Virological Surveillance of Influenza A Subtypes Isolated in 2014 from Clinical Outbreaks in Canadian Swine
Identifieur interne : 000D60 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000D59; suivant : 000D61Virological Surveillance of Influenza A Subtypes Isolated in 2014 from Clinical Outbreaks in Canadian Swine
Auteurs : Helena Grgi [Canada] ; Jackie Gallant ; Zvonimir Poljak [Canada]Source :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are respiratory pathogens associated with an acute respiratory disease that occurs year-round in swine production. It is currently one of the most important pathogens in swine populations, with the potential to infect other host species including humans. Ongoing research indicates that the three major subtypes of IAV—H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2—continue to expand in their genetic and antigenic diversity. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of 16 IAVs isolated from different clinical outbreaks in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in 2014. We also examined the genetic basis for probable antigenic differences among sequenced viruses. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, all 13 Canadian H3N2 viruses belonged to cluster IV, eight H3N2 viruses were part of the IV-C cluster, and one virus belonged to the IV-B and one to the IV-D cluster. Based on standards used in this study, three H3N2 viruses could not be clearly classified into any currently established group within cluster IV (A to F). Three H1N2 viruses were part of the H1α cluster.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v9030055
PubMed: 28335552
PubMed Central: 5371810
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2W1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON N1G 2W1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-09-00055">Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON N1G 2W1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallant, Jackie" sort="Gallant, Jackie" uniqKey="Gallant J" first="Jackie" last="Gallant">Jackie Gallant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-09-00055">Gallant Custom Laboratories, 1425 Bishop St. N Units 10-13, Cambridge, ON N1R 6J9, Canada;<email>jackie@gallantcustomlaboratories.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poljak, Zvonimir" sort="Poljak, Zvonimir" uniqKey="Poljak Z" first="Zvonimir" last="Poljak">Zvonimir Poljak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-09-00055">Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON N1G 2W1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-09-00055">Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON N1G 2W1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are respiratory pathogens associated with an acute respiratory disease that occurs year-round in swine production. It is currently one of the most important pathogens in swine populations, with the potential to infect other host species including humans. Ongoing research indicates that the three major subtypes of IAV—H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2—continue to expand in their genetic and antigenic diversity. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of 16 IAVs isolated from different clinical outbreaks in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in 2014. We also examined the genetic basis for probable antigenic differences among sequenced viruses. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, all 13 Canadian H3N2 viruses belonged to cluster IV, eight H3N2 viruses were part of the IV-C cluster, and one virus belonged to the IV-B and one to the IV-D cluster. Based on standards used in this study, three H3N2 viruses could not be clearly classified into any currently established group within cluster IV (A to F). 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28335552</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5371810</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v9030055</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-09-00055</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Virological Surveillance of Influenza A Subtypes Isolated in 2014 from Clinical Outbreaks in Canadian Swine</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grgić</surname><given-names>Helena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-09-00055">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-09-00055">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gallant</surname><given-names>Jackie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-09-00055">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Poljak</surname><given-names>Zvonimir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-09-00055">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-09-00055">2</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-09-00055" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Dixon</surname><given-names>Linda</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Graham</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-09-00055"><label>1</label>Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada</aff><aff id="af2-viruses-09-00055"><label>2</label>Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada</aff><aff id="af3-viruses-09-00055"><label>3</label>Gallant Custom Laboratories, 1425 Bishop St. N Units 10-13, Cambridge, ON N1R 6J9, Canada;<email>jackie@gallantcustomlaboratories.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-09-00055"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>zpoljak@uoguelph.ca</email>; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 52628)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>55</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are respiratory pathogens associated with an acute respiratory disease that occurs year-round in swine production. It is currently one of the most important pathogens in swine populations, with the potential to infect other host species including humans. Ongoing research indicates that the three major subtypes of IAV—H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2—continue to expand in their genetic and antigenic diversity. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of 16 IAVs isolated from different clinical outbreaks in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in 2014. We also examined the genetic basis for probable antigenic differences among sequenced viruses. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, all 13 Canadian H3N2 viruses belonged to cluster IV, eight H3N2 viruses were part of the IV-C cluster, and one virus belonged to the IV-B and one to the IV-D cluster. Based on standards used in this study, three H3N2 viruses could not be clearly classified into any currently established group within cluster IV (A to F). Three H1N2 viruses were part of the H1α cluster.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>influenza A virus</kwd><kwd>triple-reassortant</kwd><kwd>H3N2</kwd><kwd>H1N2</kwd><kwd>swine</kwd><kwd>genome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The H3N2 <italic>HA</italic> phylogeny of Cluster IV from A to F (indicated on right), based on amino acid (aa) sequences of the HA1 region. Thirteen Canadian H3N2 viruses isolated during 2014 from swine are labeled in black. Ontario viruses isolated in 2011–2012 are indicated by an asterisk. The 2005 Ontario virus representative of Cluster IV is marked with ▲. The scale represents the number of substitutions per site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Genetic map of 13 Canadian H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) and representative H3N2 viruses using the HA1 domain aa sequences. The genetic map was based on pairwise differences among strains. Viruses are color-coded according to their grouping into subclusters of Cluster IV H3N2 viruses and additionally labelled using the subcluster name (A to F). Viruses that could not be classified into any existing cluster IV are colored in white. Circles represent virus isolates from the current study, whereas rectangles represent previously detected viruses. The <italic>ON_120_g1</italic> is a representative of the Group 1 viruses previously detected in Ontario [<xref rid="B15-viruses-09-00055" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] (A/SW/ON/120-55/12/H3N2); <italic>ON_104_g2</italic> is a representative of Group 2 (A/SW/ON/104-25/12/H3N2), and <italic>ON_103_g3</italic> is a representative of the Group 3 viruses (A/SW/ON/103-18/11/H3N2) from the same study [<xref rid="B12-viruses-09-00055" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Labels represent the following study viruses: G1 = A/SW/MB/G1/2014, G3 = A/SW/ON/G3/2014, G5 = A/SW/MB/G5/2014, G7 = A/SW/MB/G7/2014, G8 = A/SW/SK/G8/2014, G9 = A/SW/AB/G9/2014, G10 = A/SW/ON/G10/2014, G11 = A/SW/ON/G11/2014, G12 = A/SW/ON/G12/2014, G13 = A/SW/ON/G13/2014, G14 = A/SW/ON/G14/2014, G15 = A/SW/ON/G15/2014, G16 = A/SW/ON/G16/2014.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic analysis of the full hemagglutinin (<italic>HA</italic>) gene of three Canadian H1N2 viruses isolated from swine in 2014 (black) based on nucleotide sequences. IAV in swine (IAV-S) H1α (blue), β (gray), γ (turquoise), δ1 (green), δ2 (brown), δ3 (pink) clusters and pandemic (H1N1pdm09) (red) have been included in this analysis. The scale represents the number of substitutions per site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic analysis of the neuraminidase (<italic>NA</italic>) gene of 13 H3N2 and three H1N2 viruses isolated in 2014 from different clinical outbreaks in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan (bold black) and sequences from viruses in a previous study [<xref rid="B15-viruses-09-00055" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. The branches have been colored by a <italic>HA</italic> genetic cluster. The H3N2 <italic>NA</italic> sublineages are indicated on the right side (1998 opposed to 2002). The tree is produced on the basis of nucleotide sequences. The scale represents the number of substitutions per site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Alignment of the 13 Canadian H3 HA1 aa sequences without the signal peptide. Amino acids of the HA1 subunit of the 13 Canadian H3N2 viruses, prototype Cluster IV triple-reassortant H3N2 (trH3N2) virus (A/sw/ON/33853/05) and representatives of each group (G1, G2, and G3) of Ontario viruses isolated between 2011 and 2012 (G1-A/SW/ON/120-55/12), (G2-A/SW/ON/104-25/12), and (G3-A/SW/ON/103-18/11). Residues shown in boxes represent antigenic sites A, B, C, D, and E. Potential N-glycosylation sites are highlighted blue.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f006" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Number of amino-acid changes on all antigenic sites and on each antigenic site detected in 13 Canadian H3N2 IAVs isolated from clinical outbreaks in swine during 2014. Four viruses served as a basis for comparison: A/SW/ON/33853/05/H3N2 (<bold>33853/05</bold>), A/SW/ON/120-55/12/H3N2 (<bold>G1:/120-55/12</bold>), A/SW/ON/104-25/12/H3N2 (G2:/104-25/12), A/SW/ON/103-18/11/H3N2 (<bold>G3:/103-18/11</bold>). Note that antigenic site D has not been displayed as the total number of changes did not exceed two (max = 1) for comparison to all viruses except for <bold>G3:/103-18/11</bold>, where the total number of aa changes was 15 with a minimum of one and a maximum of two aa changes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f007" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Predicted HA1 proteins of three Canadian H1 viruses isolated in 2014. The three Canadian H1 predicted HA1 proteins were aligned and compared to that of two Canadian viruses that belong to the αH1 cluster (A/sw/ON/53518/03 and A/sw/QC/3639/09). Additional comparison has been performed with the A/sw/MB/D0277/13 virus, with which they shared the highest aa sequence identity of 99%. Red boxes represent conserved gycosylation sites. The cleavage site and fusion peptide are shown in green and purple boxes, respectively. The residues 512 thorugh 539 (gray box) are the transmembrane region. Receptor-binding pocket residues are indicated by a diamond.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f008" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic analysis of 16 Canadian PB1 aa sequences. Representatives of the nine PB1 lineages ranging from A to I are shown. The pandemic strains of 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2) and 2009 (H1N1) are marked with asterisk. The scale represents the number of substitutions per site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-09-00055-f009" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Alignment analysis of M2 sequences of 16 IAVs from swine isolated in Canada showing aa substitutions V27I, S31N, inside the transmembrane domain of the M2 protein, and the R77Q aa substitution.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-09-00055-g009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-09-00055-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-09-00055-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) isolated from swine in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in 2014.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolate</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subtype</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G1/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G2/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G3/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G4/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G5/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G6/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/MB/G7/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/SK/G8/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/AB/G9/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G10/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G11/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G12/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G13/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G14/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G15/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/SW/ON/G16/2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-09-00055-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-09-00055-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Genome constellations identified in 13 Canadian H3N2 and three H1N2 viruses isolated from clinical outbreaks in swine in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan in 2014.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus *</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>HA</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>NA</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>PA</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>PB1</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>PB2</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>NP</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>NS</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/MB/G1; /SW/MB/G5, /SW/SK/G8, /SW/AB/G9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/MB/G2, /SW/MB/G4, /SW/MB/G6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:#00CCFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">αH1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/ON/G3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/MB/G7, /SW/ON/G15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/ON/G10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">/SW/ON/G11; /SW/ON/G12; /SW/ON/G13; /SW/ON/G14; /SW/ON/G16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:red" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;background:lime" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Green = triple reassortant H3N2 (trH3N2); Red = pandemic H1N1; Blue = αH1; * names of viruses have been shortened due to space limitation</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Gallant, Jackie" sort="Gallant, Jackie" uniqKey="Gallant J" first="Jackie" last="Gallant">Jackie Gallant</name></noCountry><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Grgi, Helena" sort="Grgi, Helena" uniqKey="Grgi H" first="Helena" last="Grgi">Helena Grgi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Grgi, Helena" sort="Grgi, Helena" uniqKey="Grgi H" first="Helena" last="Grgi">Helena Grgi</name><name sortKey="Poljak, Zvonimir" sort="Poljak, Zvonimir" uniqKey="Poljak Z" first="Zvonimir" last="Poljak">Zvonimir Poljak</name><name sortKey="Poljak, Zvonimir" sort="Poljak, Zvonimir" uniqKey="Poljak Z" first="Zvonimir" last="Poljak">Zvonimir Poljak</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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