Effects of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Membranes on Guided Bone Regeneration
Identifieur interne : 002E40 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002E39; suivant : 002E41Effects of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Membranes on Guided Bone Regeneration
Auteurs : Jin-Hyung Shim ; Joo-Yun Won ; Jung-Hyung Park ; Ji-Hyeon Bae ; Geunseon Ahn ; Chang-Hwan Kim ; Dong-Hyuk Lim ; Dong-Woo Cho ; Won-Soo Yun ; Eun-Bin Bae ; Chang-Mo Jeong ; Jung-Bo HuhSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) membranes with a conventional commercial collagen membrane in terms of their abilities to facilitate guided bone regeneration (GBR). Fabricated membranes were tested for dry and wet mechanical properties. Fibroblasts and preosteoblasts were seeded into the membranes and rates and patterns of proliferation were analyzed using a kit-8 assay and by scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation was verified by alizarin red S and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. An in vivo experiment was performed using an alveolar bone defect beagle model, in which defects in three dogs were covered with different membranes. CT and histological analyses at eight weeks after surgery revealed that 3D-printed PCL/β-TCP membranes were more effective than 3D-printed PCL, and substantially better than conventional collagen membranes in terms of biocompatibility and bone regeneration and, thus, at facilitating GBR.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050899
PubMed: 28441338
PubMed Central: 5454812
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-00899">Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Pusan University-Ro, Yangsan-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do 50612, Korea;<email>dentizen1201@nate.com</email>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-00899">Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Pusan University-Ro, Yangsan-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do 50612, Korea;<email>dentizen1201@nate.com</email>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This study was conducted to compare 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) membranes with a conventional commercial collagen membrane in terms of their abilities to facilitate guided bone regeneration (GBR). Fabricated membranes were tested for dry and wet mechanical properties. Fibroblasts and preosteoblasts were seeded into the membranes and rates and patterns of proliferation were analyzed using a kit-8 assay and by scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation was verified by alizarin red S and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. An in vivo experiment was performed using an alveolar bone defect beagle model, in which defects in three dogs were covered with different membranes. CT and histological analyses at eight weeks after surgery revealed that 3D-printed PCL/β-TCP membranes were more effective than 3D-printed PCL, and substantially better than conventional collagen membranes in terms of biocompatibility and bone regeneration and, thus, at facilitating GBR. </p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28441338</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5454812</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms18050899</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-18-00899</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Effects of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Membranes on Guided Bone Regeneration</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shim</surname>
<given-names>Jin-Hyung</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-00899">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-18-00899">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Won</surname>
<given-names>Joo-Yun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-00899">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-18-00899">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Jung-Hyung</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-00899">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-18-00899">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bae</surname>
<given-names>Ji-Hyeon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-00899">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-18-00899">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahn</surname>
<given-names>Geunseon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-00899">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Chang-Hwan</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-00899">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lim</surname>
<given-names>Dong-Hyuk</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-00899">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cho</surname>
<given-names>Dong-Woo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijms-18-00899">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yun</surname>
<given-names>Won-Soo</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-00899">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bae</surname>
<given-names>Eun-Bin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-00899">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeong</surname>
<given-names>Chang-Mo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-00899">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huh</surname>
<given-names>Jung-Bo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-00899">3</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijms-18-00899" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Rahaman</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed N.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijms-18-00899"><label>1</label>
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Polytechnic University, 237 Sangidaehak-Ro, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 15073, Korea;<email>happyshim@kpu.ac.kr</email>
(J.-H.S.);<email>thmim123@naver.com</email>
(D.-H.L.);<email>wsyun@kpu.ac.kr</email>
(W.-S.Y.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijms-18-00899"><label>2</label>
Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., 237 Sangidaehak-Ro, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 15073, Korea;<email>jywon@tnrbiofab.com</email>
(J.-Y.W.);<email>gsahn@tnrbiofab.com</email>
(G.A.);<email>chkim@tnrbiofab.com</email>
(C.-H.K.)</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijms-18-00899"><label>3</label>
Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Pusan University-Ro, Yangsan-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do 50612, Korea;<email>dentizen1201@nate.com</email>
(J.-H.P.);<email>say0739@daum.net</email>
(J.-H.B.);<email>0228dmqls@hanmail.net</email>
(E.-B.B.);<email>cmjeong@pusan.ac.kr</email>
(C.-M.J.)</aff>
<aff id="af4-ijms-18-00899"><label>4</label>
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheong-Am-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-Si, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 37673, Korea;<email>dwcho@postech.ac.kr</email>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-18-00899"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>neoplasia96@hanmail.net</email>
; Tel.: +82-10-8007-9099</corresp>
<fn id="fn1-ijms-18-00899"><label>†</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>5</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>899</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>This study was conducted to compare 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) membranes with a conventional commercial collagen membrane in terms of their abilities to facilitate guided bone regeneration (GBR). Fabricated membranes were tested for dry and wet mechanical properties. Fibroblasts and preosteoblasts were seeded into the membranes and rates and patterns of proliferation were analyzed using a kit-8 assay and by scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation was verified by alizarin red S and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. An in vivo experiment was performed using an alveolar bone defect beagle model, in which defects in three dogs were covered with different membranes. CT and histological analyses at eight weeks after surgery revealed that 3D-printed PCL/β-TCP membranes were more effective than 3D-printed PCL, and substantially better than conventional collagen membranes in terms of biocompatibility and bone regeneration and, thus, at facilitating GBR. </p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>3D printing</kwd>
<kwd>animal study</kwd>
<kwd>collagen membrane</kwd>
<kwd>guided bone regeneration (GBR)</kwd>
<kwd>membrane</kwd>
<kwd>polycaprolactone (PCL)</kwd>
<kwd>β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="ijms-18-00899-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>
,<bold>b</bold>
) Stress-strain curves of collagen, polycaprolactone (PCL), and polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) membranes under dry and wet conditions; (<bold>c</bold>
) Elastic moduli of collagen, PCL, and PCL/β-TCP membranes under dry and wet conditions. (** <italic>p</italic>
< 0.01, * <italic>p</italic>
< 0.05).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays of NIH3T3 (<bold>a</bold>
) and MC3T3 (<bold>b</bold>
) cells on collagen, PCL, and PCL/β-TCP membranes showing that attached cells grew well. (*** <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001, ** <italic>p</italic>
< 0.01, * <italic>p</italic>
< 0.05, NS = No significant difference).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Alizarin red S (<bold>a</bold>
) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (<bold>b</bold>
) staining showed osteogenic differentiation on PCL/β-TCP membranes was greater than on collagen membranes. (*** <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001, * <italic>p</italic>
< 0.05).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Micro-computed tomography images. (<bold>a</bold>
) The collagen group, (<bold>b</bold>
) the PCL group, and (<bold>c</bold>
) the PCL/β-TCP group. The collagen group exhibited the common alveolar ridge shape, but the PCL and PCL/β-TCP groups maintained a significantly augmented alveolar ridge shape to the lateral side.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>Histological sections of the collagen (<bold>a</bold>
–<bold>c</bold>
), PCL (<bold>d</bold>
–<bold>f</bold>
), and PCL/β-TCP (<bold>g</bold>
–<bold>i</bold>
) groups. NB, new bone; GM, graft material; MEM, membrane. Hematoxylin and eosin (<bold>a</bold>
,<bold>d</bold>
,<bold>g</bold>
) stain and Goldner Trichrome stain (<bold>b</bold>
,<bold>c</bold>
,<bold>e</bold>
,<bold>f</bold>
,<bold>h</bold>
,<bold>i</bold>
); original magnifications 12.5× for (<bold>a</bold>
,<bold>b</bold>
,<bold>d</bold>
,<bold>e</bold>
,<bold>g</bold>
,<bold>h</bold>
) and 50× for (<bold>c</bold>
,<bold>f</bold>
,<bold>i</bold>
)).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g005"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>Surgical procedures. (<bold>a</bold>
) The alveolar ridge crest was flattened and a defect measuring tool was used to produce same sized defects; (<bold>b</bold>
) Six box-type defects (length: 7 mm, height: 5 mm, depth: 5 mm) were prepared per dog; three on right and left sides; (<bold>c</bold>
) Defects were filled with particle-type graft material, and membranes were placed randomly on defects; (<bold>d</bold>
) Titanium pins were used for membrane fixation.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g006"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label>
<caption><p>Micro-CT images. (<bold>a</bold>
) The region of interest; length: 7 mm, height: 5 mm, depth: 5 mm; (<bold>b</bold>
) Bone graft materials shown in red; (<bold>c</bold>
) New bone shown in green with bone graft materials in yellow.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g007"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-18-00899-f008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label>
<caption><p>Histometric analysis. (<bold>a</bold>
) Tissue compartment areas within bone defect were assessed; (<bold>b</bold>
) Horizontal bone growths at different defect heights depths were measured.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-00899-g008"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="ijms-18-00899-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-00899-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Maximum tensile stresses and elastic moduli of collagen, PCL, and PCL/β-TCP membranes under dry and wet conditions (means ± SDs; <italic>n</italic>
= 5).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Maximum Tensile Stress (MPa)</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Elastic Modulus (MPa)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dry</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wet</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dry</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wet</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Collagen</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.16 ± 5.10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.10 ± 1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1050.2 ± 84.10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0 ± 3.90</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.90 ± 0.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.69 ± 0.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175.5 ± 5.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171.5 ± 3.80</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL/β-TCP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.07 ± 0.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96 ± 0.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238.9 ± 15.70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213.1 ± 24.70</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-18-00899-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-00899-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Volumetric analysis within region of interest (means ± SDs; <italic>n</italic>
= 6; mm<sup>3</sup>
).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NBV (mm<sup>3</sup>
)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RBV (mm<sup>3</sup>
)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NMV (mm<sup>3</sup>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Collagen</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.92 ± 6.97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.66 ± 9.20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125.14 ± 15.20</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.06</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.65</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126.23</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.29 ± 2.19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.84 ± 5.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.58 ± 5.56</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.71</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL/β-TCP</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.22 ± 3.11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.12 ± 5.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.37 ± 7.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.44</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.350</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.923</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.930</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>NBV; new bone volume, RBV; remaining bone substitute volume, NMV; non-mineralized tissue volume. No significant differences were observed between the three groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-18-00899-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-00899-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Areas of tissue compartments within membrane-protected bone defect (means ± SDs; <italic>n</italic>
= 6; %).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NIB (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIB (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SEB (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Collagen</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.38 ± 7.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.05 ± 6.01</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.57 ± 5.32</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.98</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.88</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.58 ± 5.52</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.59 ± 7.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.83 ± 6.30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.64</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL/β-TCP</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.06 ± 12.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.44 ± 12.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.50 ± 2.19</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.92</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.89</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.05</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>NIB; new bone plus bone substitute, SIB; soft tissue plus bone substitute, SEB; soft tissue plus bone substitute.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-18-00899-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-00899-t004_Table 4</object-id>
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Measurements of horizontal ridge augmentation gain at different defect levels (means ± SDs; <italic>n</italic>
= 6; mm).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groups</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone Gain at 100%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone Gain at 75%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone Gain at 50%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone Gain at 25%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone Gain at 0%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Collagen</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 ± 0.71</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 ± 0.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 ± 0.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70 ± 0.99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.38 ± 0.93</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.57</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 ± 0.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70 ± 1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50 ± 0.68</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31 ± 0.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.28 ± 1.81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PCL/β-TCP</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 ± 0.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16 ± 0.99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.44 ± 0.87</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99 ± 1.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.78 ± 1.24</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.94</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.99</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.591</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 0.001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 0.01</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 0.01</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.538</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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