A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions
Identifieur interne : 001772 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001771; suivant : 001773A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions
Auteurs : C. Bui ; A. Bethmont ; A. A. Chughtai ; L. Gardner ; S. Sarkar ; S. Hassan ; H. Seale ; C. R. MacintyreSource :
- Transboundary and Emerging Diseases [ 1865-1674 ] ; 2016-12.
Abstract
The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, while H7N9 is not. Yet both have caused sporadic human cases, without evidence of sustained, human‐to‐human spread. The number of H7N9 human cases in the first year following its emergence far exceeded that of H5N1 over the same time frame. Despite the higher incidence of H7N9, the spatial distribution of H5N1 within a comparable time frame is considerably greater than that of H7N9, both within China and globally. The pattern of spread of H5N1 in humans and birds around the world is consistent with spread through wild bird migration and poultry trade activities. In contrast, human cases of H7N9 and isolations of H7N9 in birds and the environment have largely occurred in a number of contiguous provinces in south‐eastern China. Although rates of contact with birds appear to be similar in H5N1 and H7N9 cases, there is a predominance of incidental contact reported for H7N9 as opposed to close, high‐risk contact for H5N1. Despite the high number of human cases of H7N9 and the assumed transmission being from birds, the corresponding level of H7N9 virus in birds in surveillance studies has been low, particularly in poultry farms. H7N9 viruses are also diversifying at a much greater rate than H5N1 viruses. Analyses of certain H7N9 strains demonstrate similarities with engineered transmissible H5N1 viruses which make it more adaptable to the human respiratory tract. These differences in the human and bird epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 raise unanswered questions as to how H7N9 has spread, which should be investigated further.
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DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12327
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ISTEX:BFE36D406BA1B8C189CFEFE3D2C9F34EEA89C087Le document en format XML
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Macintyre</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</title><title level="j" type="alt">TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES</title><idno type="ISSN">1865-1674</idno><idno type="eISSN">1865-1682</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">63</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="602">602</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="620">620</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">19</biblScope><date type="published" when="2016-12">2016-12</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1865-1674</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1865-1674</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, while H7N9 is not. Yet both have caused sporadic human cases, without evidence of sustained, human‐to‐human spread. The number of H7N9 human cases in the first year following its emergence far exceeded that of H5N1 over the same time frame. Despite the higher incidence of H7N9, the spatial distribution of H5N1 within a comparable time frame is considerably greater than that of H7N9, both within China and globally. The pattern of spread of H5N1 in humans and birds around the world is consistent with spread through wild bird migration and poultry trade activities. In contrast, human cases of H7N9 and isolations of H7N9 in birds and the environment have largely occurred in a number of contiguous provinces in south‐eastern China. Although rates of contact with birds appear to be similar in H5N1 and H7N9 cases, there is a predominance of incidental contact reported for H7N9 as opposed to close, high‐risk contact for H5N1. Despite the high number of human cases of H7N9 and the assumed transmission being from birds, the corresponding level of H7N9 virus in birds in surveillance studies has been low, particularly in poultry farms. H7N9 viruses are also diversifying at a much greater rate than H5N1 viruses. Analyses of certain H7N9 strains demonstrate similarities with engineered transmissible H5N1 viruses which make it more adaptable to the human respiratory tract. These differences in the human and bird epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 raise unanswered questions as to how H7N9 has spread, which should be investigated further.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>C. Bui</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string><json:string>E-mail: chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</json:string><json:string>C. Bui. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 (2) 9385 3811; Fax: +61 (2) 9313 6185; E‐mail:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. Bethmont</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. A. Chughtai</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. Gardner</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Sarkar</name><affiliations><json:string>Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, Austin, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Hassan</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>H. Seale</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. R. 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<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main" xml:id="tbed12327-abs-0001"><head>Summary</head><p>The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, while H7N9 is not. Yet both have caused sporadic human cases, without evidence of sustained, human‐to‐human spread. The number of H7N9 human cases in the first year following its emergence far exceeded that of H5N1 over the same time frame. Despite the higher incidence of H7N9, the spatial distribution of H5N1 within a comparable time frame is considerably greater than that of H7N9, both within China and globally. The pattern of spread of H5N1 in humans and birds around the world is consistent with spread through wild bird migration and poultry trade activities. In contrast, human cases of H7N9 and isolations of H7N9 in birds and the environment have largely occurred in a number of contiguous provinces in south‐eastern China. Although rates of contact with birds appear to be similar in H5N1 and H7N9 cases, there is a predominance of incidental contact reported for H7N9 as opposed to close, high‐risk contact for H5N1. Despite the high number of human cases of H7N9 and the assumed transmission being from birds, the corresponding level of H7N9 virus in birds in surveillance studies has been low, particularly in poultry farms. H7N9 viruses are also diversifying at a much greater rate than H5N1 viruses. Analyses of certain H7N9 strains demonstrate similarities with engineered transmissible H5N1 viruses which make it more adaptable to the human respiratory tract. These differences in the human and bird epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 raise unanswered questions as to how H7N9 has spread, which should be investigated further.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0001">avian influenza epidemiology</term><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0002">H5N1</term><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0003">H7N9</term><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0004">exposure</term><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0005">transmission</term><term xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0006">poultry</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Review Article</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>REVIEW ARTICLE</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-Q6JPC5M9-S/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:id="tbed12327" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1865-1682</doi><issn type="print">1865-1674</issn><issn type="electronic">1865-1682</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="TBED"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title sort="TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES" type="main">Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</title><title type="short">Transbound Emerg Dis</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="60"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/tbed.2016.63.issue-6</doi><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="63">63</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">6</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2016-12">December 2016</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="50" status="forIssue" type="reviewArticle" accessType="open"><doi>10.1111/tbed.12327</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="TBED12327"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="19" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Review Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">REVIEW ARTICLE</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2015 The Authors. <i>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</i> Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.</copyright><legalStatement type="creativeCommonsBy-nc-nd"><p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <url href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs</url> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.</p></legalStatement><eventGroup><event date="2014-09-06" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event agent="SPS" date="2014-12-27" type="xmlCreated"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2015-01-29"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2015-01-29"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2016-10-22"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:5.0.6 mode:FullText" date="2017-02-10"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">602</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">620</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><lineatedText><line><b>Correspondence:</b></line><line>C. Bui. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 (2) 9385 3811; Fax: +61 (2) 9313 6185; E‐mail: <email>chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:TBED.TBED12327.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="2"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="16448"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions</title><title type="shortAuthors">C. Bui et al.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>C.</givenNames> <familyName>Bui</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</email></contactDetails></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>A.</givenNames> <familyName>Bethmont</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>A. A.</givenNames> <familyName>Chughtai</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>L.</givenNames> <familyName>Gardner</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0005"><personName><givenNames>S.</givenNames> <familyName>Sarkar</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0006"><personName><givenNames>S.</givenNames> <familyName>Hassan</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0007"><personName><givenNames>H.</givenNames> <familyName>Seale</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#tbed12327-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="tbed12327-cr-0008"><personName><givenNames>C. R.</givenNames> <familyName>MacIntyre</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="tbed12327-aff-0001"><orgDiv>School of Public Health and Community Medicine</orgDiv> <orgName>University of New South Wales</orgName> <address><city>Sydney</city> <countryPart>NSW</countryPart> <country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="tbed12327-aff-0002"><orgDiv>School of Civil and Environmental Engineering</orgDiv> <orgName>University of New South Wales</orgName> <address><city>Sydney</city> <countryPart>NSW</countryPart> <country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="tbed12327-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Section of Integrative Biology</orgDiv> <orgName>University of Texas at Austin</orgName> <address><city>Austin</city> <countryPart>TX</countryPart> <country>USA</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0001">avian influenza epidemiology</keyword><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0002">H5N1</keyword><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0003">H7N9</keyword><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0004">exposure</keyword><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0005">transmission</keyword><keyword xml:id="tbed12327-kwd-0006">poultry</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:18651674:media:tbed12327:tbed12327-sup-0001-TablesS1-S3"></mediaResource><caption><p><b>Table S1</b>. Number of laboratory‐confirmed human cases and outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds due to H5N1, by country of report and year of illness onset, 1997 to 31 July 2014.</p><p><b>Table S2</b>. Number of laboratory‐confirmed human cases and outbreak reports in domestic poultry and wild birds due to H7N9 by country of report and month of illness onset, 1997 to 31 July 2014.