Heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in Northern China.
Identifieur interne : 000397 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000396; suivant : 000398Heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in Northern China.
Auteurs : Junfeng Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaoya Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Shimeng Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Shutong He [Pays-Bas] ; Xiao Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Pan He [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Applied energy [ 0306-2619 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
In response to the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of control measures. The causal effect of these control measures on air quality is an important consideration for extreme air pollution control in China. Here, we established a difference-in-differences model to quantitatively estimate the lockdown effect on air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We found that the lockdown measures did have an obvious effect on air quality. The air quality index (AQI) was reduced by 15.2%, the concentration of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO were reduced by 37.8%, 33.6%, 21.5%, and 20.4% respectively. At the same time, we further explored the heterogeneous effects of travel restrictions and the control measure intensity on air quality. We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO2 with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2-4%. This study not only provides a natural, experimental basis for control measures on air quality but also indicates an important direction for future control strategies. Importantly, determining the estimated effect helps formulate accurate and effective intervention measures on the differentiated level of air pollution, especially on extreme air pollution.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179
PubMed: 33199939
PubMed Central: PMC7657037
Affiliations:
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Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081HV Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiao" sort="Li, Xiao" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiao" last="Li">Xiao Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Pan" sort="He, Pan" uniqKey="He P" first="Pan" last="He">Pan He</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Applied energy</title><idno type="ISSN">0306-2619</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In response to the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of control measures. The causal effect of these control measures on air quality is an important consideration for extreme air pollution control in China. Here, we established a difference-in-differences model to quantitatively estimate the lockdown effect on air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We found that the lockdown measures did have an obvious effect on air quality. The air quality index (AQI) was reduced by 15.2%, the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub>, PM10, PM2.5, and CO were reduced by 37.8%, 33.6%, 21.5%, and 20.4% respectively. At the same time, we further explored the heterogeneous effects of travel restrictions and the control measure intensity on air quality. We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO<sub>2</sub> with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2-4%. This study not only provides a natural, experimental basis for control measures on air quality but also indicates an important direction for future control strategies. Importantly, determining the estimated effect helps formulate accurate and effective intervention measures on the differentiated level of air pollution, especially on extreme air pollution.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33199939</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>08</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0306-2619</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>282</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Applied energy</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Appl Energy</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in Northern China.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>116179</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In response to the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of control measures. The causal effect of these control measures on air quality is an important consideration for extreme air pollution control in China. Here, we established a difference-in-differences model to quantitatively estimate the lockdown effect on air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We found that the lockdown measures did have an obvious effect on air quality. The air quality index (AQI) was reduced by 15.2%, the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub>, PM10, PM2.5, and CO were reduced by 37.8%, 33.6%, 21.5%, and 20.4% respectively. At the same time, we further explored the heterogeneous effects of travel restrictions and the control measure intensity on air quality. We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO<sub>2</sub> with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2-4%. This study not only provides a natural, experimental basis for control measures on air quality but also indicates an important direction for future control strategies. Importantly, determining the estimated effect helps formulate accurate and effective intervention measures on the differentiated level of air pollution, especially on extreme air pollution.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Junfeng</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Xiaoya</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Shimeng</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Center for Resource, Energy and Environmental Policy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300500, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>He</LastName><ForeName>Shutong</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Xiao</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>He</LastName><ForeName>Pan</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100048, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Appl Energy</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101121743</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0306-2619</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Air pollution</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Control measures intensity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Heterogeneous effect</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Traffic restrictions</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>31</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>22</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33199939</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0306-2619(20)31582-8</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7657037</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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1;368(6490):493-497</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32213647</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country><region><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Pékin</li><li>Tianjin</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wang, Junfeng" sort="Wang, Junfeng" uniqKey="Wang J" first="Junfeng" last="Wang">Junfeng Wang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="He, Pan" sort="He, Pan" uniqKey="He P" first="Pan" last="He">Pan He</name><name sortKey="Li, Xiao" sort="Li, Xiao" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiao" last="Li">Xiao Li</name><name sortKey="Wang, Junfeng" sort="Wang, Junfeng" uniqKey="Wang J" first="Junfeng" last="Wang">Junfeng Wang</name><name sortKey="Wang, Shimeng" sort="Wang, Shimeng" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shimeng" last="Wang">Shimeng Wang</name><name sortKey="Wang, Shimeng" sort="Wang, Shimeng" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shimeng" last="Wang">Shimeng Wang</name><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaoya" sort="Xu, Xiaoya" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaoya" last="Xu">Xiaoya Xu</name><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaoya" sort="Xu, Xiaoya" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaoya" last="Xu">Xiaoya Xu</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="He, Shutong" sort="He, Shutong" uniqKey="He S" first="Shutong" last="He">Shutong He</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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