Edentulation alters material properties of cortical bone in the human craniofacial skeleton: functional implications for craniofacial structure in primate evolution
Identifieur interne : 002149 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002148; suivant : 002150Edentulation alters material properties of cortical bone in the human craniofacial skeleton: functional implications for craniofacial structure in primate evolution
Auteurs : Paul C. Dechow ; Qian Wang ; Jill PetersonSource :
- Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) [ 1932-8486 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Skeletal adaptations to reduced function are an important source of skeletal variation and may be indicative of environmental pressures that lead to evolutionary changes. Humans serve as a model animal to investigate the effects of loss of craniofacial function through edentulation. In the human maxilla, it is known that edentulation leads to significant changes in skeletal structure such as residual ridge resorption and loss of cortical thickness. However, little is known about changes in bone tissue structure and material properties, which are also important for understanding skeletal mechanics but are often ignored. The aims of this study were to determine cortical material properties in edentulous crania and to evaluate differences with dentate crania and thus examine the effects of loss of function on craniofacial structure. Cortical bone samples from fifteen edentulous human skulls were measured for thickness and density. Elastic properties and directions of maximum stiffness were determined by using ultrasonic techniques. These data were compared to those from dentate crania reported in a previous investigation. Cortical bone from all regions of the facial skeleton of edentulous individuals is thinner than in dentate skulls. Elastic and shear moduli, and density are similar or greater in the zygoma and cranial vault of edentulous individuals, while these properties are less in the maxilla. Most cortical bone, especially in edentulous maxillae, has reduced directional orientation. The loss of significant occlusal loads following edentulation may contribute to the change in material properties and the loss of orientation over time during the normal process of bone remodeling. These results suggest that area-specific cortical microstructural changes accompany bone resorption following edentulation. They also suggest that functional forces are important for maintaining bone mass throughout the craniofacial skeleton, even in areas such as the browridges, which have been thought to be little affected by function, because of low
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/ar.21124
PubMed: 20235319
PubMed Central: 3096942
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PMC:3096942Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Dechow, Paul C" sort="Dechow, Paul C" uniqKey="Dechow P" first="Paul C." last="Dechow">Paul C. Dechow</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, Texas</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, Qian" sort="Wang, Qian" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qian" last="Wang">Qian Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Jill" sort="Peterson, Jill" uniqKey="Peterson J" first="Jill" last="Peterson">Jill Peterson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Jill" sort="Peterson, Jill" uniqKey="Peterson J" first="Jill" last="Peterson">Jill Peterson</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Skeletal adaptations to reduced function are an important source of skeletal variation and may be indicative of environmental pressures that lead to evolutionary changes. Humans serve as a model animal to investigate the effects of loss of craniofacial function through edentulation. In the human maxilla, it is known that edentulation leads to significant changes in skeletal structure such as residual ridge resorption and loss of cortical thickness. However, little is known about changes in bone tissue structure and material properties, which are also important for understanding skeletal mechanics but are often ignored. The aims of this study were to determine cortical material properties in edentulous crania and to evaluate differences with dentate crania and thus examine the effects of loss of function on craniofacial structure. Cortical bone samples from fifteen edentulous human skulls were measured for thickness and density. Elastic properties and directions of maximum stiffness were determined by using ultrasonic techniques. These data were compared to those from dentate crania reported in a previous investigation. Cortical bone from all regions of the facial skeleton of edentulous individuals is thinner than in dentate skulls. Elastic and shear moduli, and density are similar or greater in the zygoma and cranial vault of edentulous individuals, while these properties are less in the maxilla. Most cortical bone, especially in edentulous maxillae, has reduced directional orientation. The loss of significant occlusal loads following edentulation may contribute to the change in material properties and the loss of orientation over time during the normal process of bone remodeling. These results suggest that area-specific cortical microstructural changes accompany bone resorption following edentulation. They also suggest that functional forces are important for maintaining bone mass throughout the craniofacial skeleton, even in areas such as the browridges, which have been thought to be little affected by function, because of low <italic>in vivo</italic>
strains found there in several primate studies.</p>
</div>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">101292775</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">33290</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Anat Rec (Hoboken)</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">1932-8486</issn>
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<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS282055</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Edentulation alters material properties of cortical bone in the human craniofacial skeleton: functional implications for craniofacial structure in primate evolution</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dechow</surname>
<given-names>Paul C.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Qian</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peterson</surname>
<given-names>Jill</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
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<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, Texas</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Please send page proofs and direct correspondence to: Dr. Paul C. Dechow, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246; Phone 214-828-8277; FAX 214-828-8951; <email>pdechow@bcd.tamhsc.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>18</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2011</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>293</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>618</fpage>
<lpage>629</lpage>
<abstract><p id="P1">Skeletal adaptations to reduced function are an important source of skeletal variation and may be indicative of environmental pressures that lead to evolutionary changes. Humans serve as a model animal to investigate the effects of loss of craniofacial function through edentulation. In the human maxilla, it is known that edentulation leads to significant changes in skeletal structure such as residual ridge resorption and loss of cortical thickness. However, little is known about changes in bone tissue structure and material properties, which are also important for understanding skeletal mechanics but are often ignored. The aims of this study were to determine cortical material properties in edentulous crania and to evaluate differences with dentate crania and thus examine the effects of loss of function on craniofacial structure. Cortical bone samples from fifteen edentulous human skulls were measured for thickness and density. Elastic properties and directions of maximum stiffness were determined by using ultrasonic techniques. These data were compared to those from dentate crania reported in a previous investigation. Cortical bone from all regions of the facial skeleton of edentulous individuals is thinner than in dentate skulls. Elastic and shear moduli, and density are similar or greater in the zygoma and cranial vault of edentulous individuals, while these properties are less in the maxilla. Most cortical bone, especially in edentulous maxillae, has reduced directional orientation. The loss of significant occlusal loads following edentulation may contribute to the change in material properties and the loss of orientation over time during the normal process of bone remodeling. These results suggest that area-specific cortical microstructural changes accompany bone resorption following edentulation. They also suggest that functional forces are important for maintaining bone mass throughout the craniofacial skeleton, even in areas such as the browridges, which have been thought to be little affected by function, because of low <italic>in vivo</italic>
strains found there in several primate studies.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>cortical bone</kwd>
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<kwd>ultrasonic</kwd>
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<funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Center for Research Resources : NCRR</funding-source>
<award-id>S10 RR023634-01A1 || RR</award-id>
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