Influenza vaccines and vaccinations in Poland – past, present and future
Identifieur interne : 000D99 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000D98; suivant : 000E00Influenza vaccines and vaccinations in Poland – past, present and future
Auteurs : Lidia B. Brydak [Pologne] ; Agnieszka Wo Niak Kosek [Pologne] ; Aneta Nitsch-Osuch [Pologne]Source :
- Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research [ 1234-1010 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Influenza causes seasonal infections worldwide that can lead to complications and deaths in every age group. The most effective and cheapest way to combat influenza is through vaccination. In many countries, including Poland, for each age group, the rate of vaccination against influenza is still at a very low level, which generates high social costs, not infrequently family tragedies in the case of irreversible complications of influenza, or death of a loved one. Regular vaccination should be part of good medical practice, as well as an individual’s engagement in their own health and in that of their family. Based on numerous studies, it is estimated that the effectiveness of current inactivated influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups ranges from 50–70%. According to data from the National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, the rate of vaccination in children in 2008 in Poland was very low. In the group of children aged from 6 months to 14 years, only 1.1–1.6% were vaccinated. Although influenza vaccination for people aged over 65 years was free of charge in many provinces in this group, only 13.4% of this population was immunized, while in the case of people with chronic diseases, only 11.1% were immunized. The vaccination rate among health care employees is an embarrassing 6.4%. More educational activities addressed to both medical professionals and patients are required in order to increase influenza vaccine coverage in Poland.
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DOI: 10.12659/MSM.883534
PubMed: 23111751
PubMed Central: 3560607
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Brydak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Univesity of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Univesity of Szczecin, Szczecin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kosek, Agnieszka Wo Niak" sort="Kosek, Agnieszka Wo Niak" uniqKey="Kosek A" first="Agnieszka Wo Niak" last="Kosek">Agnieszka Wo Niak Kosek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsch Osuch, Aneta" sort="Nitsch Osuch, Aneta" uniqKey="Nitsch Osuch A" first="Aneta" last="Nitsch-Osuch">Aneta Nitsch-Osuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23111751</idno><idno type="pmc">3560607</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560607</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3560607</idno><idno type="doi">10.12659/MSM.883534</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000D99</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000D99</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000D99</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000D99</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Influenza vaccines and vaccinations in Poland – past, present and future</title><author><name sortKey="Brydak, Lidia B" sort="Brydak, Lidia B" uniqKey="Brydak L" first="Lidia B." last="Brydak">Lidia B. Brydak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Univesity of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Univesity of Szczecin, Szczecin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kosek, Agnieszka Wo Niak" sort="Kosek, Agnieszka Wo Niak" uniqKey="Kosek A" first="Agnieszka Wo Niak" last="Kosek">Agnieszka Wo Niak Kosek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsch Osuch, Aneta" sort="Nitsch Osuch, Aneta" uniqKey="Nitsch Osuch A" first="Aneta" last="Nitsch-Osuch">Aneta Nitsch-Osuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1234-1010</idno><idno type="eISSN">1643-3750</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p>Influenza causes seasonal infections worldwide that can lead to complications and deaths in every age group. The most effective and cheapest way to combat influenza is through vaccination. In many countries, including Poland, for each age group, the rate of vaccination against influenza is still at a very low level, which generates high social costs, not infrequently family tragedies in the case of irreversible complications of influenza, or death of a loved one. Regular vaccination should be part of good medical practice, as well as an individual’s engagement in their own health and in that of their family. Based on numerous studies, it is estimated that the effectiveness of current inactivated influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups ranges from 50–70%. According to data from the National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, the rate of vaccination in children in 2008 in Poland was very low. In the group of children aged from 6 months to 14 years, only 1.1–1.6% were vaccinated. Although influenza vaccination for people aged over 65 years was free of charge in many provinces in this group, only 13.4% of this population was immunized, while in the case of people with chronic diseases, only 11.1% were immunized. The vaccination rate among health care employees is an embarrassing 6.4%. More educational activities addressed to both medical professionals and patients are required in order to increase influenza vaccine coverage in Poland.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brydak, Lb" uniqKey="Brydak L">LB Brydak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brydak, Lb" uniqKey="Brydak L">LB Brydak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reid, Ah" uniqKey="Reid A">AH Reid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tauberger, Jk" uniqKey="Tauberger J">JK Tauberger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borchardt, Ra" uniqKey="Borchardt R">RA Borchardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rolston, Kv" uniqKey="Rolston K">KV Rolston</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K Subbarao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kissling, E" uniqKey="Kissling E">E Kissling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valenciano, M" uniqKey="Valenciano M">M Valenciano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Ay" uniqKey="Joshi A">AY Joshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iyer, Vn" uniqKey="Iyer V">VN Iyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartz, Mf" uniqKey="Hartz M">MF Hartz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Janjua, Nz" uniqKey="Janjua N">NZ Janjua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skowronski, Dm" uniqKey="Skowronski D">DM Skowronski</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Serres, G" uniqKey="De Serres G">G De Serres</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marcelin, G" uniqKey="Marcelin G">G Marcelin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandbulte, Mr" uniqKey="Sandbulte M">MR Sandbulte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webby, Rj" uniqKey="Webby R">RJ Webby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lang, Po" uniqKey="Lang P">PO Lang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendes, A" uniqKey="Mendes A">A Mendes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Socquet, J" uniqKey="Socquet J">J Socquet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nitsch Osuch, A" uniqKey="Nitsch Osuch A">A Nitsch-Osuch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brydak, Lb" uniqKey="Brydak L">LB Brydak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wardyn, Ak" uniqKey="Wardyn A">AK Wardyn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, K" uniqKey="Wang K">K Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shun Shin, M" uniqKey="Shun Shin M">M Shun-Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, P" uniqKey="Gill P">P Gill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jefferson, T" uniqKey="Jefferson T">T Jefferson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Ma" uniqKey="Jones M">MA Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doshi, P" uniqKey="Doshi P">P Doshi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ushirogawa, H" uniqKey="Ushirogawa H">H Ushirogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, M" uniqKey="Ohuchi M">M Ohuchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stoner, Td" uniqKey="Stoner T">TD Stoner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krauss, S" uniqKey="Krauss S">S Krauss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Jc" uniqKey="Turner J">JC Turner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shetty, Ak" uniqKey="Shetty A">AK Shetty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peek, La" uniqKey="Peek L">LA Peek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Med Sci Monit</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Med. Sci. Monit</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Science Monitor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1234-1010</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1643-3750</issn><publisher><publisher-name>International Scientific Literature, Inc.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23111751</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3560607</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12659/MSM.883534</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">883534</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Influenza vaccines and vaccinations in Poland – past, present and future</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brydak</surname><given-names>Lidia B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kosek</surname><given-names>Agnieszka WoŸniak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nitsch-Osuch</surname><given-names>Aneta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166"><label>1</label>Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland</aff><aff id="af2-medscimonit-18-11-ra166"><label>2</label>Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Univesity of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland</aff><aff id="af3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166"><label>3</label>Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">Lidia Bernadeta Brydak, Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24 Str, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: <email>lbrydak@pzh.gov.pl</email> and <email>brydaklidia@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>RA166</fpage><lpage>RA171</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Med Sci Monit, 2012</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Summary</title><p>Influenza causes seasonal infections worldwide that can lead to complications and deaths in every age group. The most effective and cheapest way to combat influenza is through vaccination. In many countries, including Poland, for each age group, the rate of vaccination against influenza is still at a very low level, which generates high social costs, not infrequently family tragedies in the case of irreversible complications of influenza, or death of a loved one. Regular vaccination should be part of good medical practice, as well as an individual’s engagement in their own health and in that of their family. Based on numerous studies, it is estimated that the effectiveness of current inactivated influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups ranges from 50–70%. According to data from the National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, the rate of vaccination in children in 2008 in Poland was very low. In the group of children aged from 6 months to 14 years, only 1.1–1.6% were vaccinated. Although influenza vaccination for people aged over 65 years was free of charge in many provinces in this group, only 13.4% of this population was immunized, while in the case of people with chronic diseases, only 11.1% were immunized. The vaccination rate among health care employees is an embarrassing 6.4%. More educational activities addressed to both medical professionals and patients are required in order to increase influenza vaccine coverage in Poland.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>vaccines</kwd><kwd>Poland</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Recommendations for vaccination against influenza (ACIP, 2011) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">19</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Advisory Committee on Immunization (ACIP – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices), together with WHO, each year make recommendations regarding vaccination against influenza. According to them, the indications for the use of inactivated vaccines with <italic>split virion</italic> and <italic>subunit vaccines</italic> are as follows.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Clinical indications for influenza vaccination</bold><break></break>High-risk groups particularly vulnerable to the occurrence of complications of influenza</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently, it is recommended influenza vaccination for <bold>all persons, from 6 months old</bold>. Particular attention is, however, that vaccination should be extended to particular groups as follows:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>organ transplant individuals </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>all children aged 6 months – 4 years (59 months)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>all persons aged ≥50 years, because in this group greatly increases the number of people belonging to high risk groups </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>adults and children who have chronic pulmonary(including asthma), or cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurological, hematologic or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus);</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>persons who have immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>women who are or will be pregnant during the influenza season</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>children and adolescents (aged 6 months old - 18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy and who might be at risk for experiencing Reye syndrome after influenza virus infection;</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>residents of nursing homes, and other long-term- health care facilities </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>persons who are morbidly obese (BMI ≥40) </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Epidemiological indications for influenza vaccination</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persons who live with or care for person at higher risk for influenza-related complication (persons who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk and healthy people could be a source of infection for these persons):</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>HCP</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>household contacts and caregivers of children aged ≥5 years and adults aged ≥50 years, with particular emphasis on vaccinating of children aged ≥6 months;</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>household contacts and caregivers of person with medical conditions that put them at higher risk for severe complications from influenza</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>All health professionals; doctors, nurses and other staff of hospitals and outpatient centers, emergency services,</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>employees of nursing homes and care facilities who have contact with inmates or patients (including children), as well as persons providing home care to patients with high-risk groups</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>family members of persons belonging to high risk groups </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>cashiers, policemen, soldiers, teachers, kindergarten, journalists, construction workers, shop assistants shops and stores, craft service, etc.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>people caring for children under the age of 5 years, </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>public service employees, such as conductors, workers, shop and stores, craft service etc</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-medscimonit-18-11-ra166" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Influenza vaccines registered in Poland [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">3</xref>] (Brydak L.B. 2012).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Influenza vaccine received in cultured chick embryos:</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inactivated influenza vaccine split virion with:</italic><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>– VAXIGRIP (Sanofi Pasteur SA, F)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Fluarix (GlaxoSmithKline, B)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Begrivac (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, D)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– ID Flu <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">*</xref> (Sanofi Pasteur SA, F) </p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Subunit vaccines containing isolated surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, ie:</italic><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>– Influvac (Abbott, NL)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Agrippal (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics SRL, I)</p></list-item></list><italic>Vaccines wirosomalne:</italic><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>– Inflexal V (Berna Biotech I, S.r.I.)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Influenza vaccine received in the MDCK cell culture:</bold><break></break>Inactivated subunit influenza vaccine, containing isolated surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, ie:
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>– Optaflu (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, D)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Influenza vaccine received in the Vero cell culture:</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated influenza vaccine with split virion</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preflucel (Baxter,A)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166"><label>*</label><p>Vaccine administered intradermally.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-medscimonit-18-11-ra166" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Recommendations of the International Scientific Societies for influenza vaccination [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref>] (Brydak L.B. 2008).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>– Advisory Committee on Immunization (ACIP)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Working Party on Preventive Services (USPSTF U.S.)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American College of Internal Medicine</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Society of Internal Medicine, U.S.</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Society for Infectious Diseases (IDSA)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Canadian Working Group on Periodic Health Research</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Cancer Society</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Executive Director of the Department of Health UK</p></list-item><list-item><p>– American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Global Initiative on Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)</p></list-item><list-item><p>– Global Strategy for Recognition, Treatment and Prevention of Asthma (GINA guidlines) </p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-medscimonit-18-11-ra166" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Studies conducted in the Research Department of influenza viruses, the National Influenza Center, NIPH in collaboration with clinicians in the groups at risk and evaluated the humoral immune response to influenza vaccination [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref>] (Brydak L.B. 2008).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children aged 6–35 months, 3–8 years of age, 9–12 years 0.13–20 years of age</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), vaccinated at different times after treatment.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with severe haemophilia and mild.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with glomerulonephritis.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with chronic renal failure subjected to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and chronic renal failure vaccinated once and twice.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children infected with HIV.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children vaccinated after splenectomy in age groups 0–5 years of age, 6–10 years of age, 11–15 years of age, (<italic>dissertation</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with aplastic anaemia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with inflammatory bowel disease</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Adults</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults aged 1921–1930 years of age, from 1931 to 1940 years of age, from 1941 to 1950 years of age, from 1951 to 1964 years of age, >64 years (<italic>2 dissertations</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Billeted students of the Military Medical Academy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients chronically ill</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with chronic renal failure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients after renal allograft resipients</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients infected with HIV at various levels of CD4, with symptoms of AIDS and asymptomatic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with breast cancer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with cancer of the thyroid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with asthma (<italic>part of PhD thesis</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (<italic>part of PhD thesis</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with a group of young and elderly (<italic>dissertation</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with acute cardiovascular events (<italic>some of the habilitation thesis</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with malignant lymphomas-Hodgkin’s (<italic>PhD thesis</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with lupus (<italic>PhD thesis</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with primary systemic vascular inflammation: Wegner’s granulomatosis (<italic>part of the habilitation thesis</italic>)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-medscimonit-18-11-ra166" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Reasons for low prevalence of influenza vaccination [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-medscimonit-18-11-ra166">1</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>lack of doctors’ greater acceptance for this form of prevention</p></list-item><list-item><p>lack of awareness about the legal obligation of doctors to recommend vaccination</p></list-item><list-item><p>insufficient knowledge about influenza and its complications cost, not only in individual cases, but in the whole country</p></list-item><list-item><p>insufficient knowledge about the types of vaccines</p></list-item><list-item><p>the expectation that vaccination protects against all upper respiratory tract infections (unrealistic, since respiratory viruses are about 200 types)</p></list-item><list-item><p>confuse influenza with the common cold in this example, <italic>stomach flu</italic> or other respiratory infections</p></list-item><list-item><p>frequent adverse events after vaccination confusion with influenza complications</p></list-item><list-item><p>the need to repeat vaccination every epidemiologic season </p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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