Mechanical Forces and Lymphatic Transport
Identifieur interne : 003270 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 003269; suivant : 003271Mechanical Forces and Lymphatic Transport
Auteurs : Jerome W. BreslinSource :
- Microvascular research [ 0026-2862 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
This review examines current understanding of how the lymphatic vessel network can optimize lymph flow in response to various mechanical forces. Lymphatics are organized as a vascular tree, with blind-ended initial lymphatics, precollectors, prenodal collecting lymphatics, lymph nodes, postnodal collecting lymphatics and the larger trunks (thoracic duct and right lymph duct) that connect to the subclavian veins. The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid depends heavily on oscillating pressure gradients to drive fluid into initial lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics are segmented vessels with unidirectional valves, with each segment, called a lymphangion, possessing an intrinsic pumping mechanism. The lymphangions propel lymph forward against a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Fluid is returned to the central circulation both at lymph nodes and via the larger lymphatic trunks. Several recent developments are discussed, including: evidence for the active role of endothelial cells in lymph formation; recent developments on how inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and shear stress affect pump function of the lymphangion; lymphatic valve gating mechanisms; collecting lymphatic permeability; and current interpretations of the molecular mechanisms within lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle. Improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms by lymphatic vessels sense mechanical stimuli, integrate the information, and generate the appropriate response is key for determining the pathogenesis of lymphatic insufficiency and developing treatments for lymphedema.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.013
PubMed: 25107458
PubMed Central: 4267889
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PMC:4267889Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">This review examines current understanding of how the lymphatic vessel network can optimize lymph flow in response to various mechanical forces. Lymphatics are organized as a vascular tree, with blind-ended initial lymphatics, precollectors, prenodal collecting lymphatics, lymph nodes, postnodal collecting lymphatics and the larger trunks (thoracic duct and right lymph duct) that connect to the subclavian veins. The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid depends heavily on oscillating pressure gradients to drive fluid into initial lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics are segmented vessels with unidirectional valves, with each segment, called a lymphangion, possessing an intrinsic pumping mechanism. The lymphangions propel lymph forward against a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Fluid is returned to the central circulation both at lymph nodes and via the larger lymphatic trunks. Several recent developments are discussed, including: evidence for the active role of endothelial cells in lymph formation; recent developments on how inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and shear stress affect pump function of the lymphangion; lymphatic valve gating mechanisms; collecting lymphatic permeability; and current interpretations of the molecular mechanisms within lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle. Improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms by lymphatic vessels sense mechanical stimuli, integrate the information, and generate the appropriate response is key for determining the pathogenesis of lymphatic insufficiency and developing treatments for lymphedema.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0165035</journal-id>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Microvasc Res</journal-id>
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<title-group><article-title>Mechanical Forces and Lymphatic Transport</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Breslin</surname>
<given-names>Jerome W.</given-names>
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<aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL</aff>
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<author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Address Correspondence to: Jerome W. Breslin, PhD, Associate Professor, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612, +1 (813) 974-7631, <email>jbreslin@health.usf.edu</email>
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<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>9</day>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
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<volume>0</volume>
<fpage>46</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.013</pmc-comment>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
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<abstract><p id="P2">This review examines current understanding of how the lymphatic vessel network can optimize lymph flow in response to various mechanical forces. Lymphatics are organized as a vascular tree, with blind-ended initial lymphatics, precollectors, prenodal collecting lymphatics, lymph nodes, postnodal collecting lymphatics and the larger trunks (thoracic duct and right lymph duct) that connect to the subclavian veins. The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid depends heavily on oscillating pressure gradients to drive fluid into initial lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics are segmented vessels with unidirectional valves, with each segment, called a lymphangion, possessing an intrinsic pumping mechanism. The lymphangions propel lymph forward against a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Fluid is returned to the central circulation both at lymph nodes and via the larger lymphatic trunks. Several recent developments are discussed, including: evidence for the active role of endothelial cells in lymph formation; recent developments on how inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and shear stress affect pump function of the lymphangion; lymphatic valve gating mechanisms; collecting lymphatic permeability; and current interpretations of the molecular mechanisms within lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle. Improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms by lymphatic vessels sense mechanical stimuli, integrate the information, and generate the appropriate response is key for determining the pathogenesis of lymphatic insufficiency and developing treatments for lymphedema.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Lymphatic endothelium</kwd>
<kwd>lymphatic muscle</kwd>
<kwd>lymphatic myogenic response</kwd>
<kwd>lymphatic contractile cycle</kwd>
<kwd>lymphedema</kwd>
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