Comparative evaluation of gingival trauma by Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide
Identifieur interne : 000295 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000294; suivant : 000296Comparative evaluation of gingival trauma by Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide
Auteurs : Gagandeep Kaur ; Vishakha Grover ; Ranjan Malhotra ; Anoop KapoorSource :
- Indian Journal of Dentistry [ 0975-962X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the gingival trauma with Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent.
15 subjects suffering from gingivitis were enrolled in a randomized controlled split mouth experimental investigation. After scaling, Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques were applied on either side of the mouth using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent and the gingival trauma was assessed immediately after, 7 days and 21 days posttreatment using trauma index (TI).
Statistically significant difference was observed in the mean TI scores of gingiva immediately after polishing with the two techniques, with the mean score of 0.25 ± 0.12 after rubber-cup and 0.40 ± 0.11 after prophy- jet polishing technique.
Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that inspite of higher gingival trauma immediately after air polishing using aluminium trihydroxide agent, there was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between rubber-cup and air-polishing techniques at 7 and 21 days posttreatment.
Url:
DOI: 10.4103/0975-962X.163041
PubMed: 26392729
PubMed Central: 4558747
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative evaluation of gingival trauma by Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide</title><author><name sortKey="Kaur, Gagandeep" sort="Kaur, Gagandeep" uniqKey="Kaur G" first="Gagandeep" last="Kaur">Gagandeep Kaur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grover, Vishakha" sort="Grover, Vishakha" uniqKey="Grover V" first="Vishakha" last="Grover">Vishakha Grover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhotra, Ranjan" sort="Malhotra, Ranjan" uniqKey="Malhotra R" first="Ranjan" last="Malhotra">Ranjan Malhotra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapoor, Anoop" sort="Kapoor, Anoop" uniqKey="Kapoor A" first="Anoop" last="Kapoor">Anoop Kapoor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, M.N.D.A.V. Dental College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26392729</idno><idno type="pmc">4558747</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558747</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4558747</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0975-962X.163041</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000295</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000295</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative evaluation of gingival trauma by Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide</title><author><name sortKey="Kaur, Gagandeep" sort="Kaur, Gagandeep" uniqKey="Kaur G" first="Gagandeep" last="Kaur">Gagandeep Kaur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grover, Vishakha" sort="Grover, Vishakha" uniqKey="Grover V" first="Vishakha" last="Grover">Vishakha Grover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhotra, Ranjan" sort="Malhotra, Ranjan" uniqKey="Malhotra R" first="Ranjan" last="Malhotra">Ranjan Malhotra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapoor, Anoop" sort="Kapoor, Anoop" uniqKey="Kapoor A" first="Anoop" last="Kapoor">Anoop Kapoor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, M.N.D.A.V. Dental College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">0975-962X</idno><idno type="eISSN">2213-3666</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Objective:</title><p>The aim of the present study was to compare the gingival trauma with Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>15 subjects suffering from gingivitis were enrolled in a randomized controlled split mouth experimental investigation. After scaling, Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques were applied on either side of the mouth using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent and the gingival trauma was assessed immediately after, 7 days and 21 days posttreatment using trauma index (TI).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Statistically significant difference was observed in the mean TI scores of gingiva immediately after polishing with the two techniques, with the mean score of 0.25 ± 0.12 after rubber-cup and 0.40 ± 0.11 after prophy- jet polishing technique.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that inspite of higher gingival trauma immediately after air polishing using aluminium trihydroxide agent, there was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between rubber-cup and air-polishing techniques at 7 and 21 days posttreatment.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJDENT</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0975-962X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2213-3666</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26392729</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4558747</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJDENT-6-130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0975-962X.163041</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative evaluation of gingival trauma by Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaur</surname><given-names>Gagandeep</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grover</surname><given-names>Vishakha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malhotra</surname><given-names>Ranjan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kapoor</surname><given-names>Anoop</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, National Dental College and Hospital, Gulabgarh, Dera Bassi, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><italic>Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, M.N.D.A.V. Dental College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Gagandeep Kaur, Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, National Dental College and Hospital, Gulabgarh, Dera Bassi, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="doctorgagandeep@gmail.com">doctorgagandeep@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jul-Sep</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Indian Journal of Dentistry</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Objective:</title><p>The aim of the present study was to compare the gingival trauma with Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>15 subjects suffering from gingivitis were enrolled in a randomized controlled split mouth experimental investigation. After scaling, Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques were applied on either side of the mouth using aluminium trihydroxide as polishing agent and the gingival trauma was assessed immediately after, 7 days and 21 days posttreatment using trauma index (TI).