Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9
Identifieur interne : 000908 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000907; suivant : 000909Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9
Auteurs : John D. Mathews [Australie] ; Emma S. Mcbryde [Australie] ; Jodie Mcvernon [Australie] ; Paul K. Pallaghy [Australie] ; James M. Mccaw [Australie]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
The ecology of influenza may be more complex than is usually assumed. For example, despite multiple waves in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19, many people in urban locations were apparently unaffected. Were they unexposed, or protected by pre-existing cross-immunity in the first wave, by acquired immunity in later waves, or were their infections asymptomatic?
We modelled all these possibilities to estimate parameters to best explain patterns of repeat attacks in 24,706 individuals potentially exposed to summer, autumn and winter waves in 12 English populations during the 1918-9 pandemic.
Before the summer wave, we estimated that only 52% of persons (95% credibility estimates 41-66%) were susceptible, with the remainder protected by prior immunity. Most people were exposed, as virus transmissibility was high with R0 credibility estimates of 3.10-6.74. Because of prior immunity, estimates of effective R at the start of the summer wave were lower at 1.57-3.96. Only 25-66% of exposed and susceptible persons reported symptoms. After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).
Our model for pandemic influenza in 1918-9 suggests that pre-existing immune protection, presumably induced by prior exposure to seasonal influenza, may have limited the pandemic attack-rate in urban populations, while the waning of that protection likely contributed to recurrence of pandemic waves in exposed cities. In contrast, in isolated populations, pandemic attack rates in 1918-9 were much higher than in cities, presumably because prior immunity was less in populations with infrequent prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Although these conclusions cannot be verified by direct measurements of historical immune mechanisms, our modelling inferences from 1918-9 suggest that the spread of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic has also been limited by immunity from prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Components of that immunity, which are measurable, may be short-lived, and not necessarily correlated with levels of HI antibody.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-128
PubMed: 20497585
PubMed Central: 2891754
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>The ecology of influenza may be more complex than is usually assumed. For example, despite multiple waves in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19, many people in urban locations were apparently unaffected. Were they unexposed, or protected by pre-existing cross-immunity in the first wave, by acquired immunity in later waves, or were their infections asymptomatic?</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>We modelled all these possibilities to estimate parameters to best explain patterns of repeat attacks in 24,706 individuals potentially exposed to summer, autumn and winter waves in 12 English populations during the 1918-9 pandemic.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Before the summer wave, we estimated that only 52% of persons (95% credibility estimates 41-66%) were susceptible, with the remainder protected by prior immunity. Most people were exposed, as virus transmissibility was high with R<sub>0 </sub>
credibility estimates of 3.10-6.74. Because of prior immunity, estimates of effective R at the start of the summer wave were lower at 1.57-3.96. Only 25-66% of exposed and susceptible persons reported symptoms. After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our model for pandemic influenza in 1918-9 suggests that pre-existing immune protection, presumably induced by prior exposure to seasonal influenza, may have limited the pandemic attack-rate in urban populations, while the waning of that protection likely contributed to recurrence of pandemic waves in exposed cities. In contrast, in isolated populations, pandemic attack rates in 1918-9 were much higher than in cities, presumably because prior immunity was less in populations with infrequent prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Although these conclusions cannot be verified by direct measurements of historical immune mechanisms, our modelling inferences from 1918-9 suggest that the spread of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic has also been limited by immunity from prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Components of that immunity, which are measurable, may be short-lived, and not necessarily correlated with levels of HI antibody.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20497585</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2891754</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1471-2334-10-128</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-10-128</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Mathews</surname>
<given-names>John D</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>mathewsj@unimelb.edu.au</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>McBryde</surname>
<given-names>Emma S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref>
<email>Emma.McBryde@mh.org.au</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>McVernon</surname>
<given-names>Jodie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>jmcvernon@unimelb.edu.au</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Pallaghy</surname>
<given-names>Paul K</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>paul@nofussweb.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>McCaw</surname>
<given-names>James M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>jamesm@unimelb.edu.au</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><label>1</label>
Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia</aff>
<aff id="I2"><label>2</label>
Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria, Australia</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<fpage>128</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2010</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2010 Mathews et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Mathews et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/10/128"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>The ecology of influenza may be more complex than is usually assumed. For example, despite multiple waves in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19, many people in urban locations were apparently unaffected. Were they unexposed, or protected by pre-existing cross-immunity in the first wave, by acquired immunity in later waves, or were their infections asymptomatic?</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>We modelled all these possibilities to estimate parameters to best explain patterns of repeat attacks in 24,706 individuals potentially exposed to summer, autumn and winter waves in 12 English populations during the 1918-9 pandemic.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Before the summer wave, we estimated that only 52% of persons (95% credibility estimates 41-66%) were susceptible, with the remainder protected by prior immunity. Most people were exposed, as virus transmissibility was high with R<sub>0 </sub>
credibility estimates of 3.10-6.74. Because of prior immunity, estimates of effective R at the start of the summer wave were lower at 1.57-3.96. Only 25-66% of exposed and susceptible persons reported symptoms. After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our model for pandemic influenza in 1918-9 suggests that pre-existing immune protection, presumably induced by prior exposure to seasonal influenza, may have limited the pandemic attack-rate in urban populations, while the waning of that protection likely contributed to recurrence of pandemic waves in exposed cities. In contrast, in isolated populations, pandemic attack rates in 1918-9 were much higher than in cities, presumably because prior immunity was less in populations with infrequent prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Although these conclusions cannot be verified by direct measurements of historical immune mechanisms, our modelling inferences from 1918-9 suggest that the spread of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic has also been limited by immunity from prior exposure to seasonal influenza. Components of that immunity, which are measurable, may be short-lived, and not necessarily correlated with levels of HI antibody.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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