Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9
Identifieur interne : 000E43 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 000E42; suivant : 000E44Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9
Auteurs : John D. Mathews [Australie] ; Emma S. Mcbryde [Australie] ; Jodie Mcvernon [Australie] ; Paul K. Pallaghy [Australie] ; James M. Mccaw [Australie]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
The ecology of influenza may be more complex than is usually assumed. For example, despite multiple waves in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19, many people in urban locations were apparently unaffected. Were they unexposed, or protected by pre-existing cross-immunity in the first wave, by acquired immunity in later waves, or were their infections asymptomatic?
We modelled all these possibilities to estimate parameters to best explain patterns of repeat attacks in 24,706 individuals potentially exposed to summer, autumn and winter waves in 12 English populations during the 1918-9 pandemic.
Before the summer wave, we estimated that only 52% of persons (95% credibility estimates 41-66%) were susceptible, with the remainder protected by prior immunity. Most people were exposed, as virus transmissibility was high with R0 credibility estimates of 3.10-6.74. Because of prior immunity, estimates of effective R at the start of the summer wave were lower at 1.57-3.96. Only 25-66% of exposed and susceptible persons reported symptoms. After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).
Our model for pandemic influenza in 1918-9 suggests that pre-existing immune protection, presumably induced by prior exposure to seasonal influenza, may have limited the pandemic attack-rate in urban populations, while the waning of that protection likely contributed to recurrence of pandemic waves in exposed cities. In contrast, in isolated populations, pandemic attack rates in 1918-9 were much higher than in cities, presumably because prior immunity was less in populations with infrequent prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Although these conclusions cannot be verified by direct measurements of historical immune mechanisms, our modelling inferences from 1918-9 suggest that the spread of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic has also been limited by immunity from prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Components of that immunity, which are measurable, may be short-lived, and not necessarily correlated with levels of HI antibody.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-128
PubMed: 20497585
PubMed Central: 2891754
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000908
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000908
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000907
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000531
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 000531
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000531
Links to Exploration step
PMC:2891754Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mathews, John D" sort="Mathews, John D" uniqKey="Mathews J" first="John D" last="Mathews">John D. Mathews</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbryde, Emma S" sort="Mcbryde, Emma S" uniqKey="Mcbryde E" first="Emma S" last="Mcbryde">Emma S. Mcbryde</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, Jodie" sort="Mcvernon, Jodie" uniqKey="Mcvernon J" first="Jodie" last="Mcvernon">Jodie Mcvernon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pallaghy, Paul K" sort="Pallaghy, Paul K" uniqKey="Pallaghy P" first="Paul K" last="Pallaghy">Paul K. Pallaghy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, James M" sort="Mccaw, James M" uniqKey="Mccaw J" first="James M" last="Mccaw">James M. Mccaw</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">20497585</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2891754</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891754</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2891754</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-10-128</idno>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000908</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000908</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000908</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000908</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000907</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000907</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000531</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000531</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000531</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000E43</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mathews, John D" sort="Mathews, John D" uniqKey="Mathews J" first="John D" last="Mathews">John D. Mathews</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbryde, Emma S" sort="Mcbryde, Emma S" uniqKey="Mcbryde E" first="Emma S" last="Mcbryde">Emma S. Mcbryde</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, Jodie" sort="Mcvernon, Jodie" uniqKey="Mcvernon J" first="Jodie" last="Mcvernon">Jodie Mcvernon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pallaghy, Paul K" sort="Pallaghy, Paul K" uniqKey="Pallaghy P" first="Paul K" last="Pallaghy">Paul K. Pallaghy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, James M" sort="Mccaw, James M" uniqKey="Mccaw J" first="James M" last="Mccaw">James M. Mccaw</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno>
<imprint><date when="2010">2010</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>The ecology of influenza may be more complex than is usually assumed. For example, despite multiple waves in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19, many people in urban locations were apparently unaffected. Were they unexposed, or protected by pre-existing cross-immunity in the first wave, by acquired immunity in later waves, or were their infections asymptomatic?</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>We modelled all these possibilities to estimate parameters to best explain patterns of repeat attacks in 24,706 individuals potentially exposed to summer, autumn and winter waves in 12 English populations during the 1918-9 pandemic.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Before the summer wave, we estimated that only 52% of persons (95% credibility estimates 41-66%) were susceptible, with the remainder protected by prior immunity. Most people were exposed, as virus transmissibility was high with R<sub>0 </sub>