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Statistically significant difference was observed in the mean TI scores of gingiva immediately after polishing with the two techniques, with the mean score of 0.25 ± 0.12 after rubber-cup and 0.40 ± 0.11 after prophy- jet polishing technique.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that inspite of higher gingival trauma immediately after air polishing using aluminium trihydroxide agent, there was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between rubber-cup and air-polishing techniques at 7 and 21 days posttreatment.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Air polishing</kwd><kwd>aluminum trihydroxide</kwd><kwd>rubber-cup polishing</kwd><kwd>trauma</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Supragingival, subgingival plaque and stain removal is crucial for the maintenance of periodontal health.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Various longitudinal studies have shown the efficacy of the standard treatment approach consisting of a combination of systematic scaling and root planning,[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] patient's daily meticulous oral hygiene and regular maintenance visit to remove newly formed subgingival deposits.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] However during maintenance therapy, regular mechanical scraping of the tooth surfaces by the patient, supplemented by professional plaque and stain removal will lead to cumulative damage in the form of tooth substance loss and surface roughness.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] This roughness favors constant plaque accumulation, especially on the proximal and cervical sites, and enhances the chances of recurrence of gingival inflammation. Hence, tooth polishing, a process of smoothing the rough surfaces and removing stains, has been advocated as an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal for the effective maintenance of disease-free periodontium.</p><p>For over half a century, the most common method of polishing was using rubber-cup and paste technique. The polishing paste consisted of flour of pumice, glycerine, color additive and in addition, sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride was added for desensitizing effect.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] Lately, commercially available injection abrasive water jets, also known as air polishing devices have emerged as an alternative to hand curetment and rubber-cup polishing.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] These devices use an abrasive powder introduced into a stream of compressed air to clean or polish a surface by removing deposits with higher efficiency or by smoothening its texture.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</p><p>Sodium bicarbonate was the first air polishing powder used with Prophy-Jet technique.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] However, due to its high abrasiveness and restricted use in sodium intolerant patients, newer agents such as calcium carbonate, glycine, calcium phosphor silicate and bioactive hydroxyapetite are continuously being explored.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p><p>Recently aluminum trihydroxide has been introduced in the market as an alternative to the conventional agents. The mean particle size of the aluminum trihydroxide crystal is 80–325 μm with Moh's hardness of 2.5–3.5 and crystal shape is rounded.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>During polishing, these agents are known to inevitably affect the gingival epithelium surrounding the tooth. Hence, some amount of gingival trauma occurs inadvertently during the procedure. But whether the degree of gingival trauma depends on the technique of polishing is still under investigation.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] So, the aim of this study was to compare the gingival trauma with the two polishing techniques viz., Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques utilizing the novel aluminum trihydroxide polishing agent.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Subject selection</title><p>Fifteen patients suffering from gingivitis, from the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, National Dental College and Hospital, Derabassi (Punjab) were screened and selected according to the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Inclusion criteria</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Patients having slight to moderate generalized gingivitis</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients with probing depth of ≤4 mm</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients with >18 years of age</p></list-item><list-item><p>Having a minimum of 20 teeth.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Exclusion criteria</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Patients using orthodontic and prosthetic appliances</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pregnant patients</p></list-item><list-item><p>Smokers or who used any form of tobacco product</p></list-item><list-item><p>History of allergy to abrasives</p></list-item><list-item><p>History of any uncontrolled systemic disease</p></list-item><list-item><p>Edentulous patients.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Study design</title><p>A randomized, controlled split-mouth experimental design was used to compare the effect of Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup and paste techniques on gingiva using aluminum trihydroxide polishing agent [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Air-prophy unit and micromotor with rubber cup</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJDENT-6-130-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Aluminum trihydroxide polishing agent</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJDENT-6-130-g002"></graphic></fig><p>One week prior to the beginning of the study, the patients were subjected to atraumatic supragingival calculus removal. Any stain, if observed was left intact. The patients were instructed to discontinue the use of mouthwash until the study was to be over and to practice routine oral hygiene. Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques with aluminum trihydroxide were randomly allocated (using a coin toss method) to either side of the mouth. The effects on gingiva were scored by a single examiner, immediately after, 7 days and 21 days posttreatment on the facial and lingual side of each quadrant using trauma index (TI) reported by Weaks <italic>et al.</italic>[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Scoring criteria</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>No abrasion, no bleeding, no color change</p></list-item><list-item><p>No noticeable epithelial abrasion, slight bleeding, slight color change</p></list-item><list-item><p>Some epithelial abrasion, considerable bleeding, marked color change and</p></list-item><list-item><p>Marked abrasion exposing underlying tissue, profuse bleeding, and considerable color change.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p></list-item></list></p><p>The papillae between the maxillary and mandibular central incisors were not scored so as to prevent cross-contamination between the two techniques. The gingiva around the third molars was also not scored.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>Methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>For air polishing, a slow speed handpiece and prophy angle was used with aluminum trihydroxide polishing powder. The tip of the Prophy-Jet was kept 4–5 mm from the tooth surface and the spray was centered on the middle third of the tooth. A constant circular motion was used, and care was taken not to direct the spray into the sulci. The spray was directed at an 80° angle toward the gingiva, in a slightly distal direction, for cleaning molars and premolars, and at a 60° angle toward the gingiva for cleaning cuspids and incisors. All teeth were polished, whether stain and plaque were present or not, as is routinely done during standard prophylaxis procedures</p></list-item><list-item><p>For rubber-cup and paste technique, the paste used was a plain, fine, aluminum trihydroxide and water mixture, which was filled in the cup and was also spread over the teeth in the area to be polished. Finger rest was established and the cup was placed in contact with tooth. The stroke was from the gingival third toward the incisal third of the tooth. Using the slowest speed, the revolving cup was applied lightly to the tooth surface for 1–2 s with a patting, wiping motion and an overlapping stroke.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p></list-item></list></p><p>In the absence of stain and plaque a minimum of two back and forth sweeps of each facial and lingual tooth surface was made with either the Prophy-Jet or rubber-cup.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-7"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>All statistical analysis has been carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 15 software package (IBM SPSS Data Collection). Mean and standard deviations were calculated for the variables to be compared. Nonparametric analysis for changes in the gingival trauma was assessed using the <italic>t</italic>-test.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The mean TI scores immediately after the rubber-cup polishing technique was 0.25 ± 0.12 and after Prophy-Jet polishing technique was 0.40 ± 0.11 [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>] which showed a statistically significant difference in trauma between the two techniques. A statistically significant reduction in the mean TI scores was observed at 7 and 21 days post-treatment [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>] after both the techniques with the mean TI score of 0.01 ± 0.02 with rubber-cup and 0.02 ± 0.05 with Prophy-Jet technique at 21<sup>st</sup> day of evaluation. However the relative trauma scores of either of the technique were not significantly different at 7 and 21 days.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Intergroup comparison of mean TI scores with the two techniques at different intervals</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJDENT-6-130-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The mean change in the TI scores of the two techniques is depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref> and the comparison of the mean change is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>. It indicates a significantly more decrease in TI scores after air polishing technique with the mean reduction maximum between immediately after and 21 days interval.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Intragroup mean change of TI scores between different intervals after polishing with two techniques</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJDENT-6-130-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The intergroup comparison of mean change in TI scores between different intervals after polishing with two techniques</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJDENT-6-130-g005"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Recently, there has been many comparisons made between the use of air polishing treatments versus rubber-cup prophy treatments by Vande Velde <italic>et al.</italic>, Adrieaens <italic>et al.</italic>, and De Boever <italic>et al.</italic>[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] Our ongoing pursuit is to evaluate and compare gingival trauma after Prophy-Jet and rubber-cup polishing techniques using aluminum trihydroxide polishing agent.</p><p>Aluminum trihydroxide was the first air polishing agent developed as an alternative to specially processed sodium bicarbonate for patients who are sodium intolerant.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] In terms of hardness, it's rated 4 on the Mohs scale. It is safe for enamel and is indicated as a polishing agent on heavily stained enamel surfaces.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</p><p>For the assessment of gingival trauma, TI given by Weaks <italic>et al.</italic>, has been utilized in the study. It has got good sensitivity and reliability and is one of the most common index used to quantify gingival trauma in terms of presence or absence of gingival color change, bleeding and abrasions.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref><xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p><p>The results of the study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the gingival trauma immediately after rubber-cup and air polishing. While there was evidence of more trauma immediately after use of the Prophy-Jet technique as compared to rubber-cup technique, none of the techniques caused active hemorrhage or gingival erosions after treatment. At 7 and 21 days, no statistically significant difference in gingival trauma was seen with both the techniques. This can be attributed to the quick healing response of gingival leading to the complete epithelization of the wound at 7<sup>th</sup> day.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref><xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</p><p>Similar finding have been earlier reported by Weaks <italic>et al.</italic>,[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] Baer[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] Mishkin <italic>et al.</italic>,[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] and Kontturi-Närhi <italic>et al.</italic>,[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] who showed an increased gingival bleeding and trauma immediately after air polishing which could no longer be detectable and clinically insignificant at 7 and 21 days of evaluation.</p><p>In our study, one of the 15 subjects complained of peeling of the inner aspect of the lower lip after polishing, which again was not evident by 7<sup>th</sup> day of evaluation. It could be due to insufficient rinsing of the mouth during the procedures that allowed the abrasives to pool and cause irritation to the soft tissue in that area.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</p><p>As reported in the results, no major gingival damage occurred during polishing. Although some initial soft tissue impact was observed but postoperative follow-up at 7 and 21 days showed that the relative trauma scores of either air polishing or rubber-cup treatment were not significantly different. Air polishing offers many advantages to clinicians and their patients and it has been reported that its less time consuming and effective in heavily stained surfaces (e.g., smoking and chlorhexidine stain), thus minimizing the operator and patient fatigue.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref><xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] It will be exciting to see the results of additional research to see, if there is a point where speed and efficacy of air polishing treatment can override clinically insignificant soft tissue impact and provide superior treatment outcomes.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Our findings suggested that in spite of higher gingival trauma immediately after air polishing using aluminum trihydroxide, there was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between rubber-cup and air polishing techniques in subjects suffering from gingivitis. Gingival bleeding and color change are temporary soft tissue effects of polishing and are not clinically significant at 7 and 21 days posttreatment. It is likely that there will be many new developments that will enhance the use and efficacy of air polishing in the very near future.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil.</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Westfelt</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Rationale of mechanical plaque control</article-title><source>J Clin Periodontol</source><year>1996</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>263</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8707987</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moëne</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Décaillet</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Mombelli</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Subgingival plaque removal using a new air-polishing device</article-title><source>J Periodontol</source><year>2010</year><volume>81</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20059420</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Petersilka</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Faggion CM</surname><given-names>Jr</given-names></name><name><surname>Stratmann</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerss</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ehmke</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Haeberlein</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of glycine powder air-polishing on the gingiva</article-title><source>J Clin Periodontol</source><year>2008</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>324</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18294230</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wennström</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Dahlén</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramberg</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Subgingival debridement of periodontal pockets by air polishing in comparison with ultrasonic instrumentation during maintenance therapy</article-title><source>J Clin Periodontol</source><year>2011</year><volume>38</volume><fpage>820</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21736599</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berkstein</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiff</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>McKinney</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Killoy</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Supragingival root surface removal during maintenance procedures utilizing an air-powder abrasive system or hand scaling. 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