Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011
Identifieur interne : 002192 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002191; suivant : 002193Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011
Auteurs : Patricia M. Graves [Australie] ; Leo Makita [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Melinda Susapu [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Molly A. Brady [Philippines] ; Wayne Melrose [Australie] ; Corinne Capuano [Philippines] ; Zaixing Zhang [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Luo Dapeng [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Masayo Ozaki [États-Unis] ; David Reeve [Australie] ; Kazuyo Ichimori [Suisse] ; Walter M. Kazadi [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Frederick Michna [Australie] ; Moses J. Bockarie ; Louise A. Kelly-HopeSource :
- Parasites & Vectors [ 1756-3305 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by
A systematic literature review identified LF surveys in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 2011. Results were extracted by location, time period and test used (blood slide, immunochromatographic test (ICT) or Og4C3 ELISA) and combined by district. Three criteria schemes based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis guidelines, with modifications, were developed to classify and prioritize districts by prevalence level. Results of repeated surveys in the same sites were used to investigate the impact of MDA on LF prevalence over the time period.
There were 312 distinct survey sites identified in 80 of the 89 districts over the 31-year period. The overall LF prevalence in the sites tested was estimated at 18.5 to 27.5% by blood slide for microfilariae (Mf), 10.1% to 12.9% by ICT and 45.4% to 48.8% by Og4C3. Biases in site selection towards areas with LF, and change in type of assay used, affected the prevalence estimates, but overall decline in prevalence over the time period was observed. Depending on the criteria used, 34 to 36 districts (population 2.7 to 2.9 million) were classed as high endemic (≥5% prevalence), 15 to 25 districts (1.7 to 1.9 million) as low endemic (<5%) and 20 to 31 (1.3 to 2.2 million) as non-endemic. Nine districts (0.7 million) had no information. The strong impact of MDA, especially on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence, was noted in sites with repeat surveys.
This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea enables better estimation of the national burden, identifies gaps in knowledge, quantifies and locates the population at risk, and can be used to predict the likely impact of MDA and/or vector control. Better targeting of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, facilitate monitoring of the disease trend and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of LF elimination by 2020.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-7
PubMed: 23311302
PubMed Central: 3606332
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Graves</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I8">James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4870</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makita, Leo" sort="Makita, Leo" uniqKey="Makita L" first="Leo" last="Makita">Leo Makita</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A" last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wayne" sort="Melrose, Wayne" uniqKey="Melrose W" first="Wayne" last="Melrose">Wayne Melrose</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capuano, Corinne" sort="Capuano, Corinne" uniqKey="Capuano C" first="Corinne" last="Capuano">Corinne Capuano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Zaixing" sort="Zhang, Zaixing" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Zaixing" last="Zhang">Zaixing Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dapeng, Luo" sort="Dapeng, Luo" uniqKey="Dapeng L" first="Luo" last="Dapeng">Luo Dapeng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Masayo" sort="Ozaki, Masayo" uniqKey="Ozaki M" first="Masayo" last="Ozaki">Masayo Ozaki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Fiji</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reeve, David" sort="Reeve, David" uniqKey="Reeve D" first="David" last="Reeve">David Reeve</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ichimori, Kazuyo" sort="Ichimori, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Ichimori K" first="Kazuyo" last="Ichimori">Kazuyo Ichimori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazadi, Walter M" sort="Kazadi, Walter M" uniqKey="Kazadi W" first="Walter M" last="Kazadi">Walter M. Kazadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michna, Frederick" sort="Michna, Frederick" uniqKey="Michna F" first="Frederick" last="Michna">Frederick Michna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, Louise A" sort="Kelly Hope, Louise A" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L" first="Louise A" last="Kelly-Hope">Louise A. Kelly-Hope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23311302</idno><idno type="pmc">3606332</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606332</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3606332</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1756-3305-6-7</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B22</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B22</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002B21</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002B21</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002192</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002192</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011</title><author><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M" last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I8">James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4870</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makita, Leo" sort="Makita, Leo" uniqKey="Makita L" first="Leo" last="Makita">Leo Makita</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A" last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wayne" sort="Melrose, Wayne" uniqKey="Melrose W" first="Wayne" last="Melrose">Wayne Melrose</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capuano, Corinne" sort="Capuano, Corinne" uniqKey="Capuano C" first="Corinne" last="Capuano">Corinne Capuano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Zaixing" sort="Zhang, Zaixing" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Zaixing" last="Zhang">Zaixing Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dapeng, Luo" sort="Dapeng, Luo" uniqKey="Dapeng L" first="Luo" last="Dapeng">Luo Dapeng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Masayo" sort="Ozaki, Masayo" uniqKey="Ozaki M" first="Masayo" last="Ozaki">Masayo Ozaki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Fiji</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reeve, David" sort="Reeve, David" uniqKey="Reeve D" first="David" last="Reeve">David Reeve</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ichimori, Kazuyo" sort="Ichimori, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Ichimori K" first="Kazuyo" last="Ichimori">Kazuyo Ichimori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazadi, Walter M" sort="Kazadi, Walter M" uniqKey="Kazadi W" first="Walter M" last="Kazadi">Walter M. Kazadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO, Port Moresby</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Moresby</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michna, Frederick" sort="Michna, Frederick" uniqKey="Michna F" first="Frederick" last="Michna">Frederick Michna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, Louise A" sort="Kelly Hope, Louise A" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L" first="Louise A" last="Kelly-Hope">Louise A. Kelly-Hope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Parasites & Vectors</title><idno type="eISSN">1756-3305</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic> is present at high prevalence in some parts of Papua New Guinea. However, there has been no rigorous data-based representative assessment of nationwide prevalence of LF. The LF programme has been daunted by the scope of the problem, and progress on mass drug administration (MDA) has been slow and lacking in resources.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A systematic literature review identified LF surveys in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 2011. Results were extracted by location, time period and test used (blood slide, immunochromatographic test (ICT) or Og4C3 ELISA) and combined by district. Three criteria schemes based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis guidelines, with modifications, were developed to classify and prioritize districts by prevalence level. Results of repeated surveys in the same sites were used to investigate the impact of MDA on LF prevalence over the time period.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>There were 312 distinct survey sites identified in 80 of the 89 districts over the 31-year period. The overall LF prevalence in the sites tested was estimated at 18.5 to 27.5% by blood slide for microfilariae (Mf), 10.1% to 12.9% by ICT and 45.4% to 48.8% by Og4C3. Biases in site selection towards areas with LF, and change in type of assay used, affected the prevalence estimates, but overall decline in prevalence over the time period was observed. Depending on the criteria used, 34 to 36 districts (population 2.7 to 2.9 million) were classed as high endemic (≥5% prevalence), 15 to 25 districts (1.7 to 1.9 million) as low endemic (<5%) and 20 to 31 (1.3 to 2.2 million) as non-endemic. Nine districts (0.7 million) had no information. The strong impact of MDA, especially on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence, was noted in sites with repeat surveys.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea enables better estimation of the national burden, identifies gaps in knowledge, quantifies and locates the population at risk, and can be used to predict the likely impact of MDA and/or vector control. Better targeting of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, facilitate monitoring of the disease trend and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of LF elimination by 2020.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bundy, Da" uniqKey="Bundy D">DA Bundy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prybylski, D" uniqKey="Prybylski D">D Prybylski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alto, Wa" uniqKey="Alto W">WA Alto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mengeap, S" uniqKey="Mengeap S">S Mengeap</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odaibaiyue, S" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Parasit Vectors</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Parasit Vectors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Parasites & Vectors</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1756-3305</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23311302</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3606332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1756-3305-6-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1756-3305-6-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Graves</surname><given-names>Patricia M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref><email>patricia.graves@jcu.edu.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Makita</surname><given-names>Leo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>leo.makita@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Susapu</surname><given-names>Melinda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>msusapu@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>Molly A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>mollyabrady@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Melrose</surname><given-names>Wayne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>wayne.melrose@jcu.edu.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Capuano</surname><given-names>Corinne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>capuanoc@wpro.who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Zaixing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>zhangz@wpro.who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Dapeng</surname><given-names>Luo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>luod@wpro.who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>Ozaki</surname><given-names>Masayo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref><email>masayo.ozaki@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A10"><name><surname>Reeve</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>davemreeve@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A11"><name><surname>Ichimori</surname><given-names>Kazuyo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref><email>ichimorik@who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A12"><name><surname>Kazadi</surname><given-names>Walter M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>kazadimulombow@wpro.who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A13"><name><surname>Michna</surname><given-names>Frederick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>kazadimulombow@wpro.who.int</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A14"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname><given-names>Moses J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><email>moses.bockarie@liverpool.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A15"><name><surname>Kelly-Hope</surname><given-names>Louise A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><email>L.Kelly-Hope@liverpool.ac.uk</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</aff><aff id="I6"><label>6</label>WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I7"><label>7</label>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</aff><aff id="I8"><label>8</label>James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</aff><aff id="I9"><label>9</label>Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2013 Graves et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Graves et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/7"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic> is present at high prevalence in some parts of Papua New Guinea. However, there has been no rigorous data-based representative assessment of nationwide prevalence of LF. The LF programme has been daunted by the scope of the problem, and progress on mass drug administration (MDA) has been slow and lacking in resources.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A systematic literature review identified LF surveys in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 2011. Results were extracted by location, time period and test used (blood slide, immunochromatographic test (ICT) or Og4C3 ELISA) and combined by district. Three criteria schemes based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis guidelines, with modifications, were developed to classify and prioritize districts by prevalence level. Results of repeated surveys in the same sites were used to investigate the impact of MDA on LF prevalence over the time period.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>There were 312 distinct survey sites identified in 80 of the 89 districts over the 31-year period. The overall LF prevalence in the sites tested was estimated at 18.5 to 27.5% by blood slide for microfilariae (Mf), 10.1% to 12.9% by ICT and 45.4% to 48.8% by Og4C3. Biases in site selection towards areas with LF, and change in type of assay used, affected the prevalence estimates, but overall decline in prevalence over the time period was observed. Depending on the criteria used, 34 to 36 districts (population 2.7 to 2.9 million) were classed as high endemic (≥5% prevalence), 15 to 25 districts (1.7 to 1.9 million) as low endemic (<5%) and 20 to 31 (1.3 to 2.2 million) as non-endemic. Nine districts (0.7 million) had no information. The strong impact of MDA, especially on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence, was noted in sites with repeat surveys.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea enables better estimation of the national burden, identifies gaps in knowledge, quantifies and locates the population at risk, and can be used to predict the likely impact of MDA and/or vector control. Better targeting of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, facilitate monitoring of the disease trend and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of LF elimination by 2020.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Lymphatic filariasis</kwd><kwd>Papua New Guinea</kwd><kwd>Mapping</kwd><kwd>Mass drug administration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</li><li>Philippines</li><li>Suisse</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alabama</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, Louise A" sort="Kelly Hope, Louise A" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L" first="Louise A" last="Kelly-Hope">Louise A. Kelly-Hope</name></noCountry><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M" last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M" last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name><name sortKey="Melrose, Wayne" sort="Melrose, Wayne" uniqKey="Melrose W" first="Wayne" last="Melrose">Wayne Melrose</name><name sortKey="Michna, Frederick" sort="Michna, Frederick" uniqKey="Michna F" first="Frederick" last="Michna">Frederick Michna</name><name sortKey="Reeve, David" sort="Reeve, David" uniqKey="Reeve D" first="David" last="Reeve">David Reeve</name></country><country name="Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée"><noRegion><name sortKey="Makita, Leo" sort="Makita, Leo" uniqKey="Makita L" first="Leo" last="Makita">Leo Makita</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dapeng, Luo" sort="Dapeng, Luo" uniqKey="Dapeng L" first="Luo" last="Dapeng">Luo Dapeng</name><name sortKey="Kazadi, Walter M" sort="Kazadi, Walter M" uniqKey="Kazadi W" first="Walter M" last="Kazadi">Walter M. Kazadi</name><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Zaixing" sort="Zhang, Zaixing" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Zaixing" last="Zhang">Zaixing Zhang</name></country><country name="Philippines"><noRegion><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A" last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Capuano, Corinne" sort="Capuano, Corinne" uniqKey="Capuano C" first="Corinne" last="Capuano">Corinne Capuano</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Alabama"><name sortKey="Ozaki, Masayo" sort="Ozaki, Masayo" uniqKey="Ozaki M" first="Masayo" last="Ozaki">Masayo Ozaki</name></region></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ichimori, Kazuyo" sort="Ichimori, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Ichimori K" first="Kazuyo" last="Ichimori">Kazuyo Ichimori</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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