Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol
Identifieur interne : 000259 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000258; suivant : 000260Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol
Auteurs : Guanying Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Cheng Peng [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaofang Xie [République populaire de Chine] ; Sanyin Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaoyu Cao [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is one of the critical bioactive ingredients and is mainly isolated from aerial part of
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2017/4850612
PubMed: 28421121
PubMed Central: 5379095
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol</title><author><name sortKey="Hu, Guanying" sort="Hu, Guanying" uniqKey="Hu G" first="Guanying" last="Hu">Guanying Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Cheng" sort="Peng, Cheng" uniqKey="Peng C" first="Cheng" last="Peng">Cheng Peng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Xiaofang" sort="Xie, Xiaofang" uniqKey="Xie X" first="Xiaofang" last="Xie">Xiaofang Xie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sanyin" sort="Zhang, Sanyin" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sanyin" last="Zhang">Sanyin Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">TCM Qi & Blood Functional Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>TCM Qi & Blood Functional Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Xiaoyu" sort="Cao, Xiaoyu" uniqKey="Cao X" first="Xiaoyu" last="Cao">Xiaoyu Cao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28421121</idno><idno type="pmc">5379095</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5379095</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5379095</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2017/4850612</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000D38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000D38</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000D38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000D38</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000259</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000259</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol</title><author><name sortKey="Hu, Guanying" sort="Hu, Guanying" uniqKey="Hu G" first="Guanying" last="Hu">Guanying Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Cheng" sort="Peng, Cheng" uniqKey="Peng C" first="Cheng" last="Peng">Cheng Peng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Xiaofang" sort="Xie, Xiaofang" uniqKey="Xie X" first="Xiaofang" last="Xie">Xiaofang Xie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sanyin" sort="Zhang, Sanyin" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sanyin" last="Zhang">Sanyin Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">TCM Qi & Blood Functional Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>TCM Qi & Blood Functional Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Xiaoyu" sort="Cao, Xiaoyu" uniqKey="Cao X" first="Xiaoyu" last="Cao">Xiaoyu Cao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chengdu 611173</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is one of the critical bioactive ingredients and is mainly isolated from aerial part of<italic> Pogostemon cablin</italic> (known as guanghuoxiang in China) belonging to Labiatae. So far, PA has been widely applied in perfume industries. This review was written with the use of reliable information published between 1974 and 2016 from libraries and electronic researches including NCKI, PubMed, Reaxys, ACS, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley-Blackwell, aiming at presenting comprehensive outline of security, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities of PA and at further providing a potential guide in exploring the PA and its use in various medical fields. We found that PA maybe was a low toxic drug that was acquired numerously through vegetable oil isolation and chemical synthesis and its stability and low water dissolution were improved in pharmaceutics. It also possessed specific pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as two-compartment open model, first-order kinetic elimination, and certain biometabolism and biotransformation process, and was shown to have multiple biological activities, that is, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiatherogenic, antiemetic, whitening, and sedative activity. However, the systematic evaluations of preparation, pharmaceutics, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities underlying molecular mechanisms of action also required further investigation prior to practices of PA in clinic.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gubareva, L V" uniqKey="Gubareva L">L. V. Gubareva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kiso, M" uniqKey="Kiso M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28421121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5379095</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/4850612</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Guanying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-2302</contrib-id><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>Cheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Xiaofang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-347X</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Sanyin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>Xiaoyu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of the Ministry of Education, Pharmacy College, Chengdu 611173, China</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>TCM Qi & Blood Functional Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611173, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Cheng Peng: <email>pengchengchengdu@126.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Juntra Karbwang</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2017</volume><elocation-id>4850612</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>12</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Guanying Hu et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is one of the critical bioactive ingredients and is mainly isolated from aerial part of<italic> Pogostemon cablin</italic> (known as guanghuoxiang in China) belonging to Labiatae. So far, PA has been widely applied in perfume industries. This review was written with the use of reliable information published between 1974 and 2016 from libraries and electronic researches including NCKI, PubMed, Reaxys, ACS, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley-Blackwell, aiming at presenting comprehensive outline of security, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities of PA and at further providing a potential guide in exploring the PA and its use in various medical fields. We found that PA maybe was a low toxic drug that was acquired numerously through vegetable oil isolation and chemical synthesis and its stability and low water dissolution were improved in pharmaceutics. It also possessed specific pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as two-compartment open model, first-order kinetic elimination, and certain biometabolism and biotransformation process, and was shown to have multiple biological activities, that is, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiatherogenic, antiemetic, whitening, and sedative activity. However, the systematic evaluations of preparation, pharmaceutics, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities underlying molecular mechanisms of action also required further investigation prior to practices of PA in clinic.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008402">Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="sch1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Scheme 1</label><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2017-4850612.sch.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Possible mechanisms of bioactivities of PA in immunomodulation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation. Arrow up denotes activation or increase; arrow down denotes suppression or decrease. Inflammation and oxidation interact with each other.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2017-4850612.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The list of antimicrobial and insecticidal activity of PA.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Numbers</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tested mode</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tested subject</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameters<break></break>(MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/LD<sub>50</sub>/MLC)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Bacteria</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. coli</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 1.0 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 3.5 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. proteus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 3.5 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dysenteriae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 3.0 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. bacillus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 6.5 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aureus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 2.0 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H. pylori</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC = 78 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Viruses</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub> = 2.635 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B/Ibaraki/2/85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub> = 40.82 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 (H2N2) infection mice</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 (H2N2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.03 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) infection mice</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) infection 16HBE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Fungus</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. flavus</italic> (3.2758)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. flavus</italic> (3.4408)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus oryzae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Termite</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coptotermes formosanus</italic> Shiraki</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LD<sub>50</sub> = 4.57 <italic>μ</italic>g/termite</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Mosquitoes</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>An. stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>Trypanosoma</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MLC > 200 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MIC, minimal inhibition concentration; IC<sub>50</sub>, 50% of lethal concentration; LD<sub>50</sub>, 50% of lethal dose; MLC, minimal lethal concentration.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hu, Guanying" sort="Hu, Guanying" uniqKey="Hu G" first="Guanying" last="Hu">Guanying Hu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cao, Xiaoyu" sort="Cao, Xiaoyu" uniqKey="Cao X" first="Xiaoyu" last="Cao">Xiaoyu Cao</name><name sortKey="Peng, Cheng" sort="Peng, Cheng" uniqKey="Peng C" first="Cheng" last="Peng">Cheng Peng</name><name sortKey="Xie, Xiaofang" sort="Xie, Xiaofang" uniqKey="Xie X" first="Xiaofang" last="Xie">Xiaofang Xie</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Sanyin" sort="Zhang, Sanyin" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sanyin" last="Zhang">Sanyin Zhang</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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