Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population
Identifieur interne : 002D85 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002D84; suivant : 002D86Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population
Auteurs : Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed [Arabie saoudite, Soudan] ; Awrad Hamid [Soudan]Source :
- International Journal of Dentistry [ 1687-8728 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Palatal rugae patterns have unique characteristics and have been proposed as an alternative method to establish identity when other means, such as fingerprints and dental records, are not attainable. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics of palatine rugae and to assess the existence of side asymmetry in them in Sudanese Arabs. It also assesses the possibility of determining sex using logistic regression. One hundred dental casts for 50 males and 50 females aged between 18 and 23 were studied for palatal rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, as well as sexual dimorphism and side symmetry. The most predominant rugae were primary, and the most prevalent shapes in both sexes were wavy, curved, and straight forms. The predominant orientation was forward. Side asymmetry existed more in the orientations than in the shapes, but no side asymmetry was recorded in the dimensions. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in the rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, except for forward-directed rugae (
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/650648
PubMed: 25737723
PubMed Central: 4337109
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :002D85
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4337109Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Altayeb Abdalla" sort="Ahmed, Altayeb Abdalla" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Altayeb Abdalla" last="Ahmed">Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea>Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamid, Awrad" sort="Hamid, Awrad" uniqKey="Hamid A" first="Awrad" last="Hamid">Awrad Hamid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum 11111</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25737723</idno><idno type="pmc">4337109</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4337109</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4337109</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/650648</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D85</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D85</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002D85</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002D85</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Altayeb Abdalla" sort="Ahmed, Altayeb Abdalla" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Altayeb Abdalla" last="Ahmed">Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea>Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamid, Awrad" sort="Hamid, Awrad" uniqKey="Hamid A" first="Awrad" last="Hamid">Awrad Hamid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum 11111</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-8728</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-8736</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Palatal rugae patterns have unique characteristics and have been proposed as an alternative method to establish identity when other means, such as fingerprints and dental records, are not attainable. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics of palatine rugae and to assess the existence of side asymmetry in them in Sudanese Arabs. It also assesses the possibility of determining sex using logistic regression. One hundred dental casts for 50 males and 50 females aged between 18 and 23 were studied for palatal rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, as well as sexual dimorphism and side symmetry. The most predominant rugae were primary, and the most prevalent shapes in both sexes were wavy, curved, and straight forms. The predominant orientation was forward. Side asymmetry existed more in the orientations than in the shapes, but no side asymmetry was recorded in the dimensions. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in the rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, except for forward-directed rugae (<italic>P</italic> < 0.037). A predictive value of 60% was obtained in assigning sex using dimensions and orientations and of 58% using shapes alone. Therefore, the palatal rugae are not recommended for assigning sex effectively among Sudanese Arabs unless it is the only means available.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons, J D" uniqKey="Simmons J">J. D. Simmons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, R N" uniqKey="Moore R">R. N. Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, L C" uniqKey="Erickson L">L. C. Erickson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kapali, S" uniqKey="Kapali S">S. Kapali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Townsend, G" uniqKey="Townsend G">G. Townsend</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, L" uniqKey="Richards L">L. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parish, T" uniqKey="Parish T">T. Parish</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peavy, D C" uniqKey="Peavy D">D. C. Peavy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kendrick, G S" uniqKey="Kendrick G">G. S. Kendrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hauser, G" uniqKey="Hauser G">G. Hauser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daponte, A" uniqKey="Daponte A">A. Daponte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, M J" uniqKey="Roberts M">M. J. Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luke, D A" uniqKey="Luke D">D. A. Luke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, C J" uniqKey="Thomas C">C. J. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Wyk, C W" uniqKey="Van Wyk C">C. W. van Wyk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lysell, L" uniqKey="Lysell L">L. Lysell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shukla, D" uniqKey="Shukla D">D. Shukla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhry, A" uniqKey="Chowdhry A">A. Chowdhry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bablani, D" uniqKey="Bablani D">D. Bablani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, P" uniqKey="Jain P">P. Jain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapar, R" uniqKey="Thapar R">R. Thapar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bailey, L J" uniqKey="Bailey L">L. J. Bailey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esmailnejad, A" uniqKey="Esmailnejad A">A. Esmailnejad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, M A" uniqKey="Almeida M">M. A. Almeida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V">V. Deepak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, N I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N">N. I. Malgaonkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, N K" uniqKey="Shah N">N. K. Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasser, A S" uniqKey="Nasser A">A. S. Nasser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dagrus, K" uniqKey="Dagrus K">K. Dagrus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassle, T" uniqKey="Bassle T">T. Bassle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caldas, I M" uniqKey="Caldas I">I. M. Caldas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, T" uniqKey="Magalhaes T">T. Magalhães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afonso, A" uniqKey="Afonso A">A. Afonso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muthusubramanian, M" uniqKey="Muthusubramanian M">M. Muthusubramanian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Limson, K S" uniqKey="Limson K">K. S. Limson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julian, R" uniqKey="Julian R">R. Julian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nayak, P" uniqKey="Nayak P">P. Nayak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acharya, A B" uniqKey="Acharya A">A. B. Acharya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padmini, A T" uniqKey="Padmini A">A. T. Padmini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaveri, H" uniqKey="Kaveri H">H. Kaveri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, C J" uniqKey="Thomas C">C. J. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotze, T J V W" uniqKey="Kotze T">T. J. V. W. Kotze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Merwe, C A" uniqKey="Van Der Merwe C">C. A. van der Merwe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byatnal, A" uniqKey="Byatnal A">A. Byatnal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiran, A R" uniqKey="Kiran A">A. R. Kiran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samata, Y" uniqKey="Samata Y">Y. Samata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guruprasad, Y" uniqKey="Guruprasad Y">Y. Guruprasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Telagi, N" uniqKey="Telagi N">N. Telagi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rath, R" uniqKey="Rath R">R. Rath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reginald, B A" uniqKey="Reginald B">B. A. Reginald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A. A. Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A. A. Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, C J" uniqKey="Thomas C">C. J. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotze, T J" uniqKey="Kotze T">T. J. Kotze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, C J" uniqKey="Thomas C">C. J. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotze, T J" uniqKey="Kotze T">T. J. Kotze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Angelis, D" uniqKey="De Angelis D">D. De Angelis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riboli, F" uniqKey="Riboli F">F. Riboli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibelli, D" uniqKey="Gibelli D">D. Gibelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cappella, A" uniqKey="Cappella A">A. Cappella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattaneo, C" uniqKey="Cattaneo C">C. Cattaneo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barbieri, A A" uniqKey="Barbieri A">A. A. Barbieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scoralick, R A" uniqKey="Scoralick R">R. A. Scoralick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naressi, S C M" uniqKey="Naressi S">S. C. M. Naressi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moraes, M E L" uniqKey="Moraes M">M. E. L. Moraes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daruge, E" uniqKey="Daruge E">E. Daruge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daruge, E" uniqKey="Daruge E">E. Daruge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eguti, T" uniqKey="Eguti T">T. Eguti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kato, K" uniqKey="Kato K">K. Kato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nitta, N" uniqKey="Nitta N">N. Nitta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitano, I" uniqKey="Kitano I">I. Kitano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gitto, C A" uniqKey="Gitto C">C. A. Gitto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esposito, S J" uniqKey="Esposito S">S. J. Esposito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Draper, J M" uniqKey="Draper J">J. M. Draper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="English, W R" uniqKey="English W">W. R. English</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robison, S F" uniqKey="Robison S">S. F. Robison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Summitt, J B" uniqKey="Summitt J">J. B. Summitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oesterle, L J" uniqKey="Oesterle L">L. J. Oesterle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brannon, R B" uniqKey="Brannon R">R. B. Brannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morlang, W M" uniqKey="Morlang W">W. M. Morlang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dawasaz, A A" uniqKey="Dawasaz A">A. A. Dawasaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinkar, A D" uniqKey="Dinkar A">A. D. Dinkar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kotrashetti, V S" uniqKey="Kotrashetti V">V. S. Kotrashetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollikatti, K" uniqKey="Hollikatti K">K. Hollikatti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallapur, M D" uniqKey="Mallapur M">M. D. Mallapur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hallikeremath, S R" uniqKey="Hallikeremath S">S. R. Hallikeremath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kale, A D" uniqKey="Kale A">A. D. Kale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mustafa, A G" uniqKey="Mustafa A">A. G. Mustafa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allouh, M" uniqKey="Allouh M">M. Allouh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tarawneh, I" uniqKey="Tarawneh I">I. Tarawneh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alrbata, R" uniqKey="Alrbata R">R. Alrbata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goyal, S" uniqKey="Goyal S">S. Goyal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fahmi, F M" uniqKey="Fahmi F">F. M. Fahmi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Shamrani, S M" uniqKey="Al Shamrani S">S. M. Al-Shamrani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talic, Y F" uniqKey="Talic Y">Y. F. Talic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saraf, A" uniqKey="Saraf A">A. Saraf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bedia, S" uniqKey="Bedia S">S. Bedia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Indurkar, A" uniqKey="Indurkar A">A. Indurkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Degwekar, S" uniqKey="Degwekar S">S. Degwekar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhowate, R" uniqKey="Bhowate R">R. Bhowate</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kallianpur, S" uniqKey="Kallianpur S">S. Kallianpur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, A" uniqKey="Desai A">A. Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kasetty, S" uniqKey="Kasetty S">S. Kasetty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sudheendra, U S" uniqKey="Sudheendra U">U. S. Sudheendra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joshi, P" uniqKey="Joshi P">P. Joshi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shetty, S K" uniqKey="Shetty S">S. K. Shetty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalia, S" uniqKey="Kalia S">S. Kalia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patil, K" uniqKey="Patil K">K. Patil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahima, V G" uniqKey="Mahima V">V. G. Mahima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vezhavendhan, N" uniqKey="Vezhavendhan N">N. Vezhavendhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shanthi, V" uniqKey="Shanthi V">V. Shanthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balaji, N" uniqKey="Balaji N">N. Balaji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sumathi, M K" uniqKey="Sumathi M">M. K. Sumathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vendhan, P" uniqKey="Vendhan P">P. Vendhan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bharath, S T" uniqKey="Bharath S">S. T. Bharath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, G R" uniqKey="Kumar G">G. R. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhanapal, R" uniqKey="Dhanapal R">R. Dhanapal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saraswathi, T" uniqKey="Saraswathi T">T. Saraswathi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gondivkar, S M" uniqKey="Gondivkar S">S. M. Gondivkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, S" uniqKey="Patel S">S. Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gadbail, A R" uniqKey="Gadbail A">A. R. Gadbail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaikwad, R N" uniqKey="Gaikwad R">R. N. Gaikwad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chole, R" uniqKey="Chole R">R. Chole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parikh, R V" uniqKey="Parikh R">R. V. Parikh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdellatif, A M" uniqKey="Abdellatif A">A. M. Abdellatif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awad, S M" uniqKey="Awad S">S. M. Awad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammad, S M" uniqKey="Hammad S">S. M. Hammad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paliwal, A" uniqKey="Paliwal A">A. Paliwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanjari, S" uniqKey="Wanjari S">S. Wanjari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parwani, R" uniqKey="Parwani R">R. Parwani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dohke, M" uniqKey="Dohke M">M. Dohke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osato, S" uniqKey="Osato S">S. Osato</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A. A. Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A. A. Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A. A. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammed, A A" uniqKey="Mohammed A">A. A. Mohammed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, M A" uniqKey="Hassan M">M. A. Hassan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-8728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25737723</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4337109</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/650648</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Altayeb Abdalla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamid</surname><given-names>Awrad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum 11111, Sudan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed: <email>drahmedal@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Carla Evans</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>650648</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 A. A. Ahmed and A. Hamid.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Palatal rugae patterns have unique characteristics and have been proposed as an alternative method to establish identity when other means, such as fingerprints and dental records, are not attainable. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics of palatine rugae and to assess the existence of side asymmetry in them in Sudanese Arabs. It also assesses the possibility of determining sex using logistic regression. One hundred dental casts for 50 males and 50 females aged between 18 and 23 were studied for palatal rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, as well as sexual dimorphism and side symmetry. The most predominant rugae were primary, and the most prevalent shapes in both sexes were wavy, curved, and straight forms. The predominant orientation was forward. Side asymmetry existed more in the orientations than in the shapes, but no side asymmetry was recorded in the dimensions. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in the rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, except for forward-directed rugae (<italic>P</italic> < 0.037). A predictive value of 60% was obtained in assigning sex using dimensions and orientations and of 58% using shapes alone. Therefore, the palatal rugae are not recommended for assigning sex effectively among Sudanese Arabs unless it is the only means available.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a), (b), (c), and (d): different types of palatal rugae shape delineated in maxillary casts. A: angular, B: branching, C: circular, D: converging, E: crosslink, F: curved, G: diverging, H: nonspecific, I: straight, and J: wavy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJD2015-650648.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for palatal rugae lengths in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Females</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mann-Whitney test</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>U</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">505</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">486</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1127.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.392</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1035.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.131</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fragmented</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1193.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.663</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">665</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">621</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">975.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SD: standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for palatal rugae shapes in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shape</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Females</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Chi-square test</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chi-square value</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Degree of freedom</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.937</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.408</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curve</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.089</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.229</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.429</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.378</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Branch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.133</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.585</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crosslink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.329</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.249</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Angular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.849</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.690</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonspecific</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.705</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.601</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.840</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.682</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.659</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for palatal rugae directions in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Direction</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Females</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mann-Whitney test</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>U</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">389</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">949.500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Backward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">247</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1158.500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.525</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perpendicular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1109.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.301</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Bilateral differences (left-right) in rugae lengths in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Females</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.02 ± 1.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.08 ± 1.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.842</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.76 ± 1.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96 ± 1.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.299</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 ± 1.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 ± 1.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.912</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12 ± 1.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 ± 1.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.239</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fragmented</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 ± 0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 ± 0.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.782</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 ± 0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.290</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>*</sup>Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Bilateral differences (left-right) in rugae shapes in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Females</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Straight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62 ± 0.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 ± 1.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.684</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38 ± 1.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 ± 1.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.944</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Curve</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94 ± 1.