</p><p><b>Table S3</b>. Virus detection rates of H7N9 in birds (unspecified species) in China according to publically available Ministry of Agriculture National Animal H7N9 bird flu monitoring reports (Ministry of Agriculture, <link href="#tbed12327-bib-0087"></link>).</p></caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="tbed12327-abs-0001"><title type="main">Summary</title><p>The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, while H7N9 is not. Yet both have caused sporadic human cases, without evidence of sustained, human‐to‐human spread. The number of H7N9 human cases in the first year following its emergence far exceeded that of H5N1 over the same time frame. Despite the higher incidence of H7N9, the spatial distribution of H5N1 within a comparable time frame is considerably greater than that of H7N9, both within China and globally. The pattern of spread of H5N1 in humans and birds around the world is consistent with spread through wild bird migration and poultry trade activities. In contrast, human cases of H7N9 and isolations of H7N9 in birds and the environment have largely occurred in a number of contiguous provinces in south‐eastern China. Although rates of contact with birds appear to be similar in H5N1 and H7N9 cases, there is a predominance of incidental contact reported for H7N9 as opposed to close, high‐risk contact for H5N1. Despite the high number of human cases of H7N9 and the assumed transmission being from birds, the corresponding level of H7N9 virus in birds in surveillance studies has been low, particularly in poultry farms. H7N9 viruses are also diversifying at a much greater rate than H5N1 viruses. Analyses of certain H7N9 strains demonstrate similarities with engineered transmissible H5N1 viruses which make it more adaptable to the human respiratory tract. These differences in the human and bird epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 raise unanswered questions as to how H7N9 has spread, which should be investigated further.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bui</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</affiliation><affiliation>C. Bui. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 (2) 9385 3811; Fax: +61 (2) 9313 6185; E‐mail:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: chau.bui@unsw.edu.au</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bethmont</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chughtai</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gardner</namePart><affiliation>School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sarkar</namePart><affiliation>Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, Austin, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hassan</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Seale</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C. R.</namePart><namePart type="family">MacIntyre</namePart><affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-L5L7X3NF-P">review-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2016-12</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2014-12-27</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2014-09-06</dateCaptured><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2016</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">2</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent><extent unit="words">16448</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, while H7N9 is not. Yet both have caused sporadic human cases, without evidence of sustained, human‐to‐human spread. The number of H7N9 human cases in the first year following its emergence far exceeded that of H5N1 over the same time frame. Despite the higher incidence of H7N9, the spatial distribution of H5N1 within a comparable time frame is considerably greater than that of H7N9, both within China and globally. The pattern of spread of H5N1 in humans and birds around the world is consistent with spread through wild bird migration and poultry trade activities. In contrast, human cases of H7N9 and isolations of H7N9 in birds and the environment have largely occurred in a number of contiguous provinces in south‐eastern China. Although rates of contact with birds appear to be similar in H5N1 and H7N9 cases, there is a predominance of incidental contact reported for H7N9 as opposed to close, high‐risk contact for H5N1. Despite the high number of human cases of H7N9 and the assumed transmission being from birds, the corresponding level of H7N9 virus in birds in surveillance studies has been low, particularly in poultry farms. H7N9 viruses are also diversifying at a much greater rate than H5N1 viruses. Analyses of certain H7N9 strains demonstrate similarities with engineered transmissible H5N1 viruses which make it more adaptable to the human respiratory tract. These differences in the human and bird epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 raise unanswered questions as to how H7N9 has spread, which should be investigated further.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Table S1. Number of laboratory‐confirmed human cases and outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds due to H5N1, by country of report and year of illness onset, 1997 to 31 July 2014. Table S2. Number of laboratory‐confirmed human cases and outbreak reports in domestic poultry and wild birds due to H7N9 by country of report and month of illness onset, 1997 to 31 July 2014. Table S3. Virus detection rates of H7N9 in birds (unspecified species) in China according to publically available Ministry of Agriculture National Animal H7N9 bird flu monitoring reports (Ministry of Agriculture, ).</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>avian influenza epidemiology</topic><topic>H5N1</topic><topic>H7N9</topic><topic>exposure</topic><topic>transmission</topic><topic>poultry</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Transbound Emerg Dis</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Review Article</topic><topic>REVIEW ARTICLE</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1865-1674</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1865-1682</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1865-1682</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">TBED</identifier><part><date>2016</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>63</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>602</start><end>620</end><total>19</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="tbed12327-cit-0001"><titleInfo><title>Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. 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