Mental Distress and Human Rights Violations During COVID-19: A Rapid Review of the Evidence Informing Rights, Mental Health Needs, and Public Policy Around Vulnerable Populations.
Identifieur interne : 000089 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000088; suivant : 000090Mental Distress and Human Rights Violations During COVID-19: A Rapid Review of the Evidence Informing Rights, Mental Health Needs, and Public Policy Around Vulnerable Populations.
Auteurs : Muhammad Rahman ; Rabab Ahmed ; Modhurima Moitra ; Laura Damschroder ; Ross Brownson ; Bruce Chorpita ; Priscilla Idele ; Fatima Gohar ; Keng Yen Huang ; Shekhar Saxena ; Joanna Lai ; Stefan Swartling Peterson ; Gary Harper ; Mary Mckay ; Beatrice Amugune ; Tammary Esho ; Keshet Ronen ; Caleb Othieno ; Manasi KumarSource :
- Frontiers in psychiatry [ 1664-0640 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease. Methods: We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data. Results: Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.603875
PubMed: 33488426
PubMed Central: PMC7820171
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pubmed:33488426Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Gohar, Fatima" sort="Gohar, Fatima" uniqKey="Gohar F" first="Fatima" last="Gohar">Fatima Gohar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Huang, Keng Yen" sort="Huang, Keng Yen" uniqKey="Huang K" first="Keng Yen" last="Huang">Keng Yen Huang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York University, New York, NY, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Saxena, Shekhar" sort="Saxena, Shekhar" uniqKey="Saxena S" first="Shekhar" last="Saxena">Shekhar Saxena</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Lai, Joanna" sort="Lai, Joanna" uniqKey="Lai J" first="Joanna" last="Lai">Joanna Lai</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Stefan Swartling" sort="Peterson, Stefan Swartling" uniqKey="Peterson S" first="Stefan Swartling" last="Peterson">Stefan Swartling Peterson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Harper, Gary" sort="Harper, Gary" uniqKey="Harper G" first="Gary" last="Harper">Gary Harper</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mckay, Mary" sort="Mckay, Mary" uniqKey="Mckay M" first="Mary" last="Mckay">Mary Mckay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amugune, Beatrice" sort="Amugune, Beatrice" uniqKey="Amugune B" first="Beatrice" last="Amugune">Beatrice Amugune</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Esho, Tammary" sort="Esho, Tammary" uniqKey="Esho T" first="Tammary" last="Esho">Tammary Esho</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ronen, Keshet" sort="Ronen, Keshet" uniqKey="Ronen K" first="Keshet" last="Ronen">Keshet Ronen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Othieno, Caleb" sort="Othieno, Caleb" uniqKey="Othieno C" first="Caleb" last="Othieno">Caleb Othieno</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, Manasi" sort="Kumar, Manasi" uniqKey="Kumar M" first="Manasi" last="Kumar">Manasi Kumar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mental Distress and Human Rights Violations During COVID-19: A Rapid Review of the Evidence Informing Rights, Mental Health Needs, and Public Policy Around Vulnerable Populations.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Rahman, Muhammad" sort="Rahman, Muhammad" uniqKey="Rahman M" first="Muhammad" last="Rahman">Muhammad Rahman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Rabab" sort="Ahmed, Rabab" uniqKey="Ahmed R" first="Rabab" last="Ahmed">Rabab Ahmed</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moitra, Modhurima" sort="Moitra, Modhurima" uniqKey="Moitra M" first="Modhurima" last="Moitra">Modhurima Moitra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Damschroder, Laura" sort="Damschroder, Laura" uniqKey="Damschroder L" first="Laura" last="Damschroder">Laura Damschroder</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brownson, Ross" sort="Brownson, Ross" uniqKey="Brownson R" first="Ross" last="Brownson">Ross Brownson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chorpita, Bruce" sort="Chorpita, Bruce" uniqKey="Chorpita B" first="Bruce" last="Chorpita">Bruce Chorpita</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Idele, Priscilla" sort="Idele, Priscilla" uniqKey="Idele P" first="Priscilla" last="Idele">Priscilla Idele</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gohar, Fatima" sort="Gohar, Fatima" uniqKey="Gohar F" first="Fatima" last="Gohar">Fatima Gohar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Keng Yen" sort="Huang, Keng Yen" uniqKey="Huang K" first="Keng Yen" last="Huang">Keng Yen Huang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York University, New York, NY, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saxena, Shekhar" sort="Saxena, Shekhar" uniqKey="Saxena S" first="Shekhar" last="Saxena">Shekhar Saxena</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lai, Joanna" sort="Lai, Joanna" uniqKey="Lai J" first="Joanna" last="Lai">Joanna Lai</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Stefan Swartling" sort="Peterson, Stefan Swartling" uniqKey="Peterson S" first="Stefan Swartling" last="Peterson">Stefan Swartling Peterson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harper, Gary" sort="Harper, Gary" uniqKey="Harper G" first="Gary" last="Harper">Gary Harper</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckay, Mary" sort="Mckay, Mary" uniqKey="Mckay M" first="Mary" last="Mckay">Mary Mckay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amugune, Beatrice" sort="Amugune, Beatrice" uniqKey="Amugune B" first="Beatrice" last="Amugune">Beatrice Amugune</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Esho, Tammary" sort="Esho, Tammary" uniqKey="Esho T" first="Tammary" last="Esho">Tammary Esho</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ronen, Keshet" sort="Ronen, Keshet" uniqKey="Ronen K" first="Keshet" last="Ronen">Keshet Ronen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Othieno, Caleb" sort="Othieno, Caleb" uniqKey="Othieno C" first="Caleb" last="Othieno">Caleb Othieno</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, Manasi" sort="Kumar, Manasi" uniqKey="Kumar M" first="Manasi" last="Kumar">Manasi Kumar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<series><title level="j">Frontiers in psychiatry</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1664-0640</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><b>Background:</b>
COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease. <b>Methods:</b>
We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data. <b>Results:</b>
Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences. <b>Conclusions:</b>
This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33488426</PMID>
<DateRevised><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>26</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1664-0640</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>11</Volume>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Frontiers in psychiatry</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Front Psychiatry</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Mental Distress and Human Rights Violations During COVID-19: A Rapid Review of the Evidence Informing Rights, Mental Health Needs, and Public Policy Around Vulnerable Populations.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>603875</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
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<Abstract><AbstractText><b>Background:</b>
COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease. <b>Methods:</b>
We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data. <b>Results:</b>
Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences. <b>Conclusions:</b>
This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Rahman, Ahmed, Moitra, Damschroder, Brownson, Chorpita, Idele, Gohar, Huang, Saxena, Lai, Peterson, Harper, McKay, Amugune, Esho, Ronen, Othieno and Kumar.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rahman</LastName>
<ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmed</LastName>
<ForeName>Rabab</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moitra</LastName>
<ForeName>Modhurima</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Damschroder</LastName>
<ForeName>Laura</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brownson</LastName>
<ForeName>Ross</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chorpita</LastName>
<ForeName>Bruce</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Idele</LastName>
<ForeName>Priscilla</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gohar</LastName>
<ForeName>Fatima</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName>
<ForeName>Keng Yen</ForeName>
<Initials>KY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>New York University, New York, NY, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saxena</LastName>
<ForeName>Shekhar</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lai</LastName>
<ForeName>Joanna</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peterson</LastName>
<ForeName>Stefan Swartling</ForeName>
<Initials>SS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harper</LastName>
<ForeName>Gary</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McKay</LastName>
<ForeName>Mary</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amugune</LastName>
<ForeName>Beatrice</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esho</LastName>
<ForeName>Tammary</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ronen</LastName>
<ForeName>Keshet</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Othieno</LastName>
<ForeName>Caleb</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName>
<ForeName>Manasi</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>08</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country>
<MedlineTA>Front Psychiatry</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>101545006</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>1664-0640</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">LMICs (low and middle income countries)</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">health care worker [non-MESH]</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">human rights</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">lockdown</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">mental and behavioral health</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">stigma and discrimination</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">vulnerable populations</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement>
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