credibility estimates of 3.10-6.74. Because of prior immunity, estimates of effective R at the start of the summer wave were lower at 1.57-3.96. Only 25-66% of exposed and susceptible persons reported symptoms. After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our model for pandemic influenza in 1918-9 suggests that pre-existing immune protection, presumably induced by prior exposure to seasonal influenza, may have limited the pandemic attack-rate in urban populations, while the waning of that protection likely contributed to recurrence of pandemic waves in exposed cities. In contrast, in isolated populations, pandemic attack rates in 1918-9 were much higher than in cities, presumably because prior immunity was less in populations with infrequent prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Although these conclusions cannot be verified by direct measurements of historical immune mechanisms, our modelling inferences from 1918-9 suggest that the spread of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic has also been limited by immunity from prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Components of that immunity, which are measurable, may be short-lived, and not necessarily correlated with levels of HI antibody.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosby, A" uniqKey="Crosby A">A Crosby</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathews, Jd" uniqKey="Mathews J">JD Mathews</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, Ct" uniqKey="Mccaw C">CT McCaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbryde, E" uniqKey="Mcbryde E">E McBryde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, J" uniqKey="Mccaw J">J McCaw</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, Ma" uniqKey="Miller M">MA Miller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balinska, M" uniqKey="Balinska M">M Balinska</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonsen, L" uniqKey="Simonsen L">L Simonsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathews, Jd" uniqKey="Mathews J">JD Mathews</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chesson, Jm" uniqKey="Chesson J">JM Chesson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, Jm" uniqKey="Mccaw J">JM McCaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bishop, Jf" uniqKey="Bishop J">JF Bishop</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murnane, Mp" uniqKey="Murnane M">MP Murnane</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owen, R" uniqKey="Owen R">R Owen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, S" uniqKey="Cauchemez S">S Cauchemez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Ca" uniqKey="Donnelly C">CA Donnelly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, C" uniqKey="Reed C">C Reed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ghani, Ac" uniqKey="Ghani A">AC Ghani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C Fraser</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kent, Ck" uniqKey="Kent C">CK Kent</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finelli, L" uniqKey="Finelli L">L Finelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hancock, K" uniqKey="Hancock K">K Hancock</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Veguilla, V" uniqKey="Veguilla V">V Veguilla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, X" uniqKey="Lu X">X Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, W" uniqKey="Zhong W">W Zhong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Butler, En" uniqKey="Butler E">EN Butler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, F" uniqKey="Liu F">F Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, L" uniqKey="Dong L">L Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Devos, Jr" uniqKey="Devos J">JR DeVos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gargiullo, Pm" uniqKey="Gargiullo P">PM Gargiullo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brammer, Tl" uniqKey="Brammer T">TL Brammer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tumpey, Tm" uniqKey="Tumpey T">TM Tumpey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Katz, Jm" uniqKey="Katz J">JM Katz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccaw, Jm" uniqKey="Mccaw J">JM McCaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbryde, Es" uniqKey="Mcbryde E">ES McBryde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathews, Jd" uniqKey="Mathews J">JD Mathews</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burnet, Mf" uniqKey="Burnet M">MF Burnet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clarke, E" uniqKey="Clarke E">E Clarke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, Sj" uniqKey="Turner S">SJ Turner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Le" uniqKey="Brown L">LE Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doherty, Pc" uniqKey="Doherty P">PC Doherty</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelso, A" uniqKey="Kelso A">A Kelso</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pappas, C" uniqKey="Pappas C">C Pappas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar, Pv" uniqKey="Aguilar P">PV Aguilar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Basler, Cf" uniqKey="Basler C">CF Basler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Solorzano, A" uniqKey="Solorzano A">A Solorzano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeng, H" uniqKey="Zeng H">H Zeng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perrone, La" uniqKey="Perrone L">LA Perrone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P Palese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, A" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A">A Garcia-Sastre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Katz, Jm" uniqKey="Katz J">JM Katz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tumpey, Tm" uniqKey="Tumpey T">TM Tumpey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murray, Cj" uniqKey="Murray C">CJ Murray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez, Ad" uniqKey="Lopez A">AD Lopez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chin, B" uniqKey="Chin B">B Chin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feehan, D" uniqKey="Feehan D">D Feehan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hill, Kh" uniqKey="Hill K">KH Hill</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, R" uniqKey="Ahmed R">R Ahmed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oldstone, Mb" uniqKey="Oldstone M">MB Oldstone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P Palese</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Langford, C" uniqKey="Langford C">C Langford</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Kg" uniqKey="Nicholson K">KG Nicholson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wood, Jm" uniqKey="Wood J">JM Wood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zambon, M" uniqKey="Zambon M">M Zambon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathews, Jd" uniqKey="Mathews J">JD Mathews</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chesson, Jm" uniqKey="Chesson J">JM Chesson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, Jm" uniqKey="Mccaw J">JM McCaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galvani, A" uniqKey="Galvani A">A Galvani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bush, R" uniqKey="Bush R">R Bush</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bootsma, Mc" uniqKey="Bootsma M">MC Bootsma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Longini, Im" uniqKey="Longini I">IM Longini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koopman, Js" uniqKey="Koopman J">JS Koopman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monto, As" uniqKey="Monto A">AS Monto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fox, Jp" uniqKey="Fox J">JP Fox</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mills, Ce" uniqKey="Mills C">CE Mills</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Robins, Jm" uniqKey="Robins J">JM Robins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lipsitch, M" uniqKey="Lipsitch M">M Lipsitch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Longini, Im" uniqKey="Longini I">IM Longini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nizam, A" uniqKey="Nizam A">A Nizam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, S" uniqKey="Xu S">S Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ungchusak, K" uniqKey="Ungchusak K">K Ungchusak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hanshaoworakul, W" uniqKey="Hanshaoworakul W">W Hanshaoworakul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cummings, Dat" uniqKey="Cummings D">DAT Cummings</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Halloran, Me" uniqKey="Halloran M">ME Halloran</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cummings, Dat" uniqKey="Cummings D">DAT Cummings</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, S" uniqKey="Cauchemez S">S Cauchemez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C Fraser</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riley, S" uniqKey="Riley S">S Riley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meeyai, A" uniqKey="Meeyai A">A Meeyai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iamsirithaworn, S" uniqKey="Iamsirithaworn S">S Iamsirithaworn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burke, D" uniqKey="Burke D">D Burke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Germann, Tc" uniqKey="Germann T">TC Germann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kadau, K" uniqKey="Kadau K">K Kadau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Longini, Im" uniqKey="Longini I">IM Longini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macken, Ca" uniqKey="Macken C">CA Macken</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccaw, Ct" uniqKey="Mccaw C">CT McCaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathews, Jd" uniqKey="Mathews J">JD Mathews</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stone, L" uniqKey="Stone L">L Stone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olinky, R" uniqKey="Olinky R">R Olinky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huppert, A" uniqKey="Huppert A">A Huppert</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Briscoe, G" uniqKey="Briscoe G">G Briscoe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mantle, J" uniqKey="Mantle J">J Mantle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tyrrell, Da" uniqKey="Tyrrell D">DA Tyrrell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barry, Jm" uniqKey="Barry J">JM Barry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonsen, L" uniqKey="Simonsen L">L Simonsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bailey, Ntj" uniqKey="Bailey N">NTJ Bailey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Epstein, Sl" uniqKey="Epstein S">SL Epstein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Pg" uniqKey="Thomas P">PG Thomas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keating, R" uniqKey="Keating R">R Keating</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hulse Post, Dj" uniqKey="Hulse Post D">DJ Hulse-Post</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doherty, Pc" uniqKey="Doherty P">PC Doherty</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bodewes, R" uniqKey="Bodewes R">R Bodewes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kreijtz, Jh" uniqKey="Kreijtz J">JH Kreijtz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, Gf" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G">GF Rimmelzwaan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Slepushkin, An" uniqKey="Slepushkin A">AN Slepushkin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fox, Jp" uniqKey="Fox J">JP Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooney, Mk" uniqKey="Cooney M">MK Cooney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hall, Ce" uniqKey="Hall C">CE Hall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foy, Hm" uniqKey="Foy H">HM Foy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sonoguchi, T" uniqKey="Sonoguchi T">T Sonoguchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naito, H" uniqKey="Naito H">H Naito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hara, M" uniqKey="Hara M">M Hara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takeuchi, Y" uniqKey="Takeuchi Y">Y Takeuchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fukumi, H" uniqKey="Fukumi H">H Fukumi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Bd" uniqKey="Forrest B">BD Forrest</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pride, Mw" uniqKey="Pride M">MW Pride</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dunning, Aj" uniqKey="Dunning A">AJ Dunning</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capeding, Mr" uniqKey="Capeding M">MR Capeding</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chotpitayasunondh, T" uniqKey="Chotpitayasunondh T">T Chotpitayasunondh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tam, Js" uniqKey="Tam J">JS Tam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rappaport, R" uniqKey="Rappaport R">R Rappaport</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eldridge, Jh" uniqKey="Eldridge J">JH Eldridge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, Wc" uniqKey="Gruber W">WC Gruber</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grebe, Km" uniqKey="Grebe K">KM Grebe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yewdell, Jw" uniqKey="Yewdell J">JW Yewdell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennink, Jr" uniqKey="Bennink J">JR Bennink</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kilbourne, Ed" uniqKey="Kilbourne E">ED Kilbourne</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Aj" uniqKey="Mcmichael A">AJ McMichael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gotch, Fm" uniqKey="Gotch F">FM Gotch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dongworth, Dw" uniqKey="Dongworth D">DW Dongworth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clark, A" uniqKey="Clark A">A Clark</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Potter, Cw" uniqKey="Potter C">CW Potter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Aj" uniqKey="Mcmichael A">AJ McMichael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gotch, Fm" uniqKey="Gotch F">FM Gotch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noble, Gr" uniqKey="Noble G">GR Noble</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beare, Pa" uniqKey="Beare P">PA Beare</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ly" uniqKey="Lee L">LY Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ha Do, La" uniqKey="Ha Do L">LA Ha do</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simmons, C" uniqKey="Simmons C">C Simmons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jong, Md" uniqKey="De Jong M">MD de Jong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chau, Nv" uniqKey="Chau N">NV Chau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schumacher, R" uniqKey="Schumacher R">R Schumacher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peng, Yc" uniqKey="Peng Y">YC Peng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Aj" uniqKey="Mcmichael A">AJ McMichael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Farrar, Jj" uniqKey="Farrar J">JJ Farrar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Gl" uniqKey="Smith G">GL Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Townsend, Ar" uniqKey="Townsend A">AR Townsend</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Askonas, Ba" uniqKey="Askonas B">BA Askonas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rowland Jones, S" uniqKey="Rowland Jones S">S Rowland-Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, T" uniqKey="Dong T">T Dong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simonsen, L" uniqKey="Simonsen L">L Simonsen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clarke, Mj" uniqKey="Clarke M">MJ Clarke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schonberger, Lb" uniqKey="Schonberger L">LB Schonberger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arden, Nh" uniqKey="Arden N">NH Arden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fukuda, K" uniqKey="Fukuda K">K Fukuda</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C Fraser</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Ca" uniqKey="Donnelly C">CA Donnelly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, S" uniqKey="Cauchemez S">S Cauchemez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hanage, Wp" uniqKey="Hanage W">WP Hanage</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Kerkhove, Md" uniqKey="Van Kerkhove M">MD Van Kerkhove</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hollingsworth, Td" uniqKey="Hollingsworth T">TD Hollingsworth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Griffin, J" uniqKey="Griffin J">J Griffin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baggaley, Rf" uniqKey="Baggaley R">RF Baggaley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jenkins, He" uniqKey="Jenkins H">HE Jenkins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Ej" uniqKey="Lyons E">EJ Lyons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jombart, T" uniqKey="Jombart T">T Jombart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hinsley, Wr" uniqKey="Hinsley W">WR Hinsley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grassly, Nc" uniqKey="Grassly N">NC Grassly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balloux, F" uniqKey="Balloux F">F Balloux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ghani, Ac" uniqKey="Ghani A">AC Ghani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pybus, Og" uniqKey="Pybus O">OG Pybus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez Gatell, H" uniqKey="Lopez Gatell H">H Lopez-Gatell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpuche Aranda, Cm" uniqKey="Alpuche Aranda C">CM Alpuche-Aranda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chapela, Ib" uniqKey="Chapela I">IB Chapela</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zavala, Ep" uniqKey="Zavala E">EP Zavala</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guevara, Dm" uniqKey="Guevara D">DM Guevara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Checchi, F" uniqKey="Checchi F">F Checchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia, E" uniqKey="Garcia E">E Garcia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hugonnet, S" uniqKey="Hugonnet S">S Hugonnet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, C" uniqKey="Roth C">C Roth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, H" uniqKey="Nishiura H">H Nishiura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Castillo Chavez, C" uniqKey="Castillo Chavez C">C Castillo-Chavez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Safan, M" uniqKey="Safan M">M Safan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chowell, G" uniqKey="Chowell G">G Chowell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boelle, Py" uniqKey="Boelle P">PY Boelle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernillon, P" uniqKey="Bernillon P">P Bernillon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desenclos, Jc" uniqKey="Desenclos J">JC Desenclos</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chowell, G" uniqKey="Chowell G">G Chowell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bertozzi, Sm" uniqKey="Bertozzi S">SM Bertozzi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colchero, Ma" uniqKey="Colchero M">MA Colchero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez Gatell, H" uniqKey="Lopez Gatell H">H Lopez-Gatell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpuche Aranda, C" uniqKey="Alpuche Aranda C">C Alpuche-Aranda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hernandez, M" uniqKey="Hernandez M">M Hernandez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miller, Ma" uniqKey="Miller M">MA Miller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greenbaum, Ja" uniqKey="Greenbaum J">JA Greenbaum</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kotturi, Mf" uniqKey="Kotturi M">MF Kotturi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Y" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oseroff, C" uniqKey="Oseroff C">C Oseroff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaughan, K" uniqKey="Vaughan K">K Vaughan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salimi, N" uniqKey="Salimi N">N Salimi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vita, R" uniqKey="Vita R">R Vita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ponomarenko, J" uniqKey="Ponomarenko J">J Ponomarenko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheuermann, Rh" uniqKey="Scheuermann R">RH Scheuermann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sette, A" uniqKey="Sette A">A Sette</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greenberg, Me" uniqKey="Greenberg M">ME Greenberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lai, Mh" uniqKey="Lai M">MH Lai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartel, Gf" uniqKey="Hartel G">GF Hartel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wichems, Ch" uniqKey="Wichems C">CH Wichems</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gittleson, C" uniqKey="Gittleson C">C Gittleson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennet, J" uniqKey="Bennet J">J Bennet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dawson, G" uniqKey="Dawson G">G Dawson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, W" uniqKey="Hu W">W Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leggio, C" uniqKey="Leggio C">C Leggio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Washington, D" uniqKey="Washington D">D Washington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Basser, Rl" uniqKey="Basser R">RL Basser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nolan, T" uniqKey="Nolan T">T Nolan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvernon, J" uniqKey="Mcvernon J">J McVernon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Skeljo, M" uniqKey="Skeljo M">M Skeljo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richmond, P" uniqKey="Richmond P">P Richmond</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wadia, U" uniqKey="Wadia U">U Wadia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lambert, S" uniqKey="Lambert S">S Lambert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nissen, M" uniqKey="Nissen M">M Nissen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marshall, H" uniqKey="Marshall H">H Marshall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Booy, R" uniqKey="Booy R">R Booy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heron, L" uniqKey="Heron L">L Heron</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartel, G" uniqKey="Hartel G">G Hartel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lai, M" uniqKey="Lai M">M Lai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Basser, R" uniqKey="Basser R">R Basser</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gittleson, C" uniqKey="Gittleson C">C Gittleson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenberg, M" uniqKey="Greenberg M">M Greenberg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xing, Z" uniqKey="Xing Z">Z Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cardona, Cj" uniqKey="Cardona C">CJ Cardona</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/H2N2V1/Data/Main/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000E43 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 000E43 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= H2N2V1 |flux= Main |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:2891754 |texte= Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9 }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:20497585" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a H2N2V1
This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |