Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers
Identifieur interne : 002E41 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002E40; suivant : 002E42Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers
Auteurs : Andrea Scribante ; Paola Gandini ; Paola Tessera ; Pekka K. Vallittu [Finlande] ; Lippo Lassila ; Maria Francesca SfondriniSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Fiber reinforced Composite (FRC) retainers have been introduced as an aesthetic alternative to conventional metallic splints, but present high rigidity. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate bending and fracture loads of FRC splints bonded with conventional full-coverage of the FRC with a composite compared with an experimental bonding technique with a partial (spot-) resin composite cover. Stainless steel rectangular flat, stainless steel round, and FRC retainers were tested at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load. Both at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest load required to bend the retainer was recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs, and no significant differences were identified among them. Higher force levels were reported for full-bonded metallic flat and round splints and the highest loads were recorded for full-bonded FRCs. At the maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs. The highest loads were reported for full bonded FRCs. The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use, as they allow physiologic tooth movement, thus presumably reducing the risk of ankylosis.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102096
PubMed: 28976936
PubMed Central: 5666778
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</title><author><name sortKey="Scribante, Andrea" sort="Scribante, Andrea" uniqKey="Scribante A" first="Andrea" last="Scribante">Andrea Scribante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandini, Paola" sort="Gandini, Paola" uniqKey="Gandini P" first="Paola" last="Gandini">Paola Gandini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tessera, Paola" sort="Tessera, Paola" uniqKey="Tessera P" first="Paola" last="Tessera">Paola Tessera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, Pekka K" sort="Vallittu, Pekka K" uniqKey="Vallittu P" first="Pekka K." last="Vallittu">Pekka K. Vallittu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096">Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Welfare Division, 20100 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, Lippo" sort="Lassila, Lippo" uniqKey="Lassila L" first="Lippo" last="Lassila">Lippo Lassila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" sort="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" uniqKey="Sfondrini M" first="Maria Francesca" last="Sfondrini">Maria Francesca Sfondrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28976936</idno><idno type="pmc">5666778</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666778</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5666778</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms18102096</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E41</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E41</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E41</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E41</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</title><author><name sortKey="Scribante, Andrea" sort="Scribante, Andrea" uniqKey="Scribante A" first="Andrea" last="Scribante">Andrea Scribante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandini, Paola" sort="Gandini, Paola" uniqKey="Gandini P" first="Paola" last="Gandini">Paola Gandini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tessera, Paola" sort="Tessera, Paola" uniqKey="Tessera P" first="Paola" last="Tessera">Paola Tessera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, Pekka K" sort="Vallittu, Pekka K" uniqKey="Vallittu P" first="Pekka K." last="Vallittu">Pekka K. Vallittu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096">Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Welfare Division, 20100 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, Lippo" sort="Lassila, Lippo" uniqKey="Lassila L" first="Lippo" last="Lassila">Lippo Lassila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" sort="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" uniqKey="Sfondrini M" first="Maria Francesca" last="Sfondrini">Maria Francesca Sfondrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Fiber reinforced Composite (FRC) retainers have been introduced as an aesthetic alternative to conventional metallic splints, but present high rigidity. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate bending and fracture loads of FRC splints bonded with conventional full-coverage of the FRC with a composite compared with an experimental bonding technique with a partial (spot-) resin composite cover. Stainless steel rectangular flat, stainless steel round, and FRC retainers were tested at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load. Both at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest load required to bend the retainer was recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs, and no significant differences were identified among them. Higher force levels were reported for full-bonded metallic flat and round splints and the highest loads were recorded for full-bonded FRCs. At the maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs. The highest loads were reported for full bonded FRCs. The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use, as they allow physiologic tooth movement, thus presumably reducing the risk of ankylosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, A J" uniqKey="Goldberg A">A.J. Goldberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burstone, C J" uniqKey="Burstone C">C.J. Burstone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, P K" uniqKey="Vallittu P">P.K. Vallittu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, V P" uniqKey="Lassila V">V.P. Lassila</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nayar, S" uniqKey="Nayar S">S. Nayar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ganesh, R" uniqKey="Ganesh R">R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28976936</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5666778</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms18102096</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-18-02096</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-0124</contrib-id><name><surname>Scribante</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gandini</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tessera</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vallittu</surname><given-names>Pekka K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-02096">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-02096">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lassila</surname><given-names>Lippo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-02096">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sfondrini</surname><given-names>Maria Francesca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096"><label>1</label>Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096"><label>2</label>Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</aff><aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096"><label>3</label>Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-18-02096"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>andrea.scribante@unipv.it</email>; Tel.: +39-0382-516223</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>2096</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Fiber reinforced Composite (FRC) retainers have been introduced as an aesthetic alternative to conventional metallic splints, but present high rigidity. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate bending and fracture loads of FRC splints bonded with conventional full-coverage of the FRC with a composite compared with an experimental bonding technique with a partial (spot-) resin composite cover. Stainless steel rectangular flat, stainless steel round, and FRC retainers were tested at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load. Both at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest load required to bend the retainer was recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs, and no significant differences were identified among them. Higher force levels were reported for full-bonded metallic flat and round splints and the highest loads were recorded for full-bonded FRCs. At the maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs. The highest loads were reported for full bonded FRCs. The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use, as they allow physiologic tooth movement, thus presumably reducing the risk of ankylosis.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>dentistry</kwd><kwd>orthodontics</kwd><kwd>prosthodontics</kwd><kwd>fiber reinforced composite</kwd><kwd>FRCs</kwd><kwd>three-point bending</kwd><kwd>bend</kwd><kwd>strength</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijms-18-02096-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>FRC tested with the conventional Full-bond technique (<bold>A</bold>) and with the experimental Spot-bond technique (<bold>B</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-18-02096-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Box plot of load values (N) of the various groups tested at 0.2 mm deflection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-18-02096-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Box plot of load values (N) of the various groups tested at 0.3 mm deflection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-18-02096-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Box plot of load values (N) of the various groups tested at maximum deflection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijms-18-02096-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-02096-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Materials tested.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Name</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat Stainless Steel Wire</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round Stainless Steel Wire</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fiber Reinforced Composite</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bond-a-Braid</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Penta One 0155</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC Ortho</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reliance</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Masel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StickTech</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-glass fiber 15 μm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dimensions</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.673 mm (w) × 0.268 mm (h)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter: 0.394 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter: 0.75 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit Amount</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 wires</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 wires</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 fibers</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Design</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ribbon arch</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coaxial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidirectional fibre bundle</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijms-18-02096-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-02096-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics (N) of the load values of the 18 groups tested (each group consisted of 10 specimens).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Code</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shape</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bonding</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deflection (mm)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mdn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower CI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper CI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Post-Hoc *</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.94</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.91</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.41</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, C</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, G, H</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, C</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.84</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, C, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, E, H</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, G, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.47</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.55</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, G</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.86</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.56</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.81</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*: Mean with same letters are not significantly 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