not available. “*” indicates the position of the S5 residues, which react to form the all hydrocarbon staple. “^” indicates the positions of the R5 amino acids, which react to form staples. EC<sub>50</sub>: concentration for 50% of maximal effect. CC<sub>50</sub>: the 50% cytotoxicity concentrations.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-10-00721-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-10-00721-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Small molecule viral inhibitors against MERS-CoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibitor</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Testing Model</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell Lines</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Inhibitors blocking the binding between virus and host cells</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ADS-J1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NBL-7 and Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Inhibitors disrupting endocytosis</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chlorpromazine </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.33 ± 2.89 <sup>a</sup>;<break></break>49 ± 1.2;<break></break>9.514</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>40;<break></break>21.3 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B5-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B26-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Promethazine </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.67 ± 7.22 <sup>a</sup>;<break></break>11.802</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B26-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluphenazine </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.00 ± 4.33 <sup>a</sup>;<break></break>5.868</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B26-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K11777</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camostat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero-TMPRSS2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ouabain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bufalin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–0.015</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dihydrotanshinone</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–1 μg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Inhibitors interrupting MERS-CoV MERS-CoV RNA replication and translation</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disulfiram</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.7 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3k</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3h</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3i</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4 ± 2.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CE-5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HEK293T cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~12.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6b</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6c</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6d</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.6 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC376</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56 ± 0.09;<break></break>0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>,<xref rid="B55-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC813</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>10a</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero81 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>10c</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero81 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>Inhibitors with undefined mechanisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silvestrol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MRC-5 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GS-5734</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HAE cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.074 ± 0.023</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GS-441524</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HAE cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 ± 0.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDMs and MDDCs cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 ± 1.1;<break></break>6.275</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.1 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B59-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Emetine dihydrochloride hydrate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine sulfate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.279</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.416</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amodiaquine dihydrochloride dehydrate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.212</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-64-D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.275</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gemcitabine hydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.216</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tamoxifen citrate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.117</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toremifene citrate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.915</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terconazole</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.203</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triparanol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.283</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anisomycin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cycloheximide</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.189</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Homoharringtonine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0718</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benztropine mesylate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.627</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluspirilene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.477</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thiothixene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.297</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Astemizole</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.884</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.646</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thiethylperazine maleate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.865</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triflupromazine hydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.758</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clomipramine hydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.332</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Imatinib mesylate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.689</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dasatinib</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.468</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loperamide</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.4 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSYA10-001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESI-09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calu-3 and Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycophenolic acid</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero E6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.87</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCX4430</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fleximer analogues 2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vero cells<break></break>Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 ± 0.6;<break></break>27 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 ± 14;<break></break>149 ± 6.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nutlin-3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amodiaquine dihydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3 ± 5.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saracatinib</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 ± 5.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sotrastaurin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.7 ± 3.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetophenazine maleate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.6 ± 3.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosulepin hydrochloride</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrimeprazine maleate salt</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.5 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N1-(4-pyridyl)-2-chloro-5-nitrobenzamide</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FA-613</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh-7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65-viruses-10-00721" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> 50% effective concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) values of inhibiting cell−cell fusion. “-” indicates data not available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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