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Mechanical and biological complication rates of the modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis in the posterior region: an alternative to the conventional Implant prosthetic system

Identifieur interne : 000659 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000658; suivant : 000660

Mechanical and biological complication rates of the modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis in the posterior region: an alternative to the conventional Implant prosthetic system

Auteurs : Jae-Hong Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Jong-Bin Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Man-Yong Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Joon-Ho Yoon [Corée du Sud] ; Seong-Ho Choi [Corée du Sud] ; Young-Taek Kim [Corée du Sud]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4852268

Abstract

PURPOSE

The modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP) is designed to combine the advantages of screw- and cement-retained implant prostheses. This retrospective study evaluated the mechanical and biological complication rates of implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) inserted with the modified LSP in the posterior region, and determined how these complication rates are affected by clinical factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mechanical complications (i.e., lateral screw loosening [LSL], abutment screw loosening, lateral screw fracture, and ceramic fracture) and biological complications (i.e., peri-implant mucositis [PM] and peri-implantitis) were identified from the patients' treatment records, clinical photographs, periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and clinical indices. The correlations between complication rates and the following clinical factors were determined: gender, age, position in the jaw, placement location, functional duration, clinical crown-to-implant length ratio, crown height space, and the use of a submerged or nonsubmerged placement procedure.

RESULTS

Mechanical and biological complications were present in 25 of 73 ISSCs with the modified LSP. LSL (n=11) and PM (n=11) were the most common complications. The incidence of mechanical complications was significantly related to gender (P=.018). The other clinical factors were not significantly associated with mechanical and biological complication rates.

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of this study, the incidence of mechanical and biological complications in the posterior region was similar for both modified LSP and conventional implant prosthetic systems. In addition, the modified LSP is amenable to maintenance care, which facilitates the prevention and treatment of mechanical and biological complications.