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 ± 1.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.396</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.72 ± 1.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.44 ± 1.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.258</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80 ± 1.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88 ± 0.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.661</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96 ± 1.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92 ± 1.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.923</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Circular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 ± 0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Branch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ± 0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ± 0.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.896</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ± 0.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 ± 0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.336</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Crosslink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ± 0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.655</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10 ± 0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.739</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Angular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34 ± 0.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.446</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 ± 0.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.883</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nonspecific</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ± 0.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ± 0.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ± 0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.527</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Converging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ± 0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 ± 0.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.039</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diverging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ± 0.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.157</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ± 0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 ± 0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.134</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>*</sup>Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Bilateral differences (left-right) in rugae directions in both sexes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Males</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Females</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>*</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Forward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16 ± 1.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.62 ± 1.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52 ± 1.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.86 ± 1.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Backward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.86 ± 1.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 ± 1.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.20 ± 1.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74 ± 1.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perpendicular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 ± 0.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 ± 0.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.022</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 ± 0.79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54 ± 0.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.885</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>*</sup>Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Regression coefficient of all shapes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sl. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regression coefficient (<italic>b</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.111</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.369</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curve</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.213</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.125</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.972</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.290</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.484</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Branch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.316</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.297</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crosslink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.598</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.343</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Angular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.806</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonspecific</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.486</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.319</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.341</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.427</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.298</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.511</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Constant (<italic>a</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.475</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.247</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Predictive value using all shapes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sl. number</th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Actual group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Predicted value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total <break></break> number</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Correct percentage</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (50)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (50)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Regression coefficient of all dimensions and directions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sl. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regression coefficient (<italic>b</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.071</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.707</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.086</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.699</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fragmentary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.116</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.710</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.252</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.190</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Backward</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.126</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.573</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Constant (<italic>a</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.804</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.107</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>Predictive value using all dimensions and directions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sl. number</th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Actual group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Predicted value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total <break></break> Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Correct percentage</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (50)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (50)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002D85 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 002D85 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4337109
|texte= Morphological Study of Palatal Rugae in a Sudanese Population
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25737723" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |