Speech and Swallowing Data in Individual Patients Who Underwent Glossectomy after Prosthetic Rehabilitation
Identifieur interne : 002E10 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002E09; suivant : 002E11Speech and Swallowing Data in Individual Patients Who Underwent Glossectomy after Prosthetic Rehabilitation
Auteurs : Viviane De Carvalho [Brésil] ; Luiz Ubirajara Sennes [Brésil]Source :
- International Journal of Dentistry [ 1687-8728 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Maintaining oral function in patients undergoing glossectomy boosts interventions such as prosthetic rehabilitation. However, current literature still fails in the presentation of results of prosthetic rehabilitation in relation to speech or swallowing. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation on voice, speech, and swallowing in patients undergoing glossectomy by performing a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of individual cases. Studies were identified by relevant electronic database and included all dates available. The criteria used were sample with any
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DOI: 10.1155/2016/6548014
PubMed: 28042295
PubMed Central: 5126424
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Speech and Swallowing Data in Individual Patients Who Underwent Glossectomy after Prosthetic Rehabilitation</title><author><name sortKey="De Carvalho, Viviane" sort="De Carvalho, Viviane" uniqKey="De Carvalho V" first="Viviane" last="De Carvalho">Viviane De Carvalho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Rehabilitation Department, Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Rehabilitation Department, Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sennes, Luiz Ubirajara" sort="Sennes, Luiz Ubirajara" uniqKey="Sennes L" first="Luiz Ubirajara" last="Sennes">Luiz Ubirajara Sennes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28042295</idno><idno type="pmc">5126424</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5126424</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5126424</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/6548014</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E10</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E10</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E10</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E10</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Speech and Swallowing Data in Individual Patients Who Underwent Glossectomy after Prosthetic Rehabilitation</title><author><name sortKey="De Carvalho, Viviane" sort="De Carvalho, Viviane" uniqKey="De Carvalho V" first="Viviane" last="De Carvalho">Viviane De Carvalho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Rehabilitation Department, Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Rehabilitation Department, Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sennes, Luiz Ubirajara" sort="Sennes, Luiz Ubirajara" uniqKey="Sennes L" first="Luiz Ubirajara" last="Sennes">Luiz Ubirajara Sennes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-8728</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-8736</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Maintaining oral function in patients undergoing glossectomy boosts interventions such as prosthetic rehabilitation. However, current literature still fails in the presentation of results of prosthetic rehabilitation in relation to speech or swallowing. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation on voice, speech, and swallowing in patients undergoing glossectomy by performing a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of individual cases. Studies were identified by relevant electronic database and included all dates available. The criteria used were sample with any <italic>n</italic>; resection due to malignant tumors, restricted to tongue and/or floor of mouth; type of prosthetic rehabilitation; and description of the oral functions outcomes with prosthesis. For the meta-analysis of individual data, associations between the variables of interest and the type of prosthesis were evaluated. Thirty-three of 471 articles met the selection criteria. Results on speech and/or voice and swallowing were reported in 27 and 28 articles, respectively. There were improvement of speech intelligibility and swallowing in 96 patients and in 73 patients, respectively, with prosthesis. Based on the available evidences, this article showed that prosthetic rehabilitation was able to improve oral functions and can be a strategy used with surgical reconstruction in selected cases.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fang, Q G" uniqKey="Fang Q">Q.-G. Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, S" uniqKey="Shi S">S. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Z N" uniqKey="Li Z">Z.-N. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, F Y" uniqKey="Liu F">F.-Y. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, C F" uniqKey="Sun C">C.-F. Sun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vartanian, J G" uniqKey="Vartanian J">J. G. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-8728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28042295</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5126424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/6548014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Speech and Swallowing Data in Individual Patients Who Underwent Glossectomy after Prosthetic Rehabilitation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6165-6375</contrib-id><name><surname>de Carvalho</surname><given-names>Viviane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sennes</surname><given-names>Luiz Ubirajara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Rehabilitation Department, Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Viviane de Carvalho: <email>vivicarvalhofono@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Manal Awad</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>6548014</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 V. Carvalho and L. U. Sennes.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Maintaining oral function in patients undergoing glossectomy boosts interventions such as prosthetic rehabilitation. However, current literature still fails in the presentation of results of prosthetic rehabilitation in relation to speech or swallowing. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation on voice, speech, and swallowing in patients undergoing glossectomy by performing a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of individual cases. Studies were identified by relevant electronic database and included all dates available. The criteria used were sample with any <italic>n</italic>; resection due to malignant tumors, restricted to tongue and/or floor of mouth; type of prosthetic rehabilitation; and description of the oral functions outcomes with prosthesis. For the meta-analysis of individual data, associations between the variables of interest and the type of prosthesis were evaluated. Thirty-three of 471 articles met the selection criteria. Results on speech and/or voice and swallowing were reported in 27 and 28 articles, respectively. There were improvement of speech intelligibility and swallowing in 96 patients and in 73 patients, respectively, with prosthesis. Based on the available evidences, this article showed that prosthetic rehabilitation was able to improve oral functions and can be a strategy used with surgical reconstruction in selected cases.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Study type and characteristics patients of the included articles.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age<break></break>years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area of<break></break>resection</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of surgery</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FLAP</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT/CT</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of<break></break>prosthesis</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lehman et al. [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG + TL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moore [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG + FOM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leonard and Gillis [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gillis and Leonard [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowles et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG + FOM + M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ballard et al. [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STG + M + TL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Davis et al. [<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STG + M + epiglottidectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Izdebski et al. [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG + M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meyer Jr. et al. [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Godoy et al. [<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RFFF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaplan [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG + TL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SGF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP + TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimodaira et al. [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TFL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Çötert and Aras [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Martins et al. [<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Goiato and Fernandes [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pigno and Funk [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RAM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Penn et al. [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG + TL + M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dhamankar et al. [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laaksonen et al. [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RFFF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT + PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bachher and Dholam [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bhirangi et al. [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sabouri et al. [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okuno et al. [<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT + PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP + TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdulhadi [<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RFFF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT + PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koyama et al. [<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RAM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP + TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lauciello et al. [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 BOT/1 BT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 TG/3 PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: TF;<break></break>2: DPF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRERT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leonard and Gillis [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42,6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 TG; 3 PG; 1 STG<break></break>associated M + FOM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: PAP;<break></break>1 TP;<break></break>1 PAP + TP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okayama et al. [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5: T2, 1: T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 PG; 1 STG + M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 RFFF<break></break>1 LD<break></break>1 SF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cantor et al. [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 = 5 severe restriction + 5 moderate restriction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheeler et al. [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 OT/6 BT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 STG; 8 PG<break></break> (6: 10–20%; 2: 50% resection) <break></break>+ 9 M + 3 FOM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 TF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robbins et al. [<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55,4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 OT/2 OBT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 TG; 8 PG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weber et al. [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T3/T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 TG or STG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">De Carvalho-Teles et al. [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53,9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: T2; 6: T3;<break></break>26: T4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 OT<break></break>30 BOT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 TG; 4 STG; 6 PG + 12 M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35: PMMC<break></break>1: PMF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 PORT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ST: study type; TS = tumor stage; <italic>N</italic> = sample size; RT = radiotherapy; CT = chemotherapy; PORT = postoperative radiotherapy; PRERT = preoperative radiotherapy; CR = case report; P = prospective; R = retrospective; CC = case control; NR = not reported; OT = oral tongue; BOT = base of tongue; OBT = oral and base of tongue; TG = total glossectomy; PG = partial glossectomy; STG = subtotal glossectomy; TL = total laryngectomy; FOM = floor of mouth; M = mandibulectomy; RFFF = radial forearm free flap; ALT = anterolateral thigh flap; DPF = deltopectoral flap; PMMC = pectoralis major myocutaneous flap; RAM = rectus abdominus microvascular free flap; TF = tongue flap; LD = latissimus dorsi; RFFF = radial forearm free flap; IC = iliac crest; FSG = free skin graft; TFL = tensor fascia latae; SF = scapular flap; PF = platysma myocutaneous flap; PAP = palatal augmentation prosthesis; TP = tongue prosthesis.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Speech, voice, and swallowing outcomes of the included studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sp Sw therapy</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech/voice tests</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech/voice outcomes</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw tests</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw outcomes</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ET</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lehman et al. [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement to swallow saliva and semisolids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moore [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement spontaneous speech, resonance, voice quality</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cine-MRI<break></break>subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw of a variety of foods</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leonard and Gillis [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vowel intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved vowels from 48% to 64%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw of saliva improved</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gillis and Leonard [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vowels, consonants; acoustic analysis of vowels formants</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved: vowels 48 to 64%/; consonant: 82 to 90% and F1, F2, F3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw semisolids improved</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–8 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowles et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement global Sw</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ballard et al. [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Word, sentence intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Word intelligibility: 56%<break></break>sentence intelligibility: 84%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved Sw soft foods<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Davis et al. [<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CVC plosives intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement 20%: /t/ and /d/; <break></break>33%: /k/ and /g/</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF swallow liquids</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduction of pharyngeal transit, dry swallows, oral/ pharyngeal residues</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 year</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Izdebski et al. [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conversational intelligibility and vowels and plosives acoustic analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intelligibility markedly improved.<break></break>Formants achieved partial transitions.<break></break>Restoration of high-frequency bursts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meyer Jr. et al. [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worsened of Speech Intelligibility <break></break>PAP interfered tongue residual movements</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF liquid and paste</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase Sw speed, pool reduced, no aspiration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Godoy et al. [<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Articulation with substitutions with approximations of target phonemes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improving bolus propulsion into the<break></break>pharynx, aspiration decreased to 5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaplan [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw soft and solid foods <break></break>increasing the amount of food placed in the mouth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimodaira et al. [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Syllables, conversational speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech from unintelligible to adequate syllables from 19% correct to 74%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation of oral transit</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral transit time 72 to 27 seconds for thin, Sw of thick made possible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Çötert and Aras [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Words</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vowel intelligibility from 41 to 57%; consonant from 71 to 84%.