Url:
DOI: 10.4047/jap.2016.8.2.150
PubMed: 27141260
PubMed Central: 4852268

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PMC:4852268

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<title>PURPOSE</title>
<p> The modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP) is designed to combine the advantages of screw- and cement-retained implant prostheses. This retrospective study evaluated the mechanical and biological complication rates of implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) inserted with the modified LSP in the posterior region, and determined how these complication rates are affected by clinical factors.</p>
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<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
<p>Mechanical complications (i.e., lateral screw loosening [LSL], abutment screw loosening, lateral screw fracture, and ceramic fracture) and biological complications (i.e., peri-implant mucositis [PM] and peri-implantitis) were identified from the patients' treatment records, clinical photographs, periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and clinical indices. The correlations between complication rates and the following clinical factors were determined: gender, age, position in the jaw, placement location, functional duration, clinical crown-to-implant length ratio, crown height space, and the use of a submerged or nonsubmerged placement procedure.</p>
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<p>Mechanical and biological complications were present in 25 of 73 ISSCs with the modified LSP. LSL (n=11) and PM (n=11) were the most common complications. The incidence of mechanical complications was significantly related to gender (
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=.018). The other clinical factors were not significantly associated with mechanical and biological complication rates.</p>
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<p>Within the limitations of this study, the incidence of mechanical and biological complications in the posterior region was similar for both modified LSP and conventional implant prosthetic systems. In addition, the modified LSP is amenable to maintenance care, which facilitates the prevention and treatment of mechanical and biological complications.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2005-7806</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2005-7814</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27141260</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4852268</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4047/jap.2016.8.2.150</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mechanical and biological complication rates of the modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis in the posterior region: an alternative to the conventional Implant prosthetic system</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-0141</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Jae-Hong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-4337</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Jong-Bin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-935X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Man-Yong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-7342</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Yoon</surname>
<given-names>Joon-Ho</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-6124</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Choi</surname>
<given-names>Seong-Ho</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5132-5783</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Young-Taek</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
<label>1</label>
Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</aff>
<aff id="A2">
<label>2</label>
Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.</aff>
<aff id="A3">
<label>3</label>
Department of Prosthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp>Corresponding author: Young-Taek Kim. Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang 10444, Republic of Korea. Tel. 82 319000625:
<email>youngtaek77@naver.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>150</fpage>
<lpage>157</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>26</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2016 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>
) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<sec>
<title>PURPOSE</title>
<p> The modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP) is designed to combine the advantages of screw- and cement-retained implant prostheses. This retrospective study evaluated the mechanical and biological complication rates of implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) inserted with the modified LSP in the posterior region, and determined how these complication rates are affected by clinical factors.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
<p>Mechanical complications (i.e., lateral screw loosening [LSL], abutment screw loosening, lateral screw fracture, and ceramic fracture) and biological complications (i.e., peri-implant mucositis [PM] and peri-implantitis) were identified from the patients' treatment records, clinical photographs, periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and clinical indices. The correlations between complication rates and the following clinical factors were determined: gender, age, position in the jaw, placement location, functional duration, clinical crown-to-implant length ratio, crown height space, and the use of a submerged or nonsubmerged placement procedure.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>RESULTS</title>
<p>Mechanical and biological complications were present in 25 of 73 ISSCs with the modified LSP. LSL (n=11) and PM (n=11) were the most common complications. The incidence of mechanical complications was significantly related to gender (
<italic>P</italic>
=.018). The other clinical factors were not significantly associated with mechanical and biological complication rates.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>CONCLUSION</title>
<p>Within the limitations of this study, the incidence of mechanical and biological complications in the posterior region was similar for both modified LSP and conventional implant prosthetic systems. In addition, the modified LSP is amenable to maintenance care, which facilitates the prevention and treatment of mechanical and biological complications.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dental implant</kwd>
<kwd>Dental prosthesis design</kwd>
<kwd>Peri-implantitis</kwd>
<kwd>Prosthesis failure</kwd>
<kwd>Single-tooth implant</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source country="KR">
<institution-wrap>
<institution>National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Three-dimensional view (A), cross-sectional view and photograph (B) of the modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP). The modified LSP consists of a lateral screw, an abutment with a lateral hole, an antiloosening abutment screw, and a crown with a negative screw housing (1, lateral [transverse] screw; 2, abutment; 3, abutment screw).</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption>
<title>The modified LSP retains the implant prosthesis by the application of a pushing force onto the abutment (arrow). This system has a negative screw housing located within the crown, which provides mechanical locking by pushing against the walls of the abutment. The lateral screw penetrates the abutment to make direct contact with the abutment screw.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 3</label>
<caption>
<title>(A) The modified LSP does not involve access-hole resin or sealing materials, and so the occurrence of lateral screw loosening (LSL) can be clinically verified by visually checking the lateral screw access hole. The lateral screw can be tightened if necessary using a lateral screwdriver with a contra-angle attachment. The implant abutment/crown is manually tightened to a torque of 5-10 Ncm. (B) Since the lateral screw is designed for use with a lateral screwdriver and a contra-angle attachment, it is easily managed within the oral cavity.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Frequency distribution of implants according to their position in the jaw and the complication rates of the implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) with the modified LSP in the posterior region.</title>
<p>ASL, abutment screw loosening; LSF, lateral screw fracture; CF, ceramic fracture; PM, peri-implant mucositis; PI, peri-implantitis.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Incidence of mechanical and biological complications according to the duration of functional loading.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-g005"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Characteristics of the study populations of patients and implants for implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) with the modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP)</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-i001"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<col width="60.15%" span="1"></col>
<col width="39.85%" span="1"></col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients, n = 70</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (52.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (47.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, mean (range)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.9 years (25 - 77 years)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 - 29 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 - 39 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (8.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40 - 49 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (17.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50 - 59 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (37.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60 - 69 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (28.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 70 - 79 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (7.1)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<col width="60.15%" span="1"></col>
<col width="39.85%" span="1"></col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Implants, n = 73</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Position</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Maxilla</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (35.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> First premolar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Second premolar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (8.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> First molar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (21.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Second molar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mandible</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (64.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> First premolar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> First molar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (42.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Second molar</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (20.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of functional loading, mean (range)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.7 months (31 - 56 months)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Up to 3 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (24.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3 - 4 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (41.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4 - 5 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (34.2)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Except where stated otherwise, the data are n (%) values.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Mechanical and biological complication rates of the 73 ISSCs with the modified LSP in the posterior region</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-i002"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<col width="36.73%" span="1"></col>
<col width="33.19%" span="1"></col>
<col width="30.09%" span="1"></col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complications</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LSL</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASL</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LSF</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CF</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PM</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PI</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>LSL, lateral screw loosening; ASL, abutment screw loosening; LSF, lateral screw fracture; CF, ceramic fracture; PM, peri-implant mucositis; PI, peri-implantitis.</p>
<p>
<sup>*</sup>
LSL and ASL occurred simultaneously in one implant.</p>
<p>
<sup></sup>
PM occurred twice in each of two of the implants.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Mechanical and biological complication rates according to gender, age, position in the jaw, placement location, duration of functional loading, clinical crown-to-implant length ratio (C/I ratio), crown height space (CHS), and use of a submerged (two-stage) placement procedure</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="jap-8-150-i003"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<col width="16.16%" span="1"></col>
<col width="13.8%" span="1"></col>
<col width="12.29%" span="1"></col>
<col width="11.28%" span="1"></col>
<col width="11.28%" span="1"></col>
<col width="12.63%" span="1"></col>
<col width="11.28%" span="1"></col>
<col width="11.28%" span="1"></col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Characteristic</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanical complication group</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanical success group</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological complication group</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological success group</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Gender</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.024
<sup>a*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.795
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.7 ± 9.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.2 ± 11.4</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.655
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.1 ± 12.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.9 ± 10.4</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.075
<sup></sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Position in the jaw</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maxilla (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.359
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.857
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandible (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Placement location
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First molar (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.495
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.276
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second molar (n)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Functional duration (months)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 ± 8.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.6 ± 7.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.383
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2 ± 6.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0 ± 7.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.076
<sup></sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Clinical C/I ratio</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.137
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 ± 0.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.385
<sup></sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">CHS (mm)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4 ± 1.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5 ± 1.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.197
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2 ± 1.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.7 ± 1.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.375
<sup></sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Submerged procedure</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.503
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">.180
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Except where stated otherwise, the data are mean ± SD values.</p>
<p>
<sup>*</sup>
Fisher's exact and chi-square tests,
<sup></sup>
Student's t-test (two-tailed with independent samples),
<sup></sup>
Premolars were excluded due to sample smallness, a Statistically significant difference (
<italic>P</italic>
< .05).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

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