Genetic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses: Cocirculation of Avian Influenza Viruses with Allele A and B Nonstructural Gene in Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Ducks Wintering in Japan
Identifieur interne : 000987 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000986; suivant : 000988Genetic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses: Cocirculation of Avian Influenza Viruses with Allele A and B Nonstructural Gene in Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Ducks Wintering in Japan
Auteurs : Alam Jahangir [Japon, Bangladesh] ; Sakchai Ruenphet [Japon] ; Nadia Sultana [Japon] ; Dany Shoham [Japon, Israël] ; Kazuaki Takehara [Japon]Source :
- Influenza Research and Treatment [ 2090-1380 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The pandemic influenza virus strains of 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2), and 2009 (H1N1) have genes related to avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The nonstructural (NS) gene of AIVs plays a significant role in host-viral interaction. However, little is known about the degree of diversity of this gene in Northern pintail (
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DOI: 10.1155/2012/847505
PubMed: 23320157
PubMed Central: 3540751
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genetic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses: Cocirculation of Avian Influenza Viruses with Allele A and B Nonstructural Gene in Northern Pintail (<italic>Anas acuta</italic>) Ducks Wintering in Japan</title><author><name sortKey="Jahangir, Alam" sort="Jahangir, Alam" uniqKey="Jahangir A" first="Alam" last="Jahangir">Alam Jahangir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruenphet, Sakchai" sort="Ruenphet, Sakchai" uniqKey="Ruenphet S" first="Sakchai" last="Ruenphet">Sakchai Ruenphet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultana, Nadia" sort="Sultana, Nadia" uniqKey="Sultana N" first="Nadia" last="Sultana">Nadia Sultana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shoham, Dany" sort="Shoham, Dany" uniqKey="Shoham D" first="Dany" last="Shoham">Dany Shoham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 52900, Ramat Gan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takehara, Kazuaki" sort="Takehara, Kazuaki" uniqKey="Takehara K" first="Kazuaki" last="Takehara">Kazuaki Takehara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23320157</idno><idno type="pmc">3540751</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3540751</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3540751</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2012/847505</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000987</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000987</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000987</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000987</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses: Cocirculation of Avian Influenza Viruses with Allele A and B Nonstructural Gene in Northern Pintail (<italic>Anas acuta</italic>) Ducks Wintering in Japan</title><author><name sortKey="Jahangir, Alam" sort="Jahangir, Alam" uniqKey="Jahangir A" first="Alam" last="Jahangir">Alam Jahangir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruenphet, Sakchai" sort="Ruenphet, Sakchai" uniqKey="Ruenphet S" first="Sakchai" last="Ruenphet">Sakchai Ruenphet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultana, Nadia" sort="Sultana, Nadia" uniqKey="Sultana N" first="Nadia" last="Sultana">Nadia Sultana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shoham, Dany" sort="Shoham, Dany" uniqKey="Shoham D" first="Dany" last="Shoham">Dany Shoham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 52900, Ramat Gan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takehara, Kazuaki" sort="Takehara, Kazuaki" uniqKey="Takehara K" first="Kazuaki" last="Takehara">Kazuaki Takehara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Influenza Research and Treatment</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-1380</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-1399</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The pandemic influenza virus strains of 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2), and 2009 (H1N1) have genes related to avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The nonstructural (NS) gene of AIVs plays a significant role in host-viral interaction. However, little is known about the degree of diversity of this gene in Northern pintail (<italic>Anas acuta</italic>) ducks wintering in Japan. This study describes characteristics of pintail-originated H1N1, H1N2, H1N3, H5N2, H5N3, H5N9, and H7N7 viruses. Most of the viruses were revealed to be avian strains and not related to pandemic and seasonal flu strains. Nevertheless, the NP genes of 62.5% (5/8) viruses were found closely related to a A/swine/Korea/C12/08, indicating exchange of genetic material and ongoing mammalian-linked evolution of AIVs. Besides, all the viruses, except Aomori/422/07 H1N1, contain PSIQSR∗GLF motif usually found in avian, porcine, and human H1 strains. The Aomori/422/07 H1N1 has a PSVQSR∗GLF motif identical to a North American strain. This findings linked to an important intercontinental, Asian-American biogeographical interface. Phylogenetically all the viruses were clustered in Eurasian lineage. Cocirculation of allele A and B (NS gene) viruses was evident in the study implying the existence of a wide reservoir of influenza A viruses in pintail wintering in Japan.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Campitelli, L" uniqKey="Campitelli L">L Campitelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabiani, C" uniqKey="Fabiani C">C Fabiani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puzelli, S" uniqKey="Puzelli S">S Puzelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krauss, S" uniqKey="Krauss S">S Krauss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, Rg" uniqKey="Webster R">RG Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Claas, Ecj" uniqKey="Claas E">ECJ Claas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Adme" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">ADME 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Influenza Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Influenza Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IRT</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Influenza Research and Treatment</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-1380</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-1399</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23320157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3540751</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/847505</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Genetic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses: Cocirculation of Avian Influenza Viruses with Allele A and B Nonstructural Gene in Northern Pintail (<italic>Anas acuta</italic>) Ducks Wintering in Japan</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jahangir</surname><given-names>Alam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruenphet</surname><given-names>Sakchai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sultana</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shoham</surname><given-names>Dany</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takehara</surname><given-names>Kazuaki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Alam Jahangir: <email>alamjahan2003@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Zichria Zakay-Rones</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>847505</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Alam Jahangir et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The pandemic influenza virus strains of 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2), and 2009 (H1N1) have genes related to avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The nonstructural (NS) gene of AIVs plays a significant role in host-viral interaction. However, little is known about the degree of diversity of this gene in Northern pintail (<italic>Anas acuta</italic>) ducks wintering in Japan. This study describes characteristics of pintail-originated H1N1, H1N2, H1N3, H5N2, H5N3, H5N9, and H7N7 viruses. Most of the viruses were revealed to be avian strains and not related to pandemic and seasonal flu strains. Nevertheless, the NP genes of 62.5% (5/8) viruses were found closely related to a A/swine/Korea/C12/08, indicating exchange of genetic material and ongoing mammalian-linked evolution of AIVs. Besides, all the viruses, except Aomori/422/07 H1N1, contain PSIQSR∗GLF motif usually found in avian, porcine, and human H1 strains. The Aomori/422/07 H1N1 has a PSVQSR∗GLF motif identical to a North American strain. This findings linked to an important intercontinental, Asian-American biogeographical interface. Phylogenetically all the viruses were clustered in Eurasian lineage. Cocirculation of allele A and B (NS gene) viruses was evident in the study implying the existence of a wide reservoir of influenza A viruses in pintail wintering in Japan.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from Northern pintails in Tohoku district, Japan. Included are different segment of AIVs. Individual tree was generated using neighbor-joining method and 1,000 replications of bootstrap resampling. The number at each branch point indicates percentage probability that the resultant topology is correct. The ORF of each gene segment (a) H1 (1701 bp), (b) N1 (1410 bp), (c) N2 (1410 bp), (d) NS (838 bp), and (e) NP (1497 bp) was employed to generate phylogram. Viruses of the present study were marked by black circle (●) in the tree. Strains with no host were assumed to human isolates.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IRT2012-847505.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Avian influenza viruses used in the present study<sup>a</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene segment sequenced</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA0 cleavage site<break></break>(*cleavage point)<sup>b</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/422/07 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA, NP, NA, and M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSVQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/794/08 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA, NP, NA, and M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Miyagi/1472/08 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA, NP, NA, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Akita/1265/08 H1N2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA, NP, NA, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Akita/1353/08 H1N2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA, NP, NA, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Akita/1364/08 H1N2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA<sup>c</sup>, NP, NA, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/1130/08 H1N3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PB2, PB1<sup>c</sup>, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PSIQSR*GLF</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/1192/08 H5N9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PA, NP, M, and NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Akita/1256/07 H5N2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Akita/1355/07 H5N2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/385/08 H5N3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Aomori/372/08 H7N7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/pintail/Miyagi/674/08 H7N7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>The viruses were isolated from apparently healthy migratory pintails wintering in Japan. Viruses were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. The entire open reading frame (until otherwise mentioned) of each gene segment was sequenced from PCR product; <sup>b</sup>the amino acid sequences were deduced from nucleotide sequences; <sup>c</sup>partial sequences—for H1 HA 765 base pair (760-1524) and for PB1 1350 base pair (1-1350); <sup>d</sup>not applicable.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Percentage identity (%) of nucleotide sequences of the HA genes of avian influenza viruses: intrahomology and interhomology with interrelated sequences from GenBank.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity<sup>a</sup> (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest identity<sup>b</sup> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subtype H1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/422/07 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96.5–100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/duck/Hebei/843/05 H1N2 (97.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/794/08 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">A/wild duck/JX/12416/05 H1N1 (>97.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Miyagi/1472/08 H1N1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1265/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1353/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1130/08 H1N3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Nucleotide sequence identity among the isolates; <sup>b</sup>identity with genes of viruses from GenBank.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Percentage identity (%) of nucleotide sequences of the NA genes of avian influenza viruses: intrahomology and interhomology with interrelated sequences from GenBank.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity<sup>a</sup> (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest identity<sup>b</sup> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subtype N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/422/07 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">96.8–99.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/duck/Tsukuba/67/05 H1N1 (98.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/794/08 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">A/duck/Mongolia/116/02 H1N1 (>98.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Miyagi/1472/08 H1N1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subtype N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1265/08 H1N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">99.7–99.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">A/goose/Gui Yang/3799/05 H5N2 (>98.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1353/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1364/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subtype N3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1130/08 H1N3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/duck/Niigata/514/06 H5N3 (99.6)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Nucleotide sequence identity within each gene segment of our isolates; <sup>b</sup>identity with genes of viruses from GenBank.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Percentage identity (%) of nucleotide sequences of the NS genes of avian influenza viruses: intrahomology and interhomology with interrelated sequences from GenBank.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity<sup>a</sup> (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest identity<sup>b</sup> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Segment 8 (NS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1256/07 H5N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">A/mallard/Xuyi/8/04 H11N? (99.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1355/07 H5N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/372/08 H7N7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">A/duck/Chabarovsk/1610/72 H3N8 (97.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Miyagi/674/08 H7N7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/385/08 H5N3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/duck/Denmark/65047/04 H5N2 (98.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1130/08 H1N3</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">50–100</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">A/mallard/Italy/4223-2/06H5N2 (>99.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1192/08 H5N9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1265/08 H1N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/mallard/Italy/4223-2/06H5N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/duck/Primorie/2633/01 H5N3 (both viruses 98.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1353/08 H1N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">A/duck/Primorie/2633/01 H5N3 (>98.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1364/08 H1N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Miyagi/1472/08 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Nucleotide sequence identity within each gene segment of our isolates; <sup>b</sup>identity with genes of viruses from GenBank.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Percentage identity (%) of nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (NP) coding genes of avian influenza viruses: intrahomology and interhomology with interrelated sequences from GenBank.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity<sup>a</sup> (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest identity<sup>b</sup> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Segment 5 (NP)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/422/07 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="9" colspan="1">90.4–99.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/garganey/SanJiang/160/06 H5N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/mallard/Hokkaido/24/09 H5N1 (both viruses 99.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/794/08 H1N1</td><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">A/swine/Korea/C12/08 H5N2 (>98.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1265/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1353/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Akita/1364/08 H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Miyagi/1472/08 H1N1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1130/08 H1N3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/garganey/SanJiang/160/06 H5N2 (97.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/pintail/Aomori/1192/08 H5N9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/baikal teal/Hongze/14/05 H11N9 A/duck/Hong Kong/MPS180/03 H4N6 (both viruses 97.2)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Nucleotide sequence identity within each gene segment of our isolates; <sup>b</sup>identity with genes of viruses from GenBank.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Comparison of avian H1N1 strain with pandemic and seasonal flu strains.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Aomori/422/07 H1N1 identity (%)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nucleotide</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amino acid</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nucleotide</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Segment 4 (HA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Brevig Mission/1/18 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Mexico city/001/09 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Japan/AF07/08 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Segment 6 (NA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Brevig Mission/1/18 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Mexico city/001/09 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A/Japan/AF07/08 H1N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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