Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?
Identifieur interne : 003193 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003192; suivant : 003194Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?
Auteurs : V. Deepak ; Nikhil I. Malgaonkar ; Nishit Kumar Shah ; Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser ; Kapil Dagrus ; Tarakji BassleSource :
- Journal of International Oral Health : JIOH [ 0976-7428 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person’s identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.
A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non-extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment.
Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a
Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons.
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PubMed: 25395801
PubMed Central: 4229838
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?</title><author><name sortKey="Deepak, V" sort="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V" first="V" last="Deepak">V. Deepak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" sort="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N" first="Nikhil I" last="Malgaonkar">Nikhil I. Malgaonkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nishit Kumar" sort="Shah, Nishit Kumar" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nishit Kumar" last="Shah">Nishit Kumar Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" sort="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" uniqKey="Nasser A" first="Azzeghaiby Saleh" last="Nasser">Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagrus, Kapil" sort="Dagrus, Kapil" uniqKey="Dagrus K" first="Kapil" last="Dagrus">Kapil Dagrus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bassle, Tarakji" sort="Bassle, Tarakji" uniqKey="Bassle T" first="Tarakji" last="Bassle">Tarakji Bassle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25395801</idno><idno type="pmc">4229838</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229838</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4229838</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003193</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003193</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?</title><author><name sortKey="Deepak, V" sort="Deepak, V" uniqKey="Deepak V" first="V" last="Deepak">V. Deepak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" sort="Malgaonkar, Nikhil I" uniqKey="Malgaonkar N" first="Nikhil I" last="Malgaonkar">Nikhil I. Malgaonkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nishit Kumar" sort="Shah, Nishit Kumar" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nishit Kumar" last="Shah">Nishit Kumar Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" sort="Nasser, Azzeghaiby Saleh" uniqKey="Nasser A" first="Azzeghaiby Saleh" last="Nasser">Azzeghaiby Saleh Nasser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagrus, Kapil" sort="Dagrus, Kapil" uniqKey="Dagrus K" first="Kapil" last="Dagrus">Kapil Dagrus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bassle, Tarakji" sort="Bassle, Tarakji" uniqKey="Bassle T" first="Tarakji" last="Bassle">Tarakji Bassle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of International Oral Health : JIOH</title><idno type="ISSN">0976-7428</idno><idno type="eISSN">0976-1799</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person’s identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non-extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.00041.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchner, A" uniqKey="Buchner A">A Buchner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chandra, Shekar Br" uniqKey="Chandra S">Shekar BR Chandra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, Cv" uniqKey="Reddy C">CV Reddy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sweet, D" uniqKey="Sweet D">D Sweet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Bj" uniqKey="Adams B">BJ 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Int Oral Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Int Oral Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JIOH</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of International Oral Health : JIOH</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0976-7428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0976-1799</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dentmedpub Research and Printing Co</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25395801</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4229838</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JIOH-6-89</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Palatal Rugae Patterns in Orthodontically Treated Cases, Are They a Reliable Forensic Marker?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deepak</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malgaonkar</surname><given-names>Nikhil I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>Nishit Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nasser</surname><given-names>Azzeghaiby Saleh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dagrus</surname><given-names>Kapil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bassle</surname><given-names>Tarakji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Baroda, India</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold><italic>Correspondence:</italic></bold> Dr. Malgaonkar NI. Department of Oral Pathology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Phone: +91-7387560194. Email: <email xlink:href="nikhil.malgaonkar@gmail.com">nikhil.malgaonkar@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Sep-Oct</season><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © J. Int Oral Health</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person’s identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non-extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.00041.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Forensic odontology</kwd><kwd>orthodontic treatment</kwd><kwd>palatal rugae</kwd><kwd>stability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> The personal identification procedure could be needed in case of a dead or a living individual with both the situations having different sets of difficulties. Personal identification is based on a comparison between known records of ante-mortem data with records of post-mortem data.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> The post-mortem identification process is an integral aspect of the medicolegal death investigation, and identifying human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> Establishing an individual’s identity can be a tough task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or in mass disaster scenario.<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> Visual identification, use of dental records, fingerprints and DNA records probably are the most prevalent techniques used to serve the purpose, providing with swift and reliable identification.<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> However, application of visual identification and use of fingerprints is restricted by post-mortem changes associated with time, temperature changes and humidity. Although teeth are more resistant to environmental changes than other parts of the body, identification through dental records also may prove to be difficult, because dental treatment could have been performed between the procurement of dental records and the individual’s decease. Although DNA profiling is precise, it is expensive and time-consuming for use in large populations.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> It is a well-accepted fact that the rugae pattern is as unique to a human as are his or her fingerprints, and the rugae maintain their shape throughout life once formed during 12-14<sup>th</sup> week of prenatal life and the pattern remains unchanged until the oral mucosa degenerates after death. The anatomical location of the palatal rugae inside the oral cavity–within the blanket of cheeks, lips, buccal pad of fat, dento alveolar apparatus–keeps them protected from trauma and temperature changes. Thus, they can be used as a reliable reference landmark during forensic identification.<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> Very few studies have been undertaken to determine the credibility, reliability and stability of rugae patterns in individual identification that could play a very important role in forensic sciences. Controversies exist until date regarding quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rugae following extraction, orthodontic treatment, and denture prosthesis. Previous studies may not have taken into account, the effects of growth, extractions, palatal expansion, or a combination of these. Hence, this study was taken up to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A total of 137 pre- and post-orthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and nonextraction. All the patients were treated by pre adjusted edgewise therapy. The duration of treatment varied from 8 to 24 months. All impressions were made from alginate impression material and casts were made from dental stone. Rugae pattern on all casts was delineated using a 0.3 mm graphite pencil under adequate light and magnification. Markings were carried out by one operator and cross checked by another operator. Rugae length was recorded under magnification with a digital slide caliper.<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></p><p>Lysell and Thomas and Kotze classification was followed to assess palatal rugae pattern.<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></p><p>Rugae length involved three categories:</p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Primary rugae: 5 mm or more</p></list-item><list-item><p>Secondary rugae: 3-5 mm</p></list-item><list-item><p>Fragmentary rugae: 2-3 mm</p></list-item></list></p><p>Rugae measuring <2 mm were not considered.</p><p>Rugae shapes were mainly classified into eight major types:<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Annular</p></list-item><list-item><p>Branching</p></list-item><list-item><p>Converging</p></list-item><list-item><p>Cross linking</p></list-item><list-item><p>Curved</p></list-item><list-item><p>Diverging</p></list-item><list-item><p>Linear</p></list-item><list-item><p>Wavy.</p></list-item></list></p><p>To assess the intra observer variation in interpretation two observers performed the analysis and mean of two were taken for analysis. Only a few discrepancies were noted involving the fragmentary rugae.</p><p>Rugae length, shape and their positions were recorded on both right and left sides of pre- and post-treated orthodontic treated casts and were compared. Obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>Results</title><p>All three groups were compared for mean and standard deviation.</p><p>On right side, not much of a difference was observed in extraction group while there was an increase in length in nonextraction and palatal expansion cases (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Mean and SD length in three groups (right side).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion with respect to right side length by ANOVA test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean and SD length in three groups (left side).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><p>On left side not much difference was observed in nonextraction and palatal expansion groups, but there was a slight increase in length in extraction group (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion with respect to left side length by ANOVA test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Comparison of three groups w.r.t length by ANOVA test revealed insignificant difference in mean length within groups and b/w groups were observed from pre- to post-treatment (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>).</p><p>Changes in length in three groups were compared using the paired <italic>t</italic>-test (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">6</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Comparison of pre- and post-treatment with respect to length values in three groups i.e., extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion group in right side by paired <italic>t</italic>-test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g005"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Comparison of pre and post-treatment with respect to length values in three groups i.e., extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion group in left side by paired <italic>t</italic>-test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g006"></graphic></table-wrap><p>On right side, not much difference was seen in nonextraction group, but an increase in length was seen in both extraction and palatal expansion group. While on left side almost identical length was in extraction and non-extraction group, but there was in a slight increase in palatal expansion group. Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes w.r.t shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in nonextraction group both on right and left sides (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T7">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T8">8</xref>). All three groups were compared involving all three parameters using the Chi-square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. While, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in nonextraction group with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.00041 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T9">Table 9</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns at pre- and post-treatment at right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g007"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T8" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns at pre- and post-treatment at left side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g008"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T9" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to status changes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g009"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>Discussion</title><p>The amount of tooth movement seems to have some influence on the stability of palatal rugae.<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> In the present study, post-treatment changes were seen in the majority of the cases w.r.t size, shape, position, number and gross appearance of rugae in all the examined cases. Although when subjected to statistical analysis, involving parameter of length, they were not found to be statistically significant on either sides (Graphs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>). Although not statistically significant, maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion cases. The shape aspect of the rugae was analyzed on both sides. Palatal expansion cases presented with a maximum change in the rugae pattern but the differences in the study groups were not statistically significant (Graphs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8</xref>). When all the parameters considered together were subjected for statistical analysis, the changes were found to be statistically significant with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.00041, which is not concurrent with previous studies. The contradiction in the result with previous studies can be attributed to the fact that earlier studies did not include the palatal expansion cases, and systematic categorization of cases was not done. The group involving palatal expansion cases has shown changes of the highest magnitude (89.19%), and then extraction group (84.00%) and least changes involving non extraction group (62.00%), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Graph 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T9">Table 9</xref>). Similar study was carried out by Bansode <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> came up with results contradictory to our study that contained few palatal expansion cases. The palatal expansion cases in the study done by Bansode <italic>et al</italic>. showed changes only in the length of palatal rugae. The stability of the first and second palatal rugae is limited and dependent on the type of orthodontic treatment. As stated by Peavy and Kendrick ‘the closer the rugae are to the teeth, the more prone they are to stretch in the direction that their associated teeth move.’<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> These findings are also consistent with those of Van der Linden and Almeida <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> In Palatal expansion cases there will be a significant increase in arch perimeter subsequently causing changes in the shape, size and position of rugae patterns. Extraction of premolars creates a large space for distal retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth, which changes the positions of rugae.<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> The third rugae appeared fairly stable in all measurements and their position near the molar region away from the distal retraction of the anterior teeth may contribute to the lack of change.<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>-<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> These results were consistent with Schwarze <italic>et al</italic> and Paevy and Kendrick.<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> They concluded that more posterior the rugae are, lesser susceptible are they to changes with tooth movement. Most significant changes were observed in cases involving both extraction and palatal expansion, whereas in cases of non-extraction the changes in rugae pattern remain unexplained.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Graph 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of extraction, non-extraction and expansion with respect to right side length.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g010"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Graph 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion with respect to left side length.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g011"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Graph 3</label><caption><p>Comparison of pre- and post-treatment with respect to length values in three groups i.e., extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion group in right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g012"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Graph 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of pre- and post-treatment with respect to length values in three groups i.e., extraction, non-extraction and palatal expansion group in left side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Graph 5</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns in pre-treatment at right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g014"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Graph 6</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns in post-treatment at right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g015"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Graph 7</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns in pre-treatment at left side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g016"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Graph 8</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to shape of rugae patterns in post-treatment at left side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g017"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" position="float"><label>Graph 9</label><caption><p>Comparison of three groups with respect to status changes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIOH-6-89-g018"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Palatal rugae pattern is unique to an individual and it can therefore be used in establishing identity which can be an adjunct in forensic medicine provided antemortem data are available.<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> Orthodontic treatment has an impact on stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons. Most reliable and stable points being third rugae, they could be used as reference points to evaluate tooth movements.<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> More elaborate studies with larger sample size in a prospective manner and with better rugae evaluation techniques should be carried out to substantiate the beneficial role of palatal rugae in forensic sciences. As, only a very small percentage of individuals with malocclusion undergo orthodontic treatment it would be unjust to write off the role and significance of palatal rugae patterns in individual identification. 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