Inhibitor Recognition Specificity of MERS-CoV Papain-like Protease May Differ from That of SARS-CoV
Identifieur interne : 000E23 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000E22; suivant : 000E24Inhibitor Recognition Specificity of MERS-CoV Papain-like Protease May Differ from That of SARS-CoV
Auteurs : Hyun Lee [États-Unis] ; Hao Lei [États-Unis] ; Bernard X0a D. Santarsiero [États-Unis] ; Joseph X0a L. Gatuz [États-Unis] ; Shuyi Cao [États-Unis] ; Amy J. Rice [États-Unis] ; Kavankumar Patel [États-Unis] ; Michael Z. Szypulinski [États-Unis] ; Isabel Ojeda ; Arun K. Ghosh [États-Unis] ; Michael E. Johnson [États-Unis]Source :
- ACS Chemical Biology [ 1554-8929 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro) blocking loop 2 (BL2) structure differs significantly from that of SARS-CoV PLpro, where it has been proven to play a crucial role in SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitor binding. Four SARS-CoV PLpro lead inhibitors were tested against MERS-CoV PLpro, none of which were effective against MERS-CoV PLpro. Structure and sequence alignments revealed that two residues, Y269 and Q270, responsible for inhibitor binding to SARS-CoV PLpro, were replaced by T274 and A275 in MERS-CoV PLpro, making critical binding interactions difficult to form for similar types of inhibitors. High-throughput screening (HTS) of 25 000 compounds against both PLpro enzymes identified a small fragment-like noncovalent dual inhibitor. Mode of inhibition studies by enzyme kinetics and competition surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses suggested that this compound acts as a competitive inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 μM against MERS-CoV PLpro, indicating that it binds to the active site, whereas it acts as an allosteric inhibitor against SARS-CoV PLpro with an IC50 of 11 μM. These results raised the possibility that inhibitor recognition specificity of MERS-CoV PLpro may differ from that of SARS-CoV PLpro. In addition, inhibitory activity of this compound was selective for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV PLpro enzymes over two human homologues, the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases 1 and 3 (hUCH-L1 and hUCH-L3).
Url:
DOI: 10.1021/cb500917m
PubMed: 25746232
PubMed Central: 4845099
Affiliations:
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Protease May Differ from That of SARS-CoV</title><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hyun" sort="Lee, Hyun" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hyun" last="Lee">Hyun Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lei, Hao" sort="Lei, Hao" uniqKey="Lei H" first="Hao" last="Lei">Hao Lei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. 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Gatuz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Shuyi" sort="Cao, Shuyi" uniqKey="Cao S" first="Shuyi" last="Cao">Shuyi Cao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. 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Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Kavankumar" sort="Patel, Kavankumar" uniqKey="Patel K" first="Kavankumar" last="Patel">Kavankumar Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szypulinski, Michael Z" sort="Szypulinski, Michael Z" uniqKey="Szypulinski M" first="Michael Z." last="Szypulinski">Michael Z. Szypulinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ojeda, Isabel" sort="Ojeda, Isabel" uniqKey="Ojeda I" first="Isabel" last="Ojeda">Isabel Ojeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, Arun K" sort="Ghosh, Arun K" uniqKey="Ghosh A" first="Arun K." last="Ghosh">Arun K. Ghosh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry,<institution>Purdue University</institution>, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Michael E" sort="Johnson, Michael E" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Michael E." last="Johnson">Michael E. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25746232</idno><idno type="pmc">4845099</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845099</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4845099</idno><idno type="doi">10.1021/cb500917m</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000E23</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000E23</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inhibitor Recognition Specificity of MERS-CoV Papain-like
Protease May Differ from That of SARS-CoV</title><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hyun" sort="Lee, Hyun" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hyun" last="Lee">Hyun Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lei, Hao" sort="Lei, Hao" uniqKey="Lei H" first="Hao" last="Lei">Hao Lei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santarsiero, Bernard X0a D" sort="Santarsiero, Bernard X0a D" uniqKey="Santarsiero B" first="Bernard X0a D." last="Santarsiero">Bernard X0a D. Santarsiero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gatuz, Joseph X0a L" sort="Gatuz, Joseph X0a L" uniqKey="Gatuz J" first="Joseph X0a L." last="Gatuz">Joseph X0a L. Gatuz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Shuyi" sort="Cao, Shuyi" uniqKey="Cao S" first="Shuyi" last="Cao">Shuyi Cao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, Amy J" sort="Rice, Amy J" uniqKey="Rice A" first="Amy J." last="Rice">Amy J. Rice</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Kavankumar" sort="Patel, Kavankumar" uniqKey="Patel K" first="Kavankumar" last="Patel">Kavankumar Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szypulinski, Michael Z" sort="Szypulinski, Michael Z" uniqKey="Szypulinski M" first="Michael Z." last="Szypulinski">Michael Z. Szypulinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ojeda, Isabel" sort="Ojeda, Isabel" uniqKey="Ojeda I" first="Isabel" last="Ojeda">Isabel Ojeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, Arun K" sort="Ghosh, Arun K" uniqKey="Ghosh A" first="Arun K." last="Ghosh">Arun K. Ghosh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry,<institution>Purdue University</institution>, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Michael E" sort="Johnson, Michael E" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Michael E." last="Johnson">Michael E. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ACS Chemical Biology</title><idno type="ISSN">1554-8929</idno><idno type="eISSN">1554-8937</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p content-type="toc-graphic"><graphic xlink:href="cb500917m_0008" id="ab-tgr1"></graphic></p><p>The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like
protease (PLpro) blocking loop 2 (BL2) structure differs significantly
from that of SARS-CoV PLpro, where it has been proven to play a crucial
role in SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitor binding. Four SARS-CoV PLpro lead
inhibitors were tested against MERS-CoV PLpro, none of which were
effective against MERS-CoV PLpro. Structure and sequence alignments
revealed that two residues, Y269 and Q270, responsible for inhibitor
binding to SARS-CoV PLpro, were replaced by T274 and A275 in MERS-CoV
PLpro, making critical binding interactions difficult to form for
similar types of inhibitors. High-throughput screening (HTS) of 25 000
compounds against both PLpro enzymes identified a small fragment-like
noncovalent dual inhibitor. Mode of inhibition studies by enzyme kinetics
and competition surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses suggested
that this compound acts as a competitive inhibitor with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 6 μM against MERS-CoV PLpro, indicating that it
binds to the active site, whereas it acts as an allosteric inhibitor
against SARS-CoV PLpro with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 11 μM. These
results raised the possibility that inhibitor recognition specificity
of MERS-CoV PLpro may differ from that of SARS-CoV PLpro. In addition,
inhibitory activity of this compound was selective for SARS-CoV and
MERS-CoV PLpro enzymes over two human homologues, the ubiquitin C-terminal
hydrolases 1 and 3 (hUCH-L1 and hUCH-L3).</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, L J" uniqKey="Anderson L">L. J. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, R S" uniqKey="Baric R">R. S. Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, J F" uniqKey="Chan J">J. F. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, K S" uniqKey="Li K">K. S. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="To, K K" uniqKey="To K">K. K. To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C" uniqKey="Cheng V">V. C. Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K">K. Y. Yuen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zaki, A M" uniqKey="Zaki A">A. M. Zaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S. van Boheemen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T. M. Bestebroer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, A D" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">A. D. Osterhaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, R A" uniqKey="Fouchier R">R. A. Fouchier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De X0a Groot, R J" uniqKey="De X0a Groot R">R. J. de
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ACS Chem Biol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ACS Chem. Biol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cb</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="coden">acbcct</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ACS Chemical Biology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1554-8929</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1554-8937</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Chemical
Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25746232</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4845099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/cb500917m</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Inhibitor Recognition Specificity of MERS-CoV Papain-like
Protease May Differ from That of SARS-CoV</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath1"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Hyun</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref><xref rid="notes-1" ref-type="notes">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath2"><name><surname>Lei</surname><given-names>Hao</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref><xref rid="notes-1" ref-type="notes">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath3"><name><surname>Santarsiero</surname><given-names>Bernard
D.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath4"><name><surname>Gatuz</surname><given-names>Joseph
L.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath5"><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>Shuyi</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath6"><name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>Amy J.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath7"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Kavankumar</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath8"><name><surname>Szypulinski</surname><given-names>Michael Z.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath9"><name><surname>Ojeda</surname><given-names>Isabel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath10"><name><surname>Ghosh</surname><given-names>Arun K.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="ath11"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>Michael E.</given-names></name><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="other">*</xref><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>†</label>Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,<institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>, 900 S. Ashland, Chicago, Illinois 60607,<country>United States</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>‡</label>Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry,<institution>Purdue University</institution>, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>E-mail: <email>mjohnson@uic.edu</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1456</fpage><lpage>1465</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 American Chemical
Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>American Chemical
Society</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted RESEARCH re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p content-type="toc-graphic"><graphic xlink:href="cb500917m_0008" id="ab-tgr1"></graphic></p><p>The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like
protease (PLpro) blocking loop 2 (BL2) structure differs significantly
from that of SARS-CoV PLpro, where it has been proven to play a crucial
role in SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitor binding. Four SARS-CoV PLpro lead
inhibitors were tested against MERS-CoV PLpro, none of which were
effective against MERS-CoV PLpro. Structure and sequence alignments
revealed that two residues, Y269 and Q270, responsible for inhibitor
binding to SARS-CoV PLpro, were replaced by T274 and A275 in MERS-CoV
PLpro, making critical binding interactions difficult to form for
similar types of inhibitors. High-throughput screening (HTS) of 25 000
compounds against both PLpro enzymes identified a small fragment-like
noncovalent dual inhibitor. Mode of inhibition studies by enzyme kinetics
and competition surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses suggested
that this compound acts as a competitive inhibitor with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 6 μM against MERS-CoV PLpro, indicating that it
binds to the active site, whereas it acts as an allosteric inhibitor
against SARS-CoV PLpro with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 11 μM. These
results raised the possibility that inhibitor recognition specificity
of MERS-CoV PLpro may differ from that of SARS-CoV PLpro. In addition,
inhibitory activity of this compound was selective for SARS-CoV and
MERS-CoV PLpro enzymes over two human homologues, the ubiquitin C-terminal
hydrolases 1 and 3 (hUCH-L1 and hUCH-L3).</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement><funding-source>National Institutes of Health, United States</funding-source></funding-statement></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>document-id-old-9</meta-name><meta-value>cb500917m</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>document-id-new-14</meta-name><meta-value>cb500917m</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>ccc-price</meta-name><meta-value></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes id="notes-d1e21-autogenerated"><fn-group><fn fn-type="" id="d30e208"><p>This article is made available for a limited time sponsored by ACS under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/freetoread/index.html">ACS Free to Read License</ext-link>, which permits copying and redistribution of the article for non-commercial scholarly purposes.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ojeda, Isabel" sort="Ojeda, Isabel" uniqKey="Ojeda I" first="Isabel" last="Ojeda">Isabel Ojeda</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lee, Hyun" sort="Lee, Hyun" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hyun" last="Lee">Hyun Lee</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cao, Shuyi" sort="Cao, Shuyi" uniqKey="Cao S" first="Shuyi" last="Cao">Shuyi Cao</name><name sortKey="Gatuz, Joseph X0a L" sort="Gatuz, Joseph X0a L" uniqKey="Gatuz J" first="Joseph X0a L." last="Gatuz">Joseph X0a L. Gatuz</name><name sortKey="Ghosh, Arun K" sort="Ghosh, Arun K" uniqKey="Ghosh A" first="Arun K." last="Ghosh">Arun K. Ghosh</name><name sortKey="Johnson, Michael E" sort="Johnson, Michael E" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Michael E." last="Johnson">Michael E. Johnson</name><name sortKey="Lei, Hao" sort="Lei, Hao" uniqKey="Lei H" first="Hao" last="Lei">Hao Lei</name><name sortKey="Patel, Kavankumar" sort="Patel, Kavankumar" uniqKey="Patel K" first="Kavankumar" last="Patel">Kavankumar Patel</name><name sortKey="Rice, Amy J" sort="Rice, Amy J" uniqKey="Rice A" first="Amy J." last="Rice">Amy J. Rice</name><name sortKey="Santarsiero, Bernard X0a D" sort="Santarsiero, Bernard X0a D" uniqKey="Santarsiero B" first="Bernard X0a D." last="Santarsiero">Bernard X0a D. Santarsiero</name><name sortKey="Szypulinski, Michael Z" sort="Szypulinski, Michael Z" uniqKey="Szypulinski M" first="Michael Z." last="Szypulinski">Michael Z. Szypulinski</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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