Evaluation of Phage Display Discovered Peptides as Ligands for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
Identifieur interne : 000B13 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000B12; suivant : 000B14Evaluation of Phage Display Discovered Peptides as Ligands for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
Auteurs : Duanwen Shen [États-Unis] ; Fei Xie [États-Unis] ; W. Barry Edwards [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Antigène spécifique de la prostate (), Antigène spécifique de la prostate (génétique), Antigène spécifique de la prostate (métabolisme), Banque de peptides, Données de séquences moléculaires, Expression des gènes, Fluorescéines, Fragments peptidiques (analyse), Fragments peptidiques (métabolisme), Humains, Kallicréines (), Kallicréines (génétique), Kallicréines (métabolisme), Liaison aux protéines, Ligands, Lignée cellulaire tumorale, Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (), Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (génétique), Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (métabolisme), Microscopie de fluorescence, Mâle, Prostate (), Prostate (anatomopathologie), Prostate (métabolisme), Protéines immobilisées (), Protéines immobilisées (génétique), Protéines immobilisées (métabolisme), Sites de fixation, Séquence d'acides aminés, Tests de criblage à haut débit, Tumeurs de la prostate (), Tumeurs de la prostate (anatomopathologie), Tumeurs de la prostate (génétique), Tumeurs de la prostate (métabolisme).
- MESH :
- analyse : Fragments peptidiques.
- anatomopathologie : Prostate, Tumeurs de la prostate.
- génétique : Antigène spécifique de la prostate, Kallicréines, Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux, Protéines immobilisées, Tumeurs de la prostate.
- métabolisme : Antigène spécifique de la prostate, Fragments peptidiques, Kallicréines, Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux, Prostate, Protéines immobilisées, Tumeurs de la prostate.
- Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Antigène spécifique de la prostate, Banque de peptides, Données de séquences moléculaires, Expression des gènes, Fluorescéines, Humains, Kallicréines, Liaison aux protéines, Ligands, Lignée cellulaire tumorale, Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux, Microscopie de fluorescence, Mâle, Prostate, Protéines immobilisées, Sites de fixation, Séquence d'acides aminés, Tests de criblage à haut débit, Tumeurs de la prostate.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, Biomarkers, Tumor (chemistry), Biomarkers, Tumor (genetics), Biomarkers, Tumor (metabolism), Cell Line, Tumor, Fluoresceins, Gene Expression, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Humans, Immobilized Proteins (chemistry), Immobilized Proteins (genetics), Immobilized Proteins (metabolism), Kallikreins (chemistry), Kallikreins (genetics), Kallikreins (metabolism), Ligands, Male, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Fragments (analysis), Peptide Fragments (metabolism), Peptide Library, Prostate (chemistry), Prostate (metabolism), Prostate (pathology), Prostate-Specific Antigen (chemistry), Prostate-Specific Antigen (genetics), Prostate-Specific Antigen (metabolism), Prostatic Neoplasms (chemistry), Prostatic Neoplasms (genetics), Prostatic Neoplasms (metabolism), Prostatic Neoplasms (pathology), Protein Binding, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Peptide Fragments.
- chemical , chemistry : Biomarkers, Tumor, Immobilized Proteins, Kallikreins, Prostate-Specific Antigen.
- chemical , genetics : Biomarkers, Tumor, Immobilized Proteins, Kallikreins, Prostate-Specific Antigen.
- chemical , metabolism : Biomarkers, Tumor, Immobilized Proteins, Kallikreins, Peptide Fragments, Prostate-Specific Antigen.
- chemistry : Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms.
- genetics : Prostatic Neoplasms.
- metabolism : Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms.
- pathology : Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms.
- Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, Cell Line, Tumor, Fluoresceins, Gene Expression, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Humans, Ligands, Male, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Library, Protein Binding, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify potential ligands of PSMA suitable for further development as novel PSMA-targeted peptides using phage display technology. The human PSMA protein was immobilized as a target followed by incubation with a 15-mer phage display random peptide library. After one round of prescreening and two rounds of screening, high-stringency screening at the third round of panning was performed to identify the highest affinity binders. Phages which had a specific binding activity to PSMA in human prostate cancer cells were isolated and the DNA corresponding to the 15-mers were sequenced to provide three consensus sequences: GDHSPFT, SHFSVGS and EVPRLSLLAVFL as well as other sequences that did not display consensus. Two of the peptide sequences deduced from DNA sequencing of binding phages, SHSFSVGSGDHSPFT and GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and shown to bind and co-internalize with PSMA on human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The high stringency requirements yielded peptides with affinities KD∼1 µM or greater which are suitable starting points for affinity maturation. While these values were less than anticipated, the high stringency did yield peptide sequences that apparently bound to different surfaces on PSMA. These peptide sequences could be the basis for further development of peptides for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068339
PubMed: 23935860
PubMed Central: 3723849
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PMC:3723849Le document en format XML
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<term>Binding Sites</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (chemistry)</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (genetics)</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (metabolism)</term>
<term>Cell Line, Tumor</term>
<term>Fluoresceins</term>
<term>Gene Expression</term>
<term>High-Throughput Screening Assays</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (chemistry)</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (chemistry)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (genetics)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microscopy, Fluorescence</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments (analysis)</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments (metabolism)</term>
<term>Peptide Library</term>
<term>Prostate (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostate (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostate (pathology)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (genetics)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (genetics)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (pathology)</term>
<term>Protein Binding</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate ()</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate (génétique)</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Banque de peptides</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Expression des gènes</term>
<term>Fluorescéines</term>
<term>Fragments peptidiques (analyse)</term>
<term>Fragments peptidiques (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Kallicréines ()</term>
<term>Kallicréines (génétique)</term>
<term>Kallicréines (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Liaison aux protéines</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire tumorale</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux ()</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (génétique)</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Microscopie de fluorescence</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prostate ()</term>
<term>Prostate (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Prostate (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées ()</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Sites de fixation</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
<term>Tests de criblage à haut débit</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate ()</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (génétique)</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (métabolisme)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Peptide Fragments</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fragments peptidiques</term>
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<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
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<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
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<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate</term>
<term>Fragments peptidiques</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Prostate</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
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<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term>
<term>Binding Sites</term>
<term>Cell Line, Tumor</term>
<term>Fluoresceins</term>
<term>Gene Expression</term>
<term>High-Throughput Screening Assays</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microscopy, Fluorescence</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Peptide Library</term>
<term>Protein Binding</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate</term>
<term>Banque de peptides</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Expression des gènes</term>
<term>Fluorescéines</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Liaison aux protéines</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire tumorale</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Microscopie de fluorescence</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prostate</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Sites de fixation</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to identify potential ligands of PSMA suitable for further development as novel PSMA-targeted peptides using phage display technology. The human PSMA protein was immobilized as a target followed by incubation with a 15-mer phage display random peptide library. After one round of prescreening and two rounds of screening, high-stringency screening at the third round of panning was performed to identify the highest affinity binders. Phages which had a specific binding activity to PSMA in human prostate cancer cells were isolated and the DNA corresponding to the 15-mers were sequenced to provide three consensus sequences: GDHSPFT, SHFSVGS and EVPRLSLLAVFL as well as other sequences that did not display consensus. Two of the peptide sequences deduced from DNA sequencing of binding phages, SHSFSVGSGDHSPFT and GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and shown to bind and co-internalize with PSMA on human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The high stringency requirements yielded peptides with affinities K<sub>D</sub>
∼1 µM or greater which are suitable starting points for affinity maturation. While these values were less than anticipated, the high stringency did yield peptide sequences that apparently bound to different surfaces on PSMA. These peptide sequences could be the basis for further development of peptides for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to identify potential ligands of PSMA suitable for further development as novel PSMA-targeted peptides using phage display technology. The human PSMA protein was immobilized as a target followed by incubation with a 15-mer phage display random peptide library. After one round of prescreening and two rounds of screening, high-stringency screening at the third round of panning was performed to identify the highest affinity binders. Phages which had a specific binding activity to PSMA in human prostate cancer cells were isolated and the DNA corresponding to the 15-mers were sequenced to provide three consensus sequences: GDHSPFT, SHFSVGS and EVPRLSLLAVFL as well as other sequences that did not display consensus. Two of the peptide sequences deduced from DNA sequencing of binding phages, SHSFSVGSGDHSPFT and GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and shown to bind and co-internalize with PSMA on human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The high stringency requirements yielded peptides with affinities K<sub>D</sub>
∼1 µM or greater which are suitable starting points for affinity maturation. While these values were less than anticipated, the high stringency did yield peptide sequences that apparently bound to different surfaces on PSMA. These peptide sequences could be the basis for further development of peptides for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Xiao, X" uniqKey="Xiao X">X Xiao</name>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of phage display discovered peptides as ligands for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Duanwen" sort="Shen, Duanwen" uniqKey="Shen D" first="Duanwen" last="Shen">Duanwen Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Fei" sort="Xie, Fei" uniqKey="Xie F" first="Fei" last="Xie">Fei Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, W Barry" sort="Edwards, W Barry" uniqKey="Edwards W" first="W Barry" last="Edwards">W Barry Edwards</name>
</author>
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<date when="2013">2013</date>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of phage display discovered peptides as ligands for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Duanwen" sort="Shen, Duanwen" uniqKey="Shen D" first="Duanwen" last="Shen">Duanwen Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Fei" sort="Xie, Fei" uniqKey="Xie F" first="Fei" last="Xie">Fei Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, W Barry" sort="Edwards, W Barry" uniqKey="Edwards W" first="W Barry" last="Edwards">W Barry Edwards</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PloS one</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013" type="published">2013</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term>
<term>Binding Sites</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (chemistry)</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (genetics)</term>
<term>Biomarkers, Tumor (metabolism)</term>
<term>Cell Line, Tumor</term>
<term>Fluoresceins</term>
<term>Gene Expression</term>
<term>High-Throughput Screening Assays</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (chemistry)</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (chemistry)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (genetics)</term>
<term>Kallikreins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microscopy, Fluorescence</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments (analysis)</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments (metabolism)</term>
<term>Peptide Library</term>
<term>Prostate (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostate (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostate (pathology)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (genetics)</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (chemistry)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (genetics)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (metabolism)</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms (pathology)</term>
<term>Protein Binding</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate ()</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate (génétique)</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Banque de peptides</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Expression des gènes</term>
<term>Fluorescéines</term>
<term>Fragments peptidiques (analyse)</term>
<term>Fragments peptidiques (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Kallicréines ()</term>
<term>Kallicréines (génétique)</term>
<term>Kallicréines (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Liaison aux protéines</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire tumorale</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux ()</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (génétique)</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Microscopie de fluorescence</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prostate ()</term>
<term>Prostate (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Prostate (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées ()</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Sites de fixation</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
<term>Tests de criblage à haut débit</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate ()</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (génétique)</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate (métabolisme)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Peptide Fragments</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers, Tumor</term>
<term>Immobilized Proteins</term>
<term>Kallikreins</term>
<term>Peptide Fragments</term>
<term>Prostate-Specific Antigen</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fragments peptidiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Prostate</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Prostate</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
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<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Fragments peptidiques</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Prostate</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Prostate</term>
<term>Prostatic Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term>
<term>Binding Sites</term>
<term>Cell Line, Tumor</term>
<term>Fluoresceins</term>
<term>Gene Expression</term>
<term>High-Throughput Screening Assays</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microscopy, Fluorescence</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Peptide Library</term>
<term>Protein Binding</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Antigène spécifique de la prostate</term>
<term>Banque de peptides</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Expression des gènes</term>
<term>Fluorescéines</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Kallicréines</term>
<term>Liaison aux protéines</term>
<term>Ligands</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire tumorale</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques tumoraux</term>
<term>Microscopie de fluorescence</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prostate</term>
<term>Protéines immobilisées</term>
<term>Sites de fixation</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
<term>Tests de criblage à haut débit</term>
<term>Tumeurs de la prostate</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The aim of this study was to identify potential ligands of PSMA suitable for further development as novel PSMA-targeted peptides using phage display technology. The human PSMA protein was immobilized as a target followed by incubation with a 15-mer phage display random peptide library. After one round of prescreening and two rounds of screening, high-stringency screening at the third round of panning was performed to identify the highest affinity binders. Phages which had a specific binding activity to PSMA in human prostate cancer cells were isolated and the DNA corresponding to the 15-mers were sequenced to provide three consensus sequences: GDHSPFT, SHFSVGS and EVPRLSLLAVFL as well as other sequences that did not display consensus. Two of the peptide sequences deduced from DNA sequencing of binding phages, SHSFSVGSGDHSPFT and GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and shown to bind and co-internalize with PSMA on human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The high stringency requirements yielded peptides with affinities KD~1 µM or greater which are suitable starting points for affinity maturation. While these values were less than anticipated, the high stringency did yield peptide sequences that apparently bound to different surfaces on PSMA. These peptide sequences could be the basis for further development of peptides for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy.</div>
</front>
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