Tetranucleotide usage highlights genomic heterogeneity among mycobacteriophages
Identifieur interne : 001552 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001551; suivant : 001553Tetranucleotide usage highlights genomic heterogeneity among mycobacteriophages
Auteurs : Benjamin Siranosian [États-Unis] ; Sudheesha Perera [États-Unis] ; Edward Williams [États-Unis] ; Chen Ye [États-Unis] ; Christopher De Graffenried [États-Unis] ; Peter Shank [États-Unis]Source :
- F1000Research [ 2046-1402 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The genomic sequences of mycobacteriophages, phages infecting mycobacterial hosts, are diverse and mosaic. Mycobacteriophages often share little nucleotide similarity, but most of them have been grouped into lettered clusters and further into subclusters. Traditionally, mycobacteriophage genomes are analyzed based on sequence alignment or knowledge of gene content. However, these approaches are computationally expensive and can be ineffective for significantly diverged sequences. As an alternative to alignment-based genome analysis, we evaluated tetranucleotide usage in mycobacteriophage genomes. These methods make it easier to characterize features of the mycobacteriophage population at many scales.
We computed tetranucleotide usage deviation (TUD), the ratio of observed counts of 4-mers in a genome to the expected count under a null model. TUD values are comparable between members of a phage subcluster and distinct between subclusters. With few exceptions, neighbor joining phylogenetic trees and hierarchical clustering dendrograms constructed using TUD values place phages in a monophyletic clade with members of the same subcluster. Regions in a genome with exceptional TUD values can point to interesting features of genomic architecture. Finally, we found that subcluster B3 mycobacteriophages contain significantly overrepresented 4-mers and 6-mers that are atypical of phage genomes.
Statistics based on tetranucleotide usage support established clustering of mycobacteriophages and can uncover interesting relationships within and between sequenced phage genomes. These methods are efficient to compute and do not require sequence alignment or knowledge of gene content. The code to download mycobacteriophage genome sequences and reproduce our analysis is freely available at
Url:
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6077.2
PubMed: 27134721
PubMed Central: 4841201
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000C68
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000C68
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000D09
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 001737
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 001737
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 001322
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 001603
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 001603
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 001603
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001557
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001552
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Tetranucleotide usage highlights genomic heterogeneity among mycobacteriophages</title>
<author><name sortKey="Siranosian, Benjamin" sort="Siranosian, Benjamin" uniqKey="Siranosian B" first="Benjamin" last="Siranosian">Benjamin Siranosian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a1">Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perera, Sudheesha" sort="Perera, Sudheesha" uniqKey="Perera S" first="Sudheesha" last="Perera">Sudheesha Perera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Edward" sort="Williams, Edward" uniqKey="Williams E" first="Edward" last="Williams">Edward Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ye, Chen" sort="Ye, Chen" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Chen" last="Ye">Chen Ye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Graffenried, Christopher" sort="De Graffenried, Christopher" uniqKey="De Graffenried C" first="Christopher" last="De Graffenried">Christopher De Graffenried</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a3">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shank, Peter" sort="Shank, Peter" uniqKey="Shank P" first="Peter" last="Shank">Peter Shank</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a3">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">27134721</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4841201</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4841201</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4841201</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.12688/f1000research.6077.2</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C68</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C68</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000C68</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000C68</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000D09</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000D09</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:27134721</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001737</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001737</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001737</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001737</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001322</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001322</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001603</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001603</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001603</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001557</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001552</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001552</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Tetranucleotide usage highlights genomic heterogeneity among mycobacteriophages</title>
