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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Differential expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins from urban and rural populations in Morocco</title><author><name sortKey="Bickler, Stephen W" sort="Bickler, Stephen W" uniqKey="Bickler S" first="Stephen W." last="Bickler">Stephen W. Bickler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, James M" sort="Prieto, James M" uniqKey="Prieto J" first="James M." last="Prieto">James M. Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415879.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0639 7318</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery,</institution><institution>Naval Medical Center San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>San Diego, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauvi, David M" sort="Cauvi, David M" uniqKey="Cauvi D" first="David M." last="Cauvi">David M. Cauvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cos, Victor" sort="De Cos, Victor" uniqKey="De Cos V" first="Victor" last="De Cos">Victor De Cos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasamran, Chanond" sort="Nasamran, Chanond" uniqKey="Nasamran C" first="Chanond" last="Nasamran">Chanond Nasamran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ameh, Emmanuel" sort="Ameh, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Ameh E" first="Emmanuel" last="Ameh">Emmanuel Ameh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Said" sort="Amin, Said" uniqKey="Amin S" first="Said" last="Amin">Said Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Histopathology,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Sneha" sort="Nicholson, Sneha" uniqKey="Nicholson S" first="Sneha" last="Nicholson">Sneha Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Din, Hena" sort="Din, Hena" uniqKey="Din H" first="Hena" last="Din">Hena Din</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mocumbi, Ana Olga" sort="Mocumbi, Ana Olga" uniqKey="Mocumbi A" first="Ana Olga" last="Mocumbi">Ana Olga Mocumbi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419229.5</institution-id><institution>Instituto Nacional de Saúde,</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8295.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,</institution><institution>Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM),</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noormahomed, Emilia Virginia" sort="Noormahomed, Emilia Virginia" uniqKey="Noormahomed E" first="Emilia Virginia" last="Noormahomed">Emilia Virginia Noormahomed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8295.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,</institution><institution>Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM),</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellez Isaias, Guillermo" sort="Tellez Isaias, Guillermo" uniqKey="Tellez Isaias G" first="Guillermo" last="Tellez-Isaias">Guillermo Tellez-Isaias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411017.2</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2151 0999</institution-id><institution>Department of Poultry Science,</institution><institution>University of Arkansas,</institution></institution-wrap>Fayetteville, AR USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisch, Kathleen M" sort="Fisch, Kathleen M" uniqKey="Fisch K" first="Kathleen M." last="Fisch">Kathleen M. Fisch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Maio, Antonio" sort="De Maio, Antonio" uniqKey="De Maio A" first="Antonio" last="De Maio">Antonio De Maio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32319023</idno><idno type="pmc">7591688</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7591688</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7591688</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s12192-020-01108-x</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000022</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000022</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Differential expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins from urban and rural populations in Morocco</title><author><name sortKey="Bickler, Stephen W" sort="Bickler, Stephen W" uniqKey="Bickler S" first="Stephen W." last="Bickler">Stephen W. Bickler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, James M" sort="Prieto, James M" uniqKey="Prieto J" first="James M." last="Prieto">James M. Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415879.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0639 7318</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery,</institution><institution>Naval Medical Center San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>San Diego, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauvi, David M" sort="Cauvi, David M" uniqKey="Cauvi D" first="David M." last="Cauvi">David M. Cauvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cos, Victor" sort="De Cos, Victor" uniqKey="De Cos V" first="Victor" last="De Cos">Victor De Cos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasamran, Chanond" sort="Nasamran, Chanond" uniqKey="Nasamran C" first="Chanond" last="Nasamran">Chanond Nasamran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ameh, Emmanuel" sort="Ameh, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Ameh E" first="Emmanuel" last="Ameh">Emmanuel Ameh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Said" sort="Amin, Said" uniqKey="Amin S" first="Said" last="Amin">Said Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Histopathology,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Sneha" sort="Nicholson, Sneha" uniqKey="Nicholson S" first="Sneha" last="Nicholson">Sneha Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Din, Hena" sort="Din, Hena" uniqKey="Din H" first="Hena" last="Din">Hena Din</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mocumbi, Ana Olga" sort="Mocumbi, Ana Olga" uniqKey="Mocumbi A" first="Ana Olga" last="Mocumbi">Ana Olga Mocumbi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419229.5</institution-id><institution>Instituto Nacional de Saúde,</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8295.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,</institution><institution>Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM),</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noormahomed, Emilia Virginia" sort="Noormahomed, Emilia Virginia" uniqKey="Noormahomed E" first="Emilia Virginia" last="Noormahomed">Emilia Virginia Noormahomed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8295.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,</institution><institution>Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM),</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellez Isaias, Guillermo" sort="Tellez Isaias, Guillermo" uniqKey="Tellez Isaias G" first="Guillermo" last="Tellez-Isaias">Guillermo Tellez-Isaias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411017.2</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2151 0999</institution-id><institution>Department of Poultry Science,</institution><institution>University of Arkansas,</institution></institution-wrap>Fayetteville, AR USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisch, Kathleen M" sort="Fisch, Kathleen M" uniqKey="Fisch K" first="Kathleen M." last="Fisch">Kathleen M. Fisch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Maio, Antonio" sort="De Maio, Antonio" uniqKey="De Maio A" first="Antonio" last="De Maio">Antonio De Maio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cell Stress & Chaperones</title><idno type="ISSN">1355-8145</idno><idno type="eISSN">1466-1268</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Urbanization in low-income countries represents an important inflection point in the epidemiology of disease, with rural populations experiencing high rates of chronic and recurrent infections and urban populations displaying a profile of noncommunicable diseases. To investigate if urbanization alters the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, we queried gene microarray data from rural and urban populations living in Morocco (GSE17065). The R Bioconductor packages edgeR and limma were used to identify genes with different expression. The experimental design was modeled upon location and sex. Nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were identified from the MitoCarta2.0 database. Of the 1158 genes listed in the MitoCarta2.0 database, 847 genes (73%) were available for analysis in the Moroccan dataset. The urban-rural comparison with the greatest environmental differences showed that 76.5% of the MitoCarta2.0 genes were differentially expressed, with 97% of the genes having an increased expression in the urban area. Enrichment analysis revealed 367 significantly enriched pathways (adjusted <italic>p</italic> value < 0.05), with oxidative phosphorylation, insulin secretion and glucose regulations (adj.<italic>p</italic> values = 6.93E-16) being the top three. Four significantly perturbed KEGG disease pathways were associated with urbanization—three degenerative neurological diseases (Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases) and herpes simplex infection (false discover rate corrected <italic>p</italic> value (PGFdr) < 0.2). Mitochondrial RNA metabolic processing and translational elongation were the biological processes that had the greatest enrichment (enrichment ratios 14.0 and 14.8, respectively, FDR < 0.5). Our study links urbanization in Morocco with changes in the expression of the nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.</p><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (10.1007/s12192-020-01108-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cell Stress Chaperones</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Cell Stress Chaperones</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Cell Stress & Chaperones</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1355-8145</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1466-1268</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Netherlands</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32319023</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7591688</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1108</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12192-020-01108-x</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Differential expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins from urban and rural populations in Morocco</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Bickler</surname><given-names>Stephen W.</given-names></name><address><email>sbickler@health.ucsd.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prieto</surname><given-names>James M.</given-names></name><address><email>jprieto4570@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cauvi</surname><given-names>David M.</given-names></name><address><email>dcauvi@health.ucsd.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Cos</surname><given-names>Victor</given-names></name><address><email>Victor.decos@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nasamran</surname><given-names>Chanond</given-names></name><address><email>cnasamran@ucsd.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ameh</surname><given-names>Emmanuel</given-names></name><address><email>eaameh@yahoo.co.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>Said</given-names></name><address><email>saidmamin@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>Sneha</given-names></name><address><email>snicholson@rchsd.org</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Din</surname><given-names>Hena</given-names></name><address><email>hdin@rchsd.org</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mocumbi</surname><given-names>Ana Olga</given-names></name><address><email>amocumbi@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Noormahomed</surname><given-names>Emilia Virginia</given-names></name><address><email>enoormahomed@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tellez-Isaias</surname><given-names>Guillermo</given-names></name><address><email>tellez@uark.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fisch</surname><given-names>Kathleen M.</given-names></name><address><email>kfisch@ucsd.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Maio</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><address><email>ademaio@health.ucsd.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff11">11</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Division of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>Rady Children’s Hospital—University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>3030 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123 USA</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415879.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0639 7318</institution-id><institution>Department of Surgery,</institution><institution>Naval Medical Center San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>San Diego, CA USA</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Pediatric Surgery,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416685.8</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0647 037X</institution-id><institution>Department of Histopathology,</institution><institution>National Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Abuja, Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419229.5</institution-id><institution>Instituto Nacional de Saúde,</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</aff><aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8295.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,</institution><institution>Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM),</institution></institution-wrap>Maputo, Mozambique</aff><aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411017.2</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2151 0999</institution-id><institution>Department of Poultry Science,</institution><institution>University of Arkansas,</institution></institution-wrap>Fayetteville, AR USA</aff><aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266100.3</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2107 4242</institution-id><institution>Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of California San Diego,</institution></institution-wrap>La Jolla, CA 92093 USA</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>847</fpage><lpage>856</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Cell Stress Society International 2020</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">Urbanization in low-income countries represents an important inflection point in the epidemiology of disease, with rural populations experiencing high rates of chronic and recurrent infections and urban populations displaying a profile of noncommunicable diseases. To investigate if urbanization alters the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, we queried gene microarray data from rural and urban populations living in Morocco (GSE17065). The R Bioconductor packages edgeR and limma were used to identify genes with different expression. The experimental design was modeled upon location and sex. Nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were identified from the MitoCarta2.0 database. Of the 1158 genes listed in the MitoCarta2.0 database, 847 genes (73%) were available for analysis in the Moroccan dataset. The urban-rural comparison with the greatest environmental differences showed that 76.5% of the MitoCarta2.0 genes were differentially expressed, with 97% of the genes having an increased expression in the urban area. Enrichment analysis revealed 367 significantly enriched pathways (adjusted <italic>p</italic> value < 0.05), with oxidative phosphorylation, insulin secretion and glucose regulations (adj.<italic>p</italic> values = 6.93E-16) being the top three. Four significantly perturbed KEGG disease pathways were associated with urbanization—three degenerative neurological diseases (Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases) and herpes simplex infection (false discover rate corrected <italic>p</italic> value (PGFdr) < 0.2). Mitochondrial RNA metabolic processing and translational elongation were the biological processes that had the greatest enrichment (enrichment ratios 14.0 and 14.8, respectively, FDR < 0.5). Our study links urbanization in Morocco with changes in the expression of the nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.</p><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (10.1007/s12192-020-01108-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Humans</kwd><kwd>Urbanization</kwd><kwd>Noncommunicable diseases</kwd><kwd>RNA</kwd><kwd>Mitochondrial</kwd><kwd>Morocco</kwd><kwd>Gene expression</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002</institution-id><institution>National Institutes of Health</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>R25TW011216</award-id></award-group></funding-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>University of California San Diego, CTRI</institution></funding-source><award-id>UL1TR001442</award-id></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Cell Stress Society International 2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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