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saliva swallowed with little effort. Head in a vertical position</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Martins et al. [<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acoustic analysis: vowels and automatic speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved articulation, increase in F1, F2, F3 decrease in jitter, shimmer, NHR, nasal resonance speech rate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF liquid and<break></break> thin paste</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduction of pharyngeal residues and reduction laryngeal elevation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Goiato and Fernandes [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in speech articulation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved<break></break>masticatory efficiency</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pigno and Funk [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From intelligible with careful listening to intelligible although noticeably different</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw had worse PAP interfered adaptive swallow</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE, 6 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Penn et al. [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in Sw of solid foods</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 y</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dhamankar et al. [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The patient did need a speech therapist<break></break>to increase the clarity of speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comfortable swallowing</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laaksonen et al. [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acoustic analysis of vowels<break></break> /i, I, Λ, u/ and sibilants /s, z, <italic>∫</italic>/</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vowels F1, F2 closer to preoperative level; moderate effect on /s, z/</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 y</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bachher and Dholam [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continuous speech, acoustic analysis: “ee”, “kaap”, “keep”, “kuup”/phonetically balanced passage</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase in habitual frequency, voice intensity; decrease in jitter<break></break>and shimmer and voice was more stable and better resonated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw questionnaire<break></break>based on dietary habits of Indians</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw from liquids to semisolids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 m <break></break> 12 y</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bhirangi et al. [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fricative and palatal sounds intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fricative and palatal sounds improved audibly <break></break></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liquid diet to semisolids<break></break>without apparent aspiration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sabouri et al. [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in speech intelligibility, before it was unintelligible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liquids to pureed or blended foods with head in an upright position</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okuno et al. [<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech intelligibility scores</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech intelligibility: PAP 50% to 65% PAP + LAP 50% to 73%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF liquid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improved oral transit;<break></break>reduced oral residues; no penetration/aspiration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdulhadi [<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in speech intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjective analysis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Easy swallowing</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koyama et al. [<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF (2.5, 5, 7.5 ml of gelatin)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All could propel all three volumes of gelatin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lauciello et al. [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 PG: speech intelligibility improved and 1 TG: unable function of speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasogastric tube to liquid or thin liquids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leonard and Gillis [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NI</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech intelligibility, consonant scores and F2 vowels</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement: consonants 9–21%, F2: 8–21%: IF: 8–22%, better in TG patient</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okayama et al. [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sw of saliva and US tongue movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of lingual movement decreased <break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cantor et al. [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NI</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Words /K, G/ intelligibility</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe group: improved +15.8–36<break></break>Moderate group: worsened −1.6–10.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheeler et al. [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech intelligibility improved: 6–18%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VF liquids, thin paste, thick paste</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral and pharyngeal time reduced for all foods</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–6 weeks</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robbins et al. [<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target sounds/rainbow passage/spontaneous speech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in articulation: IE 4.5; after 6 m: 3.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral transit clinical analysis: thin, thick</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE: 3.5/6 m: 2.2 aspiration reduced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IE, 3 m,<break></break>6 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weber et al. [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech spontaneous scale</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech was good or fair: 7/18 (PAP), 10/18: (PAP + laryngeal suspension)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical and VF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13/18 achieved oral alimentation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">De Carvalho-Teles et al. [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech spontaneous scores and analysis of formants of vowels</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speech spontaneous scores improved: 8.8 to 9.4. increase in F1, F2, F3 values</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3 m</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Sp = speech; Sw = swallowing; ET = evaluation time; m = months; VF = videofluoroscopy; NR = not reported; F1 = First formant, F2 – Second formant; F3 = Third Formant; PAP = palatal augmentation prosthesis; TP = tongue prosthesis; TG = total glossectomy; PG = partial glossectomy.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Type of glossectomy and palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) or tongue prosthesis (TP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Type of prosthesis </th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">Type of glossectomy</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Prosthesis</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">
<italic>p</italic>value<sup>1</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">PAP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partial glossectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.015</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total and subtotal Glossectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">TG</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partial glossectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total and subtotal glossectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>Fisher exact test; <italic>N</italic> = sample size.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Area of resection of tongue and palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) or tongue prosthesis (TP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Type of Prothesis</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">Area of resection of tongue</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Prosthesis</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">
<italic>p</italic>value<sup>1</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">PAP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">0.352</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Base of tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral & base of tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">TP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">0.042</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Base of tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral & base of tongue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>Fisher exact test. <italic>N</italic> = sample size.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Speech samples and palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) or tongue prosthesis (TP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Speech samples</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">PAP</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic><sup>1</sup></th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">TP</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic><sup>1</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 15</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 101</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 103</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 13</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Spontaneous speech</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><0.0002</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Monosyllables/consonants/words</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.028</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.039<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Vowels</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.965</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.873<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Sentences</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.612</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>Pearson's chi-squared test; <sup>2</sup>Fisher exact test. <italic>N</italic> = sample size.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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