<author><name sortKey="Siranosian, Benjamin" sort="Siranosian, Benjamin" uniqKey="Siranosian B" first="Benjamin" last="Siranosian">Benjamin Siranosian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a1">Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perera, Sudheesha" sort="Perera, Sudheesha" uniqKey="Perera S" first="Sudheesha" last="Perera">Sudheesha Perera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Edward" sort="Williams, Edward" uniqKey="Williams E" first="Edward" last="Williams">Edward Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ye, Chen" sort="Ye, Chen" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Chen" last="Ye">Chen Ye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a2">Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Graffenried, Christopher" sort="De Graffenried, Christopher" uniqKey="De Graffenried C" first="Christopher" last="De Graffenried">Christopher De Graffenried</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a3">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shank, Peter" sort="Shank, Peter" uniqKey="Shank P" first="Peter" last="Shank">Peter Shank</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="a3">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université Brown</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Providence (Rhode Island)</settlement>
<region type="state">Rhode Island</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">F1000Research</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2046-1402</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>
</p>
<p>The genomic sequences of mycobacteriophages, phages infecting mycobacterial hosts, are diverse and mosaic. Mycobacteriophages often share little nucleotide similarity, but most of them have been grouped into lettered clusters and further into subclusters. Traditionally, mycobacteriophage genomes are analyzed based on sequence alignment or knowledge of gene content. However, these approaches are computationally expensive and can be ineffective for significantly diverged sequences. As an alternative to alignment-based genome analysis, we evaluated tetranucleotide usage in mycobacteriophage genomes. These methods make it easier to characterize features of the mycobacteriophage population at many scales.</p>
<p><bold>Description</bold>
</p>
<p>We computed tetranucleotide usage deviation (TUD), the ratio of observed counts of 4-mers in a genome to the expected count under a null model. TUD values are comparable between members of a phage subcluster and distinct between subclusters. With few exceptions, neighbor joining phylogenetic trees and hierarchical clustering dendrograms constructed using TUD values place phages in a monophyletic clade with members of the same subcluster. Regions in a genome with exceptional TUD values can point to interesting features of genomic architecture. Finally, we found that subcluster B3 mycobacteriophages contain significantly overrepresented 4-mers and 6-mers that are atypical of phage genomes.</p>
<p><bold>Conclusions</bold>
</p>
<p>Statistics based on tetranucleotide usage support established clustering of mycobacteriophages and can uncover interesting relationships within and between sequenced phage genomes. These methods are efficient to compute and do not require sequence alignment or knowledge of gene content. The code to download mycobacteriophage genome sequences and reproduce our analysis is freely available at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/bsiranosian/tango_final">https://github.com/bsiranosian/tango_final</ext-link>
.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altschul, Sf" uniqKey="Altschul S">SF Altschul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Madden, Tl" uniqKey="Madden T">TL Madden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sch Ffer, Aa" uniqKey="Sch Ffer A">AA Schäffer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Betley, Jn" uniqKey="Betley J">JN Betley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frith, Mc" uniqKey="Frith M">MC Frith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graber, Jh" uniqKey="Graber J">JH Graber</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bohannan, Bjm" uniqKey="Bohannan B">BJM Bohannan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lenski, Re" uniqKey="Lenski R">RE Lenski</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Cx" uniqKey="Chan C">CX Chan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ragan, Ma" uniqKey="Ragan M">MA Ragan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chibani Chennoufi, S" uniqKey="Chibani Chennoufi S">S Chibani-Chennoufi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruttin, A" uniqKey="Bruttin A">A Bruttin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dillmann, Ml" uniqKey="Dillmann M">ML Dillmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cresawn, Sg" uniqKey="Cresawn S">SG Cresawn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bogel, M" uniqKey="Bogel M">M Bogel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, N" uniqKey="Day N">N Day</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Danelishvili, L" uniqKey="Danelishvili L">L Danelishvili</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, Ls" uniqKey="Young L">LS Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bermudez, Le" uniqKey="Bermudez L">LE Bermudez</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doolittle, Wf" uniqKey="Doolittle W">WF Doolittle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frith, Mc" uniqKey="Frith M">MC Frith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamada, M" uniqKey="Hamada M">M Hamada</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horton, P" uniqKey="Horton P">P Horton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Ms" uniqKey="Gelfand M">MS Gelfand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koonin, Ev" uniqKey="Koonin E">EV Koonin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hacker, J" uniqKey="Hacker J">J Hacker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaper, Jb" uniqKey="Kaper J">JB Kaper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hatfull, Gf" uniqKey="Hatfull G">GF Hatfull</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacobs Sera, D" uniqKey="Jacobs Sera D">D Jacobs-Sera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Jg" uniqKey="Lawrence J">JG Lawrence</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hatfull, Gf" uniqKey="Hatfull G">GF Hatfull</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hemavathy, Kc" uniqKey="Hemavathy K">KC Hemavathy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagaraja, V" uniqKey="Nagaraja V">V Nagaraja</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hendrix, Rw" uniqKey="Hendrix R">RW Hendrix</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huson, Dh" uniqKey="Huson D">DH Huson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bryant, D" uniqKey="Bryant D">D Bryant</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Tc" uniqKey="Jordan T">TC Jordan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burnett, Sh" uniqKey="Burnett S">SH Burnett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carson, S" uniqKey="Carson S">S Carson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Karlin, S" uniqKey="Karlin S">S Karlin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burge, C" uniqKey="Burge C">C Burge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, Am" uniqKey="Campbell A">AM Campbell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koski, Lb" uniqKey="Koski L">LB Koski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morton, Ra" uniqKey="Morton R">RA Morton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Golding, Gb" uniqKey="Golding G">GB Golding</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Jg" uniqKey="Lawrence J">JG Lawrence</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hatfull, Gf" uniqKey="Hatfull G">GF Hatfull</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hendrix, Rw" uniqKey="Hendrix R">RW Hendrix</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Jg" uniqKey="Lawrence J">JG Lawrence</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ochman, H" uniqKey="Ochman H">H Ochman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marinus, Mg" uniqKey="Marinus M">MG Marinus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morris, Nr" uniqKey="Morris N">NR Morris</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcnerney, R" uniqKey="Mcnerney R">R McNerney</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Needleman, Sb" uniqKey="Needleman S">SB Needleman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wunsch, Cd" uniqKey="Wunsch C">CD Wunsch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ogilvie, La" uniqKey="Ogilvie L">LA Ogilvie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bowler, Ld" uniqKey="Bowler L">LD Bowler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caplin, J" uniqKey="Caplin J">J Caplin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pedulla, Ml" uniqKey="Pedulla M">ML Pedulla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ford, Me" uniqKey="Ford M">ME Ford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Houtz, Jm" uniqKey="Houtz J">JM Houtz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pride, Dt" uniqKey="Pride D">DT Pride</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meinersmann, Rj" uniqKey="Meinersmann R">RJ Meinersmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wassenaar, Tm" uniqKey="Wassenaar T">TM Wassenaar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pride, Dt" uniqKey="Pride D">DT Pride</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wassenaar, Tm" uniqKey="Wassenaar T">TM Wassenaar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ghose, C" uniqKey="Ghose C">C Ghose</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sandberg, R" uniqKey="Sandberg R">R Sandberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winberg, G" uniqKey="Winberg G">G Winberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Br Nden, Ci" uniqKey="Br Nden C">CI Bränden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shankar, S" uniqKey="Shankar S">S Shankar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tyagi, Ak" uniqKey="Tyagi A">AK Tyagi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharp, Pm" uniqKey="Sharp P">PM Sharp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons, Mp" uniqKey="Simmons M">MP Simmons</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siranosian, B" uniqKey="Siranosian B">B Siranosian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herold, E" uniqKey="Herold E">E Herold</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, E" uniqKey="Williams E">E Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siranosian, B" uniqKey="Siranosian B">B Siranosian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perera, S" uniqKey="Perera S">S Perera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, E" uniqKey="Williams E">E Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vinga, S" uniqKey="Vinga S">S Vinga</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Waack, S" uniqKey="Waack S">S Waack</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keller, O" uniqKey="Keller O">O Keller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asper, R" uniqKey="Asper R">R Asper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Rhode Island</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Providence (Rhode Island)</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université Brown</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Rhode Island"><name sortKey="Siranosian, Benjamin" sort="Siranosian, Benjamin" uniqKey="Siranosian B" first="Benjamin" last="Siranosian">Benjamin Siranosian</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="De Graffenried, Christopher" sort="De Graffenried, Christopher" uniqKey="De Graffenried C" first="Christopher" last="De Graffenried">Christopher De Graffenried</name>
<name sortKey="Perera, Sudheesha" sort="Perera, Sudheesha" uniqKey="Perera S" first="Sudheesha" last="Perera">Sudheesha Perera</name>
<name sortKey="Shank, Peter" sort="Shank, Peter" uniqKey="Shank P" first="Peter" last="Shank">Peter Shank</name>
<name sortKey="Siranosian, Benjamin" sort="Siranosian, Benjamin" uniqKey="Siranosian B" first="Benjamin" last="Siranosian">Benjamin Siranosian</name>
<name sortKey="Williams, Edward" sort="Williams, Edward" uniqKey="Williams E" first="Edward" last="Williams">Edward Williams</name>
<name sortKey="Ye, Chen" sort="Ye, Chen" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Chen" last="Ye">Chen Ye</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/MersV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001552 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001552 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= MersV1 |flux= Main |étape= Exploration |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4841201 |texte= Tetranucleotide usage highlights genomic heterogeneity among mycobacteriophages }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27134721" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MersV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |