Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?
Identifieur interne : 001842 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001841; suivant : 001843Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?
Auteurs : V. Deepak [Inde] ; Nikhil I. Malgaonkar [Inde] ; Nishit Kumar Shah [Inde] ; Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser [Arabie saoudite] ; Kapil Dagrus [Inde] ; Tarakji Bassle [Arabie saoudite]Source :
- Journal of International Oral Health : JIOH [ 0976-7428 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person’s identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.
A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non-extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment.
Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a
Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons.
Url:
PubMed: 25395801
PubMed Central: 4229838
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 003193
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 003193
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 001312
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 005631
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 005631
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 005631
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001848
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001842
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?</title><author><name sortKey="Deepak, V" sort="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V" first="V" last="Deepak">V. Deepak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bengaluru</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" sort="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N" first="Nikhil I" last="Malgaonkar">Nikhil I. Malgaonkar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maharashtra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nishit Kumar" sort="Shah, Nishit Kumar" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nishit Kumar" last="Shah">Nishit Kumar Shah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gujarat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" sort="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" uniqKey="Nasser A" first="Azzeghaiby Saleh" last="Nasser">Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagrus, Kapil" sort="Dagrus, Kapil" uniqKey="Dagrus K" first="Kapil" last="Dagrus">Kapil Dagrus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Baroda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bassle, Tarakji" sort="Bassle, Tarakji" uniqKey="Bassle T" first="Tarakji" last="Bassle">Tarakji Bassle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25395801</idno><idno type="pmc">4229838</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229838</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4229838</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003193</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">003193</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">003193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001312</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001312</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">005631</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">005631</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">005631</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0976-7428:2014:Deepak V:palatal:rugae:patterns</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001848</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001842</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001842</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?</title><author><name sortKey="Deepak, V" sort="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V" first="V" last="Deepak">V. Deepak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bengaluru</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" sort="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N" first="Nikhil I" last="Malgaonkar">Nikhil I. Malgaonkar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maharashtra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nishit Kumar" sort="Shah, Nishit Kumar" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nishit Kumar" last="Shah">Nishit Kumar Shah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gujarat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" sort="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" uniqKey="Nasser A" first="Azzeghaiby Saleh" last="Nasser">Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagrus, Kapil" sort="Dagrus, Kapil" uniqKey="Dagrus K" first="Kapil" last="Dagrus">Kapil Dagrus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Baroda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bassle, Tarakji" sort="Bassle, Tarakji" uniqKey="Bassle T" first="Tarakji" last="Bassle">Tarakji Bassle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of International Oral Health : JIOH</title><idno type="ISSN">0976-7428</idno><idno type="eISSN">0976-1799</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person’s identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non-extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.00041.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchner, A" uniqKey="Buchner A">A Buchner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chandra, Shekar Br" uniqKey="Chandra S">Shekar BR Chandra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, Cv" uniqKey="Reddy C">CV Reddy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sweet, D" uniqKey="Sweet D">D Sweet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Bj" uniqKey="Adams B">BJ Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saxena, S" uniqKey="Saxena S">S Saxena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aeran, H" uniqKey="Aeran H">H Aeran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rastogi, Pk" uniqKey="Rastogi P">PK Rastogi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kadam, A" uniqKey="Kadam A">A Kadam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hauser, G" uniqKey="Hauser G">G Hauser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daponte, A" uniqKey="Daponte A">A Daponte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Mj" uniqKey="Roberts M">MJ Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bansode, Sc" uniqKey="Bansode S">SC Bansode</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, Mm" uniqKey="Kulkarni M">MM Kulkarni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patil, Ms" uniqKey="Patil M">MS Patil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patil, Sb" uniqKey="Patil S">SB Patil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acharya, Ab" uniqKey="Acharya A">AB Acharya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="English, Wr" uniqKey="English W">WR English</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robison, Sf" uniqKey="Robison S">SF Robison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Summitt, Jb" uniqKey="Summitt J">JB Summitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oesterle, Lj" uniqKey="Oesterle L">LJ Oesterle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brannon, Rb" uniqKey="Brannon R">RB Brannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morlang, Wm" uniqKey="Morlang W">WM Morlang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muthusubramanian, M" uniqKey="Muthusubramanian M">M Muthusubramanian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Limson, Ks" uniqKey="Limson K">KS Limson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julian, R" uniqKey="Julian R">R Julian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caldas, Im" uniqKey="Caldas I">IM Caldas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, T" uniqKey="Magalhaes T">T Magalhães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afonso, A" uniqKey="Afonso A">A Afonso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paliwal, A" uniqKey="Paliwal A">A Paliwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanjari, S" uniqKey="Wanjari S">S Wanjari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parwani, R" uniqKey="Parwani R">R Parwani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Limson, Ks" uniqKey="Limson K">KS Limson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julian, R" uniqKey="Julian R">R Julian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bailey, Lt" uniqKey="Bailey L">LT Bailey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esmailnejad, A" uniqKey="Esmailnejad A">A Esmailnejad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Ma" uniqKey="Almeida M">MA Almeida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hemanth, M" uniqKey="Hemanth M">M Hemanth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidya, M" uniqKey="Vidya M">M Vidya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shetty, N" uniqKey="Shetty N">N Shetty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karkera, Bv" uniqKey="Karkera B">BV Karkera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Cj" uniqKey="Thomas C">CJ Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotze, Tj" uniqKey="Kotze T">TJ Kotze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Merwe, Ca" uniqKey="Van Der Merwe C">CA Van der Merwe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lysell, L" uniqKey="Lysell L">L Lysell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hausser, E" uniqKey="Hausser E">E Hausser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hausser, E" uniqKey="Hausser E">E Hausser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Ma" uniqKey="Almeida M">MA Almeida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, C" uniqKey="Phillips C">C Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kula, K" uniqKey="Kula K">K Kula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tulloch, C" uniqKey="Tulloch C">C Tulloch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peavy, Dc" uniqKey="Peavy D">DC Peavy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kendrick, Gs" uniqKey="Kendrick G">GS Kendrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Der Linden, Fp" uniqKey="Van Der Linden F">FP van der Linden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons, Jd" uniqKey="Simmons J">JD Simmons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Rn" uniqKey="Moore R">RN Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, Lc" uniqKey="Erickson L">LC Erickson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdel Aziz, Hm" uniqKey="Abdel Aziz H">HM Abdel-Aziz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabet, Ne" uniqKey="Sabet N">NE Sabet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kapali, S" uniqKey="Kapali S">S Kapali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Townsend, G" uniqKey="Townsend G">G Townsend</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, L" uniqKey="Richards L">L Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parish, T" uniqKey="Parish T">T Parish</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoggan, Br" uniqKey="Hoggan B">BR Hoggan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadowsky, C" uniqKey="Sadowsky C">C Sadowsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schwarze, Cw" uniqKey="Schwarze C">CW Schwarze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ohtani, M" uniqKey="Ohtani M">M Ohtani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishida, N" uniqKey="Nishida N">N Nishida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiba, T" uniqKey="Chiba T">T Chiba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuda, M" uniqKey="Fukuda M">M Fukuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyamoto, Y" uniqKey="Miyamoto Y">Y Miyamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshioka, N" uniqKey="Yoshioka N">N Yoshioka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Arabie saoudite</li><li>Inde</li></country></list><tree><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Deepak, V" sort="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V" first="V" last="Deepak">V. Deepak</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dagrus, Kapil" sort="Dagrus, Kapil" uniqKey="Dagrus K" first="Kapil" last="Dagrus">Kapil Dagrus</name><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" sort="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N" first="Nikhil I" last="Malgaonkar">Nikhil I. Malgaonkar</name><name sortKey="Shah, Nishit Kumar" sort="Shah, Nishit Kumar" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nishit Kumar" last="Shah">Nishit Kumar Shah</name></country><country name="Arabie saoudite"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" sort="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" uniqKey="Nasser A" first="Azzeghaiby Saleh" last="Nasser">Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bassle, Tarakji" sort="Bassle, Tarakji" uniqKey="Bassle T" first="Tarakji" last="Bassle">Tarakji Bassle</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001842 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001842 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Main
|étape= Exploration
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4229838
|texte= Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25395801" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |