Catholicon Anglicum
Identifieur interne : 005754 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005753; suivant : 005755Catholicon Anglicum
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- Camden New Series [ 2042-1702 ] ; 1882-12.
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when="1882-12">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="other"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RHN</journal-id><journal-title>Camden New Series</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Camden New Series</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="epub">2042-1702</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S2042170200007944</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S2042170200007944</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00794</article-id><title-group><article-title>Catholicon Anglicum</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">CATHOLICON ANGLICUM</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">CATHOLICON ANGLICUM</alt-title></title-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>1882</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><volume-id>Catholicon Anglicum an English-Latin Wordbook, Dated 1483</volume-id><fpage seq="8">1</fpage><lpage>428</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright
© Royal Historical Society 1882</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1882</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Royal Historical Society</copyright-holder></permissions><counts><page-count count="428"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S2042170200007944a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>volume-eds</meta-name><meta-value>Sidney J. H. Herrtage</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>dispart</meta-name><meta-value>Catholicon Anglicum</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><fn id="fn01" symbol="page 1 note 1"><label><sup>page 1 note 1</sup></label><p>Interjections of frequent occurrence in the Latin Comic Writers. Cooper, Thesaurus, 1584, gives ‘<italic>Eia.</italic> Eigh, well goe too! <italic>Sodes</italic>. In good felowshyp; I pray thee. <italic>Amabo</italic>. Of felowshippe; of al loues; I pray thee; as euer thou wilt doe me good turne.’ ‘<italic>Cor meum</italic>. My sweetheart. Plautus.’ Riddle's Lat. Dictionary.</p></fn><fn id="fn02" symbol="page 1 note 2"><label><sup>page 1 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>vbi</italic> = see, refer to.</p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="page 1 note 3"><label><sup>page 1 note 3</sup></label><p>Habakkuk. See <citation id="ref001" citation-type="other"><italic>King Solomon's Book of Wisdom</italic>, p. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>, 1. 245: ‘A man pere was þat hiþtte <italic>Abacuc</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="page 1 note 1"><label><sup>page 1 note 1</sup></label><p>Read <italic>Cenobita: scenobita</italic> is a tight-rope daneer.</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="page 1 note 5"><label><sup>page 1 note 5</sup></label><p>Obadiah. Thus in the <citation id="ref002" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>528</fpage></citation>, 1. 9167, we find the names of ‘Ysaias, Joel, Osee, <italic>Abdias</italic>, Amos, Jonas, and Micheas.’ ‘<italic>Abdias</italic>, one of the xij. prophetes.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="page 1 note 6"><label><sup>page 1 note 6</sup></label><p>Ahab(?).</p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="page 1 note 7"><label><sup>page 1 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Abece</italic>, an Abcee, the crosse-rowe, an alphabet, or orderly list of all the letters.’ Cotgrave. ‘Abce for children to learne their crosrow, <italic>Abecedarium</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie, 1580. In the account of the 119th Psalm given in <citation id="ref003" citation-type="other"><italic>The Myrroure of Our Lady</italic>, p. <fpage>139</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘as there is xxii. letters in the <italic>Abece</italic> of hebrew, so there is xxii. tymes eyghte verses in this psalme.’</p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="page 1 note 8"><label><sup>page 1 note 8</sup></label><p>Used in both senses of our word <italic>habit</italic> (i.e. <italic>custom</italic> and <italic>dress</italic>). (See P. 97, ‘Cowle or monkes <italic>abyte</italic>,’ and 179, ‘Frogge or froke, munkys <italic>abyte</italic>.’)</p><p>'sAnd chanones gode he dede therinne</p><p>Unther the <italic>abbyt</italic> of seynte Austynne.’</p><p>St. Patrick's Purgatory, ed. <citation id="ref004" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>66</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="page 1 note 9"><label><sup>page 1 note 9</sup></label><p>Cooper in his Thesaurus, 1584, under <italic>improbus</italic> gives the well-known Latin sentence ‘<italic>labor omnia vincit improbus</italic>,’ which he renders ‘importunate labour overcommeth all thinges.’</p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="page 2 note 1"><label><sup>page 2 note 1</sup></label><p>Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, 167, describes the monk as ‘A manly man, to ben aft abbot <italic>able</italic>.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Habile</italic>. Able, sufficient, fit for, handsome in, apt unto any thing he undertakes, or is put unto.’ In ‘The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke,’ pr. in the Babees Boke, p. 267, 1. 44, we are told not to</p><p>'sspitte ouer the tabylle,</p><p>Ne therupon, for that is no thing <italic>abylle</italic>.’</p><p>In Lonelich's <italic>History of the Holy Grail</italic>, xxx. 382, a description is given of Solomon's sword, to which, we are told, his wife insisted on attaching hangings</p><p>'sso fowl … and so spytable,</p><p>That to so Ryal a thing ne weren not <italic>able</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Aptus</italic>. Habely.’ Medulla. ‘Tille oure soule be somwhat clensid from gret outewarde synnes and <italic>abiled</italic> to gostely werke.’ <citation id="ref005" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Prose Treatises</italic>, p. <fpage>20</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="page 2 note 2"><label><sup>page 2 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>eṛupere</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="page 2 note 3"><label><sup>page 2 note 3</sup></label><p>That is, the <italic>o</italic> in the oblique cases is long.</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="page 2 note 4"><label><sup>page 2 note 4</sup></label><p>See also Serge-berer. The duties of the Accolite are thus defined in the Pontifical of Christopher Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, (1508–1514), edited for Surtees Society by Dr. Henderson, 1875, p. 11: ‘Acolythum oportet ceroferarium ferre, et luminaria ecclesiae accendere, vinum et aquam ad eucharistiam ministrare.’ See also the ordination of Acolytes, Maskell, Monumenta Ritualia, iii. 171. Thorpe, Ancient Laws, ii. 348, gives the following from the Canons of Ælfric: ‘xiv. <italic>Acolitus</italic> is gecweden seþe candele oððe tapor bẏrð to Godes þenungum þonne mann godspell rǽt. oððe þonne man halgað <inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline1"></inline-graphic> husl æt þam weofode.’ Wyclif speaks of ‘Onesimus the <italic>acolit</italic>.’ Prol. to <italic>Colossians</italic>.</p><p>'sDe accolitis.</p><p>The ordre fer the <italic>accolyt</italic> hys</p><p>To bere tapres about wiзt riзtte,</p><p>Wanne me schel rede the gospel</p><p>Other offry to oure Dryte.’</p><p>Poems of William de Shoreham, p. 49.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="page 3 note 1"><label><sup>page 3 note 1</sup></label><p>The division of life into the two classes of <italic>active life</italic> or <italic>bodily</italic> service of God, and <italic>contemplative life</italic> or <italic>spiritual</italic> service, is common in mediæval theological writers. It ocours frequently in William of Nassyngton's ‘Mirror of Life,’ and in Hampole's Prose Treatises, see Mr. Perry's Preface, p. xi, and p. 19 of text; at p. 29 we are told that ‘Lya es als mekill at say as trauyliouse, and betakyns <italic>actyfe lyfe</italic>. Rachelle hyghte of begynnynge, þat es godd, and betakyns <italic>lyfe contemplatyfe</italic>.’ Langland in P. Plowman, B-Text, Passus vi. 251, says:—‘Contemplatyf lyf or <italic>actyf lyf</italic> cryst wolde men wrouзte:’ see also B. x. 230, A. xi. 80, C. xvi. 194, and Prof. Skeat's notes. In the ‘Reply of Frier Dan Topias,’ pr. in Political Poems, ed. Wright, ii. 63, we find:—</p><p>'sJack, in James pistles</p><p>al religioun is groundid,</p><p>Ffor there is made mencion</p><p>of two perfit lyres.</p><p>That actif and contemplatif</p><p>comounli ben callid</p><p><italic>Ffulli figurid by Marie</italic></p><p><italic>and Martha hir sister</italic>,</p><p>By Peter and bi Joon,</p><p><italic>by Rachel and by Lya</italic> (Leah).’</p><p>The distinction seems to have been founded upon the last verse of the ist chapter of the Epistle of St. James. Wiclif (Works, i. 384) says:—‘This is clepid <italic>actif liif</italic>, whanne men travailen for worldli goodis, and kepen hem in rightwisnesse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="page 3 note 2"><label><sup>page 3 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Aimant</italic>, the Adamant, or Load-stone.’ Cotgrave. Cooper says, ‘<italic>Adamas</italic>. A diamonde, wherof there be diuers
kindes, as in Plin. and other it appereth. It's rertues are, to resiste poison, and witchcrafte: to put away feare; to geue victory in contention: to healpe them that be lunatike or phrantike: I haue proued that a Diamonde layed by a nedell causeth that the loode stone can not draw the needel. No fire can hurte it, no violence breake it, onles it be moisted in the warme bludde of a goote.’</p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="page 3 note 3"><label><sup>page 3 note 3</sup></label><p>Tusser in his <citation id="ref006" citation-type="other"><italic>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</italic>, p. <fpage>51</fpage></citation>, stanza 6, says:—</p><p>'sWhere ivy embraseth the tree very sore, Kill ivy, or tree else will <italic>addle</italic> ho more:’ and in ‘Richard of Dalton Dale’ we read:—‘I <italic>addle</italic> my ninepence every day.’ The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘to addil, <italic>demerere;</italic> to addle, <italic>lucrari, mereri</italic>.’ Icel. <italic>ödläsk</italic> = to win, gain. Cleasby's Icel. Dict. See note by Prof. Skeat in E. Dialect. Soo.'s edition of Ray's Glossary, p. xxi. ‘Hemm <italic>addlenn</italic> swa þe maste wa þatt aniз mann maзз <italic>addlenn</italic>.’ <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 16102. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref006">ibid.</xref> 6235, and <citation id="ref007" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>218</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="page 3 note 4"><label><sup>page 3 note 4</sup></label><p>We are told in Lyte's <citation id="ref008" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Dodoens</surname></name>, p. <fpage>649</fpage></citation>, amongst other virtues of this plant, that ‘the ashes of the burned roote doo cure and heale scabbes and noughtie sores of the head, and doo restore agayne vnto the pilde head the heare fallen away being layde therevnto.’ ‘<italic>Aphrodille</italic>. The Affrodill, or Asfrodill flower.’ Cotgrave. Andrew Boorde in his Dyetary, ed. <citation id="ref009" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>102</fpage></citation>, recommends for a Sawce-flewme face ‘Burre rotes and <italic>Affodyl</italic> rotes, of eyther iij. unces,’ &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="page 4 note 1"><label><sup>page 4 note 1</sup></label><p>Used here apparently in the sense of ‘to bridle, restrain,’ but in Early English to <italic>Affrayn</italic> was to <italic>question;</italic> A. S. <italic>offreinen</italic>, pt. t. <italic>offrœgn</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="page 4 note 2"><label><sup>page 4 note 2</sup></label><p>It is curious that the common meaning of this word (<italic>iterum</italic>) should not be given.</p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="page 4 note 3"><label><sup>page 4 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>octo, octogenti</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="page 4 note 4"><label><sup>page 4 note 4</sup></label><p>A sore either on the foot or hand. Palsgrave has ‘an <italic>agnayle</italic> upon one's too,’ and Baret, ‘an agnaile or little corn growing upon the toes, <italic>gemursa, pterigium</italic>.’ Minsheu describes it as a ‘sore betweene the finger and the nail., <italic>Agassin</italic>. A corne or agnele In the feet or toes. <italic>Frouelle</italic>. An agnell, pinne, or warnell in the toe.’ 1611. Cotgrave. ‘Agnayle: <italic>pterigium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. According to Wedgwood ‘the real origin is Ital. <italic>anguinaglia</italic> (Latin <italic>inguem</italic>), the groin, also a botch or blain in that place; Fr. <italic>angonailles</italic>. Botches, (pockie) bumps, or sores, Cotgrave.’ Halliwell, <italic>s. v.</italic> quotes from the Med. MS. Lincoln, leaf 300, a receipt ‘for <italic>agnayls</italic> one mans fete or womans.’ Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, p. 279, speaking of ‘Git, or Nigella,’ says:—‘The same stieped in olde wine, or stale pisse (as Plinie saith) causeth the Cornes and <italic>Agnayles</italic> to fall of from the feete, if they be first scarified and scotched rounde aboute.’ ‘<italic>Gemursa</italic>. A corn or lyke griefe vnder the little toe.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="page 4 note 5"><label><sup>page 4 note 5</sup></label><p>This word occurs in H. More's Philosoph. Poems, p. 7:</p><p>'sThe glory of the court, their fashions</p><p>And brave <italic>agguize</italic>, with all their princely state.’</p><p>Spenser uses it as a verb: thus, Faery Queen, II. i. 21, we read, ‘to do her service well <italic>aguisd</italic>.’ See also stanza 31, and vi. 7. <italic>Indula</italic> is a contracted form of ‘<italic>inducula</italic>, a little garment.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="page 5 note 1"><label><sup>page 5 note 1</sup></label><p>In the XI Pains of Hell, pr. in <citation id="ref010" citation-type="other"><italic>An Old Eng. Miscellany</italic>, p. <fpage>219</fpage></citation>, 1. 280, our Lord is represented as saying—‘Of <italic>aysel</italic> and gal зe зeuen me drenkyn;’ and in the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, 1. 217, we read—</p><p>'sThat lad her life onely by brede, Kneden with <italic>eisell</italic> strong and egre.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref011" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>56</fpage></citation>, is mentioned ‘<italic>Aysell</italic> other alegar.’ Roquefort gives ‘<italic>aisil</italic>, vinegar.’ In the Manip. Vocab. the name is spelt ‘<italic>Azel</italic>,’ and in the Reg. MS. 17, c. xvii, ‘<italic>aysyl</italic>.’ In Mire's <citation id="ref012" citation-type="other"><italic>Instructions to Parish Priests</italic>, p. <fpage>58</fpage></citation>, l. 1884 we find, ‘Loke þy wyn be not <italic>eysel</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>eisele, aisil</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="page 5 note 2"><label><sup>page 5 note 2</sup></label><p>Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, p. 746, says of Oak-Apples:—‘The Oke-Apples or greater galles, being broken in sonder, about the time of withering do forshewe the sequell of the yeare, as the expert husbandmen of Kent haue observed by the liuing thinges that are founde within them: as if they fmde an Ante, they iudge plentie of grayne: if a white worme lyke a gentill, morreyne of beast: if a spider, they presage pestilence, or some other lyke sicknesse to folowe amongst men. Whiche thing also the learned haue noted, for Matthiolus vpon Dioscorides saith, that before they be holed or pearsed they conteyne eyther a Flye, a Spider, or a Worme: if a Flye be founde it is a pronostication of warre to folowe: if a creeping worme, the scarcitie of victual: if a running Spider, the Pestilente sieknesse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="page 5 note 3"><label><sup>page 5 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Doloir</italic>. To grieve, sorrow: to ake, warch, paine, smart.’ Cotgrave. Baret points out the distinction in the spelling of the verb and noun: ‘<italic>Ake</italic> is the Verbe of this substantive <italic>Ache, Ch</italic> being turned into <italic>K</italic>.’ Cooper in his <italic>Thesaurus</italic>, 1584, preserves the same distinction. Thus he says—‘<italic>Dolor capitis</italic>, a headache: <italic>doletcaput</italic>, my head akes.’ The <italic>pt. t.</italic> appears as <italic>oke</italic> in <citation id="ref013" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvii. <fpage>194</fpage></citation>; in <citation id="ref014" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lonelich</surname></name>'s <italic>Hist. of the Holy Grail</italic></citation>, ed. Furnivall, and in Robert of Gloucester, 68, 18. A. S. <italic>acan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="page 5 note 4"><label><sup>page 5 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Alablastrites</italic>. Alabaster, founde especially aboute Thebes in Egipte.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="page 5 note 5"><label><sup>page 5 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pronephas</italic>. Alas ffor velany.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="page 5 note 6"><label><sup>page 5 note 6</sup></label><p>The following account of the origin of the name of <italic>Albania</italic> is given by Holinshed, Chronicles, i. leaf 396, ed. 1577:—‘The third and last part of the Island he [Brutus] allotted vnto Albanacte hys youngest sonne …‥ This latter parcel at the first toke the name of Albanactus, who called it Albania. But now a small portion onely of the Region (beyng vnder the regiment of a Duke) reteyneth the sayd denomination, the reast beyng called Scotlande, of certayne Scottes that came ouer from Ireland to inhabite jn those quarters. It is diuided from Lhoegres also by the Humber, so that Albania, as Brute left it, conteyned all the north part of the Island that is to be found beyond the aforesayd streame, vnto the point of Cathenesse.’ Cooper in his <italic>Thesaurus</italic> gives, ‘ <italic>Scotia</italic>, Scotlande: the part of <italic>Britannia</italic> from the ryuer of Tweede to Catanes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="page 6 note 1"><label><sup>page 6 note 1</sup></label><p>See P. Awbe. Cooper explains <italic>Poderis</italic> by ‘A longe garmente down to the feete, without plaite or wrinckle, whiche souldiours vsed in warre.’ <italic>Aphot</italic> is of course the Jewish Ephod, of which the same writer says there were ‘two sortes, one of white linnen, like an albe,’ &c. Lydgate tells us that the typical meaning of</p><p>'sThe large <italic>awbe</italic>, by record of scripture,</p><p>Ya rightwisnesse perpetualy to endure.’ MS. Hatton, 73, leaf 3.</p><p>See Ducange, s. v. <italic>Alba.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="page 6 note 2"><label><sup>page 6 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Balista</italic>. A crossebowe; a brake or greate engine, wherewith a stone or arrow is shotte. It may be vsed for a gunne.’ Cooper. See the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, ll. 4743, 5707. In Barbour's <citation id="ref015" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xvii. <fpage>236</fpage></citation>, Bruce is said to have had with him ‘Bot burgess and <italic>awblasteris</italic>.’ In the Romance of <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic> we read how the Saracens</p><p>'sHure engyns þanne þay arayde,</p><p>& stones þar-wiþ þay caste.</p><p>And made a ful sterne brayde,</p><p>wiþ bowes & <italic>arbelaste</italic>’.</p><p>'s<italic>Balestro</italic>. To shotyn with alblast. <italic>Balista</italic>. An alblast; <italic>quoddam tormentum</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="page 6 note 3"><label><sup>page 6 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAlburn-tree, the wild vine, <italic>viburnum</italic>.’ Wright's Prov. Dict. In the Harl. MS. 1002 we find ‘Awberne, <italic>viburnum</italic>.’ See note in P. s. v. Awbel, p. 17. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Aubourt</italic>, a kind of tree tearmed in Latine <italic>Alburnus</italic>, (it beares long yellow blossomes, which no Bee will touch),’ evidently the Laburnum.</p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="page 6 note 4"><label><sup>page 6 note 4</sup></label><p><citation id="ref016" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, <italic>C. A.</italic>, ii. <fpage>88</fpage></citation> has—</p><p>'sThilke elixir which men calle</p><p><italic>Alconomy</italic> as is befalle</p><p>To hem that whilom were wise;’</p><p>and Langland, P. Plowman, B. x. 212, warns all who desire to Do-wel to beware of practising ‘Experimentз of <italic>alkenamye</italic>, þe poeple to deceyue.’ With the meaning of <italic>latten</italic> or <italic>white-metal</italic> the term is found in Andrew Boorde's ‘Introduction of Knowledge,’ ed. Furnivall, p. 163, where we are told that‘ in Denmark their mony is gold and <italic>alkemy</italic> and bras In <italic>alkemy</italic> and bras they haue Dansk whyten.’ Jamieson gives ‘Alcomye s. Latten, a kind of mixed metal, still used for spoons.’ ‘<italic>Ellixir</italic>. Matere off alcamyne.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="page 6 note 5"><label><sup>page 6 note 5</sup></label><p>Cooper in his <italic>Thesaurus</italic>, 1584, gives ‘<italic>Silicernium</italic>. A certayne puddynge eaten onely at funeralles. Some take it for a feast made at a funerall. In Terence, an olde creeple at the pittes brincke, that is ready to have such a dinner made for him.’ Baret too has ‘an old creple at the pittes brincke, <italic>silicernium</italic>.’ and again, ‘verie old, at the pits brinke, at death's doore, <italic>decrepitus, silicernium</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="page 6 note 6"><label><sup>page 6 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Zyme</italic>. Leauen.’ Cooper. The reference evidently is to 1 Corinthians, v. 7, 8.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="page 6 note 7"><label><sup>page 6 note 7</sup></label><p>Properly only the <italic>first seven</italic> Books of the Old Testament.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="page 7 note 1"><label><sup>page 7 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Algorisme</italic>, m. The Art, or Use of Cyphers, or of nnmbring by Cyphers: Arithmetick, or a curious kinde thereof.’ Cotgrave. In <citation id="ref017" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, iv. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sThan satte summe as siphre doth in <italic>awgrym</italic>,</p><p>That noteth a place, and no thing availith.’</p><p>Chaucer, describing the chamber of the clerk ‘hende Nicholas,’ mentions amongst its contents— ‘His Almageste, and bookes grete and small,</p><p>His Astrelabie longynge for his art,</p><p>His <italic>Augrym stones</italic> layen faire a-part</p><p>On shelues couched at his beddes head.’ <italic>Millers Tale</italic>, 3208.</p><p><citation id="ref018" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, <italic>C. A.</italic>, iii. <fpage>89</fpage></citation> says—</p><p>'sWhan that the wise man acompteth</p><p>Aftir the formal proprete</p><p>Of <italic>algorismes</italic> a be ce.’</p><p>In the Ancren Riwle, p. 214, the covetous man is described as the Devil's ash-gatherer, who rakes and pokes about in the ashes and ‘makeð þerinne figures of <italic>augrim</italic> ase þeos rikenares doð þat habbeð mochel uorto rikenen.’</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="page 7 note 2"><label><sup>page 7 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ambulatio</italic>. A walkinge place; a galery; an alley.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Allée</italic>, f. An alley, gallery, walke, walking place, path or passage.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="page 7 note 3"><label><sup>page 7 note 3</sup></label><p>'sWith ostes of <italic>alynes</italic> fulle horrebille to schewe.’</p><p><citation id="ref019" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>461</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAn alyane, <italic>alienus, extraneus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Alieno</italic>. To alienate: to put away: to sliene or alter possession.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="page 7 note 4"><label><sup>page 7 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Paston Letters, i. 144, are mentioned ‘Lord Moleyns, and <italic>Alianore</italic>, his wyff.’</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="page 7 note 5"><label><sup>page 7 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>missam;</italic> corrected from A.</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="page 7 note 6"><label><sup>page 7 note 6</sup></label><p>Compare ‘Broder by the moder syde onely (<italic>alonly</italic> by moder P.)’ in P. p. 54. In the <citation id="ref020" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>, Agape, the King of France, having asked Cordelia, Lear's youngest daughter, in marriage, her father replies that, having divided his kingdom between his other two daughters, he has nothing to give her. ‘When Agape herde this answere, he sente agayne to Leyre, and seide, he asked no thinge with here, but <italic>alonly</italic> here bodie and here clothing.’ See also the <italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, B. 210.</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="page 8 note 1"><label><sup>page 8 note 1</sup></label><p>See Wedgwood, Etymol. Dict. s. v. Aumbry, and Parker's Glossary of Gothic Architecture. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 465, bequeaths ‘vij grete cofers, v chestis, ij <italic>almaryes</italic> like a chayer, and a blak cofer bounden with iron.’ ‘An <italic>Ambry</italic>, or like place where any thing is kept. It seemeth to be deriued of this Frenche word <italic>Aumosniere</italic>, which is a little purse, wherein was put single money for the poore, and at length was vsed for any hutch or close place to keepe meate left after meales, what at the beginning of Christianize was euer distributed among the poore people, and we for shortnesse of speache doe call it an Ambry; <italic>repositorium, serinium</italic>.’ Baret. Cooper renders <italic>Scrinium</italic> by ‘A coffer or other lyke place wherein iewels or secreate thynges are kept, as euidences, &c. <italic>Scriniolum</italic>, a basket or forcet: a gardiuiance.’</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="page 8 note 2"><label><sup>page 8 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>alnetam</italic>; corrected by A. <italic>Alnus</italic> is properly an elder-tree, and there is no such word as <italic>ulnus</italic>. Danish <italic>olm</italic>, an elm.</p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="page 8 note 3"><label><sup>page 8 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 3609, amongst the four kinds of help which will assist souls in purgatory, mentions ‘<italic>Almus</italic> þat men to the pure gyves.’ And again, I. 3660, he speaks of the benefit of ‘help of prayer and <italic>almusdede</italic>.’ See also the <citation id="ref021" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>157</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>œlmesse, œlmes</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="page 8 note 4"><label><sup>page 8 note 4</sup></label><p>Harrison, in his <citation id="ref022" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of England</italic>, ii. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>, mentions amongst the minerals of England, ‘the finest <italic>alume</italic> …. of no lesse force against fire, if it were used in our parietings than that of Lipara, which onlie was in use somtime amongst the Asians & Romans, & wherof Sylla had such triall that when he meant to haue burned a tower of wood erected by Archelaus the lieutenant of Mithridates he could by no means set it on fire in a long time, bicause it was washed ouer with <italic>alume</italic>, as were also the gates of the temple of Jerusalem with like effect, and perceiued when Titus commanded fire to be put vnto the same.’</p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="page 8 note 5"><label><sup>page 8 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Eousque</italic>. In alsmekyl.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="page 8 note 6"><label><sup>page 8 note 6</sup></label><p>'sAn ambling horse, <italic>hacquenée</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Baret says, ‘Amble, a word derived of <italic>ambulo</italic>: an ambling horse, <italic>tolutarius, gradarius equus:</italic> to amble, <italic>tolutim incedere</italic>.’ In Pecock's Repressor, Rolls Series, p. 525, we have the form ‘Ambuler.’ ‘An ambling horse, gelding, or mare; <italic>Haquenée, Cheval qui va les ambles, ou l'amble; hobin</italic>.’ Sherwood. ‘<italic>Gradarii equi</italic>. Aumblyng horses.’ Cooper. In the following quotation we have <italic>amblere</italic> meaning a trot: ‘Duc Oliver him rideþ out of þat plas;</p><p>in a softe <italic>amblere</italic>,</p><p>Compare also,</p><p>’His steede was al dappel, gray,</p><p>It gooth an <italic>ambel</italic> in the way</p><p>Ne made he non oþer pas;</p><p>til þey wern met y-fere.‘</p><p><citation id="ref023" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 344.</citation></p><p>Ful softely and rounde</p><p>In londe.’</p><p><citation id="ref024" citation-type="other"><italic>Rime of Sir Thopas</italic>, <fpage>2074</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="page 9 note 1"><label><sup>page 9 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Romance of <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, Charlemagne orders Alorys to go down on his knees to Duke Rayner, ‘and his <italic>amendes</italic> make,’ i. e. make an apology to him. Alorys accordingly, we are told,</p><p>'sþe <italic>amendes</italic> a profrede him for to make</p><p>At heз and low what he wold take,</p><p>And so thay acorded ther.’ l. 2112.</p><p>See also P. Plowman, B. iv. 88.</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="page 9 note 2"><label><sup>page 9 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>correptor</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="page 9 note 3"><label><sup>page 9 note 3</sup></label><p>'sUpon his heed the <italic>amyte</italic> first he leith,</p><p>Which is a thing, a token and figure</p><p>Outwardly shewing and grounded in the feith.’</p><p>Lydgate, MS. Hatton 73, leaf 3.</p><p>Ducange gives ‘<italic>Amictus</italic>. Primum ex sex indumentis episcopo et presbyteris communibus (sunt autem ilia <italic>amictus, alba, cingulum, stola, manipulus, et planeta</italic>, ut est apud Innocent III. P. P. <italic>De Myster. Missœ</italic>); <italic>amict</italic>.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Amict</italic>. An Amict, or Amice; part of a massing priest's habit.’ In Old Eng. Homilies, ii. 163, it is called <italic>heued-line</italic>, i.e. head-linen.</p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="page 9 note 4"><label><sup>page 9 note 4</sup></label><p>See P. Onde. In <citation id="ref025" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, p. <fpage>74</fpage></citation>, 1. 2237, we find ‘So harde leid he far on is <italic>onde</italic>;’ that is, he blew so hard on the brand; and in Barbour's <citation id="ref026" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xi. <fpage>615</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘Sic ane stew rais owth thame then</p><p>Of <italic>aynding</italic>, bath of hors and men.’</p><p>See also ll. iv. 199, x. 610. <italic>Ayndless</italic>, out of breath, breathless, occurs in x. 609. In the <citation id="ref027" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>38</fpage></citation>, the author, after telling us that Adam was made of the four elements, says, l. 539:—</p><p>'sþe ouer fir gis man his sight,</p><p>þat ouer air of hering might;</p><p>þis vnder wynd him gis his <italic>aand</italic>,</p><p>þe erth, þe tast, to fele and faand.’</p><p>See also p. 212, where, amongst the signs of approaching death, we are told that the teeth begin to rot, ‘þe <italic>aand</italic> at stinc’ l. 3574. ‘Myn and is short, I want wynde.’ <citation id="ref028" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>154</fpage></citation>. See also <italic>R. C. de Lion</italic>, 4843, <italic>Ywaine & Gawain</italic>, 3554. ‘To Aynd, Ainde, Eand. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs.’ Jamieson. Icel. <italic>önd, ondi</italic>, breath; cf. Lat. <italic>anima. ‘Aspiro:</italic> To ondyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="page 9 note 5"><label><sup>page 9 note 5</sup></label><p>In Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS., p. 13, l. 22, we are told that fornication is ‘a fleschle synne betwene an <italic>anelepy</italic> man and an <italic>anelepy</italic> woman;’ and in the Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. V. 48, leaf 86, we read—</p><p>'sWele more synne it is</p><p>Then with an <italic>analepe</italic>, i-wis.’</p><p>To synne with a weddid wife,</p><p>In <italic>Havelok</italic>, l. 2106, we have—</p><p>'sHe stod, and totede in at a bord, Ner he spak <italic>anilepi</italic> word,’</p><p>where the word has its original meaning of one, a single; and also in the following:—</p><p>'sA, quod the vox, ich wille the telle, <italic>On alpi</italic> word ich lie nelle.’ <citation id="ref029" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> ii. <fpage>275</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>anelepiз</italic>, single, sole. ‘Hi true in God, fader halmichttende …‥ and in Thesu Krist, is <italic>ane lepi</italic> sone hure laverd.’ Creed, MS. Cott. Cleop. B. vi. Y 201<sup>b</sup>. ab. 1250. <citation id="ref030" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>22</fpage></citation>. Wyclif has ‘an <italic>oonlypi</italic> sone of his modir.’ Luke vii. 12. ‘þer beo <italic>an alpi</italic> holh þat an mon mei crepan in.’ <citation id="ref031" citation-type="other"><italic>O. B. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>. See also Laзamon, ii.92, iii. 264, <citation id="ref032" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref033" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, pp. <fpage>116</fpage>, <fpage>296</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="page 10 note 1"><label><sup>page 10 note 1</sup></label><p>See note to Antiphonare.</p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="page 10 note 2"><label><sup>page 10 note 2</sup></label><p>The following is from Ducange:—‘<italic>Dindimum</italic> vel potius <italic>Dindymum</italic>, Mysterium. Templum. Vita S. Friderici Episc. Tom. 4, Julij, pag. 461: <italic>Ineptas, fabulas devitans, seniores non increpans, minores non contemnens, habens fidei Dindimum in conscientia bona.</italic> Allusio est ad haeo Apostoli verba 1 Timoth. 3.8: “Habentes mysterium fidei in conscientia bona.
Angelomus Praefat. in Genesim apud Bern. Pez. tom. i. anecdot. col. 46:</p><p>“Hic Patriarcharum clarissima gesta leguntur,</p><p>Mystica quae nimium gravidis typicisque figuris</p><p>Signantur Christi nostraeque et dona salutis.</p><p>Hic sacra nam sacrae cernuntur Dyndima legis</p><p>Atque evangelica salpinx typica intonat orbi.
</p><p>Papias: “Dindyma, mons est Phrygiae, sacra mysteria, pluraliter declinatur.
Notus est mons Phrygiae Cibelae sacer <italic>Dindyma</italic> nuncupatus; unde Virgilius. “O vere Phrygiae, neque enim Phryges, ite per alta Dindyma.
’ See also Sete of Angellis.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="page 10 note 3"><label><sup>page 10 note 3</sup></label><p>The word <italic>anger or angre</italic> in Early English did not bear the meaning of our <italic>anger</italic>, but rather meant <italic>care, pain</italic>, or <italic>trouble</italic>. Thus in P. Plowman, B. xii. 11, we find the warning:</p><p>'sAmende þe while þow hast ben warned ofte,</p><p>With poustees of pestilences, with pouerte and with <italic>angres</italic>,’</p><p>and in the <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 6039, we are told of the apostles, that for the love of Christ, ‘þay þoled <italic>angre</italic> and wa,’ O. Icel. <italic>angr.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="page 10 note 4"><label><sup>page 10 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>vilose</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="page 10 note 5"><label><sup>page 10 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>vilosus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="page 10 note 6"><label><sup>page 10 note 6</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref034" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic> (Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell), p. <fpage>179</fpage></citation>, l. 63, we read,</p><p>'sAs an <italic>anker</italic> in a stone <italic>He lyved evere trewe</italic>.’</p><p>The same expression occurs in the Metrical Life of St. Alexius, p. 39, l. 420. ‘As <italic>aneres</italic> and heremites þat holden hem in here selles.’ P. Plowman, B. Prol. 38. The term is applied to a <italic>nun</italic> in Reliq. Antiq. ii. I. Palsgrave has ‘<italic>Ancre</italic>, a religious man: <italic>anchres</italic>, a religious woman.’ A.S. <italic>ancor</italic>. ‘<italic>Hec anacorita</italic>, a ankrys.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 216.</p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="page 10 note 7"><label><sup>page 10 note 7</sup></label><p>'sHis cote …. <italic>ennurned</italic> vpon veluet vertuus stoneз.’ <italic>Sir Gawaine</italic>, 2026. Wyclif has the subst. <italic>enournyng</italic> in Esther ii. 9 to render the V. <italic>mundum;</italic> and again he speaks of ‘Onychen stoonus and gemmes to <italic>anourn</italic> ephoth.’ Exodus xxv. 7. ‘Thanne alle the virgynis rysen vp, and <italic>anourneden</italic> her laumpis.’ Matth. xxv. 7. ‘Whan a woman is <italic>qnourned</italic> with rich apparayle it setteth out her beauty double as much as it is.’ Palsgrave. ‘I am tormentide with this blew fyre on my hede, for my lecherouse <italic>anourement</italic> of myne heere.’ <citation id="ref035" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, p. <fpage>384</fpage></citation>. ‘With gude ryghte thay <italic>anourene</italic> the for thaire fairenes.’</p><p>Lincoln MS. p. 199. In Lonelich's <citation id="ref036" citation-type="other"><italic>History of the Holy Grail</italic>, xxxi. <fpage>151</fpage></citation>, we read</p><p>'sзit was that schipe in other degre</p><p><italic>Anoured</italic> with divers Jowellis certeinle;’</p><p>and Rauf Coilзear, when he enters the Hall of Charlemagne, exclaims</p><p>'sHeir is Ryaltie …. aneuch for the nanis,</p><p>With all nobilnes <italic>anournit</italic>, and that is na nay.’ I. 690.</p><p>See also the <italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, ed. Canon Simmons, Bidding Prayers, p. 65, I. 4, p. 71, I. 20, &c, <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1290, and <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 3922. ‘Anorne, to adorn.’ Jamieson. <italic>O. Fr. aorner, aourner; Latin adornare. The form anorme is used by Qustrles, Shepherd's Eclogues, 3, and enourmyd in the Babees Book, p. 1</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="page 11 note 1"><label><sup>page 11 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Antiphoner</italic>, an anthem-book, so called from the alternate repetitions and responses.</p><p>'sHe Alma Redemptoris herde singe,</p><p>As children lerned hir <italic>antiphoner</italic>.’</p><p>Chaucer, Prioresses Tale, 1708.</p><p>In the contents of the Chapel of Sir J. Fastolf at Caistor, 1459, are entered ‘ij <italic>antyfeners</italic>.’ Paston Letters, i. 489. See also Antym, below, and Anfenere.</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="page 11 note 2"><label><sup>page 11 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref037" citation-type="other"><italic>Myrroure of Our Lady</italic>, p. <fpage>94</fpage></citation>, <italic>Anthem</italic> is stated to be equivalent to both <italic>antehymnus</italic> and ἀντίφωνα. ‘<italic>Antem</italic> ys as moche to say as a wownynge before, for yt ys begonne before the Psalmes. yt is as moche to saye as a sownynge ayenste …… <italic>Antempnes</italic> betoken chante, The <italic>Antempne</italic> ys begonne before the Psalme, and the psalme ys tuned after the <italic>antempne:</italic> tokenynge that there may no dede be good, but yf yt be begone of charite. and rewled by chnrite in the doynge, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="page 11 note 3"><label><sup>page 11 note 3</sup></label><p>An <italic>Apostata</italic> was one who quitted his order <italic>after</italic> he had completed his year of noviciate. This is very clearly shown by the following statement of a novice:—</p><p>'sOut of the ordre thof I be gone.</p><p><italic>Apostata</italic> ne am I none,</p><p>Of twelve monethes me wanted one,</p><p>And odde dayes nyen or ten.’</p><p>Monumenta Franciscana, p. 606.</p><p>'s<italic>Apostata</italic>, a rebell or renegate; he that forsaketh his religion.’ Cooper. The plural form <italic>Apostataas</italic> is used by Wyclif (Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 368). See Prof. Skeat's note to Piers Plowman, C-Text, Passus ii. 99. ‘Julian the <italic>Apostata</italic>’ is mentioned in Harrison's <italic>Description of England</italic>, 1587, p. 25. ‘<italic>Apostat</italic>, an Apostata.’ Cotgrave. In the Paston Letters, iii. 243, in a letter or memorandum from Will. Paston, we read: ‘In this case the prest that troubleth my moder is but a simple felowe, and he is <italic>apostata</italic>, for he was sometyme a White Frere.’ See also i. 19, i. 26. From the latter passage it would appear that an <italic>apostata</italic> could not sue in an English Court of Law.</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="page 11 note 4"><label><sup>page 11 note 4</sup></label><p>'sApostume, <italic>rumentum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Aposthume, or brasting out, <italic>rumentum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A medicine or salve that maketh an <italic>aposteme</italic>, or draweth a swelling to matter.’ Nomenclator, 1585.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="page 11 note 5"><label><sup>page 11 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Prunelle</italic>, the balle or apple of the eye.’ Cotgrave. ‘Als <italic>appel of eghe</italic> зheme þou me.’ <citation id="ref038" citation-type="other"><italic>E. E. Psalter</italic>, Ps. xvi. <fpage>8</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="page 11 note 6"><label><sup>page 11 note 6</sup></label><p>Applegarthe, appleyard, <italic>pomarium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>зeard</italic>, O. H. Ger. <italic>gart</italic>, Lat. <italic>hortum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="page 11 note 7"><label><sup>page 11 note 7</sup></label><p>Chaucer, <italic>Miller's Tale</italic>, says of the Carpenter's wife that—</p><p>'sHir mouth was sweete as bragat is or meth,</p><p>Or <italic>hoord of apples</italic>, layd in hay or heth.’</p><p>l.3261.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="page 12 note 1"><label><sup>page 12 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 9346, says, that in addition to the general joys of heaven each man will have</p><p>'sHis awen ioyes, les and mare,</p><p>Þat til hym-self sal be <italic>appropried</italic> þare.’</p><p>'sÞes ypocritis þat han rentes & worldly lordischipes & parische chirchis <italic>approprid</italic> to hem.’ Wyclif, English Works, ed. Matthew, p. 190; see also pp. 42, 125, &c. See also to make Awne, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="page 12 note 2"><label><sup>page 12 note 2</sup></label><p>See <italic>Are-lumes</italic> in Glossarium Northymbricum, and Ray's Gloss, of North Country Words. ‘<italic>Primigenia</italic>. The title of the ealdest childe in inheritance.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="page 12 note 3"><label><sup>page 12 note 3</sup></label><p>O. Fr. <italic>areisnier, aragnier</italic>, to interrogate, whence our word <italic>arraign</italic>. See <italic>Kyng Alysaundre</italic>, 6751; <italic>Ywaine and Gawayne</italic>, 1094; <italic>Rom. of the Rose</italic>, 6220. ‘<italic>Arraissoner</italic>. To reason, confer, talke, discourse, &c.’ Cotgrave. Hampole tells us how at the Day of Judgment ‘Of alle þir thynges men sal <italic>aresoned</italic> be.’ <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 5997. And again, l. 2460, that each man shall</p><p>'sbe <italic>aresoned</italic>, als right es</p><p>Of alle his mysdedys mare and les.’</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="page 12 note 4"><label><sup>page 12 note 4</sup></label><p>This word occurs in the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 1. 2540, and the verb <italic>arghe</italic> = to wax timid, to be afraid (from A. S. <italic>eargian</italic>) at ll. 1976, 3121, and (with the active meaning) 5148; and <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 572:</p><p>'sþe anger of his ire þat <italic>arзed</italic> monye.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref039" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. iv. <fpage>237</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref040" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref041" citation-type="other"><italic>O. E. Miscell.</italic>, p. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, &c.</p><p>'sþienne <italic>arзed</italic> Abraham, & alle his mod chaunged.’ <citation id="ref042" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>713</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHe ealde boþe <italic>arwe</italic> men and kene,</p><p>Knithes and serganз swiþe sleie.’ <italic>Havelok</italic>, l. 2115.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref043" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Perceval</italic>, l. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>, where we are told that the death of one knight ‘<italic>Arghede</italic> alle that ware thare.’ ‘Arghness, reluctance. To Argh. To hesitate.’ Jamieson. A. S. <italic>eargh, earh;</italic> O. Icel. <italic>argr.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="page 13 note 1"><label><sup>page 13 note 1</sup></label><p>'sIn Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1871, we have—</p><p>'sIt nas <italic>aretted</italic> him no vyleinye,</p><p>Ther may no man olepe it no cowardye.’</p><p>According to Cowell a person is <italic>aretted</italic>, ‘that is covenanted before a judge, and charged with a crime.’ In an Antiphon given for the ‘Twesday Seruyce,’ in <citation id="ref044" citation-type="other"><italic>The Myrroure of Our Lady</italic>, p. <fpage>203</fpage></citation>, we read:—‘<italic>Omnem potestatem</italic>. O mekest of maydens, we <italic>arecte</italic> to thy hye sonne, al power, and all vertew, whiche settyth vp kynges, &c.’ Low Lat. <italic>arrationare</italic>. See <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 5174; <citation id="ref045" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Prose Treatises</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="page 13 note 2"><label><sup>page 13 note 2</sup></label><p>'sArrierages is a french woorde, and signifieth money behinde yet vnpayde, <italic>reliqua</italic>.’ Baret. <italic>Arrirages</italic> occurs in Liber Albus, p. 427, and frequently in the Paston Letters.</p><p>'sI drede many in <italic>arerages</italic> mon falle</p><p>And til perpetuele prison gang.’ Hampole, P. <italic>of Conscience</italic>, 5913.</p><p>'s<italic>Arrierage</italic>. An arrerage: the rest, or the remainder of a paiment: that which was unpaid or behind.’ Cotgrave. ‘God …‥ that wolle the <italic>arerages</italic> for-зeve.’ <citation id="ref046" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shoreham</surname></name>, p. <fpage>96</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="page 13 note 3"><label><sup>page 13 note 3</sup></label><p>Compare P. Assenel.</p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="page 13 note 4"><label><sup>page 13 note 4</sup></label><p>In John Russell's ‘Boke of Nurture,’ pr. in the Babees Booke, ed. Furnivall, p. 65, we find amongst the duties of the Chamberlain—</p><p>'sSe þe privehouse for esement be fayre, soote and clene ….</p><p>Looke þer be blanket, cotyn, or lynyn, to wipe þe nefur ende;’</p><p>on which Mr. Furnivall remarks,—‘From a passage in William of Malmesbury's Autograph, <italic>De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum</italic>, it would seem that water was the earlier cleanser.’ ‘An Arse-wispe, <italic>penicillum, anitergium</italic>.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="page 13 note 5"><label><sup>page 13 note 5</sup></label><p>In the story of the Enchanted Garden, <citation id="ref047" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>118</fpage></citation>, the hero having passed safely through all the dangers, the Emperor, we are told, ‘when he sawe him, he yaf to him his dowter to wyfe, be-cause that he had so wysely <italic>ascapid</italic> the peril of the gardin.’ See also <citation id="ref048" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. iv. <fpage>61</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="page 13 note 6"><label><sup>page 13 note 6</sup></label><p>Amongst the kinds of help which may be rendered to souls in purgatory, Hampole mentions ‘assethe makyng.’ <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 3610, and again, 1.3747, he says—</p><p>'sA man may here with his hande</p><p>Make <italic>asethe</italic> for another lyfannde.’</p><p>In the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic> we find <italic>asethe</italic>, the original French being <italic>asses:</italic> other forms found are <italic>assyth, syth, sithe</italic>. Jamieson has ‘to <italic>assyth, syith</italic>, or <italic>sithe</italic>, to compensate; <italic>assyth, syth, assythment</italic>, compensation.’ ‘Icel. <italic>seðja</italic>, to satiate; Gothic <italic>saths</italic>, full; which accounts for the <italic>th</italic>. And this <italic>th</italic>, by Grimm's law, answers to the <italic>t</italic> in Latin <italic>satis</italic>, and shews that <italic>aseth</italic> is not derived from <italic>satis</italic>, but cognate with it. From the Low German root <italic>sath</italic>- we get the Mid. Eng. <italic>aseth</italic>, and from the cognate Latin root <italic>sat</italic>- we have the French <italic>assez</italic>.’ Prof. Skeat, note on P. Plowman, xx. 303. In Dan John Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Belig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, from the Thornton MS. p. 6, 1. 22, we are told that if we break the tenth commandment, ‘we may noghte be assoylede of þe trespase bot if we make <italic>assethe</italic> in þat þat we may to þam þat we harmede;’ and again, leaf 179, ‘It was likyng to зow, Fadire, for to sende me into this werlde that I sulde make <italic>asethe</italic> for mans trespas that he did to us.’ See also <citation id="ref049" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>84</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn77" symbol="page 14 note 1"><label><sup>page 14 note 1</sup></label><p>In <italic>Havelok</italic>, l. 2840, we read that Godrich—</p><p>'sHwan þe dom was demd and sayd</p><p>Sket was .… on þe asse leyd,</p><p>And led vn-til þat ilke grene.</p><p>And bread til <italic>asken</italic> al bidene;’</p><p>and in <citation id="ref050" citation-type="other"><italic>An Old Eng. Miscell.</italic>, p. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>, I. 203, we are told that when the body is laid in the earth, worms shall find it and ‘to <italic>axe</italic> heo hyne gryndeþ.’</p><p>'sThynk man, he says, <italic>askes</italic> ertow now,</p><p>And into <italic>askes</italic> agayn turn saltow.’</p><p>MS. Cotton; Galba, E. ix. leaf 75.</p><p>'sMoyses <italic>askes</italic> vp-nam And warp es vt til heuene-ward.’</p><p><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 3824.</p><p>See also Laзamon, 25989; <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 1001; <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 2, &c. Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1577, p. 271, tells us that Dill ‘made into <italic>axsen</italic> doth restrayne, close vp and heale moyste vlcers.’ See also P. Plowman, C. iv. 125, ‘blewe <italic>askes</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>asce, œsce, axe.</italic> O. Icel. <italic>aska.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn78" symbol="page 14 note 2"><label><sup>page 14 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAn asseherd, <italic>asinarius</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Hic asinarius</italic>, a nas-herd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 213.</p></fn><fn id="fn79" symbol="page 14 note 3"><label><sup>page 14 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. kynge. ‘<italic>Onocentanrus</italic>, a beaste halfe a man and halfe an asse.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn80" symbol="page 14 note 4"><label><sup>page 14 note 4</sup></label><p>See Glossary to Liber Custumarum, ed. Riley, s. v. Assise. ‘Assises or sessions, <italic>conuentus iuridici;</italic> dayes of assise, or pleadable dayes, in which iudges did sit, as in the terme, <italic>fasti dies</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn81" symbol="page 15 note 1"><label><sup>page 15 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThis sodeyn cas this man <italic>astonied</italic> so,</p><p>That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking</p><p>He stood.’ Chaucer, <citation id="ref051" citation-type="other"><italic>Clerkes Tale</italic>, <fpage>316</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Estonner</italic>. To astonish, amaze, daunt, appall; make agast; also to stonnie, benumme, or dull the sences of.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Attono</italic>. To make astonied, amased, or abashed. <italic>Attonitus</italic>. He that is benummed, or hath loste the sense, and mouyng of his members or limmes.’ Cooper. Probably connected with the root which is seen in A. 8. <italic>stunian</italic>, to <italic>stun</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn82" symbol="page 15 note 2"><label><sup>page 15 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHis almagest, and bookes gret and smale,</p><p>His <italic>astrylabe</italic> longyng for his arte,</p><p>His augrym stoones, leyen faire apart</p><p>On schelues couched at his beddes heed.’ Cant. Tales, 3208.</p><p>See a woodcut of one in Prof. Skeat's ed. of Chaucer's <italic>Astrolabe</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn83" symbol="page 15 note 3"><label><sup>page 15 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. avande; corrected from A.</p></fn><fn id="fn84" symbol="page 15 note 4"><label><sup>page 15 note 4</sup></label><p>A word which occurs very frequently in the <citation id="ref052" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum:</italic> thus p. <fpage>48</fpage></citation>, in the version of the tale of Lear and his daughters we read that when his eldest daughter declared that she loved him, ‘more þan I do my selfe,’ “Þerfore, quod he, þou shalt be hily <italic>avaunsed;</italic>
and he mariede her to a riche and myghti kyng.’ So also p. 122, the Emperor makes a proclamation that whoever can outstrip his daughter in running ‘shulde wedde hir, and be hiliche <italic>avauncyd</italic>.’ See also Barbour's <citation id="ref053" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xv. <fpage>522</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Avancer</italic>, to advance, prefer, promote.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn85" symbol="page 15 note 5"><label><sup>page 15 note 5</sup></label><p>A word of frequent occurrence in the old Romances In the sense of ‘consider, reflect, inform, teach.’ Thus in the ‘Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode,’ Roxburgh Club, ed. Wright, p. 4, we find ‘I <italic>avisede</italic> me,’ i. e. I reflected, considered. So in Chaucer, <citation id="ref054" citation-type="other"><italic>Clerkes Tale</italic>, <fpage>238</fpage></citation>: ‘Vpon hir chere he wolde him ofte <italic>auyse</italic>.’ See <citation id="ref055" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Barbour</surname></name>'s <italic>Bruce</italic>, ii. <fpage>297</fpage>, vi. <fpage>271</fpage></citation>, &c. ‘<italic>Aviser</italic>. To marke.heed, see, looke to. attend unto, regard with circumspeotion, to consider, advise of, take advice on; to thinke, imagine, judge; also to advise, counsell, warne, tell, informe, doe to wit, give to understand.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn86" symbol="page 15 note 6"><label><sup>page 15 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ambra</italic>. Amber gryse: hotte in the second degree, and drie in the firste.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Ambre, m.</italic> Amber.’ Cotgrave. See <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, ll. 1666 and 6203. Harrison, <citation id="ref056" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of England</italic>, ed. 1580, p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, says that in the Islands off the west of Scotland ‘is greate plentie of Amber,’ which he concludes to be a kind of ‘geat’ (jet), and ‘producted by the working of the sea upon those coasts.’</p></fn><fn id="fn87" symbol="page 15 note 7"><label><sup>page 15 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Adulter</italic>. That hath committed auoutrye with one. <italic>Adultero</italic>. To committe auoutery. <italic>Adulterium</italic>. Aduouterie.’ Cooper. See <citation id="ref057" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, pp. <fpage>12</fpage>, <fpage>14</fpage></citation>. &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn88" symbol="page 16 note 1"><label><sup>page 16 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Will of Margaret Paston, dated 1504, we find, ‘Item to the said William Lumner, my son, ij grete rosting <italic>awndernes</italic>, iij shetes, ij brass pots with all the brewing vessels.’ Paston Letters, iii. 470. O. Fr. <italic>andier</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn89" symbol="page 16 note 2"><label><sup>page 16 note 2</sup></label><p>'sFlaxen wheate hath a yelow eare, and bare without <italic>anys</italic>, Polard whete hath no <italic>anis</italic>. White whete hath <italic>anys</italic>. Red wheate hath a flat eare ful of <italic>anis</italic>. English wheate hath few <italic>anys</italic> or none.’ Fitzherbert's <italic>Husbandry</italic>, leaf 20. ‘<italic>Arista</italic>. The beard of corne; sometimes eare; sometime wheate.’ Cooper. ‘Awns, <italic>sb. pl.</italic> aristæ, the beards of wheat; or barley. In Essex they pronounce it <italic>ails</italic>. See <italic>ails</italic> in South-Country Words, E. Dial. Soc. Gloss. B. 16.’ Prof. Skeat in his ed. of Ray's Gloss, of N. Country Words, 1691. Turner tells us that ‘y<sup>e</sup> barley eare and the darnele eare are not like, for the one is without <italic>aunes</italic> and the other hath longe <italic>aunes</italic>.’ <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. If. 17. Best tells us that we ‘may knowe when barley is ripe, for then the eares will crooke eaven downe, and the <italic>awnes</italic> stand, out stiff and wide asunder.’ <italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. 53.</p></fn><fn id="fn90" symbol="page 16 note 3"><label><sup>page 16 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. doxtghter.</p></fn><fn id="fn91" symbol="page 16 note 4"><label><sup>page 16 note 4</sup></label><p>See the <citation id="ref058" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, pp. <fpage>165</fpage>, <fpage>168</fpage></citation>, and B. P. p. 71, l. 20.</p></fn><fn id="fn92" symbol="page 16 note 5"><label><sup>page 16 note 5</sup></label><p>Ray in his Gloss, of North Country Words, gives ‘Axeltooth, <italic>dens molaris;</italic> Icel. <italic>jaxl:</italic>’ and in Capt. Harland's Gloss, of Swaledale, E. D.S. is given ‘Assle-tuth, a double tooth.’ Still in use in the North; see Jamieson, s. v. Asil-tooth. Compare also Wang tothe.</p></fn><fn id="fn93" symbol="page 16 note 6"><label><sup>page 16 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Axis</italic>. An extree. <italic>Axis</italic>. An axyltre.’ Cooper. A. S. <italic>eaxe</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn94" symbol="page 16 note 7"><label><sup>page 16 note 7</sup></label><p>In the Paston Letters, iii. 426, we read—‘I was falle seek with an <italic>axez</italic>.’ It also occurs in The King's Quhair, ed. Chalmers, p. 54:</p><p>'sBut tho begun mine <italic>axis</italic> and torment.’</p><p>with the note—‘ <italic>Axis</italic> is still used by the country people, in Scotland, for the ague.’ Skelton, Works, i. 25, speaks of</p><p>'sAllectuary arrectyd to redres</p><p>These feverous <italic>axys</italic>.’</p><p>See Calde of the axes, below. ‘Axis, Acksys, aches, pains.’ Jamieson. ‘I shake of the axes. <italic>Je tremble des fieures</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘The dwellers of hit [Ireland] be not vexede with the <italic>axes</italic> excepte the scharpe axes [incolæ nulla febris specie vexantur, excepta acuta, et hoc perraro]. Trevisa, i. 333. See <citation id="ref059" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>325</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>þacces</italic> of anguych,’ curiously explained in the glossary as blows, from A. S. <italic>þaccian</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn95" symbol="page 17 note 1"><label><sup>page 17 note 1</sup></label><p>Cotgrave s. v. <italic>Fol</italic> has ‘give the foole his bable, or what's a foole without his bable.’ ‘A bable or trifle, <italic>niquet</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">ibid.</xref> ‘A bable <italic>pegma;</italic>’ Manip. Voeab. ‘He schalle neuer y-thryve, þerfore take to hym a <italic>babulle</italic>.’ John Russell's Boke of Nurture, in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 1, 1. 12. In the Ancren Riwle, p. 388, when a certain king made efforts to gain the love of a lady, he ‘sende hir <italic>beaubelet</italic> boðe ueole and feire,’ where other MSS. read ‘<italic>beawbelez</italic>’ and ‘<italic>beaubelez</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn96" symbol="page 17 note 2"><label><sup>page 17 note 2</sup></label><p>A <italic>Bacheler</italic> signified a <italic>novice</italic>, either in arms or in the church. Thus in P. Plowman, Prol. 87, we find ‘Bischopes and <italic>bachelers</italic>,’ and in Chaucer, Squieres Tale, 24, Cambuscan is described as—</p><p>'sYong, fresh, strong, and in armes desirous,</p><p>As any <italic>bacheler</italic> of al his hous.’</p><p>Brachet, Etymol. Dict., has traced the word from L. Lat. <italic>baccalarius</italic>, a boy attending a <italic>baccalaria</italic> or dairy-farm, from L. Lat. <italic>baeca</italic>, Lat. <italic>vacca</italic>, a cow. See also Wedgwood, &c. ‘Bachiler, or one vnmaried, or hauyng no wife. <italic>Agamus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn97" symbol="page 17 note 3"><label><sup>page 17 note 3</sup></label><p>Probably the same as <italic>batten</italic>, to beat out, flatten: see Halliwell, <italic>s. v.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn98" symbol="page 17 note 4"><label><sup>page 17 note 4</sup></label><p>In Northamptonshire a batildore means a thatching instrument.</p></fn><fn id="fn99" symbol="page 17 note 5"><label><sup>page 17 note 5</sup></label><p>'sOf bay colour, bayarde, <italic>badius</italic>.’ Baret. Compare P. Bayyd, as a horse.</p></fn><fn id="fn100" symbol="page 17 note 6"><label><sup>page 17 note 6</sup></label><p>The stickleback. In the Ortus Vocab. we find ‘<italic>Asperagus</italic> (<italic>quaedam piscis</italic>), a banstykyll.’ Huloet has ‘Banstickle, the stickleback;’ and Baret gives ‘a banstickle, <italic>trachydra</italic>.’ Cotgrave renders ‘<italic>espinoche</italic>’ (identical with the <italic>spinatieus</italic> or <italic>ripillio</italic> of the middle ages) by ‘a sharpling, shaftling, stickling, <italic>bankstickle</italic>, or stickleback.’ In Neckam <italic>De Utensilibus</italic> (Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 98) we find ‘stanstikel:’ and in the Suffolk dialect, the fish is still known as the ‘tantickle.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 189, the word ‘stytling’ is given as the equivalent of <italic>scorpio</italic>, a kind of fish, which the editor identifies with the ‘stickleback’ ot the present day: and at p. 222, the word <italic>gamerus</italic> is rendered a ‘styklynge,’ and in the Prompt, the ‘stykelynge’ is identified with the <italic>silurus</italic>. Jamieson gives ‘Bansticke, Bantickle. The three-spined stickle-back, <italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus</italic>. Linn.’ Cooper renders <italic>Gammarus</italic> by ‘a creuis of the sea.’</p></fn><fn id="fn101" symbol="page 17 note 7"><label><sup>page 17 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bacbitares</italic>’ we read in the Ancren Eiwle, p. 86, ‘þe biteð oðre men bihinden, beoð of two maneres …‥ þe uorme cumeð al openliche, and seið vuel bi anoðer, and speoweð ut his atter …‥ Ac þe latere eumeð forð al on oðer wise, and is wurse ueond þen þe oðer; auh under vreondes huckel.’ In An Old Eng. Miscellany, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Morris, p. 187, we are told that ‘Alle <italic>bacbytares</italic> heo wendeþ to helle.’ Chaucer, Persone's Tale (Six Text Edition, p. 628) divides backbiters into five classes.</p></fn><fn id="fn102" symbol="page 18 note 1"><label><sup>page 18 note 1</sup></label><p>Mr. Nodal, in his Lancashire Glossary, B. D. Society, says ‘<italic>Bak-brede</italic>, a broad thin board, with a handle, used in riddling out the dough of oatcakes before they are put on the <italic>spittle</italic>, and turned down on the <italic>bak-stone</italic>.’ See also Wright's Prov. Dict. s. v. Backboard. Jamieson gives ‘Bawbrek, Bawbrick, a kneading-trough, or a board used for the same purpose in baking bread.’ A. S. <italic>bacan</italic>, to bake, and <italic>bred</italic>, a board. According to Ducange <italic>Rotabulum</italic> is a baker's <italic>peel</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn103" symbol="page 18 note 2"><label><sup>page 18 note 2</sup></label><p>From <italic>hebes</italic>, blunt; the blunt side of the knife. ‘Blunt man. <italic>Hebes</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn104" symbol="page 18 note 3"><label><sup>page 18 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Blatta</italic>, a litell wourme or flie, of the kynde of mothes, and hurteth bothe cloth and bookes.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Chauvesouris</italic>, a batte; a Flittermouse; a Reeremouse.’ Cotgrave. Jamieson gives ‘Bak, Backe, Bakie-bird. <italic>s.</italic> The bat or rearmouse.’ Compare Dan. <italic>aftenbakke</italic>, lit. evening-bat. See <citation id="ref060" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Levit</italic>. xi. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. In the Poem on the Truce of 1444, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 216, we read:</p><p>'sNo <italic>bakke</italic> of kynde may looke ageyn the sunne,</p><p>Of ffrowardnesse yit wyl he fleen be nyght,</p><p>And quenche laumpys, though they brenne bright.’</p><p>And again, p. 218:</p><p>'sThe owgly <italic>bakke</italic> wyl gladly fleen be nyght,</p><p>Dirk cressetys and laumpys that been lyght.’</p><p>In the Alliterative ‘Alexander & Dindimus,’ E. E. Text Society, ed. Skeat, l. 123, we find:</p><p>'sMinerua men worschipen, in oþur maner alse</p><p>& bringen heere a niht-brid, a <italic>bakke</italic> or an oule.’</p><p>See also Baoke. ‘<italic>Vespertilio</italic>. A bakke.’ Medulla. See Halliwell, s. v.</p></fn><fn id="fn105" symbol="page 18 note 4"><label><sup>page 18 note 4</sup></label><p>Properly a <italic>female</italic> baker. A. S. <italic>bœcistre</italic>. In P. Plowman, Prol. 217, we read:</p><p>'sI seiз in this assemble, as зe shul here after,</p><p><italic>Baxsteres</italic> and bewsteres, and bocheres manye;’</p><p>And again, Passus iii. 79,</p><p>'sBrewesteres and <italic>bakesteres</italic>, bocheres and cokes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn106" symbol="page 18 note 5"><label><sup>page 18 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Pronuba</italic>, which in Classical Latin signified a ‘bridesmaid,’ in Low Latin degenerated to the meaning of a ‘procuress,’ in which sense it occurs several times in the Liber Albus (see, for instance, p. 454, ‘<italic>De pœna contra meretrices, pronubas, presbyteros adulteros</italic>, &c. and, p. 608, a record of a sentence lo the pillory of a woman ‘<italic>quia communis Meretrix et Pronuba</italic>’). In Wright's Volume of Vocabularies, p. 217, we find it given, as here, as the Latin equivalent of ‘bawdstrott’ (i.e. ‘an old woman who runs about on bawds’ errands’), and again in the French Royal MSS. 521 and 7692 it is translated by ‘bawdestrot’ and ‘bawdetrot.’ In the Pictorial Vocabulary of the 15th Century, printed in the same volume, p. 269, this is corrupted, evidently from the scribe's ignorance of the meaning of the word, into ‘bawstrop’ and in the Medulla into ‘bauds strok.’ A ‘trot’ was a common expression of contempt applied to old women in Early English; thus in De Deguileville's Pilgrymage of the Life of the Manhode, MS. of St. John's College, Cambridge, If. 71, the Pilgrim addresses Idleness as ‘þou aide stynkande <italic>tratte</italic> …. and than the olde <italic>tratt</italic> answerde me,’ &c.; and again, If. 73, ‘When this aide <italic>tratte</italic> hadde thus spoken.’ Cf. ‘This lere I learned of a beldame <italic>trote</italic>.’ Affectionate Shepherd, 1594. See Jamieson, s. v. Trat. ‘<italic>Paranympha: pronuba que viro nympham iungit. Paranymphus: dicitur qui nubentibus preest, vel eis assistit: vel amicus sponsalis qui eos coniungit: vel nuncius intertnedius</italic>.’ Ortus Vocab. See Ducange, s. v. <italic>Paranymphus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn107" symbol="page 19 note 1"><label><sup>page 19 note 1</sup></label><p>Harrison in his Description of England, ed. 1587, p. 79<italic>a</italic>, says, ‘From hence [Milford] about foure miles is Saluach creeke, otherwise called Saueraeb, whither some fresh water resorteth; the mouth also thereof is a good rescue for <italic>balingers</italic> as it (I meane the register) Baith.’ ‘<italic>Celox</italic>. A brigantine, or barke.’ Cooper. Jamieson gives ‘Ballingar, Ballingere. <italic>s.</italic> A kind of ship.’ In the Paston Letters, ed. <citation id="ref061" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, i. <fpage>84</fpage></citation>, there is a letter giving an account of the capture of certain French ships, amongst which are enumerated ‘the grete shyp of Brast [Brest], the grete schyp of the Morleys, the grete schyp of Vaung, with other viij. schyppis, bargys, and <italic>balyngers</italic>, to the number of iij. m<sup>ll</sup> men.’ The term also occurs in the Verse Life of Joseph of Arimathea (ed. Skeat), l. 425, where the writer addresses Joseph as ‘Hayle, myghty <italic>balynger</italic>, charged with plenty.’ ‘<italic>Balingaria</italic>. Bellicæ Species navis.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Balinger</italic> or Balangha. A kind of small sloop or barge; small vessels of war formerly without forecastles.’ Smyth, <citation id="ref062" citation-type="other"><italic>Sailor's Word-Book</italic>, <year>1867</year></citation>. See also Way's note in Prompt, s. v. Hulke, p. 252. In the version of Vegecius, Reg. MS. 18 A. xii. are mentioned ‘small and light vessels, as galeies, barges, fluynnes and <italic>ballyngers:</italic>’ lib. iv. cap. 39. Walsingham relates that in the engagement between the Duke of Bedford and the French, in 1416, the former ‘<italic>cepit tres caricas, et unam hulkam, et quatuor balingarias</italic>.’ Camden, 394. See also Lyndesay, <italic>Monarche</italic>, Bk. ii. l. 3101.</p></fn><fn id="fn108" symbol="page 19 note 2"><label><sup>page 19 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBalke, a ridge of land betwene two furrowes, <italic>lyra</italic>.’ ‘A balke, or banke of earth raysed or standing vp betweene twoo furrowes: a foote stole or step to go vp, <italic>scamnum</italic>.’ ‘A balke in the cornefielde, <italic>grumus:</italic> to make balkes <italic>imporcare</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Porca</italic>. A ridge, or a lande liynge betweene two furroes wheron the come groweth: sometime a furrow cast to drayne water from come: also a place in a garden with sundrie beddes.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Assilloner</italic>. To baulke, or plow up in baulkes.’ Cotgrave. See also Tusser, ed. Herrtage, p. 141, stanza 2, and P. Plowman, B. vi. 109. ‘The <italic>balke</italic>, that thai calle unered lande.’ Palladius on Husbandrie, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Lodge, p. 44, l. 15.</p></fn><fn id="fn109" symbol="page 19 note 3"><label><sup>page 19 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hic testiculus</italic>, a balok-ston; <italic>hic piga</italic>, a balok-kod.’ Nominale MS. 15th cent. ‘<italic>Couille</italic>, a cod, bollock, or testicle.’ Cotgrave. It appears from Palsgrave's Acolastus, 1540, that <italic>balloche-stones</italic> was a term of endearment.</p></fn><fn id="fn110" symbol="page 19 note 4"><label><sup>page 19 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>vectebra</italic>. The hinge. In Mr. Peacock's Glossary of Manley and Cottingham (E. Dial. Soc.) is given ‘<italic>Band;</italic> the iron-work on a door to which the hinges or sockets are fastened. <italic>Bands;</italic> the iron-work of hinges which projects beyond the edge of the door; frequently used for the hinge itself.’ Cooper gives ‘<italic>Vertebra</italic>, a joynte in the bodie, where the bones so meete that they may turne, as in the backe or chine.’ ‘Bands of a door; its hinges.’ Jamieson. See quotation from Ducange in note s. v. Brandyth to set byggyng on. ‘<italic>Vertebra</italic>. A dorre barre.’ Medulla. ‘And the зates of the palace ware of evour, wondir whitt, and the <italic>bandes</italic> of thame, and the legges of ebene.’ Life of Alexander the Great, Thornton MS. If. 25.</p></fn><fn id="fn111" symbol="page 19 note 5"><label><sup>page 19 note 5</sup></label><p>Florio has ‘<italic>Bandelle</italic>, side corners in a house.’ It seems here to be a joist. Cooper gives ‘<italic>laquear</italic>, a beame in a house. Compare P. Lace of a Howserofe. <italic>Laquearium</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn112" symbol="page 19 note 6"><label><sup>page 19 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Crusta</italic>. Bullions or ornamentes of plate that may be taken off.’ Cooper. See Copbande and Cartebaud.</p></fn><fn id="fn113" symbol="page 20 note 1"><label><sup>page 20 note 1</sup></label><p>'sMastive, Bandog, <italic>Molossus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘The tie-dog or band-dog, so called bicause manie of them are tied up in chaines and strong bonds, in the daie time, for dooing hurt abroad, which is an huge dog, stubborne, ouglie, eager, burthenous of bodie (and therefore but of little swiftnesse), terrible and fearfull to behold, and oftentimes more fierce and fell than anie Archadian orCorsican cur They take also their name of the Word ‘mase’ and ‘ theefe’ (or ‘master theefe’ if you will), bicause they often stound and put such persons to their shifts in townes and villages, and are the principall causes of their apprehension and taking.’—Harrison, Descrip. of England, part i. pp. 44–5. ‘We han great <italic>Bandogs</italic> will teare their skins.’—Spenser, Shep. Cal. September. See also Tusser's Fire Hundred Points, &c, E. Dial. Soc., ed. Herrtage, ch. 10, st. 19. ‘<italic>Latrator molossus</italic>. A barkynge bandogge.’ Cooper. Wyclif, Eng. Works, ed. <citation id="ref063" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>252</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘tey dogges.’</p></fn><fn id="fn114" symbol="page 20 note 2"><label><sup>page 20 note 2</sup></label><p>A <italic>very</italic> literal translation of the English <italic>bonfire</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn115" symbol="page 20 note 3"><label><sup>page 20 note 3</sup></label><p>See the Chester Plays, i. 1, from which it appears that the proclamations of the old mysteries were called <italic>Banes</italic>. ‘<italic>Ban</italic>. A proclamation with voice, or by sound of trumpet.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Prœludium</italic>. A proheme; in Musicke a voluntary before the Songe; a flourish; a preamble or entrance to a mattier, and as ye would say, signes and profers.’ Cooper. Compare the phrase ‘the <italic>banns</italic> of marriage.’ A. S. <italic>ban.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn116" symbol="page 20 note 4"><label><sup>page 20 note 4</sup></label><p>'sHim wol i blame and <italic>banne</italic>, but he my bales amende.’ William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 476; see also 1.1644. In the Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, VII. xi. we read ‘I <italic>banne</italic> þe birde þat me bar.’ A. S. <italic>bannan</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>banna</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn117" symbol="page 20 note 5"><label><sup>page 20 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bannock</italic>, an oat-cake kneaded with water only, and baked in the embers.’ Ray's Gloss.; and see Jamieson, s. v. Gaelic <italic>bonnack</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn118" symbol="page 20 note 6"><label><sup>page 20 note 6</sup></label><p>'sBrysewort, orbonwort, or daysye, <italic>consolida minor</italic>, good to breke bocches.’ Reg. MS. 18 A, vi. leaf 72b. ‘In battill gyres burgionys the <italic>banwart</italic> wild.’ Gawin Douglas, Prologue to Book xi. of Æneid, l. 115. A. S. <italic>banwyrt</italic>. Kennett's Glossary, Lansdowne MS. 1033 explains it as the violet. According to Cooper, <italic>bellis</italic> is ‘the whyte daysy, called of some the margarite, in the North <italic>banwoort</italic>.’ Bosworth says ‘perhaps the small knapweed.’ ‘Daysie is an herbe þat sum men called nembrisworte ofer <italic>banewort</italic>.’ Gl. Douce, 290. Cockayne, Leechdoms &c, vol. ii. 371, and, iii. 313, defines it as the <italic>wall-flower</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn119" symbol="page 20 note 7"><label><sup>page 20 note 7</sup></label><p>Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Barbacane</italic> f. a casemate; or a hole (in a parrapet, or towne wall) to shoot out at; some hold it also to be a Sentrie, Scout-house, or hole; and thereupon our Chaucer useth the word <italic>Barbican</italic> for a watch-tower, which in the Saxon tongue was called, a Bourough-kenning.’</p></fn><fn id="fn120" symbol="page 21 note 1"><label><sup>page 21 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Nefrens</italic>, a weaned pigge: <italic>maialis</italic>, barrow hogges: <italic>verres</italic>, a tame bore.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn121" symbol="page 21 note 2"><label><sup>page 21 note 2</sup></label><p>A spear for boar-hunting. Cooper gives ‘<italic>Venabulo excipere aprum;</italic> to kill a boare with an hunting staffe.’ ‘<italic>Excipulum</italic>, i.e. <italic>venabulum</italic>. A spere to slee a bore with.’ Ortus Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn122" symbol="page 21 note 3"><label><sup>page 21 note 3</sup></label><p>The Addit. MS. is here undoubtedly correct. The word is the O. Fr. <italic>berfroi</italic>, from which, through the L. Lat. <italic>belfredus</italic>, comes our <italic>belfry</italic>. It was a movable tower, often of several stories high, used by besiegers for purposes of attack and defence. The following quotation from Ducange will sufficiently explain the construction of the machine, as well as the stages by which the name came to be applied in the modern sense. ‘<italic>Belfredus</italic>. Machina bellica lignea in modum excelsioris turris exstructa, variis tabulatis, coenaculis seu stationibus constans, rotisque quatuor vecta: tantae proceritatis ut fastigium oppidorum et castrorum obsessorum muros aequaret. In coenaculis autem collocabantur milites qui in hostes tela continuo vibrabant, aut sagittas emittabant: infra vero viri robore praestantes inagnis impulsibus muris inachinam admovebant. Gallicè, <italic>beffroi. Belfredi</italic> nomen a similitudine ejusmodi machinae bellicae postea inditum altioribus turribus quae in urbibus aut castris eriguntur, in quarum fastigio excubant vigiles qui eminus adventantes hostes, pulsata quae in eum finem affensa est campana, cives admonent quo sint ad arma parati. Nec in eum tantum finem statutae in <italic>belfredi</italic> campanae, ut adventantes nuntient hostes, sed etiam ad convocandos cives et ad alios usus prout reipublicae curatoribus visum fuerit. Unde <italic>campana bannalis</italic> dicitur, quod, cum pulsatur, quicunque intra <italic>bannum</italic> seu districtum urbis commorantur ad conventus publicos ire teneantur. Denique <italic>helfredum</italic> appellant ligneam fabricam in campanariis, in quibus pendent campanae. <italic>Fustibalus</italic>. Machinae bellicae species: <italic>engin de guerre, espece de fronde</italic>.’ In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Herrtage, l. 3171, when Balan is besieging the French knights in the Tower of Aigremont, King Sortybran advises him to make use of his ‘Castel of tre þat hiзt brysour …</p><p>And pote þer-on vj hundred men, þat kunne boþe launce and caste.’</p><p>The tower is accordingly brought up, and is described as follows, ll. 3255–3270.</p><p>'sIn þat same tre castel weren maked stages thre:</p><p>þe hezeste hiзt mangurel; the middle hiзt launcepre;</p><p>þe nyþemest was callid hagefray; a quynte }>yng to se …</p><p>pan þe heþest stage of al fulde he with men of armes</p><p>To schelde hem by-nyþe wel fram stones and othere harmes, …</p><p>And on þat oþer stage amidde ordeynt he gunnes grete,</p><p>And oþer engyns y-hidde, wilde fyr to caste and schete.</p><p>þyder þanne he putte y-nowe, and tauзte hem hure labour,</p><p>Wilde fyr to schete and þrowe aзen þe heзe tour,</p><p>In þe nyþemest stage þanne schup he him-selue to hove,</p><p>To ordeyne hure fyr þar-inne, and send hit to hem above.’</p></fn><fn id="fn123" symbol="page 21 note 4"><label><sup>page 21 note 4</sup></label><p>Capt. Harland in his Glossary of Swaledale (E. D. Soc.) gives ‘Barfam, or Braffam, a horse-collar,’ as still in use. It is also used in the forms <italic>hamberwe</italic> and <italic>hamborough</italic>, and means a protection against the hames. ‘<italic>Hec epicia; Anglice</italic>, a berhom.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 278. See Wedgwood, s. v. Hames, and Barkhaam in Brookett's Glossary. Jamieson, s. v. Brechame. A. S. <italic>beorgan</italic>, to protect, and Eng. <italic>hames</italic>. And see also Hame of an horse.</p></fn><fn id="fn124" symbol="page 22 note 1"><label><sup>page 22 note 1</sup></label><p>The game of prisoners'-base. In the Metrical Life of Pope Gregory (MS. Cott. Cleopatra, D ix. If. 156, bk.), we read—</p><p>'sHe wende in a day to plawe</p><p>þe children ournen at þe <italic>bars</italic>.’</p><p>In the margin of the Metrical Vocab. printed in Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 176, is written ‘<italic>Barri, -orum sine simgulari, sunt ludi, Anglice</italic>, bace,’ and in Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, E. E. Text Society, ed. Peacock, p. 11. l. 336, directions are given that games or secular business are not to be permitted in a churchyard:—</p><p>'sBal and <italic>bares</italic> and suche play,</p><p>Out of chyrcheзorde put away;</p><p>Courte holdynge and suche maner chost,</p><p>Out of seyntwary put þou most.’</p><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Barres</italic>, the martial sport called Barriers; also the play at Bace, or Prison Bars.’ In ‘How the Good Wife Taught her Daughter,’ printed in the 3rd part of Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, p. 528, l. 114, children are cautioned not</p><p>'sOppinly in the rew to syng,</p><p>Na ryn at <italic>bares</italic> in the way.’</p><p>See ‘Base, or Prison-base, or Prison-bars,' in Nares’ Glossary.</p></fn><fn id="fn125" symbol="page 22 note 2"><label><sup>page 22 note 2</sup></label><p>According to the Medulla, <italic>cortex</italic> is the outer, <italic>liber</italic> the middle, and <italic>suber</italic> the innermost bark of a tree:—‘<italic>Pars prior est cortex, liber altera, tercia suber</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn126" symbol="page 22 note 3"><label><sup>page 22 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gremium</italic>. A barme, or a lappe.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn127" symbol="page 22 note 4"><label><sup>page 22 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Limus</italic>. A garment from the nauell downe to the feet.’ Cooper. In De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb., leaf 121, we read ‘The skynne of whiche I make my <italic>barmclothe</italic> es schame and confusioun.’ See also Napron. ‘<italic>Limas</italic>. A naprone or a barme clothe.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn128" symbol="page 22 note 5"><label><sup>page 22 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBarme, or yeaste. <italic>Flos vel spuma ceruisiae</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn129" symbol="page 22 note 6"><label><sup>page 22 note 6</sup></label><p>'sBarnacles, an instrument set on the nose of vnruly horses, <italic>pastomis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Camus;</italic> a bitte, a snaffle.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Chamus</italic>. A bernag for a hors.’ Medulla. The Medulla further explains <italic>Chamus</italic> as ‘<italic>genus freni, i. capistram, et pars freni</italic> Moleyne. ‘<italic>Camus</italic>. A byt or a snaffle.’ Elyot. See Byrnacle and Molane of a brydelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn130" symbol="page 22 note 7"><label><sup>page 22 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ciconia</italic>. A bernag or a botore’ Medulla. ‘Barnacle byrdes. <italic>Chenalopeces</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn131" symbol="page 22 note 8"><label><sup>page 22 note 8</sup></label><p>'sMercy on's, a <italic>Barne?</italic> A very pretty <italic>barne;</italic> a boy, or a childe I wonder?’ <citation id="ref064" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shakspere</surname></name>, <italic>Winter's Tale</italic>, III, iii. <fpage>70</fpage>–1</citation>. ‘I am beggered, and all my <italic>barnes</italic>.’ Harrison, ed. Furnivall, i. 108.</p></fn><fn id="fn132" symbol="page 22 note 9"><label><sup>page 22 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vecticulus</italic>. A barwe. <italic>Vecticularius</italic>. A barwe maker.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn133" symbol="page 23 note 1"><label><sup>page 23 note 1</sup></label><p>Halliwell quotes from the Romance of Sir Degrevant, If. 131:—</p><p>'sAt the <italic>baresse</italic> he habade,</p><p>'sThe folk that assalзeand wer</p><p>At mary зet, to-hewyn had</p><p>And bawndonly downe lyghte.’</p><p>The <italic>barras</italic>, and a fyre had maid</p><p>At the draw-brig, and brynt it doune.’</p><p>Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xvii. 754.</p><p>And at þe <italic>baress</italic> he hym sette.’</p><p>Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, l. 4668.</p><p>'sEnfachoun ys to þe зeate y-come,</p><p>And haueþ þat mayl an honde y-nome,</p><p>'sBarrace, Barras, Barres, Barrowis (1) A barrier, an outwork at the gate of a castle, (2)An enclosure made of felled trees for the defence of armed men.’ Jamieson. O. Fr. <italic>barres</italic>, pl. of <italic>barre</italic>, a stake. ‘<italic>Vallum</italic>. A bulwarke or rampyre.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn134" symbol="page 23 note 2"><label><sup>page 23 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Berewarde. For <italic>archophilax</italic> read <italic>arctophylax</italic>. The term is generally applied to the constellation Böotes, or Charles' Wain. See Charelwayn.</p></fn><fn id="fn135" symbol="page 23 note 3"><label><sup>page 23 note 3</sup></label><p>A light helmet worn sometimes with a movable front. See <citation id="ref065" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Strutt</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>60</fpage></citation>. It did not originally cover any part of the face, but it was afterwards supplied with visors. See Meyrick, <italic>Antient Armour</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn136" symbol="page 23 note 4"><label><sup>page 23 note 4</sup></label><p>The baselard was of two kinds, straight and curved. By Statute 12 Ric. II, cap. 6, it was provided that ‘null servant de husbandrie ou laborer, ne servant de artificer, ne de vitailler porte desore enavant <italic>baslard</italic>, dagger, nespee (nor sword) sur forfaiture dicelle.’ In the Ploughman's Tale, printed in Wright's Polit. Poems, i. 331, we read that even priests were in the habit of wearing these arms, though against the law:—</p><p>'sBucklers brode and sweardes long,</p><p>Baudrike, with <italic>baselardes</italic> kene,</p><p>Soche toles about her necke they honge</p><p>With Antichrist soche priestes bene.’</p><p>In Fairholt's Satirical Songs on Costume, Percy Society, p. 50, is a song of the 15th century beginning ‘Prenegard, prenegard, thus bere I myn <italic>baselard</italic>.’ ‘Bazelarde: <italic>ensis gladiolus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Sica</italic>. A short swerde.’ Medulla. See also <citation id="ref066" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Albus</italic>, pp. <fpage>335</fpage>, <fpage>554</fpage>, and <fpage>555</fpage></citation>, and Prof. Skeat's Notes to P. Plowman, iv. 461–7. ‘<italic>Sica</italic>. A short swoorde or dagger.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn137" symbol="page 23 note 5"><label><sup>page 23 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Phaselus</italic>. A little shippe called a galeon.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn138" symbol="page 24 note 1"><label><sup>page 24 note 1</sup></label><p>Alexander Neckam in hia work De Naturis Rerum, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, p. 457, thus speaks of Bath:— ‘Balnca Bathoniae ferventia tempore quovis</p><p>aegris festina saepe medentur ope.’</p></fn><fn id="fn139" symbol="page 24 note 2"><label><sup>page 24 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Similago;</italic> fyne meale of corne, floure.’ Cooper. Still in common use as in ‘<italic>batter</italic>-pudding.’</p></fn><fn id="fn140" symbol="page 24 note 3"><label><sup>page 24 note 3</sup></label><p>This line is repeated in the MS.</p></fn><fn id="fn141" symbol="page 24 note 4"><label><sup>page 24 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Grisard</italic>. m. A Badger, Boason, Brocke or Gray. <italic>Taieson</italic>. m. A Gray, Brock, Badger, Bauson.’ Cotgrave. See also Brokk.</p></fn><fn id="fn142" symbol="page 24 note 5"><label><sup>page 24 note 5</sup></label><p>I have not been able to identify this bird, but it has been suggested that the name is probably one given in imitation of the noise made by some bird of the curlew kind.</p></fn><fn id="fn143" symbol="page 24 note 6"><label><sup>page 24 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThou <italic>art abowteward</italic>, y undurstonde,</p><p>To wynne alle Artas of myn honde,</p><p>And Wynne my doghtyr shene.’</p><p>Sir Eglamour, l. 658.</p></fn><fn id="fn144" symbol="page 24 note 7"><label><sup>page 24 note 7</sup></label><p>In the fable of the Cat and the Mice, Prologue to P. Plowman, l. 161, the old rat tells his hearers that in London he has seen people walking about wearing ‘<italic>Bíзes</italic> ful brз5te abouten her nekkes.’ In Wyclif's version of Genesis xxxviii. 18, we find ‘Judas seide, What wilt thou that be зouen to thee for a wed? Sche answeride, thi ring and thi <italic>bye</italic> of the aarm, and the staffe whiche thou holdist in thin hond.’ The word also occurs in Legends of the Holy Rood, pp. 28, 29, l. 134, and in the Story of Genesis and Exodus. (E. E. Text Society, ed. Morris), i. 1390. A.S. <italic>beaз, beak</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>baugr</italic>, a bracelet, a collar. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 464, bequeaths ‘A <italic>bee</italic> with a grete pearl. A dyainond, an emerawde . … a nother <italic>bee</italic> with a grete perle, with an emerawde and a saphire, weighing ij unces, iij quarters.’ In Sir Degrevant, Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell, p. 200, l. 556, we find ‘broche ne <italic>bye</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn145" symbol="page 24 note 8"><label><sup>page 24 note 8</sup></label><p>In the Anturs of Arthur, Caraden Society, ed. <citation id="ref067" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, xxxii. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>, the knight addressing the king says,</p><p>'sQuethir thou be Cayselle or Kyng, here I the <italic>be-calle</italic>,</p><p>For to fynde me a freke to feзte on my fille.’</p></fn><fn id="fn146" symbol="page 24 note 9"><label><sup>page 24 note 9</sup></label><p>It was not an unusual custom for men, even of the highest rank, to sleep together; and the term <italic>bed-fellow</italic> implied great intimacy. Dr. Forman, in his MS. Autobiography, mentions one Gird as having been his <italic>bed-fellow</italic>. MS. Ashmol. 208. See also Paston Letters, iii. 235, where, in a letter from Sir John Paston to John Paston, we read ‘Sir Robert Chamberleyn hathe entryd the maner of Scolton uppon your <italic>bedffelawe</italic> Converse.’ It was considered a matter of courtesy to offer your bedfellow his choice of the side of the bed. Thus in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Boke, ed. <citation id="ref068" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>185</fpage></citation>, we are told:—</p><p>'sIn bedde yf þou falle herberet to be</p><p>With felawe, maystur, or her degre,</p><p>þou schalt enquere be curtasye</p><p>In what part of þe bedde he wylle lye.’</p></fn><fn id="fn147" symbol="page 24 note 10"><label><sup>page 24 note 10</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fultrum, lecti</italic>. A bedsteade.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Fultrum est pes lecti: sponda est exterior pars lecti</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 242.</p></fn><fn id="fn148" symbol="page 25 note 1"><label><sup>page 25 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Bedgate</italic>, bed-time, going to bed: see Introduction to Gest Historiale of the Destruct. of Troy (E. E. Text Society, ed. Panton and Donaldson), p. xx, where the mistake in Halliwell's Dict, is corrected. ‘<italic>Corticinium</italic>. Bedde time, or the first parte of the night, when men prepare to take rest, and all thinges be in silence. After Erasmus it semeth to be the time between the first cockecrowyng after midnight, and the breake of the day. <italic>Coneubium</italic>. The stille and diepest parte of the night.’ Cooper. See Bedtyme.</p></fn><fn id="fn149" symbol="page 25 note 2"><label><sup>page 25 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBeddred, one so sicke he cannot rise, <italic>clinicus</italic>.’ Baret. In the Babees Boke (E E. Text Society, ed. Furnivall), p. 37, l. 19, we are enjoined ‘þe poore & þe <italic>beedered</italic> loke þou not loþe.’ And in the Complaint of Jack Upland, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 22, in his attack on the friars, he says:—</p><p>'sWhy say not зe the gospel</p><p>In houses of <italic>bedred</italic> men,</p><p>As ye do in rich mens,</p><p>That mowe goe to church and heare the gospel.’</p><p>'s<italic>Clinicus</italic>. A bedlawere.’ Medulla. See Stow's Survey, ed. Strype, I. bk. ii. p. 23.</p></fn><fn id="fn150" symbol="page 25 note 3"><label><sup>page 25 note 3</sup></label><p>'sBedstocks, bedstead.’ Whitby Glossary. Still in common use in the North. Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c., gives ‘Bedstockes, the wooden frame of a bed.’ ‘Three <italic>bedstoks</italic> are mentioned in the Inventory of Robert Abraham, of Kirton-in-Lindsey, 1519.’ Gent. Mag. 1864, i. 501. ‘<italic>Sponda</italic>. Exterior pars lecti.’ Medulla. See Bedfute, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn151" symbol="page 25 note 4"><label><sup>page 25 note 4</sup></label><p>A certain quantity of litter (rushes or straw) was always included in the yearly allowance to the chief officers of an establishment. Thus in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, amongst the duties of the Grooms of the Chamber we find they are to</p><p>'smake litere,</p><p>ix fote on lengthe without diswere;</p><p>vij fote y-wys hit shalle be brode,</p><p>Wele watered, I-wrythen, be craft y-trode,</p><p>Wyspes drawen out at fete and syde,</p><p>Wele wrethyn and turnyd agayne þat tyde:</p><p>On legh onsonken hit shalle be made,</p><p>To þo gurdylstode hegh on lengthe and brade, &c.’</p><p>In the Household Book of Edward II (Chaucer Society, ed. Furnivall), p. 14, we are told that the King's Confessor is to have ‘<italic>litere</italic> for his bede al the зere.’ ‘<italic>Hoc stramentum;</italic> lyttere.’ Wright's Vocab., p. 260. ‘Y schal moiste my <italic>bedstre</italic> with my teeris.’ Wyclif, Psalms vii. 7. See also Lyter.</p></fn><fn id="fn152" symbol="page 25 note 5"><label><sup>page 25 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBedde tyme, or the fyrste parte of the nyghte. <italic>Contisinium</italic>.’ 1552. Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn153" symbol="page 25 note 6"><label><sup>page 25 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cauillor</italic>. To iest: to mocke: to cauill: to reason subtilly and ouerthwartly upon woordes. <italic>Cauillator</italic>. A mocker: a bourder: a cauillar, or subtill wrester.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn154" symbol="page 26 note 1"><label><sup>page 26 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Polliceor</italic>. To behestyn.’ Medulla. See P. Hotyn.</p></fn><fn id="fn155" symbol="page 26 note 2"><label><sup>page 26 note 2</sup></label><p>'sForasmuche as …. the king …. hath he stured by summe from his lernyng, and spoken to of diverse matters not <italic>behovefull</italic>.’ Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 34. See also Pecock's <italic>Repressor</italic>, <citation id="ref069" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Babington</surname></name>, p. <fpage>47</fpage></citation>. ‘Behoueable. <italic>Oportunus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn156" symbol="page 26 note 3"><label><sup>page 26 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. to Beke wandes. The Ortus Vocab. gives ‘<italic>explorare:</italic> to spye, or to seke, or open, or trase, or to becke handes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn157" symbol="page 26 note 4"><label><sup>page 26 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Annuo</italic>. To agree with a becke to will one to doe a thing. <italic>Nuto</italic>. To becken, or shake the heade.’ Cooper. ‘Becken wyth the finger or heade. <italic>Abnuo, Abnuto</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn158" symbol="page 26 note 5"><label><sup>page 26 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA Beacon, <italic>specula, specularium, pharus</italic>.’ Baret. See The Destruction of Troy, ed. Donaldson and Panton, l. 6037. ‘Bekin, a beacon; a signal.’ Jamieson. A. S. <italic>beacn</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn159" symbol="page 26 note 6"><label><sup>page 26 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Cursor Mundi (E. E. Text Society, ed. Morris, Gottingen MS.), p. 515,1. 8946, we read—</p><p>'sþai drow it [a tree] þedir and made a brig,</p><p>Ouer a littel <italic>becc</italic> to lig;’</p><p>and in Harrison's Descript. of England, 1587, p. 50a, the river ‘Weie or Waie’ is described as running towards ‘Godalming, and then toward Shawford, but yer it come there it crosseth Craulie <italic>becke</italic>, which riseth somewhere about the edge of Sussex short of Ridgeweie,’ &c. ‘<italic>Hic rivulus</italic>, a bek.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 239.</p></fn><fn id="fn160" symbol="page 26 note 7"><label><sup>page 26 note 7</sup></label><p>Harrison, speaking of the fashions of wearing the hair in his time, says:—‘if [a man] be wesel <italic>becked</italic>, then muche heare left on the cheekes will make the owner looke big like a bowdled hen, and so grim as a goose,’ <citation id="ref070" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>169</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn161" symbol="page 26 note 8"><label><sup>page 26 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Glaber</italic>, smooth without heare; pilde.’ Cooper. ‘Beld, <italic>adj.</italic> bald, without hair on the head. Beldness, Belthness, <italic>s.</italic> baldness.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn162" symbol="page 27 note 1"><label><sup>page 27 note 1</sup></label><p>See also to Ryfte. ‘To bealke, or breake winde vpward, <italic>ructo</italic>; a bealking, <italic>ructus</italic>; to belke, <italic>ructo</italic>; a belche, <italic>ructus</italic>.’ Baret. In P. Plowman, B. v. 397, <italic>Accidia</italic> (Sloth) we are told, ‘bygan <italic>benedicite</italic> with a <italic>bolke</italic>, and his brest knokked, And roxed and rored, and rutte atte last;’</p><p>and in the Towneley Mysteries, p. 314:—</p><p>'sIn slewthe then thai syn, Goddes workes thai not wyrke, To <italic>belke</italic> thai begyn, and spew that is irke.’</p><p>'s<italic>Ructor</italic>, to rospyn: <italic>ructuus</italic>, a зyskyng’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn163" symbol="page 27 note 2"><label><sup>page 27 note 2</sup></label><p>See Burbylle in the water, and P. Burbulle. ‘<italic>Bulla</italic>, a bubble of water when it reyneth, or a potte seetheth.’ Cooper. ‘A bubble of water, <italic>bulla</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Bulla</italic>. A burbyl, <italic>tumor laticis: bullio</italic>, Bolnyng of watere. <italic>Scaleo</italic>. To brekyn vp or burbelyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Bulla</italic>. A bubble rysing in the water when it rayneth.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn164" symbol="page 27 note 3"><label><sup>page 27 note 3</sup></label><p>A watchman. Cf. ‘the <italic>bellman's</italic> drowsy charm.’ <citation id="ref071" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Milton</surname></name>, <italic>Il Penseroso</italic>, <fpage>83</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn165" symbol="page 27 note 4"><label><sup>page 27 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Satirical Poem on Bishop Boothe, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 229, we read ‘Bridelle yow bysshoppe and be not to bolde,</p><p>And biddeth youre <italic>beawperes</italic> se to the same:</p><p>Cast away covetyse now be ye bolde,</p><p>This is alle ernest that ye call game:</p><p>The <italic>beelesire</italic> ye be the more is youre blame.’</p><p>See also P. Plowman, C. xi. 233, and compare Beldam in P.</p></fn><fn id="fn166" symbol="page 27 note 5"><label><sup>page 27 note 5</sup></label><p>Ducange gives ‘<italic>Ceston</italic>. Zona, Veneris … Latini dixerunt <italic>Cestus. Cesta</italic>. Vinculum, Ligamen … <italic>Graece</italic> κεστὸς muliebre cingulum est, praecipue illa zona, qua noya nupta nuptiarum die praecingebatur a sponso solvenda.’ Cooper renders <italic>Cestus</italic> by ‘a mariage gyrdle ful of studdes, wherwith the husbande gyrded his wyfe at hir fyrst weddynge.’ ‘<italic>Cestus</italic>. A gyrdyl off lechery.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn167" symbol="page 27 note 6"><label><sup>page 27 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Liciatorium</italic>, a weaver's shittell, or a silke woman's tassell, whereon silke or threade wounden is cast through the loome.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Liciatorium</italic>. A thrumme or a warpe.’ Medulla. ‘Weauers beame, whereon they turne their webbe at hande. <italic>Iugum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn168" symbol="page 27 note 7"><label><sup>page 27 note 7</sup></label><p>A fillet or band for the hair. The Medulla renders <italic>Amiculum</italic> by ‘A bende or a kerche,’ and Withals by ‘A neckercher or a partlet.’ The Ortus says, ‘<italic>Amicilium dicitur fascia capitis: scilicet peplum</italic>, a bende or a fyllet; <italic>id est mitra virginalis. Amiculum</italic>. A bende or a kercher;’ and the same explanation is given by Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn169" symbol="page 28 note 1"><label><sup>page 28 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fressa faba</italic>, Plin. A beane broken or bruysed.’ Cooper, 1586. ‘<italic>Faba fresa</italic>. Groundyn benys.’ Medulla. <italic>Pegge gives</italic> ‘<italic>Spelch, to bruise as in a mortar, to split, as spelched peas, beans</italic>,’ &c. ‘<italic>Beane cake. Fabacia. Beane meale. Lomentum</italic>.’ Huloet</p></fn><fn id="fn170" symbol="page 28 note 2"><label><sup>page 28 note 2</sup></label><p>From a passage in the Paston Letters, iii. 239, this term would seem to have been in common use. William Pykenham writing to Margaret Paston, says, ‘Your son Watre ys nott tonsewryd, in modre tunge callyd <italic>Benett</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Exorcista</italic>. A benet, coniurator. <italic>Exorcismus</italic>. A coniuration aзens þe deuyl.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn171" symbol="page 28 note 3"><label><sup>page 28 note 3</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>benc</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>bekkr</italic>, a bench. ‘Benohe. <italic>Cathedra, Planca, Scamnum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn172" symbol="page 28 note 4"><label><sup>page 28 note 4</sup></label><p>'sBent, <italic>gramen</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 191. Any coarse wiry grass such as grows on a <italic>bent</italic>, a common or other neglected ground. Under this name are included <italic>Arundo arenaria, agrostis vulgaris, triticum junceum</italic>, &c. By 15 and 16 George II. c. 33, plucking up or carrying away Starr or <italic>Bent</italic> within 5 miles of the Lancashire coast ‘sand-hills’ was punishable by fine, imprisonment, and whipping. Ger. <italic>bints, bins</italic>, a rush. See Moor's Gloss, of Suffolk Words.</p></fn><fn id="fn173" symbol="page 28 note 5"><label><sup>page 28 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Baiulus</italic>. A porter or cariar of bourdens.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Baiulus</italic>. A portoure.’ Medulla. See also a Berer. ‘Beare. <italic>Baiulo</italic>, <italic>Fero, Gero</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn174" symbol="page 28 note 6"><label><sup>page 28 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Genorbodum</italic>. A berde.’ Medulla. P. reads ‘<italic>genobardum</italic>’ and Ortus, ‘<italic>genobradum</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn175" symbol="page 28 note 7"><label><sup>page 28 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Impubes</italic>. A man childe before the age of xiiij, and a woman before the age of xij yeres.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Puber</italic>. A chyld lytyl skoryd. <italic>Pubero</italic>. To gynne to heeryn. <italic>Pubes</italic>. A chyldys skore, a chyldys age.’ Medulla. The Medulla curiously renders <italic>impubes</italic> by ‘unзong,’ and <italic>impubeo</italic> by ‘<italic>vnзyagyn</italic>. ‘Beardles, or hauing no bearde. <italic>Galbris</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn176" symbol="page 28 note 8"><label><sup>page 28 note 8</sup></label><p>Baret says ‘Beer or rather Bere; ab Italico Bere, i.e. bibere quod Gallicè, <italic>Boire De la biere</italic>.’ See Mr. Riley's admirable note in Glossary to Liber Custumarum, s. v. <italic>Cerveise</italic>, where he points out the fact that hops (<italic>hoppys</italic>) are frequently mentioned in the Northumberland Household Book, 1512, as being used for brewing, some ten years before the alleged date of their introduction according to Stowe. Cogan, in his Haven of Health, 1612, p. 220, tells us that beer was ‘inuented by that worthie Prince Gambrinius; <italic>Anno</italic> 1786. yeares before the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, as Languette writeth in his Chronicle.’ On p. 217 he gives a hint how to know where the best ale is to be found—‘If you come as a stranger to any Towne, and would faine know where the best Ale is, you neede do no more but marke where the greatest noise is of good fellowes, as they call them, and the greatest repaire of Beggers.’</p></fn><fn id="fn177" symbol="page 28 note 9"><label><sup>page 28 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Libitina</italic>. Deeth or the beere whereon dead bodies weare caried.’ Cooper. See note in P. s. v. Feertyr. ‘Beare to cary a dead corps to burial. <italic>Capulum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn178" symbol="page 29 note 1"><label><sup>page 29 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Berande. ‘Bearer. <italic>Lator, Portitor</italic>.’ 1592. Huloet. <italic>Abcedarium</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn179" symbol="page 29 note 2"><label><sup>page 29 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Berry, v.</italic> To thresh, <italic>i. e.</italic> to beat out the berry or grain of the corn. Hence a <italic>berrier</italic>, a thresher; and the <italic>berrying-stead</italic>, the threshing-floor.’ Ray's Glossary of North Country Words,’ 1691. See also Jamieson, s. v. lcel. <italic>berja</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn180" symbol="page 29 note 3"><label><sup>page 29 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Busto</italic>. To beryn or gravyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn181" symbol="page 29 note 4"><label><sup>page 29 note 4</sup></label><p>See also Barrewarde. Harrison, in his Description of England, ed. <citation id="ref072" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>220</fpage></citation>, classes <italic>bearewards</italic> amongst the rogues of the time, for he says, ‘From among which companie [roges and idle persons] our <italic>bearewards</italic> are not excepted, and iust cause: for I have read that they haue either voluntarilie, or from want of power to master their sauage beasts, beene occasion of the death and deuoration of manie children in sundrie countries …‥ And for that cause there is and haue beene manie sharpe lawes made for <italic>bearwards</italic> in Germanie, wherof you may read in other.’ By the Act 39 Eliz. cap. iv, entitled ‘An Act for punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds and Sturdy Beggars,’ § II, ‘All Fencers, <italic>Bearwards</italic>, Common Players of Enterludes and Minstrels wandering abroad …‥ all Iuglers, Tinkers, Pedlers, &c.…‥ shall be adjudged and deemed Rogues, Vagabonds, and Sturdy Beggars.’ See also Shakspeare, 2 Henry VI, i. 2 and v. 1; Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 1: and 2 Henry IV, i. 2. In the Satirical Poem on the Ministers of Richard II, printed in Wright's Political Poems, i. 364, we read:—</p><p>'sA <italic>bereward</italic> [the Earl of Warwick] fond a rag;</p><p>Of the rag he made a bag;</p><p>He dude in gode eutent.</p><p>Thorwe the bag the <italic>berewarde</italic> is taken;</p><p>Alle his beres han hym forsaken;</p><p>Thus is the <italic>berewarde</italic> schent.’</p></fn><fn id="fn182" symbol="page 29 note 5"><label><sup>page 29 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA <italic>besant</italic> was an auncient piece of golden coyne, worth 15 pounds, 13 whereof the French kings were accustomed to offer at the Masse of their coronation in Rheims; to which end Henry II caused the same number of them to be made, and called them <italic>Bysantins</italic>, but they were not worth a double duck at the peece.’ Cotgrave. See Gloss, to Liber Custumarum, s. v. <italic>Besantus</italic>. ‘Bruchez and <italic>besauntez</italic>, and other bryghte stonys.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 3256. In P. Plowman, B. vi. 241, a reference is made to the parable of the Slothful Servant, who</p><p>'shad a nam [mina] and for he wolde nouзte chaffare,</p><p>He had maugre of his maistre for euermore after,’</p><p>where in the Laud MS. <italic>nam</italic> is glossed by ‘a besaunt,’ and in the Vernon MS. by <italic>talentum</italic>.’ Wyclif's version of the parable has <italic>besaunt</italic>; Luke xix. 16. See also Ormulum, <citation id="ref073" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>White</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>390</fpage></citation>, and the History of the Holy Grail, E. E. Text Society, <citation id="ref074" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xv. <fpage>237</fpage>. In the Cursor Mundi, p. 246, 1. 4193, we read that Joseph was sold to the Ishmaelites ‘for twenti <italic>besands</italic> tan & tald.’</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn183" symbol="page 29 note 6"><label><sup>page 29 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Sillicitus, silicitudinarius</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn184" symbol="page 29 note 7"><label><sup>page 29 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Sedudus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn185" symbol="page 30 note 1"><label><sup>page 30 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Boke of Curtasye, printed in Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 187,1. 331, we are told ‘Whil any man spekes with grete <italic>besenes</italic>,</p><p>Herken his wordis with-outen distresse,’</p><p>and in the Destruction of Troy, ed. Donaldson and Panton, 1. 10336, we read</p><p>'sTo pull hym of prese paynit hym fast</p><p>With all <italic>besenes</italic> aboute and his brest naked;’</p><p>and Chaucer says of the Parson that</p><p>'sTo drawe folk to heven by fairnesse</p><p>By good ensample, this was his <italic>busynesse</italic>.’ C. T., Prologue, 519.</p><p>A.S. <italic>biseg, bisg; bisegung, bisgung</italic>, occupation, employment; Fr. <italic>besoigne</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn186" symbol="page 30 note 2"><label><sup>page 30 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Burdo</italic>; a mulette.’ Cooper, 1584. ‘A mule ingendred betweene a horse and a sheeasse, <italic>hinnus, burdo</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn187" symbol="page 30 note 3"><label><sup>page 30 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Colustrum</italic>. The first milke that commeth in teates after the byrth of yonge, be it in woman or beast; Beestynges.’ Cooper. The word is not uncommon. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Beton</italic>. m. Beest; the first milke a female gives after the birth of her young one. <italic>Le laict nouveau</italic>. Beest or Beestings.’ Originally applied to the milk of women, it is now in common use in the Northern and Eastern counties for the first milk of a cow or other animal. See Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. ‘<italic>Colostrium: primum lac post partum vituli</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn188" symbol="page 30 note 4"><label><sup>page 30 note 4</sup></label><p>Of Betony Neckam, in his work De Naturis Rerum (Rolls Series, ed. Wright), p. 472, says,</p><p>'s<italic>Betonicae vires summatim tangere dignum</italic></p><p><italic>Duxi, subsidium dat cephalaea tibi</italic>.</p><p><italic>Auribus et spleni confert, oculisque medetur</italic>,</p><p><italic>Et stomachum laxat, hydropicosque juvat</italic>.</p><p><italic>Limphatici sanat morsum canis, atque trementi</italic></p><p><italic>Quem mule vexat, lux tertia praebat opem</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn189" symbol="page 30 note 5"><label><sup>page 30 note 5</sup></label><p>A sheaf or bundle of flax as prepared ready for the mill. ‘To <italic>beet</italic> lint. To tie up flax in sheaves. <italic>Beetinband</italic>. The strap which binds a bundle of flax.’ Jamieson. At the top of the page, in a later hand, is written ‘A bete as of hempe or lyne; <italic>fascis</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn190" symbol="page 30 note 6"><label><sup>page 30 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Occa</italic> is properly a harrow. In the Medulla it is explained as ‘A clerybetel’ (? cleybetel). See to Clotte. ‘Betle or malle for calkens. <italic>Malleus stuparius</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn191" symbol="page 30 note 7"><label><sup>page 30 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. betynge. Corrected from A. ‘<italic>Bractea</italic>. Gold foyle; thinne leaues or rayes of golde, siluer or other mettall.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Braccea</italic>. A plate.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn192" symbol="page 30 note 8"><label><sup>page 30 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Prodicio</italic>. A trayment. <italic>Trado</italic>. To trayen.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn193" symbol="page 31 note 1"><label><sup>page 31 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Intersealaris</italic>. Betwyn styles.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn194" symbol="page 31 note 2"><label><sup>page 31 note 2</sup></label><p>In a later hand, at the top of the page.</p></fn><fn id="fn195" symbol="page 31 note 3"><label><sup>page 31 note 3</sup></label><p>See also to Bye.</p></fn><fn id="fn196" symbol="page 31 note 4"><label><sup>page 31 note 4</sup></label><p>The nightmare. <italic>Ephialtes</italic> is the Greek ἐφάλτης, the nightmare (Lat. <italic>incubus</italic>), lit. leaping upon, from ἐφάλλομαι, to leap. Halliwell gives ‘Bitch-daughter. The nightmare. <italic>Yorkshire</italic>,’ but I have been unable to find the word in any Glossary. ‘<italic>Epialtes</italic>. The nyth mare.’ Medulla. <italic>Noxa</italic> is also given hereafter as the Latin rendering of þe Falland euylle, q. v. Cooper renders <italic>Ephialtes</italic> by ‘the disease called the maare, proceeding of grosse and tough fleume in the mouth of the stomache, through continuall surffetyng and cruditie, which casteth vp cold vapours to the head, stoppyng the hinder celles of the brayne, when the bodie lieth vpright, and so letteth the passage of the spirit and vertue animall to the inferiour partes of the bodie, wherby the party thinketh he hath a great weyght vpon him stopping his breath.’ See Boorde, E. E. T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, pp. 78–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn197" symbol="page 31 note 5"><label><sup>page 31 note 5</sup></label><p>The MS. reads to A-byde, plainly an error. A. reads correctly to Byde.</p></fn><fn id="fn198" symbol="page 31 note 6"><label><sup>page 31 note 6</sup></label><p>To announce by proclamation. ‘<italic>Ferias indicere</italic>, Livy. To proclaime an holy day to be kept.’ Cooper. The MS. reads to Bydde alle days, and has been corrected as above in accordance with A.</p></fn><fn id="fn199" symbol="page 31 note 7"><label><sup>page 31 note 7</sup></label><p>This word occurs in the A. S. version of Matt. x. 9: ‘Næbbe ge gold, ne seolfer, ne feoh on eowrum <italic>bigyrdlum</italic>,’ have not gold, nor silver, nor money in your purses. Compare Chaucer, C. T., Prologue, 358, where we read that the ‘gipser (or purse) hung at or <italic>by the girdle</italic>.’ See also Ancren Riwle, p. 124. The word also occurs in P. Plowman, B. viii. 87: ‘þe bagges and þe <italic>bigurdeles</italic>, he hath to-broken hem alle.’ See also Breke Belte.</p></fn><fn id="fn200" symbol="page 31 note 8"><label><sup>page 31 note 8</sup></label><p>To <italic>bigg</italic> — to build, is still in use in the North. A. S. <italic>byggan</italic>; O.Icel. <italic>byggja</italic>.</p><p>'sThe Fawkonn fleyth, & hath no rest,</p><p>Tille he witte where to <italic>bigge</italic> his nest.’</p><p>Wright's Political Poems, ii. 223.</p></fn><fn id="fn201" symbol="page 31 note 9"><label><sup>page 31 note 9</sup></label><p>Our modern pick-axe is a corruption from the O. Fr. form <italic>picois</italic>. ‘<italic>Fossorium</italic>. A byl or a pykeys.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Picquois, m</italic>. A Pickax.’ Cotgrave. In the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 106, we find mentioned ‘long cromes to drawe downe howsis, ladders, <italic>pikoys</italic>.’ Robert of Brunne, in Handlyng Synne, ed. Furnivall, 1. 940, says—</p><p>'sMattok is a <italic>pykeys</italic></p><p>Or a pyke, as sum men says.’</p></fn><fn id="fn202" symbol="page 32 note 1"><label><sup>page 32 note 1</sup></label><p>A <italic>Bille</italic> generally meant a petition, and to ‘put up a bille’ was the regular phrase for presenting a petition. See P. Plowman, c. v. 45, Paston Letters, i. 151, 153, &c. With the meaning of a letter it occurs in Paston Letters, i. 21, ‘closed [enclosed] in this <italic>bille</italic> I send yow a copie of un frendly lettre,’ &c. ‘Byll of complaynte. <italic>Postulacio</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn203" symbol="page 32 note 2"><label><sup>page 32 note 2</sup></label><p>Coles' Dict., 1676, gives ‘Bylaw, Burlaw or Byrlaw, laws determined by persons elected by common consent of neighbours,’ and Burrill says, ‘Birlaw, a law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs.’ O. Icel. <italic>byar-log</italic>, Dan. <italic>bylove</italic>. According to Mr. Robinson (Gloss, of Mid. Yorkshire) the term is still used there for a ‘Parish-meeting.’ Jamieson gives ‘Burlaw, Byrlaw, <italic>Byrlaw</italic> court, a court of neighbours, residing in the country, which determines as to local concerns.’ ‘<italic>Plebiscitum: statutum populi; anglice</italic> a byrelawe.’ Ortus. See instances in the <italic>Athenœum</italic>, Aug. 1879.</p></fn><fn id="fn204" symbol="page 32 note 3"><label><sup>page 32 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Birk</italic>, still in use in Lancashire for a birch-tree. A. S. <italic>birce</italic>, Icel. <italic>björk</italic>.</p><p>'sThan <italic>byrkis</italic> on aythir syde the way</p><p>That young and thik wes growand her He knyt togidder.’ Barbour's Bruce, <citation id="ref075" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, xvi. <fpage>394</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHe fande the rede knyght lyggand, Off <italic>byrke</italic> and of okke.</p><p>Slayne of Percyvelle hande, Ther brent of <italic>birke</italic> and of ake Besyde a fyre brynnande Gret brandes and blake.’</p><p>Sir Perceval, Thornton Romances, <citation id="ref076" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Halliwell</surname></name>, p. <fpage>30</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn205" symbol="page 32 note 4"><label><sup>page 32 note 4</sup></label><p>This word is still in use in Lancashire. See Nodal's Glossary (E. Dial. Soc). In the account of the marriage at Cana, given in Eng. Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, p. 120, 1.18, we are told that ‘Seruans wur at this bridale, That <italic>birled</italic> win in cuppe and schal,’</p><p>and in the Avowynge of King Arthur, Camden Soc, ed. Robson, xlvi. 14, at Arthur's feast, ‘In bollus <italic>birlutte</italic> thay the wine.’ Manip. Vocab. gives ‘to birle, <italic>promere, haurire</italic>.’ The word also occurs in the Ancren Riwle, pp. 114 and 226, and in Wyclif, Jeremiah xxv. 15, 17, and Amos ii. 12. Icel. <italic>byrla</italic>, A. S. <italic>byrlian</italic>, to give to drink.</p></fn><fn id="fn206" symbol="page 32 note 5"><label><sup>page 32 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Camus</italic>. A bitte; a snaffle.’ Cooper. See .also Barnakylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn207" symbol="page 32 note 6"><label><sup>page 32 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cauterium</italic>, a markyng yron; a searyng yren; a peinters instrument.’ Cooper. ‘Burn-airn. An iron instrument used, red-hot, to impress letters, or other marks, on the horns of sheep.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Cauterium: ferrum quo latro signatur. Quo latro signatur dic cauterium fere ferrum</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘Burning yron. <italic>Cauteria</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn208" symbol="page 33 note 1"><label><sup>page 33 note 1</sup></label><p>See Ducange, s. v. <italic>Natalis</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn209" symbol="page 33 note 2"><label><sup>page 33 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBirtle. A summer apple. Yorkshire.’ Halliwell. ‘<italic>Malomettum</italic>. Genus pomi mellifluiet dulcis.’ Ducange. Cooper also gives ‘<italic>Melimelum</italic>. Akinde of sweete apples; pome paradise.’ ‘<italic>Malomellon</italic>: est genus dulcis pomi, <italic>anglice</italic>, a brytyl. <italic>Malomellus</italic>: a brytyl tre.’ Ortus Vocab. They are mentioned in Pliny. Cotgrave, s. v. <italic>Paradis</italic>, says, ‘<italic>Pomme de Paradis</italic>. An excellent sweet apple that conies of a Pearmayn graffed on the stocke of a Quince; some also call so our Honnymeale, or S. John's apple.’ ‘<italic>Malomellum: genus dulcis pomi</italic>.’ Medulla. Lat. <italic>mel</italic>, honey, and <italic>malus</italic>, apple. ‘<italic>Malomellus</italic>. The Sweetapple or Sweeting-tree.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn210" symbol="page 33 note 3"><label><sup>page 33 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 5260, tells us that our Lord</p><p>'shanged on þe rode tre Alle <italic>bla</italic> and blody;’</p><p>and in the Romance of Sir Isumbras, 1. 311, we are told, how the Saracens seized the knight, ‘And bett hym tille his rybbis braste, And made his flesehe fulle <italic>blaa</italic>.’</p><p>The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Bio, blackblew, <italic>lividus</italic>,’ and Baret translates ‘<italic>lividus</italic>’ by ‘he that hath his flesche well beaten and made blacke and blewe.’ ‘<italic>Livor</italic>. Blohede.’ Medulla. See Jamieson, s. v. Bla. O. H. Ger. <italic>blao, blaw</italic>, blue, O. Fris. <italic>bla, blö</italic>, Icel, <italic>blár</italic>. Palsgrave gives ‘Bio, blewe and grene coloured as ones bodie is after a drie stroke. <italic>jaunastre</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Liuor</italic>. The colour appearyng after strokes, commonly called blacke and blue, a leadie colour. <italic>Liveo</italic>. To be black and blewe.’ Cooper. ‘Beaten blacke and bloo, <italic>suggilatus</italic>.’ Huloet. See Bloo in P.</p></fn><fn id="fn211" symbol="page 33 note 4"><label><sup>page 33 note 4</sup></label><p>Probably a bilberry. Still called in the North a <italic>blaeberry</italic> from the colour. But the word here may perhaps be connected with the following verb.</p></fn><fn id="fn212" symbol="page 33 note 5"><label><sup>page 33 note 5</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Baboyer</italic>. To blabber with the lips; to famble: to falter,’ and the Medulla, ‘<italic>blatero</italic>. To stotyn, <italic>stulte et sine causa loqui</italic>.’ ‘Prestis. … <italic>blabien</italic> out matynys and massis.’ Wyclif, English Works, E. E. Text Soc, ed. Matthew, p. 168, 1. 6. ‘<italic>Blatero</italic>, to bable in vayne; to clatter out of measure; to make a noyse lyke a cammel. <italic>Blatero</italic>, m. a babler; a iangler; a pratler.’ Cooper. Jamieson gives ‘To Blether, Blather. To talk indistinctly; to stammer, &c. ‘And so I <italic>blaberde</italic> on my beodes.’ P. Plowman, A. v. 8. ‘<italic>Balhus, qui uult loqui et non potest</italic>, wlips <italic>uel</italic> swetwerda. <italic>Balbutus</italic>. stomer.’ M.S. Harl. 3376.</p></fn><fn id="fn213" symbol="page 33 note 6"><label><sup>page 33 note 6</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman. B. v. 190, ‘Covetyse’ is described as</p><p>'sbitelbrowed and <italic>baberlipped</italic> also, With two blered eyghen, as a blynde hagge.’</p><p>See Florio, s. v. <italic>Chilone</italic>, and Ducange, s. v. <italic>Balbus</italic>. Huloet translates blabber-lipped by <italic>Achilles</italic>, and Baret has ‘blaber-lipped, <italic>dimissis labiis homo, labeo</italic>.’ No man shulde rebuke and scorne a blereyed man or gogleyed or tongetyed … or fumbler or blaberlypped (<italic>chilonem</italic>) or bounche backed.’ Horman. See also <citation id="ref077" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvii. <fpage>324</fpage></citation>. ‘Blabberlipped, <italic>lippu</italic>.’ Sherwood. Cooper renders <italic>Brochus</italic> by one ‘that hath the nether iawe longer than the other, with teethe blendynge oute; tutte-mouthed.’ ‘<italic>Labrosus</italic>. Babyrlypped.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn214" symbol="page 34 note 1"><label><sup>page 34 note 1</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>blêgen</italic>, Dan. <italic>blêgn</italic>. See Wyclif, Exodus ix. 9, ‘<italic>Pustula</italic>. A lytyl bleyne. <italic>Marisca</italic>. A bleyne.’ Medulla. ‘Blayne or whealke. <italic>Papula</italic>.’ Huloet,</p></fn><fn id="fn215" symbol="page 34 note 2"><label><sup>page 34 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>Lodix</italic>, according to Cooper, is a <italic>sheete</italic>. See Glossary to Liber Custumarum, Holla Series, s. v. Blacket. ‘Blanckettes. Lodioes, Plagæ.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn216" symbol="page 34 note 3"><label><sup>page 34 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Blamanger</italic> is a Capon roast or boile, minced small, planched (<italic>sic</italic>) almonds beaten to paste, cream, eggs, grated bread, sugar and spices boiled to a pap.’ Randle Holme. See <citation id="ref078" citation-type="other">‘Blanmanger to Potage,’ p. <fpage>430</fpage></citation>, of <italic>Household Ordinances</italic>; <citation id="ref079" citation-type="other">‘Blawmangere,’ p. <fpage>455</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref080" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Manger</surname><given-names>Blonc</given-names></name>, <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, and Blanc Maungere of fysshe, p. 19. See also Babees Boke, <citation id="ref081" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Peponus</italic>, blowmanger.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn217" symbol="page 34 note 4"><label><sup>page 34 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gerso: fucare faciem</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn218" symbol="page 34 note 5"><label><sup>page 34 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Atramentarium</italic>. An inke horne.’ Cooper. In the Medulla it is explained as ‘An ynkhorne, or a blekpot.’ ‘<italic>Attramentorium</italic>. Blacche-pot. <italic>Attramenta</italic>. Blacche.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 181.</p></fn><fn id="fn219" symbol="page 34 note 6"><label><sup>page 34 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lippio</italic>, to be pore-blind, sande-blind, or dimme of sight. <italic>Lippitudo</italic>, blerednesse of the eyes. <italic>Lippus</italic>, bleare eyed: hauing dropping eies.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Lippitudo</italic>. Blerynes off the eye. <italic>Lippio</italic>. To wateryn with the eye.’ Medulla. In the Poem of Richard the Redeles (E. E. Text Soc., ed. Skeat), ii. 164, we have <italic>blernyed</italic> = blear-eyed. To blere one's eye is a common expression in early English for to deceive one; thus Palsgrave gives’ I <italic>bleare</italic>, I begyle by dissimulacyon;’ and the Manip. Vocab. has ‘to blirre, <italic>fallere</italic>.’ For instances of this use of the word see Wright's Sevyn Sages, pp. 48, 77, and: 100; the Romaunt of the Rose, 1. 3912, &c.; Ly Beaus Disconus (in Weber's Met. Rom , vol. ii.) 1. 1432: Wright's Political Poems, ii. 172; Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 1. 391, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn220" symbol="page 34 note 7"><label><sup>page 34 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Arieto</italic>. To blesmyn.’ Medulla. Icel. <italic>blœsma</italic>, to be <italic>maris appetens</italic> from <italic>blœr</italic>, a ram. See also Turre, below. ‘To blissom or tup, as a ram doth the ewe. <italic>Coeo, ineo</italic>.’ Littleton. ‘To blissome as a ram doth the ewe. <italic>Comprimo</italic>, To go a blissoming, or ta desire the ram. <italic>Catulio</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn221" symbol="page 35 note 1"><label><sup>page 35 note 1</sup></label><p>A different version of the second of these two lines is given by Withals in his Dictionary, where it runs ‘<italic>Dicitur orbatus cœcatus, vel viduatus</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn222" symbol="page 35 note 2"><label><sup>page 35 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Ancren Riwle, p. 100, we read that our Lord ‘þolede al þuldeliche þet me hine <italic>blindfellede</italic>, hwon his eien weren þus ine sohendlac <italic>i-blinfelled</italic>, vor to зiuen þe ancre brihte sihðe of heouene.’ ‘<italic>Velo</italic>. To hyllyn or blyndfellyn.’ Medulla. ‘Of þaim that er <italic>blynfelde</italic> and er as blynde þou schalle wit þat thay er fulisch folke that leues but in þer kynne …. the folkes makes þam <italic>blyndfelde</italic>, &c.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. John's Coll. Camb., leaf 117. ‘I blyndefelde one, I cover his syght. <italic>Je vende les yeulx</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn223" symbol="page 35 note 3"><label><sup>page 35 note 3</sup></label><p>Ducange gives ‘<italic>Colloquintida</italic>. Colocynthis; <italic>coloquinthe</italic>,’ and Cotgrave renders ‘<italic>Coloquinthe</italic>’ by ‘the wilde and flegme-purging Citrull <italic>Coloquintida</italic>.’ Cooper has ‘<italic>Colocynthis</italic>. A kynde of wylde gourdes purgeyng fleume,called <italic>Coloquintida</italic>,’ ‘<italic>Colloquintida: genus herbe amarissime</italic>, i. e. <italic>oucurbita. Quintecie</italic>, Blosmes.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn224" symbol="page 35 note 4"><label><sup>page 35 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Phlebotomon</italic>. The instrument to let bloud; a fleume.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Fleubotomo</italic>; <italic>sanguinem minuere. Fleubotomium: instrumentum eum quo sanguis minuitur</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn225" symbol="page 35 note 5"><label><sup>page 35 note 5</sup></label><p>Omitted in A.: the Latin equivalents being given to Blodeyren. ‘Vnderstondeð, hwuc was his diete þet dei, iðen ilke <italic>blodletunge</italic>.’ <citation id="ref082" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Riwle</surname><given-names>Ancren</given-names></name>, pp. <fpage>112</fpage>, <fpage>114</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref082">ibid.</xref>, p. 260.</p></fn><fn id="fn226" symbol="page 35 note 6"><label><sup>page 35 note 6</sup></label><p>The Latin equivalent would lead us to consider this word to be the same as ‘Blander’ in Jamieson, which he explains by ‘to babble, to diffuse any report, such especially as tends to injure the character of another.’ Halliwell says that ‘To blunder water, to stir or puddle, to make it thick and muddy,’ is given as a Yorkshire ward in the Kennett MS. Lansdown, 1033, and the word does appear with that meaning in Mr. C. C. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. On the other hand, the word occurs twice in the Man of Lawe's Tale, 11. 670 and 1414, with apparently much the same meaning as the modern to <italic>blunder</italic>. In either case, however, the word is evidently connected with A. S. <italic>blendan</italic>, to mix, confuse, <italic>blend; blond, bland</italic>, mixture, confusion. ‘I blonder, <italic>je perturbe</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn227" symbol="page 35 note 7"><label><sup>page 35 note 7</sup></label><p>Ducange says ‘<italic>Blodeus</italic>. Color sanguineus, a Saxonico <italic>blod</italic>, sanguis; intelligunt alii colorem cœruleum.’</p></fn><fn id="fn228" symbol="page 36 note 1"><label><sup>page 36 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA bobbe of leaues, <italic>frondetum</italic>; A bob of flowers, <italic>floretum</italic>;’ Manip. Vocab. ‘They saw also thare vynea growe with wondere grete <italic>bobbis</italic> of grapes, for a mane myзt unnetheз bere ane of thame.’ Thornton MS., leaf 42. ‘A <italic>bob</italic> of cheris.’ Towneley Mysteries, p. 118. See Jamieson, s, v. Bob. ‘<italic>Botrus</italic>. A cluster of grapes.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Botrus</italic>, clystra.’ MS. Harl. 3376.</p></fn><fn id="fn229" symbol="page 36 note 2"><label><sup>page 36 note 2</sup></label><p>Ducange gives ‘<italic>Pola</italic>; pertica, vel alius modus agri.’ This is of course our <italic>perch</italic> The word <italic>bode</italic> is derived by Diez from a radical <italic>bod</italic>, which is still found in the Eng. <italic>bound</italic>, Diez rejects a derivation from the Celtic, but Webster, s. v. <italic>Bound</italic>, refers <italic>inter alia</italic> to O.Fr. <italic>boude, bodue</italic>, L. Lat. <italic>bodina</italic>, and says, ‘cf. Arm. <italic>boun</italic>, boundary, limit, and <italic>bôden, bôd</italic>, a tuft or cluster of trees by which a boundary could be well marked.’ Compare also O. Icel. <italic>butr</italic>, a limit. Cooper renders <italic>Limes</italic> by ‘a bounde or <italic>buttyng</italic> in fieldes.’ In Huloet we find ‘Butte of a lande. <italic>Jugus, eris</italic>;’ and in the Manip, Vocab. ‘Butte of land. <italic>Jugerum</italic>,’ evidently the same word; cf. to <italic>abut</italic>. Compare P., But.</p></fn><fn id="fn230" symbol="page 36 note 3"><label><sup>page 36 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>bibliappa</italic>, corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn231" symbol="page 36 note 4"><label><sup>page 36 note 4</sup></label><p>'sBole of a tree, <italic>corpus, stemma</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Hence we have ‘a <italic>bolling</italic>. A tree From which the branches have been cut, a pollard.’ The compound <italic>boleux</italic> occurs in the Romance of Octavian, 1039, and <italic>bulaxe</italic> in Ormulum, 9281.</p></fn><fn id="fn232" symbol="page 36 note 5"><label><sup>page 36 note 5</sup></label><p>Defined by Halliwell as ‘a small boat able to endure a rough sea.’ Evidently connected with the preceding. ‘<italic>Scapha</italic>. A shippe boate: a boate made of an wholle tree.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Scapha</italic>. A bolle.’ Medulla. Cf. the nursery rhyme—</p><p>'sThree wise men of Gotham. Went to sea in a <italic>bowl</italic>,’ &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn233" symbol="page 36 note 6"><label><sup>page 36 note 6</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B Text, v, 118, Envy says:—</p><p>'sþus I lyue lonelees, lyke a luther dogge,</p><p>That al my body <italic>bolneth</italic> for bitter of my galle.’</p><p>Lord Surry in his Translation of the Æneid, ii. 615, speaks of ‘the adder with venimous herbes fed, Whom cold winter all <italic>bolne</italic> hid under ground.’</p><p>'sBoulne, <italic>tumere, turgescere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Danish <italic>bolne</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>bolgna</italic>. ‘<italic>Tumeo</italic>. To bolnyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn234" symbol="page 36 note 7"><label><sup>page 36 note 7</sup></label><p>William Paston in his Will, dated August 18, 1479, bequeaths to Master Robert Hollere, ‘<italic>unum pulvinar vocatum</italic> le bolstar.’ ‘<italic>Puluillus</italic>. A bolstere.’ Medulla. ‘Bolster of a bedde, <italic>Ceruical</italic>. Bolsters whyche bearers of burdens, as porters, &c. do weare for freatynge. <italic>Thomices</italic>.’ Huloet. A. S. <italic>bolster</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn235" symbol="page 36 note 8"><label><sup>page 36 note 8</sup></label><p>A. inserts ‘A <italic>betilium</italic>’ after Bole of a tre.</p></fn><fn id="fn236" symbol="page 36 note 9"><label><sup>page 36 note 9</sup></label><p>The status of a bondman (Low Lat, <italic>bondemannus</italic>) was that of serfdom, but the name is not properly rendered by <italic>natiuus</italic>, which means a serf by birth.</p></fn><fn id="fn237" symbol="page 36 note 10"><label><sup>page 36 note 10</sup></label><p>'sBonnet (<italic>bonnette</italic>, Fr.), an additional part made to fasten with latchings to the foot of the sails of small vessels with one mast, in moderate winds. It is exactly similar to the foot of the sail it is intended for. They are commonly one-third of the depth of the sails they belong to.’ Falconer's Marine Dict., ed. Burney. In the Morte Arthure, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Brock, 1. 3656, the sailors in getting ready for sea ‘Bet <italic>bonetteз</italic> one brede, bettrede hatches.’ ‘<italic>Superitas, Superna</italic>. A bonet of a seyle or a shete. <italic>Supera velox perituras colligit auras</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Bonnette</italic>, f. the bonnet of a sail. <italic>Bonnette traineresse</italic>, a drabler, a piece added unto the bonnet when there is need of more saile.’ Cotgrave, In Richard the Redeles, E. E. Text Soc., <citation id="ref083" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, iv. <fpage>72</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sAnd somme were so ffers at þe ffirst come,</p><p>þat they bente on a <italic>bonet</italic>, and bare a topte saile.’</p><p>See also Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, <citation id="ref084" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xlii. <fpage>119</fpage></citation>. ‘Bonet of a sayle, <italic>bonette dung tref</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn238" symbol="page 37 note 1"><label><sup>page 37 note 1</sup></label><p>The Prompt, gives the complete couplet, of which only the last line is found here—</p><p>'s<italic>Stultis leprosis, scabidis, tumidis, furiosis</italic>,</p><p><italic>Dicit borago, gaudia semper ago</italic>.’</p><p>'sBourage, herbe, <italic>borache</italic>; Burrage, herbe, <italic>boorache</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Baurage or buglosse.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn239" symbol="page 37 note 2"><label><sup>page 37 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBordel. A brothel.’ Jamieson. ‘Bordell house, <italic>bovrdeav</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Hec fornix</italic>, a bordylhows.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., 235. ‘<italic>Bordeau</italic>, a brothell, or bawdie house; the Stewes. <italic>Bordelage</italic>, brothelling wenching, whore-hunting. <italic>Bordelier</italic>, m. a wencher, whore-monger, whore-hunter, haunter of baudy-houses.’ Cotgrave. It seems most curious that <italic>crepido</italic> should be inserted as the equivalent of bordylle house; <italic>crepido</italic> is a brim or <italic>border</italic>; according to the Medulla, ‘the heyte off an Roff, or off an hyl, or beggares hous:’ whether the compiler of the dictionary fell into the mistake from the similarity of <italic>bordylle</italic> and <italic>border</italic>, I do not know, but it seems so. In Wynkyti de Worde's ed, of the Gesta Romanorum (reprinted in my ed. for the E. E. Text Society), Tale No. 37, it is told of one of the sons of an emperor that ‘agaynst his faders wyll, he had wedded hymselfe, to a comune woman of the <italic>bordell</italic>.’ See also Early English Poems, <citation id="ref085" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>104</fpage></citation>, 1. 92, and Wyclif, Levit. xix. 29.</p></fn><fn id="fn240" symbol="page 37 note 3"><label><sup>page 37 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cabiare</italic>. Cavare, fodere; <italic>creuser, fouiller</italic>.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn241" symbol="page 37 note 4"><label><sup>page 37 note 4</sup></label><p>Cooper explains ‘<italic>Opiter</italic>’ as ‘one whose father died before his graundefather.’ A. adds ‘<italic>Versus</italic>:— Postumus <italic>est</italic> natus post exequias genitoris.’</p></fn><fn id="fn242" symbol="page 37 note 5"><label><sup>page 37 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Umbo: medius scuti</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Umbo</italic>. The bosse of a buckler or shielde.’ Cooper, Chaucer, describing Alison in the Miller's Tale, says—</p><p>'sA broch sche bar upon hir loue coleer</p><p>As brod as is the <italic>bos</italic> of a bocleer,’</p></fn><fn id="fn243" symbol="page 38 note 1"><label><sup>page 38 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare Horace, ‘<italic>Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba</italic>.’ Ars Poet. 97.</p></fn><fn id="fn244" symbol="page 38 note 2"><label><sup>page 38 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA bottle of hay, <italic>manipullus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Fr. <italic>botte</italic>, a bundle, bunch; dimin. <italic>botel, boteau</italic>, a wisp, small bundle; Gael, <italic>boiteal, boiteau</italic>, a bundle of straw or hay. Harrison tells us that Cranmer, from haying been a student at a Hall (also called a Hostel) at Oxford, was popularly supposed to have been an ostler, ‘and therefore in despite, diuerse hanged up <italic>bottles</italic> of haie at his gate.’ Descript. of England, <citation id="ref086" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>87</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Boteler</italic>. To botle or bundle up, to make into botles or bundles.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Manipulus</italic>. A gavel.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn245" symbol="page 38 note 3"><label><sup>page 38 note 3</sup></label><p>'sBotom of yarne, <italic>glomus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Clewe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn246" symbol="page 38 note 4"><label><sup>page 38 note 4</sup></label><p>'sBow, s. (1) An arch, a gateway. (2) The arch of a bridge. Bow-brig, s. An arched bridge; as distinguished from one formed of planks, or of long stones laid across the water.’ Jamieson. A. S. <italic>boga</italic>. Compare Brace of a bryge, &c., below.</p></fn><fn id="fn247" symbol="page 38 note 5"><label><sup>page 38 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Euiscero</italic>. To bowellyn. <italic>Exentero</italic>. To bowaylyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn248" symbol="page 38 note 6"><label><sup>page 38 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gibbus</italic>. A greate bunche or dwelling. <italic>Struma</italic>. A swellynge in the throte, the king's euill; a bunche on the backe. <italic>Strumosus</italic>. That hath the impostume in the throte, or the king's euill.’ Cooper. Baret has ‘A great bunch or swelling, <italic>gibbus</italic>. He that hathe a crooked backe, or a bunch in any place of the bodie; that hath the rounde figure of a thing embossed, <italic>gibbus</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Gibber</italic>. That hath a bunch on his brest. <italic>Gibbosus</italic>. Wennely. <italic>Gibbus</italic>. A broke bak. <italic>In dorso gibbus, in pectore gibber habetur. Struma: genus pectoris</italic>, or bolnyng of the brest.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn249" symbol="page 38 note 7"><label><sup>page 38 note 7</sup></label><p>In Piers Plowman, B-Text, xiv. 19, we read ‘Dobet shal beten it and <italic>bouken</italic> it;’ on which see Prof. Skeat's note, in which are cited the following:’ I bucke lynen clothes to scoure off their fylthe and make them whyte, <italic>je bue</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Buandière</italic>, f. a laundresse or buck-washer.’ Cotgrave. In the Unton Inventories, p. 28, is mentioned a <italic>Bouckfatt</italic>, or washing tub.’ In the St. John's College, Cambridge, MS. of De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Life of the Manhode, leaf 21 back, we find, ‘Of thaym I make a <italic>bowkynge</italic> for to putte in and <italic>bowke</italic> and wasche alle fylthes.’ See also Reliq. Antiq. i. 108. ‘<italic>Lixivium</italic>. Lye made of ashes.’ Cooper. See Wedgwood and Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn250" symbol="page 38 note 8"><label><sup>page 38 note 8</sup></label><p>'sBourd, <italic>scomma</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘To bourde, and jest on some bodie, to tell merry jests.’ Baret. ‘Bourde, or sport.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>locor</italic>. To speake in jest or bourde.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Bourde</italic>, a ieast, fib: tale of a tub.’ Cotgrave. See Prof. Skeat'a Etym. Dict. <italic>s. v.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn251" symbol="page 39 note 1"><label><sup>page 39 note 1</sup></label><p>In Rauf Coilзear, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Murray, 1. 905, Magog in warning Rauf of the approach of the Saracens, says—</p><p>'sWe sall spuilзe зow dispittously at the next springis,</p><p>Mak зou biggingis full bair, <italic>bodword</italic> haue I brocht.’</p><p>In the Cursor Mundi, <citation id="ref087" citation-type="other">ed, <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>634</fpage></citation>, 1.11047, Elizabeth, addressing the Virgin Mary, says— ‘Blisced be þou þat mistrud noght þe hali <italic>bodword</italic> þat þe was broght.’ See also p. 76, 1. 1192, Ormulum 11. 7 and 11495, Destruction of Troy, 11. 6262, 8315, &c. A. S. <italic>bod</italic>, a message, <italic>beoden</italic>, to bode, offer; Icel. <italic>boðorð</italic>, a command, message.</p></fn><fn id="fn252" symbol="page 39 note 2"><label><sup>page 39 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBoure, <italic>conclave</italic>.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘<italic>Conclauis</italic>. A prevy chambyr.’ Medulla. ‘Bowre, <italic>salle</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Conclave</italic>. An inner parlour for chamber; a bankettyng house.’ Cooper. A. S. <italic>búr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn253" symbol="page 39 note 3"><label><sup>page 39 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lecythus</italic>. A potte of earth that serued only for oyle; an oyle glasse; a viole.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Lecithus: ampulla olei</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn254" symbol="page 39 note 4"><label><sup>page 39 note 4</sup></label><p>'sBra, Brae, Bray, s. The side of a hill, an acclivity. The bank of a river.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn255" symbol="page 39 note 5"><label><sup>page 39 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Brachialium</italic>. Propugnaculum; <italic>braie</italic> unde <italic>fausse-braie</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Bracats</italic>, Brasses, or Vambrasses; armour for the arms.’ Cotgrave. See also Brassure.</p></fn><fn id="fn256" symbol="page 39 note 6"><label><sup>page 39 note 6</sup></label><p>See Bowe of a bryge, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn257" symbol="page 39 note 7"><label><sup>page 39 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Odorincus</italic>. A spanyel.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Catellus</italic>, a very littell hounde, or <italic>brache</italic>, a whelpe.’ Blyot. ‘<italic>Odorencecus</italic>, canus venaticus, qui odore feras sequitur: <italic>chien de chasse</italic>.’ Ducange. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref087">ibid.</xref>, s. v. <italic>Bracco</italic>. ‘There are in England and Scotland two kinds of hunting dogs, and no where else in the world: the first kind is called <italic>ane rache</italic> (Scotch), and this is a foot-scenting creature, both of wild beasts, birds, and fishes also, which lie hid among the rocks: the female thereof in England is called a <italic>brache</italic>. A <italic>brach</italic> is a mannerly name for all hound-bitches.’ Gentleman's Recreation, p. 27. A. S.<italic>rœce</italic>, M.H.G. <italic>bracke</italic>. ‘There be many maner of dogges or houndes to hawke and hunt, as grayhoundes, <italic>braches</italic>, spanyellis, or suche other, to hunt hert and hynde & other bestes of chace and venery &c. and suche be named gentyll houndes.’ Laurens Andrewes, The Noble Lyfe, chap, xxiiij, ‘of the dogge,’ quoted in Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 109. <italic>Brache</italic> occurs several times in Shakespeare; see King Lear, i 4. 108 and iii. 6. 72; 1 Henry IV, iii. 1. 240, &c. ‘A brache, <italic>canicula</italic>. Manip.Vocab. Palsgrave gives ‘Brache, a kynde of hounde, <italic>brachet</italic>, and Baret has ‘A brache or biche, <italic>canicula</italic>,’ while Huloet mentions ‘a brache or lytle hounde.’ ‘<italic>Bracca</italic>, a brache, or a bitch, or a beagle.’ Florio. ‘<italic>Brachet</italic>, m. a kind of little hound. <italic>Brogue</italic>, m. a kind of short-tayled setting dog; ordinarily spotted, or partie-coloured.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Brachell, s.</italic> a dog; properly, one employed to discover or pursue game by the scent.’ Jamieson. See Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, ed. Morris, 1142. On the derivation see Prof. Skeat's Etym. Dict., and cf. Gabriell rache below.</p></fn><fn id="fn258" symbol="page 39 note 8"><label><sup>page 39 note 8</sup></label><p>See Brassure and Brace.</p></fn><fn id="fn259" symbol="page 39 note 9"><label><sup>page 39 note 9</sup></label><p>Judging from the Latin equivalents given for this word the meaning seems to be a <italic>Catapult</italic> or engine of war for shooting stones or arrows. Cooper renders <italic>catapulta</italic> by ‘An inginne of warre to shoote dartes and quarels: a kynde of slyng,’ and <italic>scorpio</italic> by ‘an instrument of warre like a scorpion that shooteth small arrows or quarelles.’ ‘<italic>Catapulta</italic>. An hokyd harwe. <italic>Scorpitis</italic>. A venym arwe.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hec catapulta</italic>. A brodarw.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 278.</p></fn><fn id="fn260" symbol="page 40 note 1"><label><sup>page 40 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Miller's Tale, Chaucer describing Alison says—</p><p>'sHis mouth was sweete as <italic>bragat</italic> is or heth,</p><p>Or hoord of apples, layd in hay or nette.’ C. T. 3261.</p><p>'s<italic>Idromellum</italic>. Mede.’ Medulla. ‘A Bragget, drink, <italic>promulsis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocal). The following recipe for making Bragget is given in Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 230: ‘Take three or foure gallons of good ale, or more, as you please, two <italic>daies</italic> or three after it is cleansed, and put it in a potte by it selfe, then draw forth a pottel thereof, and put to it a quart of good English Hony, and set them ouer the fire in a vessell, and let them boyle fair and softly, and alwaies as any froth ariseth, scumme it away and so clarifie it; and when it is well clarified, take it off the fire, and let it coole, and put thereto of Pepper a penyworth, Cloves, Mace, Ginger, Nutmegs, Cinamon, of each two penny worth beaten to powder, stir them well together, and set them ouer the fire to boyle againe a while, then being Milke-warme, put it to the rest, and stirre all together, & let it stand two or three daies, and put barme upon it, and drinke it at your pleasure.’ In Lancashire Braggat is drunk on Mid-Lent Sunday, whioh is hence called <italic>Braggat Sunday</italic>.</p><p>'sSpised cakes and wafurs worthily Withe <italic>bragot</italic> and methe.’</p><p>John Russell's Boke of Nurture, in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 55,1. 816. Another recipe for Bragget is as follows: ‘Take to x galons of ale, iij potell of fine wort, and iij quartis of hony, and putt thereto canell з, iiij, peper schort or longe з, iiij, galingale з, j, and clowys з, j, and gingiver з, ij.’ MS. 14th Century. Taylor, in Drink and Welcome, 1637, A з, back, says of Braggot, ‘This drinke is of a most hot nature, as being compos'd of Spices, and if it once scale the sconce, and enter within the circumclusion of the <italic>Perricranion</italic>, it doth much accelerate nature, by whose forcible attraction and operation, the drinker (by way of distribution) is easily enabled to afford blowes to his brother.’</p></fn><fn id="fn261" symbol="page 40 note 2"><label><sup>page 40 note 2</sup></label><p>In Trevisas's version of Glanvile, De Propriet. Rerum, lib. xvii, c. 97, Flax, we are told, after being steeped and dried, is ‘bounde in praty nytches and boundels, and afterward knocked, beaten, and <italic>brayed</italic>, and carfled, rodded and gnodded, ribbed and hekled, and at the laste sponne.’ O. Fr. <italic>breier, brehier</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn262" symbol="page 40 note 3"><label><sup>page 40 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Brake</italic> or <italic>Brachen</italic> appears to have been used for many purposes, for Tusser says— ‘Get home with the <italic>brake</italic>, to brue with and bake, To lie vnder cow, to rot vnder mow, To couer the shed drie ouer head, To serue to burne, for many a turne.’</p><p>Five Hundred Points, E. Dial. Society, ed. Herrtage, p. 33, st. 33. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref087">ibid.</xref>, p. 42, st. 33. ‘<italic>Filix</italic>. A brak.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>bracce</italic>, pl. <italic>braccan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn263" symbol="page 40 note 4"><label><sup>page 40 note 4</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘Brake, an instrument, <italic>braye</italic>,’ and Huloet has ‘Brake, for to worke dowgh or past, <italic>mactra</italic>.’ The Manip. Vocab. and Baret also give ‘Brake, <italic>frangibulum, mactra</italic>.’ In Jamieson we find ‘Braik, break. An instrument used in dressing hemp or flax, for loosening it from the core.’ Cf. Dutch <italic>braak</italic>, a brake; <italic>vlasbraak</italic>, a flax-dresser's brake, and A.S. <italic>brécan</italic>. ‘<italic>Brioche</italic>. A brake for hempe. <italic>Braquer de chamere</italic>. To brake hempe.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn264" symbol="page 40 note 5"><label><sup>page 40 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of Thomas Robynson of Appleby, 1542, quoted in Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Coningham, we find ‘One brass pott, iij pannes, <italic>brandryt</italic>, cressyt, iiij<sup>s</sup>;’ and in the Linc. Med. MS., leaf 283, is a recipe quoted by Halliwell, in which we are told to ‘Take grene зerdis of esche, and laye thame over a <italic>brandrethe</italic>, and make a fire under thame &c.’ ‘Brandiron, <italic>andena</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A brandiron or posnet, <italic>chytra</italic>.’ Baret. In the list of articles taken by the Duke of Suffolk from John Paston in 1465 we find ‘ij rakks of yron, ij <italic>brendelettes</italic>, a almary to kepe in mete,’ &c. Paston Letters, iii. 435. See Brandelede in P.</p></fn><fn id="fn265" symbol="page 40 note 6"><label><sup>page 40 note 6</sup></label><p>Ducange renders <italic>Loramentum</italic> by ‘Concatenatio lignorum quæ solet fieri in fundamentis ædificiorum; <italic>assemblage de bois en usage pour maintenir les matériaux dans les fondement d'un edifice</italic>.’ The description seems to answer to our word <italic>piles</italic>. Halliwell gives ‘Brandrith. A fence of wattles or boards, &c.’ We have already had <italic>loramentum</italic> as the Latin equivalent of a Bande of a howse. The Catholicon explains <italic>loramentum</italic> to mean boarding or frame-work compacted together. ‘<italic>Loramentmm</italic> (concatenatio lignorum), gruntfestunge, gruntuest von holtz geschlagen.’ Dief. Compare Key, or knyttyng of ij wallys & Pyle in P.</p></fn><fn id="fn266" symbol="page 41 note 1"><label><sup>page 41 note 1</sup></label><p>Apparently an error for Brandych: I know of no instance of the spelling Branych; but the Medulla has ‘<italic>vibro</italic>. To braunchyn, or shakyn.’ Cf. also P. Brawndeschyn (<italic>brawnchyn</italic> as man K).</p></fn><fn id="fn267" symbol="page 41 note 2"><label><sup>page 41 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBrent. High, straight, upright, smooth, not wrinkled.’ It most frequently occurs in one peculiar application, in connection with <italic>brow</italic>, as denoting a high forehead, as distinguished from one that is flat.’ Jamieson. In this sense it is used by Burns in ‘John Anderson, my Jo,’ where we find ‘Your bonnie brow was <italic>brent</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>brant</italic>, O. Icel <italic>brattr</italic>. See Halliwell, s. v. Brant.</p></fn><fn id="fn268" symbol="page 41 note 3"><label><sup>page 41 note 3</sup></label><p>Armour for the arms. In Ascham's, Toxophllus (Arber's reprint, pp. 107, 108), we find the following passage: ‘PHI. Which be instruments [of shotynge]? Tox. <italic>Bracer</italic>, shotynge-glove, strynge, bowe and shafte …. A <italic>bracer</italic> serueth for two causes, one to saue his arm from the strype of the strynge, and his doublet from wearynge, and the other is, that the strynge glydynge sharpelye and quicklye of the <italic>bracer</italic> may make the sharper shoote.’ Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, III, describing the Yeoman, says—</p><p>'sUpon his arm he bar a gay <italic>bracer</italic>,</p><p>And by his side a swerd and a bokeler.’</p><p>In the Morte Arthure (E.E.Text Soc., ed. Brock), 1. 1859, in the fight with the king of Syria, we are told that ‘<italic>Brasers</italic> burnyste bristeз in sondyre;’ see also 1. 4247. Baret gives ‘a bracer, <italic>brachiale</italic>,’ and in the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘a bracher, <italic>brachiale</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Brachale</italic>. A varbras.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Brasselet</italic>, a bracelet, wristband, or bracer.’ Cotgrave. See also Florio, s. v. <italic>Bracciale</italic>. ‘<italic>Brachiale</italic>. Torques in brachio, dextrale; <italic>bracelet</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Brachiale</italic>. A bracellette; also a bracer.’ Cooper. See also Brace, above, and P. Warbrace.</p></fn><fn id="fn269" symbol="page 41 note 4"><label><sup>page 41 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAlle his clothes <italic>brouded</italic> up and down.’ Chaucer, Monke's Tale, 3659. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods, amongst the cloths and dress occurs ‘j pece of rede satyne, <italic>brauden</italic> with <italic>the faunt fere</italic>.’ Paston Letters, <citation id="ref088" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Gardner</surname></name>, i. <fpage>477</fpage></citation>. ‘Browdyn. Embroidered. Broudster. An embroiderer.’ Jamieson. See also Brothester. In Cotgrave we find ‘<italic>Broder</italic>. To inibroyder. <italic>Brodé</italic>. Imbroydered.’ See also Barbour's Bruce, <citation id="ref089" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, xi. <fpage>464</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>bregdan</italic>, to braid, pp. <italic>brogden, broden</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn270" symbol="page 41 note 5"><label><sup>page 41 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Musculus</italic>. A muscle or fleashie parte of the bodie compacte of fleash, veines, sinewes and arteries, seruyng especially to the motion of some parte of the bodie by means of the sinewes in it. <italic>Musculosus</italic>. Harde and stiffe with many muscles or brawnes of harde and compacte fleash.’ Cooper. Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 546, tells us that ‘The Mellere was a stout carl for the nones,</p><p>Ful big he was of <italic>braun</italic>, and eek of boones.’</p><p>and in the Legende of Goode Women, Ditio, 1. 145, Eneas is described as of ‘a noble visage for the noones, And formed wel of <italic>brawnes</italic> and of boones.’</p><p>'sCooper gives’ <italic>Pulpa</italic>. The woodde of all trees that may be seperated or clefte by the grayne of it, and is the same in timber that <italic>musculus</italic> is in a mans bodie. A muscle or fleashie parte in the bodie of man or beaste. A peece of fleash.’ ‘<italic>Pulpa</italic>. Brawne.’ Medulla. O. Fr. <italic>braon</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn271" symbol="page 42 note 1"><label><sup>page 42 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Perizoma</italic>. A breeche: a codpeece.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Feminalis, -le</italic>. A womanis brech.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn272" symbol="page 42 note 2"><label><sup>page 42 note 2</sup></label><p>See Bygirdle, above, and Pawncherde, below. In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 1. 2448, Guy of Burgundy cuts down Maubyn the thief, so that ‘þorw is heued, chyn & berd And into þe <italic>breggurdel</italic> him gerd, þat swerd adounward fledde, þan ful he adoun and bledde;’ and again, 1. 3008, Roland cleaves King Conyfer, and ‘At ys <italic>breggurdle</italic> þat swerd a-stod.’</p><p><italic>Brechgerdel</italic> occurs in the Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, 205, and Sir J. Maundeville tells us in his Voiage and Travaile ‘that balsam (bawme) comethe out on smale trees, that ben non hyere than a mannes <italic>breek-girdille</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Perizonia</italic>. A brekegyrdyl. <italic>Renale</italic>. A breke gyrdyl or a paunce. <italic>Bracco</italic>. To brekyn. <italic>Saraballa: crura, bracce</italic>.’ Medulla. See Mr. Way's note, s. v. Brygyrdyll.</p></fn><fn id="fn273" symbol="page 42 note 3"><label><sup>page 42 note 3</sup></label><p><citation id="ref090" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tusser</surname><given-names>Compare</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, st. 36—</p><p>'sKeep safe thy fence, Scare <italic>breakhedge</italic> thence.’</p><p>See Garthe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn274" symbol="page 42 note 4"><label><sup>page 42 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, 352, tells us of the Frankeleyn, that ‘Ful many a fat patrich had he in mewe, And many a <italic>brem</italic> and many a luce in stewe.’</p><p>Neckham, De Naturis Rerum, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, says, p. 148, ‘<italic>Brenna vero hostis declinans insidias, ad loca cenosa fugit aquarum limpiditatem quas a tergo habet perturbans, sicque delusa tyranni spe, ad alias pisces se transfert</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn275" symbol="page 42 note 5"><label><sup>page 42 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Ancren Riwle, p. 324, we are told that ‘He þat nappeð upon helle <italic>brerde</italic>, he topleð ofte al in er he lest wene.’ Compare P. ‘Berde, or brynke of a vesselle. <italic>Margo</italic>.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Aile</italic>, a wing; also the brimme or brerewoode of a hat.’ Carr gives <italic>Breward</italic> as still in use in the same sense. ‘The cornys croppis and the beris new <italic>brerd</italic>.’ Gawin Douglas, Prol. Æneid xi, 1. 77. ‘<italic>Breird</italic>. The surface, the uppermost part, the top of anything, as of liquids.’ Jamieson. In Chaucer's description of the Pardoner, Cant. Tales, Prologue, 687, we are told that—</p><p>'sHis walet lay byforn him in his lappe, <italic>Bret-ful</italic> of pardoun come from Rome al hoot;’ And in the Knight's Tale, 1305, ‘Emetreus, the kyng of Ynde,’ is described as having ‘A mantelet upon his sehuldre hangynge,</p><p><italic>Brent-ful</italic> of rubies reede, as fir sparkiynge.’</p><p>So also Hous of Fame, 1032, ‘<italic>Bretful</italic> of leseyngs,’ and in P. Plowman, C, Passus I, 42, we read, ‘Hure bagge and hure bely were <italic>bretful</italic> y-crammyd.’ Compare Swed. <italic>bräddful</italic>, brimfull. See also Ormulum, 14529, Seven Sages, ed. Wright, p. 33, 1. 945, and Wright's Political Poems, i. 69. A.S. <italic>brerd</italic>, brim, top. ‘<italic>Crepido</italic>, brerd vel ofer.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 54.</p></fn><fn id="fn276" symbol="page 43 note 1"><label><sup>page 43 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Carduus</italic>. A brymbyl.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>brêr</italic>. ‘Now in the croppe, now doun in the <italic>breres</italic>.’ Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 674.</p></fn><fn id="fn277" symbol="page 43 note 2"><label><sup>page 43 note 2</sup></label><p>The <italic>falcastrum</italic> was a sickle at the end of a long pole used for cutting brushwood. Soldiers armed with weapons resembling it (see Chaucer, Legende of Good Women, Cleopatra, 1. 68, ‘He rent the sayle with <italic>hokes like a sithe</italic>’) were called in Old French <italic>bidaux</italic> (Roquefort). Tusser, in his list of tools, &c. necessary for a farmer, mentions a ‘Brush sithe,’ which is the same instrument.</p></fn><fn id="fn278" symbol="page 43 note 3"><label><sup>page 43 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA Brizze or Gadbee. <italic>Tahon, taon, mouche aux bœufs</italic>.’ Sherwood. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Tahon</italic>. m. A brizze, Brimsee, Gadbee, Dunflie, Oxeflie. <italic>Tahon marin</italic>. The sea brizze; a kind of worm found about some fishes. <italic>Tavan de mer</italic>. The sea Brizze: resembles a big Cheslop, and hath sixteene feet, each whereof is armed with a hook, or crooked naile: This vermin lodging himselfe under the finnes of the Dolphin, and Tunny &c. afflicts them as much as the land Brizze doth an oxe. <italic>Bezer</italic>. A cow to runne up and downe holding up her taile when the brizze doth sting her. <italic>Bezet. Aller à Sainct Bezet</italic>. To trot, gad, runne, or wander up and downe, like one that hath a brizze in his taile. <italic>Oestre Iunonique</italic>. A gad-bee, horse-flie, dunfly, brimsey, brizze.’ Halliwell (who has the word misspelt <italic>Briefe</italic>) gives a quotation from Elyot. Cooper has ‘<italic>Bruchus</italic>. A grasse worme or locuste that hurteth corne, <italic>Species est locustœ parvum nota</italic>.’ <italic>Asilus</italic>, which is given in the Prompt, as the Latin equivalent, is rendered by Cooper, ‘A greate flie bitynge beastes; an horse-flie or breese.’ In the Reply of Friar Daw Topias (Wright's Political Poems, ii. 54) we read—</p><p>'sWhan the first angel blew, Alle thei weren lich horses Ther was a pit opend, Araied into bataile, Ther rose smotheryng smoke, Thei stongen as scorpioun, And <italic>brese</italic> therinne, And hadden mannis face Tothed as a lioun.
</p><p>'s<italic>Brucus</italic>. A short worm or a brese. <italic>Locusta</italic>. A brese, or a sukkyl.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn279" symbol="page 43 note 4"><label><sup>page 43 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bretesque</italic>. A port, or portall of defence, in the rampire, or wall of a towne.’ Cotgrave. It properly means wooden towers or castles as appears from Ducange, s. v. <italic>Bretachiœ</italic>. ‘And þe <italic>brytasqes</italic> on þe tour an beзe Dulfuly a-doun wer caste.’ Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 3315.</p></fn><fn id="fn280" symbol="page 43 note 5"><label><sup>page 43 note 5</sup></label><p>Originally a <italic>bride-ale</italic> or wedding feast. An <italic>ale</italic> is simply a feast of any kind: thus we find leet-ales, scot-ales, church-ales, &c. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, <citation id="ref091" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Hazlitt</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>89</fpage>s–99.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn281" symbol="page 43 note 6"><label><sup>page 43 note 6</sup></label><p>'sþai drou it þen and mad a <italic>brig</italic> þe burn of Syloe, and said, Ouer a litel burn to lig,— Quen þai þis <italic>brig</italic> þar-ouer laid,’ &c. Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris, p. 514,1. 8945.</p><p>A.S. <italic>brycg</italic>. ‘<italic>Pons</italic>. A brygge.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn282" symbol="page 44 note 1"><label><sup>page 44 note 1</sup></label><p>Still in common use. A sow is said to ‘go to brimme,’ when she is sent to the boar. See Bay's Glossary. Cooper gives ‘<italic>Subo</italic>. To grunte as the sowe doth, desyring to haue the boare to doo their kynde. <italic>Subatio</italic>. The appetite or steeryng to generation in swyne.’ ‘<italic>Subo</italic>. To brymmyn as a boore.’ Medulla. ‘A brymmyng as a bore or a sowe doth, <italic>en rouyr</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn283" symbol="page 44 note 2"><label><sup>page 44 note 2</sup></label><p>See note to Brokylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn284" symbol="page 44 note 3"><label><sup>page 44 note 3</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives ‘To birse, birze, brize. To bruise: to push or drive: to press, to squeeze.’ ‘<italic>Briser</italic>. To burst, break, bray in pieces; also to plucke, rend, or teare off, or up; also to crush or bruise extreamly.’ Cotgrave. The MS. has <italic>quarsare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn285" symbol="page 44 note 4"><label><sup>page 44 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fusus</italic>. A spindell.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Broche</italic>. A wooden pin on which the yarn is wound.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Fascellus</italic>. A lytyl spyndyl.’ Medulla. See note to Fire yrene below.</p><p>'sHir womanly handis nowthir rok of tre, Quhilk in the craft of daith mahyng Ne spyndil vsis, nor <italic>brochis</italic> of Minerve, dois serve.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref087">ibid.</xref>, p. 293, Bk. ix. 1. 40. Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, vii. 1. 1872.</p></fn><fn id="fn286" symbol="page 44 note 5"><label><sup>page 44 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBrod, to prick or poke.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manly and Conyngham (E. D. Soc). Compare our <italic>prod</italic>. <citation id="ref092" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Florio</surname></name>, p. <fpage>68</fpage></citation>, ed. 1611, mentions a kind of nail so called, now known as <italic>brads</italic>. See also Jamieson, s. v. Icel. <italic>broddr</italic>, a spike; cf. Swed. <italic>brodd</italic>, a frost-nail.</p></fn><fn id="fn287" symbol="page 44 note 6"><label><sup>page 44 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Brod</italic>. A goad used to drive oxen forward.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn288" symbol="page 44 note 7"><label><sup>page 44 note 7</sup></label><p><italic>In P. Plowman, B.</italic> vi, 31, Piers complains of the ‘Bores and <italic>brockes</italic> þat breketh adown mynne hegges.’ The name seems to have been also applied to a <italic>beaver</italic>, as in the Medulla we find it rendered by <italic>Castor</italic>. Baret gives ‘Broche, a grail, a bauson, or badger; <italic>melis</italic>,’ and Huloet ‘Broche or badger, or graye beast, <italic>taxo</italic>.’ In the Reliq. Antiq. i. 7, <italic>taxus</italic> is translated <italic>brokke</italic>. In the Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 1. 1095, we find the expression <italic>Brokbrestede</italic>, having a breast variegated, spotted, or streaked with black and white like a badger. Compare <italic>Brock-faced</italic> in Brockett. ‘<italic>Taxus</italic>. A gray; a badger; a broche.’ Cooper. Icel. <italic>brokkr</italic>, a badger; Welsh <italic>brech, brych</italic>, brindled, freckled.</p></fn><fn id="fn289" symbol="page 44 note 8"><label><sup>page 44 note 8</sup></label><p>In the English Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, on p. 120, 1. 5, and again on p. 154, 1.12, we have the word <italic>brokel</italic>, and in each case the Cambridge MS. reads <italic>brysell</italic>. The Ancren Riwle, p. 164, says, ‘þis <italic>bruchele</italic> uetles, þet is wummone vleschs. Of þisse <italic>bruchele</italic> uetles þe apostle seirth;: “Habemus thesaurum in istis vasis fictilibus.
…. þis <italic>bruchele</italic> uetles is <italic>bruchelure</italic> þene beo eni gles,’ &c. Harrison, in his Description of England (New Shakspere Society, ed.Furnivall), i. 340–1, says that ‘of all oke growing in England, the parke oke is the softest, and far more spalt and <italic>brickle</italic> than the hedge oke.’ Elyot, s. v. Aloe, gives ‘<italic>brokle</italic>, brittle,’ and Huloet has ‘<italic>Brokell</italic>, rubbish. In the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘Brickle, <italic>fragilis</italic>,’ and this form still survives in the north. Te Medulla gives ‘<italic>Fracticeus</italic>. Brekyl. <italic>Fragilis</italic>. Freel, or brekyl.’ See Jamieson, s. v. Brukyl, Brickle.</p></fn><fn id="fn290" symbol="page 45 note 1"><label><sup>page 45 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lumbrifractus</italic>. Brokyn in the [1] endys.’ Medulla. See Lende. For <italic>fraccio</italic> the MS. has <italic>spacio</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn291" symbol="page 45 note 2"><label><sup>page 45 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Herniosus</italic>. He that is burste or hath his bowetls fallen to his coddes. <italic>Hernia</italic>. The disease called bursting.’ Lyte, in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, tells us, p. 87, that ‘the Decoction of the leaues and roote [of the Common Mouse eare] dronken, doth cure and heale all woundes both inward and outward, and also <italic>Hernies, Ruptures</italic>, or <italic>burstings</italic>;’ and again, p. 707, that ‘the barke [of Pomegranate] is good to be put into the playsters that are made against <italic>burstinges</italic>, that come by the falling downe of the guttes.’ ‘<italic>Herniœ</italic>. Bolnyng of the bowaylles. <italic>Herniosus</italic>. Brostyn.’ Medulla. Cotgrave mentions a plant ‘<italic>Boutouner</italic>. Rupture-wort, Burst-wort.’ ‘<italic>Hernia</italic>, broke-ballochyd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 177.</p></fn><fn id="fn292" symbol="page 45 note 3"><label><sup>page 45 note 3</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Broudster</italic>, an embroiderer; <italic>Browdyn</italic>, embroidered.’ See also Brawdester.</p></fn><fn id="fn293" symbol="page 45 note 4"><label><sup>page 45 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘Brewis, bruisse, or soppes; <italic>ossulœ adipatœ; soupe</italic>.’ See Richard Cœur de Lion, 1. 3077, and Havelok, <citation id="ref093" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, <fpage>924</fpage></citation>. <italic>Bruys</italic> occurs in the Liber Cure Cocorum, <citation id="ref094" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. See also Jamieson, s. v. <italic>Brose</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn294" symbol="page 45 note 5"><label><sup>page 45 note 5</sup></label><p>The following explanations of the various ornaments here mentioned are from Cooper: ‘<italic>Spinter</italic>. A tacke; a bouckle; a claspe. <italic>Monile</italic>. A colar or iewell that women vsed to weare about their neckes; an ouche. <italic>Torques</italic>. A colar, or chayne, be it of golde or siluer, to weare about one's necke. <italic>Inauris</italic>. A rynge or other lyke thinge hangyng in the eare. <italic>Armilla</italic>, A bracelette. <italic>Anulus</italic>. A ringe.’ The Medulla renders them as follows: ‘<italic>Spinter</italic>. A pyn or a broche. <italic>Torques</italic>. A gylt colere. <italic>Inauris</italic>. þe Aryng in the ere. <italic>Perichelis: ornamentum mulieris circa brachia et crura</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn295" symbol="page 45 note 6"><label><sup>page 45 note 6</sup></label><p>Suilk as þai <italic>brue</italic> now ha þai dronken.’ Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris, p. 170 1. 2848. See also to Brewe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn296" symbol="page 45 note 7"><label><sup>page 45 note 7</sup></label><p>Chaucer, in describing the Cook, says ‘He cowde roste, and sethe, and <italic>broille</italic>, and frie.
Prologue, C. T. 383. O. Fr. <italic>bruiller</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn297" symbol="page 45 note 8"><label><sup>page 45 note 8</sup></label><p>Lyte, Dodoens, p. 666, tells us that the juice of the broom ‘taken in quantitie of a ciat or litle glasse ful fasting is good against the Sqinansie [quinsey] a kind of swelling with heate and payne in the throte, putting the sicke body in danger of choking; also it is good against the sciatica.’ See Wyclif, Jeremiah xvii. 6. A. S. <italic>brôm</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn298" symbol="page 46 note 1"><label><sup>page 46 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Pricke of Conscience we are told that at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah ‘It rayned fire fra heven and <italic>brunstane</italic>.’ 1. 4853. And in the Cursor Mundi account, ed. Morris, p. 170, 1, 2841—</p><p>'sOur lauerd raind o þam o-nan Dun o lift, fire and <italic>brinstan</italic>.’ Cf, Icel. <italic>brenni-stein</italic>, sulphur, from <italic>brenna</italic>, to burn, and <italic>steinn</italic>, a stone.</p></fn><fn id="fn299" symbol="page 46 note 2"><label><sup>page 46 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Brichet</italic>. The brisket, or breast-peece.’ Cotgrave. ‘Brisket, the breast.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn300" symbol="page 46 note 3"><label><sup>page 46 note 3</sup></label><p>A slaughter-house, shambles. In the Pylgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode, <citation id="ref095" citation-type="other">ed, <name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>Aldis</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>129</fpage></citation>, Wrath says, ‘neuere mastyf ne bicche in <italic>bocherye</italic> so gladliche wolde ete raw flesh and I ete it.’ ‘<italic>Macellum</italic>. A bochery. <italic>Maceria</italic>. A bochery off [or] fflesshstall.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Boucherie</italic>. A butcher's shamble, stall or shop.’ Cotgrave. Amongst the officers of the Larder in the Household Ordinances of Ed. II. are mentioned ‘two valletcs de mestier, porters for the lardere, who shal receve the flesh in the <italic>butchery</italic> of the achatour, &c.’ Chaucer Soc. <citation id="ref096" citation-type="other">ed <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>34</fpage></citation>. ‘Bocherye or bochers shambles, where fleshe is solde. <italic>Carnarium, Macellum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Bochery, <italic>boucherie</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn301" symbol="page 46 note 4"><label><sup>page 46 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gladiator</italic>. One plaiynge with a swoorde. <italic>Gladiatores</italic>. Swoorde players in Rome set together in matches to fight before the people in common games thereby to accustom them not to be afrayde of killynge in warre.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Gladiatura</italic>. A bokeler pleyng.’ Medulla. Fencing with the buckler, or buckler-play, is alluded to in the Liber Custumarum, ed. Riley, pp. 282–3. For an account of this play, see Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1858, p. 560, and Brand's Pop. Antiq. <citation id="ref097" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Hazlitt</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>299</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sOpon the morn after, if I suth say, A mery man, sir Robard out of Morlay, A half eb in the Swin soght he the way; Thare lered men the Normandes at <italic>bukler to play</italic>.’ Song on King Edward's Wars, printed in Wright's Political Poems, i. 70.</p></fn><fn id="fn302" symbol="page 46 note 5"><label><sup>page 46 note 5</sup></label><p>Compare Nekherynge, below, and P. Bobet.</p></fn><fn id="fn303" symbol="page 46 note 6"><label><sup>page 46 note 6</sup></label><p>'sBewgle, or bugle, a bull, Hants.’ Grose. ‘The <italic>bugill</italic> drawer by his hornis great.’ The Kinge's Quhair, ed. Chalmers, p. 87. ‘Buffe, bugle or wylde oxe, <italic>bubalis</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A bugle, <italic>butalus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Dunbar, The Thissil and the Rois, we read ‘And lat no <italic>bowgle</italic> with his busteous hornis The meik pluck-ox oppress.’ St. xvi.1. 5.</p><p>'sBugles or buffes, <italic>Vris</italic>.’ Withals. O. Fr. <italic>bugle</italic>, Lat. <italic>buculus</italic>. See also Jamieson, s. v. Bowgle. Andrew Boorde, in his account of Bohemia, says ‘In the wods be many wylde beastes; amonges al other beastes there be <italic>Bugles</italic>, that be as bigge as an oxe: and there is a beast called a Bouy, lyke a <italic>Bugle</italic>, whyche is a vengeable beast.’ Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, pp. 166,167, In his note on this passage Mr. Furnivall quotes a passage from Topesell's History of Four-footed Beasts: ‘Of the Vulgar <italic>Bugil</italic>. A Bugil is called in Latine, <italic>Bubalus</italic>, and <italic>Buffalus</italic>; in French, <italic>Beufle</italic>; in Spanish, <italic>Bufano</italic>; in German, <italic>Buffel</italic>,’ &c. See <citation id="ref098" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maundeville</surname></name>, p. <fpage>259</fpage></citation>, and Holinshed, Hist. Scotland, p. 17.</p></fn><fn id="fn304" symbol="page 46 note 7"><label><sup>page 46 note 7</sup></label><p>Of this plant Neckham (De Naturis Rerum) says, p. 477—</p><p>'s<italic>Lingua bovis purgat choleram rubeamque nigramque, Et vix cardiaco gratior herba datur. Vim juvat occipitis quotiens sibi tradita differt, Solvere cum fidei desinit esse bonœ</italic>.’</p><p>See Oxetonge, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn305" symbol="page 47 note 1"><label><sup>page 47 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bullace</italic>, a small black and tartish plum.’ Halliwell. They are mentioned in Tusser's Five Hundred Points, chap. 34. 4. Bullace plums are in Cambridgeshire called <italic>cricksies. ‘Bolaces</italic> and blacke-beries þat on breres growen.’ William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 1809. See also Romaunt of the Rose, 1377. Irish <italic>bulos</italic>, a prune; Breton <italic>polos</italic>, a bullace; Gael, <italic>bulaistear</italic>, a sloe. ‘<italic>Bellocier</italic>. A bullace-tree or wilde plum-tree.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'sA bullace, frute. <italic>Pruneolum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn306" symbol="page 47 note 2"><label><sup>page 47 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bullhead</italic>, the fish, Miller's thumb.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Asne</italic>, m. an asse; also a little fish with a great head, called a Bull-head, or Miller's thumbe.’ According to Cooper <italic>Capito</italic> is a ‘coddefishe.’ The term is still in common use in the North for a <italic>tad-pole</italic>, in, which sense it also occurs in Cotgrave: ‘<italic>Cavesot</italic>. A Pole-head, or Bull-head; the little vermine, whereof toads and frogs do come.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref087">ibid.</xref>, s. v. <citation id="ref099" citation-type="other"><italic>Testard. ‘Hic mullus, Ace</italic>, a bulhyd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. <fpage>253</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn307" symbol="page 47 note 3"><label><sup>page 47 note 3</sup></label><p>Apparently this means either the <italic>handle</italic> or a <italic>stud</italic> of a door. In Mr. Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. Dialect Society, is given ‘<italic>Bule</italic>. The handle of a pot, pan, or other utensil. At Lancaster the flat wooden handle of an osier market-basket.’ Halliwell alsa has ‘<italic>Bolls</italic>. The ornamental knobs on a bedstead. See Howell, sect. 12.’ A. S. <italic>bolla</italic>. See note to Burdun of a Buke, below. The Medulla explains ‘<italic>Grappa</italic>’ by ‘<italic>foramen</italic>,’ but <italic>grapa</italic> in the present instance appears to be a made-up word, suggested by the knob-like or grape-like form of the thing meant.</p></fn><fn id="fn308" symbol="page 47 note 4"><label><sup>page 47 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Treatise of Walter de Biblesworth (13th century), Wright's Volume of Vocabularies, p. 155, is mentioned ‘a <italic>bolenge</italic>’ or <italic>bulting-clot</italic>, the glossary continuing—</p><p>'sPer <italic>bolenger (bultingge)</italic> est ceveré La flur e le furfre (of bren) demoré.’</p><p>And in Kennett's Antiquities of Ambrosden, a ‘<italic>bulter-cloth</italic>.’ The mediæval Latin name for the implement was ‘<italic>taratantara</italic>’ (see Ælfric's A. S. Glossary), from the peculiar noise made by it when at work; a word borrowed from Ennius, as signifying the sound of a trumpet, in Priseian, bk. viii. A portable <italic>boulter</italic> was called a ‘tiffany.’ <italic>Bultellus</italic> occurs in the Liber Custumarum, p. 106. ‘<italic>Bolting Cloth</italic>, a cloth used for sifting meal in mills. In 1534, the Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Boston possessed ‘a <italic>bultynge</italic> pipe covered with a yearde of canvesse,’ and also ‘ij <italic>bultynge clothes</italic>.’ Peacock, English Church Furniture, p. 189, quoted in Peacock's Glossary of Manley &c., E. D. Soc. In the Unton Inventories, p. 29, occurs, ‘in the <italic>Boultynge</italic> house, one dough trough, ij <italic>bolting wittches</italic>’ (hutches), i.e. vessels into which meal is sifted. ‘<italic>Boltings</italic>, the coarse meal separated from the flour.’ Peacock's Glossary. See also <citation id="ref100" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, iii. <fpage>419</fpage></citation>. The word came to be used metaphorically as in the phrase ‘to boult out the truth,’ i. e. to sift the matter thoroughly and ascertain the truth. Thus in Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandrie (E. Dial. Soc., ed. Herrtage, p. 152)—</p><p>'sIf truth were truely bolted out, As touching thrift, I stand in doubt If men were best to wiue.’</p><p>'sBoultyng clothe or bulter, <italic>blvteav.</italic> Boultyng tubbe, <italic>husche a bluter</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Pistores habent servos qui politruduant farinam grossam cum polentrudio delicato … Politrudiant, id est <italic>buletent</italic>, et dicitur a pollem quod est farina et trudo. Pollitrudium Gallice dicitur <italic>buletel (bultel)</italic>.’ Dictionarius of John de Garlande, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 127.</p></fn><fn id="fn309" symbol="page 47 note 5"><label><sup>page 47 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bulla</italic>. A burbyl. <italic>Scateo</italic>. To brekyn vp, or burbelyn.’ Medulla. See also Belle in the Water.</p></fn><fn id="fn310" symbol="page 47 note 6"><label><sup>page 47 note 6</sup></label><p>In Chaucer's Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, we are told of the Frankelyn that ‘His <italic>table dormant</italic> in his halle alway Stood redy covered al the longe day.’ l. 355. ‘Kyng Arthour than verament Ordeynd throw hys awne assent, The <italic>tabull dormounte</italic>, withouten lette.’</p><p>The Cokwold's Daunce, 50.</p><p>A <italic>dormant</italic> was the large beam lying across a room, a joist. The <italic>dormant table</italic> was perhaps the fixed table at the end of a hall. See Tabyl-dormande, below. At the bottom of the page in a later hand is ‘<italic>Hic Asser, -ris. Ace</italic>, a burde, siche as dores & wyndows be made of.’</p></fn><fn id="fn311" symbol="page 48 note 1"><label><sup>page 48 note 1</sup></label><p>The Medulla gives the following verses on the same word—</p><p>'s<italic>Est discus ludus</italic> [quoits], <italic>lecternum</italic> [couch], <italic>mensa</italic> [table], <italic>parapsts</italic> [dish]; <italic>Discus el Aurora; sic est discus guoque mappa</italic> [table-cloth].</p></fn><fn id="fn312" symbol="page 48 note 2"><label><sup>page 48 note 2</sup></label><p>Dame Eliz. Browne, in her Will, <citation id="ref101" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, iii. <fpage>465</fpage></citation>, bequeaths ‘a <italic>bordecloth</italic> of floure de lice werke and crownes of x yerdis and an half long, and iij yardis brode.’ ‘<italic>Gausape</italic>. A carpet to lay on a table: a daggeswayne.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Gausape</italic>. A boord cloth.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn313" symbol="page 48 note 3"><label><sup>page 48 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Claui.</italic> Varro. Rounde knappes of purple, lyke studdes or nayle heads, wherwith Senatores garments or robes were pyrled or powdred. <italic>Clauata vestimenta</italic>. Lampridius. Garments set with studs of golde, of purple, or any other lyke thynge.’ Cooper, 1584. Here the meaning appears to be <italic>studs</italic> or <italic>embossed ornaments</italic>. Thus Elyot renders <italic>Bulla</italic> by ‘a bullion sette on the cover of a booke, or other thynge;’ and Cooper gives ‘<italic>Umbilicus</italic>. Bullions or bosses, suche as are set on the out sydes of bookes.’ But possibly a <italic>clasp</italic> may be meant. Compare Cotgrave, ‘<italic>Claveau</italic>. The Haunse or Lintell of a doore; also a clasp, hook, or buckle.’ ‘<italic>Clauillus</italic>, a burden of a buke.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn314" symbol="page 48 note 4"><label><sup>page 48 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘to burgen; to budde, or bringe foorth flowers.’ ‘Burgen, <italic>geminare;</italic>’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Burgeon, to grow big about or gross, to bud forth.’ Bailey's Dict. ‘<italic>Bourgeon, bourjon</italic>, the young bud, sprid or putting forth of a vine.’ Cotgrave. Harrison, Description of England, ed. Furnivall, ii. 91, uses the word in the sense of a <italic>root, a source:</italic> ‘Caser the sixt rote of the East Angle race, and Nascad originall <italic>burgeant</italic> of the kings of Essex.’ ‘<italic>Germen</italic>. A bergyng. <italic>Gramino</italic>. To spryngyn or bergyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn315" symbol="page 48 note 5"><label><sup>page 48 note 5</sup></label><p>A <italic>bureller</italic> was a maker of burel or borel, a coarse grey or reddish woollen cloth, formerly extensively manufactured in Normandy, and still known in France as <italic>bureau</italic>. ‘Borel men,’ or ‘folk,’ as mentioned by Chaucer, Prologue to Monkes Tale, &c., were humble laymen, customarily dressed in this cloth. The Burellers also seem to have prepared yarn for the use of the weavers (see Liber Custumarum, pp. 420, 423). Henry III ordered that ‘the men of London should not be molested on account of their <italic>burels</italic> or <italic>burelled</italic> cloths.’ To <italic>burl</italic> cloth is to clear it of the knots, ends of thread, &c. with little iron nippers, which are called <italic>burling-irons. ‘Bureau</italic>, m. A thicke and course cloath, of a browne russet, or darke mingled colour. <italic>Burail</italic>. Silke rash; or any kind of stuffe thats halfe silke and halfe worsted.’ Cotgrave. Elyot has ‘<italic>desquamare vestem</italic>, to burle clothe.’ See also to do Hardes away, and to Noppe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn316" symbol="page 48 note 6"><label><sup>page 48 note 6</sup></label><p>'sA Burre, or the hearbe called cloates, that beareth the great burre, <italic>personata</italic>. The sticking burre, <italic>tenax lappa</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Burre, <italic>lappa, glis</italic>,’ Matiip. Vocab. Frisian <italic>borre, burre;</italic> Danish <italic>borre. ‘Lappa</italic>. A burre. <italic>Lappetum</italic>. A burry place.’ Medulla. See also Clette.</p></fn><fn id="fn317" symbol="page 49 note 1"><label><sup>page 49 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bur-tree</italic>, or <italic>Bore-tree</italic>, the elder tree. From the great pith in the younger branches which children commonly <italic>bore</italic> out to make pot-guns (<italic>sic</italic>) of them.’ Ray's Glossary of North Country Words. In Lancashire elderberry wine is called <italic>Bortree-joan:</italic> see Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. D. Soc., and Jamieson, s.v. Bourtree. ‘<italic>Sambuca, Sambucus</italic>. Hyldyr.’ Medulla. Lyte, Dodoens, heads his chapter xliiij, p. 377, ‘Of Elder or Bourtre.’ ‘<italic>Sambucus</italic>. Burtre or hydul tre.’ Ortus Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn318" symbol="page 49 note 2"><label><sup>page 49 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBoose, an ox or cow-stall. Ab. A.S. <italic>bosih</italic>, præsepe, a stall.’ Ray's Gloss., ed. Skeat. ‘A boose, stall, <italic>bovile</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Booc, and Cribbe, in P.; and Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. D. Soc., s. v. <italic>Boose. ‘Hoc boster</italic>, a bose.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 235. ‘Buse, Buise, Boose. A cow's stall. To Buse. To enclose cattle in a stall.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Boia</italic>. A boce.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn319" symbol="page 49 note 3"><label><sup>page 49 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Picus</italic>. A byrde makyng an hole in trees to breede in: of it be three sortes, the first a Specht, the seconde an Hicwaw, the thyrde which Aristotle maketh as bigge as an henne is not with us. Plinie addeth the fourth, whiche may be our witwall.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn320" symbol="page 49 note 4"><label><sup>page 49 note 4</sup></label><p>'sBuske, <italic>dumetum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. <italic>Boscus</italic> = woodland, occurs in Liber Custumarum, pp. 44, 670. ‘Abod vnder a <italic>busk</italic>.’ Will, of Palerne, ed. Skeat, l. 3069.</p></fn><fn id="fn321" symbol="page 49 note 5"><label><sup>page 49 note 5</sup></label><p>In English Metrical Homilies, p. 148, the devil is described as passing a certain hermit's cell, and we are told that ‘<italic>Boystes</italic> on himsele he bare, And ampolies als leche ware.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref102" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. xii. <fpage>68</fpage></citation>, and the History of the Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, xv. 463, 479, xvii. 131, 137, &c. ‘Buist, Buste, Boist. A box or chest. Meal-buist, chest for containing meal.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Boiste</italic>. A box, pix, little casket.’ Cotgrave. ‘A Booste, boxe, <italic>pixis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn322" symbol="page 49 note 6"><label><sup>page 49 note 6</sup></label><p>I know of no instance of boots made of twigs (<italic>wandis</italic>), which appears to be the meaning here, being spoken of, but the Medulla gives ‘<italic>Carabus</italic>. A boot made of wekerys,’ and renders <italic>ocrea</italic> by ‘a boot or a cokyr.’ ‘<italic>Ocrea</italic>. To botyn.’ ‘<italic>Crepido</italic>. Calceamenti genus cujus tabellæ ligneæ suppedales pluribus clavis compingebantur; <italic>chaussure à semelle de boil (Acta Sanctorum)</italic>.’ D'Arnis.</p></fn><fn id="fn323" symbol="page 49 note 7"><label><sup>page 49 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Butewe</italic>, a kind of large boot, covering the whole leg, and sometimes reaching above the knee. See Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV, p. 119; Howard Household Books, p. 139.</p></fn><fn id="fn324" symbol="page 49 note 8"><label><sup>page 49 note 8</sup></label><p>See his duties &c. described in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Boke, <citation id="ref103" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>190</fpage></citation>, and also at p. 152. The Middle English form was <italic>boteler, botler</italic>, as in Wyclif, Genesis xl. 1, 2. Ducange gives the form <italic>buttelarius</italic> as occurring in the Laws of Malcolm II of Scotland, c. 6, § 5. The word is derived from the Norm. Fr. <italic>butuiller</italic> from L. Lat. <italic>bota</italic>, or <italic>butta</italic>, a butt, or large vessel of wine, of which the <italic>buticularius</italic> (<italic>bouteiller</italic>, or butler) of the early French kings had charge. So the <italic>botiler</italic> of the English kings took prisage of the wines imported, one cask from before the mast, and one from behind. <italic>Butt</italic> in later times meant a measure of 126 gallons, but originally it was synonymous with <italic>dolium</italic> or <italic>tun. Boutelle</italic> is a diminutive from <italic>butta;</italic> and the ‘buttery’ is the place where the <italic>buttœ</italic> were kept.</p></fn><fn id="fn325" symbol="page 50 note 1"><label><sup>page 50 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare Knoppe of a scho.</p></fn><fn id="fn326" symbol="page 50 note 2"><label><sup>page 50 note 2</sup></label><p>This appears to mean a pruning-knife. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Boter</italic>, to prune or cut off the superfluous branches of a tree.’ <italic>Scalprum</italic>, according to Cooper, is ‘a shauynge knife; a knife to cutte vines,’ and according to the Medulla ‘a penne knyf.’</p></fn><fn id="fn327" symbol="page 50 note 3"><label><sup>page 50 note 3</sup></label><p>'sMyrdrumnyl, or a <italic>buture</italic>.’ Ortus. The bittern is still known as a ‘Butter-bump,’ or a ‘mire-drum,’ in the north of England, In the Nominale (Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 220) it is called ‘butturre,’ other forms of which were <italic>bitter, bittor</italic>, and <italic>bittour</italic>. In the Liber Custumarum we find, pp. 304–6, the form <italic>butor</italic>, and on p. 83, <italic>butore. Bitter</italic> occurs in Middleton's Works, v. 289, and in the Babees Book, p. 37, amongst other birds are mentioned the ‘bustard, <italic>betowre</italic> and shovelere,’ a form of the name which also occurs on p. 49, l. 696, and p. 27, l. 421, In the Boke of Keruynge, printed in the same volume, p. 162, are given directions for the carving of a ‘bytturre.’ Five herons and <italic>bitors</italic> are mentioned amongst the poultry consumed at a feast, temp. Richard II, Antiq. Report, i. p. 78. ‘Bernakes and <italic>botures</italic> in baterde dysches.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 189. ‘Hearon, <italic>Byttour</italic>, Shouelar, being yong and fat, be lightlier digested than the crane, and þe <italic>bittour</italic> sooner then the Hearon.’ Sir T. Elyot, Castell of Health, leaf 31. ‘<italic>Galerand</italic>, the fowle tearmed a bittor. <italic>Butor</italic>, a bittor.’ Cotgrave. The bittern is said to make its peculiar noise, which is called <italic>bumbling</italic>, and from which it derives its second name, by thrusting its bill into the mud and blowing. To this Chaucer refers in the Prologue to the Wyf of Bathe, 116—</p><p>'sAs a bytoure bumblith in the myre, She layde hir mouthe unto the water doun.’</p><p>See also Mire-drombylle. ‘<italic>Onocrotulus</italic>, byttore.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 176.</p></fn><fn id="fn328" symbol="page 50 note 4"><label><sup>page 50 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Caupona</italic>. A tauerne or victaylyng house.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn329" symbol="page 50 note 5"><label><sup>page 50 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cade lamb</italic>, a pet lamb “reared by hand.
’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley &c. ‘Corset lamb or colt &c, a <italic>cade</italic> lamb, a lamb or colt brought up by the hand.’ Ray's South Country Glossary, E. D. Soc, ed. Skeat. In the Nominale (Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 219) the word <italic>canaria</italic> (probably for <italic>senaria</italic> = a six-year-old sheep) is explained as ‘Anglice, a cad.’ ‘A cade lamb. <italic>Agnus Domesticus, domi eductus</italic>.’ Littleton. Still in use, see Miss Jackson's Shropshire Glossary, 1879.</p></fn><fn id="fn330" symbol="page 51 note 1"><label><sup>page 51 note 1</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>ceaf</italic>, chaff. Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 3148, says— ‘als fyre þat <italic>caffe</italic> son may bryn, gold may melt þat es long þar-in.’</p><p>Chaucer, Man of Lawe's Tale, l. 701, has—</p><p>'sMe lust not of the <italic>caf</italic> ne of the stree, Maken so longe a tale as of the corn.’</p><p>See Barlycaffe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn331" symbol="page 51 note 2"><label><sup>page 51 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tourte</italic>. A great loafe of houshold or browne bread (called so in Lionnois and Daupliné). <italic>Tourteau</italic>. A cake (commonly made in haste, and of lease compasse than the <italic>gasteau</italic>); also a little loafe of household or browne bread; also a Pancake.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn332" symbol="page 51 note 3"><label><sup>page 51 note 3</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘Chyueryng as one dothe for colde. In an axes or otherwise, <italic>frilleux</italic>. Ague, axes, <italic>fyeure</italic>.’ See also Aixes. <italic>Axis</italic> or <italic>Axes</italic> is from Lat. <italic>accessum</italic>, through Fr. <italic>accez</italic>, and is in no way connected with A. S. <italic>œce</italic>. Originally meaning an approach or coming on of anything, it at an early period came to be specially applied to an approach or sudden fit of illness: thus Chaucer has, ‘upon him he had an hote <italic>accesse.’ Black Knight</italic>, l. 136, and Caxton, ‘fyl into a sekenes of feures or <citation id="ref104" citation-type="other"><italic>accesse.’ Paris & Vienne</italic>, p. <fpage>25</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn333" symbol="page 51 note 4"><label><sup>page 51 note 4</sup></label><p>Very susceptible of cold, or very cold. ‘Coldrycke, or full of cold. <italic>Algosus</italic>.’ Huloet. Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Coldruch adj.</italic> used as synonymous with <italic>Caldrife</italic>. Perhaps of Teut. origin, from <italic>koude</italic>, cold, and <italic>rijck</italic>, added to many words, as increasing their signification; <italic>btindrijck</italic>, rich in blindness, <italic>doof-rijck</italic>, very deaf, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn334" symbol="page 51 note 5"><label><sup>page 51 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lebes</italic>. A caudron to boyle in; a kettle.’ Cooper. <italic>Enium</italic> is of course for <italic>aheneum</italic> or <italic>aeneum</italic>, a vessel of brass.</p></fn><fn id="fn335" symbol="page 51 note 6"><label><sup>page 51 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Chou</italic>. The herbe Cole, or Coleworts.’ Cotgrave. See Jamieson, s. v. Kail.</p><p>'sQuils he was þis <italic>cale</italic> gaderand, And stanged Jam in þe hand.’ A nedder stert vte of þe sand Cursor Mundi, p. 718, l. 12526. ‘<italic>Olus</italic>. A courte.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn336" symbol="page 51 note 7"><label><sup>page 51 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Magutus</italic>. A col stook.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Magudaris</italic>. A kinde of the hearbe <italic>Laserpitium;</italic> after other onely the stalke of it; after some the roote.’ Cooper. In Skelton's Why Come ye Nat to Court? 350, we read—</p><p>'sNat worth a shyttel-cocke, Nat worth a sowre <italic>calstocke</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn337" symbol="page 51 note 8"><label><sup>page 51 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Eruca</italic>. A coolwynn or a carlok.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Eruca</italic>. A coleworm or a carlok.’ Ort. Vocab. ‘<italic>Eruca</italic>. The worme called a canker, commonly upon the colewourtes.’ Cooper. ‘Canker worm which creapeth most comonly on coleworts, some do call them the deuyls goldrynge & some the colewort worme. <italic>Eruca</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn338" symbol="page 51 note 9"><label><sup>page 51 note 9</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>cealc</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn339" symbol="page 52 note 1"><label><sup>page 52 note 1</sup></label><p>'sOf þat was <italic>calculed</italic> of þe clymat, the contrarye þey fyndeth.’ <citation id="ref105" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C.xviii. <fpage>106</fpage></citation>. ‘He <italic>calcleþ</italic> [calculat] and acounteþ þe ages of <italic>þe</italic> world by þowsendes.’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. ii. p. 237, Rolls Series.</p></fn><fn id="fn340" symbol="page 52 note 2"><label><sup>page 52 note 2</sup></label><p>That is to call back a hawk from his prey by showing him food. The Ortus Vocab. gives ‘<italic>Stupo:</italic> to call a hawke with meat.’ It appears to be a word coined to represent the English <italic>stoop</italic>, for the only meaning assigned to <italic>stupare</italic> in the dictionaries is ‘to shut up in a bath;’ and so Cotgrave, ‘<italic>Estouper</italic>. To stop, to close; to shut or make up.’ This meaning also appears in the Ortus, for it continues, ‘<italic>vel aliquid stupa obturare</italic>.’ To <italic>stoop</italic> or <italic>stoup</italic> was the regular term in falconry for a hawk swooping down on its prey: thus Ben Jonson, <italic>Alchemist</italic>, v. 3, has, ‘Here stands my dove; <italic>stoop</italic> at here, if you dare.’ See also Spenser, <italic>Faery Queene</italic>, I. xi. 18.</p></fn><fn id="fn341" symbol="page 52 note 3"><label><sup>page 52 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Caltroppes</italic> used in warre, to priclse horses feete; they be made so with fonre pricks of yron, that which way soeuer they be cast, one pike standeth up. <italic>Tribuli</italic>.’ Baret. See also Florio, s. v. <italic>Tribolo</italic>, and Prof. Skeat's exhaustive note on the word in Piers Plowman, C. xxi. 296. ‘<italic>Hamus</italic>. An hook, or an hole of a net, or a mayl of an haburion, or a caltrappe. <italic>Pedica</italic>. A fettere, or a snare.’ Medulla. ‘A forest uol of þyeues an of <italic>calketreppen</italic>.’ Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, p. 131. Caxton, <italic>Faytes of Armes</italic>, pt. ii. ch. xiv. p. 119, mentions amongst the implements of war ‘sharp hokes and pynnes of yron that men calle <italic>caltrappes</italic>.’ ‘Caltropes, engines of warre sowen abrode to wynde horse & man by the legges. <italic>Spara</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘The felde was strowed full of caltroppes. <italic>Locus pugnœ mwricibus erat instratus</italic>.’ Horman.</p></fn><fn id="fn342" symbol="page 52 note 4"><label><sup>page 52 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>penten;</italic> correctly in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn343" symbol="page 52 note 5"><label><sup>page 52 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Cambuca</italic> is defined in the Medulla as ‘a buschoppys cros or a crokid staf,’ which is probably the meaning here. In the Ortus Vocab. we find ‘<italic>Cambuca</italic>, a crutche,’ and hereafter will be found ‘A Crache. <italic>Cambuca, pedum</italic>.’ The word is doubtless derived from the Celtic <italic>cam</italic>, crooked, Gaelic <italic>camag</italic>. The Rest-harrow (short for <italic>arrettharrow)</italic>, also called <italic>Cammoke</italic>, or <italic>Cammock (onona arvensis)</italic> derives its name from the same source from its roots being tough and crooked. See <citation id="ref106" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. xxii. <fpage>314</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn344" symbol="page 52 note 6"><label><sup>page 52 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Camerula</italic>. Parva camera, cellula ad colloquendum, <italic>chambrette, cabinet</italic>.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn345" symbol="page 52 note 7"><label><sup>page 52 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hypapanti</italic>. Barbare ex Græc. ὑπαπαντή, festum Purificationis Beatæ Mariæ; <italic>la fête de la Presentation au temple, le 2 février</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Hoc ipopanti</italic>. Candylmesse.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 229. The Ortus explains <italic>ipapanti</italic> by ‘<italic>obuiatio vel occursus domini, ab ipa grece, quod latine dicitur vie, et anti, quod est contra: anglice</italic>, the feest of candelmas, or metynge of candelles.’</p></fn><fn id="fn346" symbol="page 52 note 8"><label><sup>page 52 note 8</sup></label><p>'sCandel shears. Snuffers.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Emunctorium</italic>. A snuffynge yron.’ Ortus Vocab. In the ‘Boke of Curtasye’ (Sloane MS. 1986) pr. in the Babees Boke, <citation id="ref107" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>205</fpage></citation>, the following description of snuffers is given—</p><p>'sþe snof [the Chandeler] dose away þe sesours ben schort & rownde y-close, With close sesours as I зow say; With plate of irne vp-on bose.’</p><p>'s<italic>Emunctorium: ferrum, cum quo candela emungitur</italic>.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Exodus xxv. 38, renders <italic>emunctoria</italic> by ‘candelquenchers,’ and <italic>emuncta</italic> by ‘snoffes’ [snottis in Purvey].</p></fn><fn id="fn347" symbol="page 53 note 1"><label><sup>page 53 note 1</sup></label><p>There appears to be some error here, the scribe having apparently copied the same Latin equivalents for Candylsnytynge as for Candylweke, to which <italic>lichinus</italic> or <italic>lichinum</italic> properly apply. Candylsnytynge is the act of snuffing a candle, or, if we understand the word <italic>instrument</italic>, a pair of snuffers. ‘Snite. To snuff, applied to a candle.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Lichinus</italic>. Candell weyke.’ Ortus. ‘<italic>Fumale</italic>. The weyke or [of] a candyl. <italic>Lichinus</italic>. A weyke off a candyl. <italic>Lichinum</italic>. The knast off a candyl.’ Medulla. See to Snyte and Weyke.</p></fn><fn id="fn348" symbol="page 53 note 2"><label><sup>page 53 note 2</sup></label><p>Said of vinegar when containing mould, or turned sour. Similarly in the version of Beza's Sum of the Christian Faith, by R. Fyll, Lond. 1572, 1. 134, we find—‘It is meruaile that they [the Priests] doe not reserue the wine as well as the breade, for the one is as precious as the other. It were out of order to saye they feare the wine will <italic>eger</italic>, or waxe palled, for they hold that it is no more wine.’ See P. Egyr. ‘<italic>Acor:</italic> canynge of ale.’ Ortus Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn349" symbol="page 53 note 3"><label><sup>page 53 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Canelle</italic>, our moderne Cannell or Cinnamon.’ Cotgrave. ‘And the Lord spak to Moyses, seiynge, Tak to thee swete smellynge thingis …. the half of the <italic>canel [cinnamomi</italic>].’ Wyclif, Exodus xxx. 23. ‘I ha sprengd my ligging place with myrre, and aloes, and canell;’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">ibid.</xref> Proverbs vii. 17. See also <citation id="ref108" citation-type="other"><italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, p. <fpage>58</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>canelle</italic>, and setewale of prys.’ In Trevisa's Higden, i. 99, we are told that ‘in Arabia is store mir and <italic>canel</italic>.’ In John Russell's Boke of Nurture (pr. in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall), p. 11, ‘Synamone, <italic>Canelle</italic>, red wyne hoot & drye in þeir doynge,’ are mentioned amongst the ingredients of Ypocras. Is the name derived from its tube-like stalk ? <italic>Canel</italic> also occurs in the Recipe for Chaudon sauз of Swannes, given in Harl. MS. 1735, 1. 18. See note to Chawdeway<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline2"></inline-graphic>. ‘<italic>Cinomomum</italic>. Canel.’ Medulla. See also Cinamome. ‘Canel, spyce, or tre so called. <italic>Amomum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Canele</italic> & gingiuere & licoriþ.’ Laþamon, l. 17,744.</p></fn><fn id="fn350" symbol="page 53 note 4"><label><sup>page 53 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer, in the Knighte's Tale, 1. 2150, says that—</p><p>'sNature hath nat take his bygynnyng Of no partye ne <italic>cantel</italic> of a thing, But of a thing that parfyt is and stable.’</p><p>Shakspeare also uses the word—</p><p>'sSee, how this River comes me cranking in, And cuts me from the best of all my land, A huge halfe moone, a monstrous <italic>cantle</italic> out.’</p><p>1st Hen. IV., III. i, 98.</p><p>And also in Ant. & Cleop. III. x, 4. According to Kennett MS. 38, <italic>Cantelle</italic> means ‘any indefinite number or dimension:’ thus in MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, l. 123 (quoted by Halliwell) we read—</p><p>'sAnd a <italic>cantell</italic> of hys schylde Flewe fro hym ynto the fylde.’</p><p>Burguy gives ‘Chantel, cantel, <italic>coin, quartier, morceau, chanteau.’ ‘Minutal</italic>. A cantyl of bred.’ Medulla. Compare P. ‘Partyn, cantyn, or delyn, <italic>parcior</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn351" symbol="page 53 note 5"><label><sup>page 53 note 5</sup></label><p>'sCapyl, Capul. s. A horse or mare.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Caballus</italic>. A horse; acaple.’ Cooper. From a passage in Rauf Coilзear, E. E. Text Society, ed. Murray, a ‘Capylle’ appears to be properly applied to a <italic>cart-horse</italic>, as distinguished from a ‘coursour,’ a charger or saddlehorse. Rauf on his arrival home orders ‘twa knaifis’ ‘The ane of зow my <italic>Capill</italic> ta,</p><p>The vther his [King Charles’] <italic>Coursour</italic> alswa.’ P. 6, l. 114.</p><p>See Carte hors below. ‘Thanne Conscience vpon his <italic>Caple</italic> kaireth forth faste.’ P. Plowman, B, iv. 23. ‘<italic>Caballus</italic>. A stot.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn352" symbol="page 53 note 6"><label><sup>page 53 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Altilis</italic> is rendered by Cooper, ‘franked or fedde to be made fatte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn353" symbol="page 54 note 1"><label><sup>page 54 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Galerus</italic>. An hatte: a pirwike.’ ‘<italic>Pileus</italic>. A cappe or bonet.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Galerus</italic>. A coyfe of lether.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>cœppe</italic>, which appears as the gloss to <italic>planeta</italic> in Ælfric's glossary. ‘<italic>Galerus. vel pileus</italic>, fellen hæt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 22.</p></fn><fn id="fn354" symbol="page 54 note 2"><label><sup>page 54 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe band of leather or wood through which the middle-band passes loosely. There is one cap at the end of the hand-staff, generally made of wood, and another at the end of the swingel, made of leather.’ Halliwell <italic>in v.</italic> See Flayle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn355" symbol="page 54 note 3"><label><sup>page 54 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Cursor Mundi, p. 438, l. 7600, we are told that after David had slain Goliath ‘Þer <italic>caroled</italic> wiues bi þe way, Of þair <italic>carol</italic> suche was þe sange, &c.’</p><p>Compare the account of the same event in Wyclif, 1 Kings, xxi. 11. <italic>Pecten</italic> is used hereafter as the equivalent for a Wrast. ‘Faire is <italic>carole</italic> of maide gent.’ Alisaunder, 1845.</p></fn><fn id="fn356" symbol="page 54 note 4"><label><sup>page 54 note 4</sup></label><p>'sCardes or wool combes <italic>Hani vel Sami, pectines</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Cardes</italic>. Cards for wooll, &c., working cards. <italic>Cardier</italic>. A card-maker.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn357" symbol="page 54 note 5"><label><sup>page 54 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cardiaque</italic>. A consumption, and continuall sweat, by the indisposition of the heart, and parts about it.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Cardiacus</italic>. That hath the wringyng at the hearte.’ Cooper. Batman vppon Bartholomé, lib. vii. cap. 32, ‘Of heart-quaking and the disease <italic>cardiacle</italic>, says, ‘heart-quaking or <italic>Cardiacle</italic> is an euil that is so called because it commeth often of default of the heart,’ &c. ‘<italic>Cordiacus</italic>, (1) qui patitur morbum cordis; (2) morbus ipse.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Cardiaca; quidam morbus</italic>. A cardyake.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref109" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>Piers</given-names></name>, C. vii. <fpage>78</fpage> and xxiii. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>. The word also occurs in Chaucer's Pardoner's Prologue, l. 27, and in the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn, <citation id="ref110" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, l. <fpage>493</fpage></citation>, where we are told that the Pardonere ‘cauþt a <italic>cardiakill</italic>, & a cold sot.’</p></fn><fn id="fn358" symbol="page 54 note 6"><label><sup>page 54 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Musticus</italic>. An uplondman.’ Wright's Vol. Vocab. p. 182. ‘<italic>Rusticus</italic>. A charle.’ Medulla. ‘A carle. <italic>Rusticus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn359" symbol="page 54 note 7"><label><sup>page 54 note 7</sup></label><p>Cooper renders <italic>Bilix</italic> by ‘A brigantine, or coate of fence double plated, or double mayled.’ Palsgrave gives ‘Carsey cloth, <italic>cresy</italic>,’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Curizé, creseau</italic>, kersie.’ Harrison in his Description of Eng. <citation id="ref111" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, says that an Englishman was contented ‘at home with his fine <italic>carsie</italic> hosen and a meane slop.’ ‘Carsaye. The woollen stuff called Kersey.’ Jamieson. The Medulla explains <italic>bílix</italic> as ‘a kirtle off cloth off ij thredes woundyn.’ For the origin of the word see Skeat, Etym. Diet. <italic>s.v.</italic> Kersey.</p></fn><fn id="fn360" symbol="page 54 note 8"><label><sup>page 54 note 8</sup></label><p>A plate of iron. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Happe</italic>. f. A claspe, or the hooke of a claspe; or a hooke to elaspe with; also the clowt, or band of iron thats nailed upon the arme, or end of an axletree, and keeps it from being worne by the often turning of the nave (of a wheele).’ This appears from the definition of <italic>crusta</italic> given by Cooper, ‘bullions or ornamentes that may be taken off,’ to be the meaning in the present instance, but a <italic>cart-band</italic> also signifies the <italic>tire of a wheel</italic>. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Bande</italic>. The streake of a wheele,’ and Elyot, Dict. 1559, gives ‘<italic>Absis</italic>. The strake of a cart whele, wherin the spokes bee sette: <italic>victus</italic>. A hoope or strake of a carte.’ W. de Biblesworth in naming the parts of a cart speaks of <italic>les bendes de les roes</italic>, which is rendered in the gloss ‘the carte-bondes.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 167. ‘<italic>Bande</italic>. A welt or gard; the streak of a cart wheel.’ Cotgrave. See also Clowte of yren, and cf. Copbande.</p></fn><fn id="fn361" symbol="page 55 note 1"><label><sup>page 55 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper gives ‘<italic>Orbita</italic>. Virg. Cic. A carte wheele: the tracke of a carte-wheele made in the grounde.’ ‘The tracke, or Cart-wheele Rut. <italic>Orbita</italic>.’ Withals. The Medulla has ‘<italic>Vadum</italic>. A forthe or cart spore. <italic>Orbita</italic>. A cart spore,’ and The Ortus explains <italic>orbita</italic> as ‘<italic>vestigium curri vel rote; ab orbe et rota dicta: et dicitur orbita quasi orbits iter vel via</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>spor</italic>, a track; which we still retain in the term <italic>spoor</italic>, applied to the track of deer, &c. Compare ‘Fosper, <italic>Vestigium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab and P. Whele Spore.</p></fn><fn id="fn362" symbol="page 55 note 2"><label><sup>page 55 note 2</sup></label><p>'sCarsaddle. The small saddle put on the back of a carriage-horse, for supporting the <italic>trams</italic> or shafts of the carriage.’ Jamieson. ‘The saddle placed on the shaft-horse in a cart, carriage, or waggon.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. Compare P. Plowman, B. ii. 179. ‘<italic>Cartesadel</italic>, þe comissarie, owre carte shal he leve.’ ‘Cartsaddle, <italic>dorsuale</italic>.’ Huloet. Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry, lf. B 5, speaks of ‘a <italic>cartsadel</italic>, bakbandes and belybandes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn363" symbol="page 55 note 3"><label><sup>page 55 note 3</sup></label><p>That is ‘well-casting.’</p></fn><fn id="fn364" symbol="page 55 note 4"><label><sup>page 55 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cat-tails</italic>. The heads of the great bulrush.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. ‘<italic>Lanugo</italic>. The softe heares or mossinesse in fruites and herbes, as in clarie, &c.’ Cooper. Jamieson says, ‘Cats-Tails, s. <italic>pl.</italic> Hares- tail-rush, <italic>Eriophorum vaginatum</italic> Linn, also called Canna-down, Cat-tails.’ Lyte, Dodoens, p. 512, says that the ‘downe or cotton of this plant is so fine, that in some countries they fill quishions and beddes with it.’ He adds, ‘Turner calleth it in Englishe, Reed Mace, and <italic>Cattes tayle:</italic> to the which we may ioyne others, as Water Torche, Marche Betill, or Pestill, and Dunche downe, bycause the downe of this herbe will cause one to be deafe, if it happen to fall in to the eares…. The leaves are called Matte reede, bycause they make mattes therewith…. Men haue also experimented and proued that this cotten is very profitable to heale broken or holowe kibes, if it be layde vpon.’ See also the quotation from Gerarde in Mr. Way's note <italic>s. v.</italic> Mowle. ‘Cat's-tail; <italic>typha</italic>.’ Withals. ‘Cattes tayle, herbe, whiche some cal horsetaile. <italic>Cauda equina</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn365" symbol="page 55 note 5"><label><sup>page 55 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Escarius:</italic> a cater.’ Ortus Vocab. Baret gives ‘a Cater: a steward: a manciple: a prouider of cates, <italic>opsonator, un despensier; qui achete les viandes</italic>’ and Palsgrave ‘Provider <italic>acater, despencier</italic>. Catour of a gentylmans house, <italic>despensier</italic>.’ Tusser, in his Five Hundred Points, &c, p. 20, says—</p><p>'sMake wisdome controler, good order thy clarke, Prouision <italic>Cater</italic>, and skil to be cooke.’ ‘Catour, or purueyoure of vitayles. <italic>Opsorator</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘The Cater buyeth very dere cates. <italic>Obsonator caro foro emit obsonia</italic>.’ Horman. From a Fr. form <italic>acalour</italic> from <italic>acate</italic>, a buying, used by Chaucer, Prol. 573.</p></fn><fn id="fn366" symbol="page 56 note 1"><label><sup>page 56 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe king suor vpe the boc, and <italic>caucion</italic> voud god, That he al clanliche to the popes loking stod.’</p><p>Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne, p. 506.</p><p>So also in King Alisaunder, l. 2811, in Weber Metr. Rom. i. 110—</p><p>'sAnd they weore proude of that cite; And ful of everiche iniquyte:</p><p><italic>Kaucyon</italic> they nolde geve, ne bidde.’</p><p>The word frequently occurs in this sense of ‘hostages, security:’ see <citation id="ref112" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holinshed</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>1584</fpage></citation>, ‘hostages that should be given for <italic>cautions</italic> in that behalfe.’ It is still in use in Scotland for ‘bail, security.’</p></fn><fn id="fn367" symbol="page 56 note 2"><label><sup>page 56 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn, Chaucer Soc. <citation id="ref113" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>, l. 431, we are told how Kit, the tapster, her Paramour, and the Ostler</p><p>'sSit & ete þe <italic>cawdell</italic>, for the Pardonere þat was made With sugir & with swete wyne, riзt as hymselffe bade.’</p><p>'sAcadle. <italic>Potiuncula ouacea; ouaceum</italic>. A caudel. <italic>Polio</italic>. An ote caudel. <italic>Avenaeeum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Of sweet Almondes is made by skille of cookes …. <italic>cawdles</italic> of Almonds, both comfortable to the principall parts of the body and procuring sleepe…‥ Almond <italic>cawdels</italic> are made with ale strained with almonds blanched and brayed …. then lightly boyled and spiced with nutmeg and sugar …. as pleaseth the party.’ Cogan, Haven of Health, 1612, pp. 98, 99. See also Rob. of Gloucester, p. 561.</p></fn><fn id="fn368" symbol="page 56 note 3"><label><sup>page 56 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Caula</italic>. A sheepe house; a folds.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Caulœ</italic>. munimenta ovium; <italic>barrières pour renfermer les moutons, pare</italic>’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Caula</italic>. A stabyl, a folde, or a shep cote.’ Medulla. ‘A Caule, pen; <italic>caula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn369" symbol="page 56 note 4"><label><sup>page 56 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>sœlig. ‘Felix</italic>, sely or blisful: <italic>Felicio</italic>, to make sely.’ Medulla Grammatica.</p><p>'sThere is <italic>sely</italic> endeles beyng and endeles blys.’</p><p>MS. Addit. 10053.</p></fn><fn id="fn370" symbol="page 56 note 5"><label><sup>page 56 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Chelidonia</italic>. The hearbe Selandine [Celandine].’ Cooper. Of this plant Neckham says—</p><p>'sMira chelidoniœ, virtus clarissima reddit Lumina, docta tibi prœbet hirundo fidem.’</p><p>De Naturis Rerum, p. 478 (Rolls Series).</p><p>See also Lyte's Dodoens, p. 31.</p></fn><fn id="fn371" symbol="page 56 note 6"><label><sup>page 56 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Centaury</italic>. A herb of Mars.’ Coles' Dict. 1676. ‘<italic>Fel terrœ</italic>. Centaurium.’ Cooper. The plant is mentioned in the Promptorium, p. 154, under the name ‘Feltryke, herbe,’ on which see Mr. Way's note.</p></fn><fn id="fn372" symbol="page 56 note 7"><label><sup>page 56 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Clicus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn373" symbol="page 57 note 1"><label><sup>page 57 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Excerebro</italic>. To beate out the braynes of a thyng.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Ceruelle</italic>, f. The braine.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn374" symbol="page 57 note 2"><label><sup>page 57 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAnd some chosen <italic>chaffare</italic>, they cheuen the bettare.’ P. Plowman, B Prologue 31. ‘Greet pres at market makith deer <italic>chafare</italic>.’ Chaucer, Wyf of Bathe, Prologue, 1. 523. A. S. <italic>ceap, chêp</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn375" symbol="page 57 note 3"><label><sup>page 57 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Anturs of Arthur (Camden Soc. ed. Robson), xi. 2, we read—</p><p>'sAlle the herdus myзtun here, the byndest of alle, Off the <italic>schaft</italic> and the shol, shaturt to the skin.’</p><p>Halliwell quotes from MS. Cott. Vespas. A. iii. leaf 7—</p><p>'sWith the <italic>chafte-han</italic> of a ded has Men sais that therwit slan he was.’</p><p>See also E. E. Alliterative Poems, <citation id="ref114" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>100</fpage></citation>, 1. 268.</p><p>'sWith this chavyl-bon I xal sle the.’ Cov. Myst. Cain & Abel, p. 37.</p><p>Gawin Douglas describing the Trojans on their first landing in Italy, tells how they ‘With thare handis brek and <italic>chaftis</italic> gnaw The crustis, and the coffingis all on raw.’</p><p><citation id="ref115" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vii. l. <fpage>250</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the Cursor Mundi, David, when stating how he had killed a lion and a bear, says—</p><p>'sI had na help bot me allan … And scok þam be þe berdes sua And I laid hand on þaim beleue Þat I þair <italic>chaftes</italic> raue in tua.’ ll. 7505–7510.</p><p>where the Fairfax MS. reads <italic>chauelis</italic>, and the Göttingen and Trinity MSS. <italic>chaulis</italic>.</p><p>'sHe strake the dragon in at the <italic>chavyl</italic>, That it come out at the navyl.’ Ywaine & Gawin, 1991.</p><p>See also Chawylle and Cheke-bone. ‘Chaftis, Chafts, the chops. Chaft-blade, the jawbone. Chaft-tooth, a jaw-tooth.’ Jamieson. A. S. <italic>ceafl.</italic> S. Saxon, <italic>cheuele</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn376" symbol="page 57 note 4"><label><sup>page 57 note 4</sup></label><p>This word does not appear again either under C or S. It was a measure taken from the top of the extended thumb to the utmost part of the palm, generally considered as half a foot. Ray in his Gloss, of North Country Words gives ‘Shafman, Shafmet, Shaftment, <italic>sb.</italic> the measure of the fist with the thumb set up; ab A. S. <italic>scœft-mund</italic>, i. e. <italic>semipes</italic>.’ According to Florio, p. 414, it means ‘a certaine rate of clothe that is given above measure, which drapers call a handfull or <italic>shaftman</italic>.’ In the Morte Arthure, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Brock, in the account of the fight between Sir Gawaine, and Sir Priamus, we are told—</p><p>'sBothe schere thorowe schoulders a <italic>schaft-monde</italic> longe!’ l. 2456.</p><p>See also ll. 3843 and 4232. In the Anturs of Arthur, Camd. Soc. ed. Robson, xli. 2, we read, ‘Thro his shild and his Bhildur, a <italic>schaft-mun</italic> he share.’ ‘Not exceeding a foot in length nor a <italic>shaftman</italic> in shortness.’ Barnaby Googe, Husbandry, 78a. In the Liber Niger Domus. Ed. IV, pr. in Household Ordinances, 1790, p. 49, it is stated that the Dean of the Chapel ‘hathe all the offerings of wax that is made in the king's chappell on Candylmasseday, with the moderate fees of the beame, in the festes of the yere, when the tapers be consumed into a <italic>shaftmount</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn377" symbol="page 57 note 5"><label><sup>page 57 note 5</sup></label><p>See also Bowe of a chaire.</p></fn><fn id="fn378" symbol="page 57 note 6"><label><sup>page 57 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. Chanlange. This word occurs with the meaning of <italic>blame, accuse</italic> in the Ancren Riwle. p. 54, ‘hwarof <italic>kalenges</italic> tu me ?’ and in P. Plowman, B. Text, v. 174, Wrath tells how the monks punished him—</p><p>'sAnd do me faste frydayes, to bred and to water, And am <italic>chalanged</italic> in þe chapitelhous, as I a childe were.’</p><p>In the Pricke of Conscience we are told how the devil demanded from St. Bernard ‘By what skille he walde, and bi what ryght <italic>Chalange</italic> þe kingdom of heven bright.’ l. 2252.</p><p>The claim of Henry IV. to the crown of England is stated as follows in the Rolls of Parliament, ‘In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I, Henry of Lancaster, <italic>challenge</italic> the realm of England,’ &c. (Annals of Eng. p. 210). In Morte Arthure, Arthur in his dream sees two kings climbing to the chair of power,</p><p>'sThis chaire of charbokle, they said, we <italic>chalange</italic> here-aftyre.’ l. 3326.</p><p>'s<italic>Chalonger</italic>…. demander, contester, provoquer, attaquer, defendre, refuser, prohiber, blâmer; de <italic>calumnia</italic>, fausse accusation, chicane.’ Burguy, s. v. <italic>Chalonge. ‘Challonger</italic>. To claime, challenge, make title unto, set in foot for; also to accuse of, charge with, call in question for an offence.’ Cotgrave. See also Ducange, s. v. <italic>Calengium</italic>. ‘I calenge a thyng of dutye or to be myne owne. <italic>je calenge</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘To calenge. <italic>Vindicare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘We ben broзt in for the monei whiche we baren aзen bifore in our sackis, that he putte <italic>chalenge</italic> into us [<italic>ut devolvat in nos calumniam</italic>].’ Wyclif, Genesis xliii. 18. So also in Job xxxv. 9: ‘Tor the multitude of <italic>challengeres [calumniatorum</italic>] thei shul crie.’ ‘I <italic>calenge</italic> to fyght with the hande to hande. <italic>Ex prouocatione tecum dimicabo</italic>.’ Horman. See also Wyclif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref116" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>161</fpage></citation>, l. 7.</p></fn><fn id="fn379" symbol="page 58 note 1"><label><sup>page 58 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper gives ‘<italic>Amphitapa</italic>, idem quod Amphimallum,’ which latter he renders by ‘A cloath or garment frysed on both sydes,’ and in MS. Lambeth, 481, it is explained as ‘<italic>tapeta ex utraque parte uillosa facta</italic>.’ In the directions for furnishing a room given in Neckham'a Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic>, we find—</p><p>del piler chalun idem</p><p>'s<italic>Altilis, sive epistilis columpne, tapetum sive tapete dependeant</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 100.</p></fn><fn id="fn380" symbol="page 58 note 2"><label><sup>page 58 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of the goods of Sir J. Fastolf, of Caistor, taken in 1459, are mentioned ‘Item, j bollok haftyd dager, harnesyd wyth sylver, and j <italic>chape</italic> thertoo. Item, j lytyll schort armyny dager, withe j gilt <italic>schape</italic>.’ Paston Letters, i. 478. ‘<italic>Chappe</italic>, f. The chape, or locket of a scabbard.’ Cotgrave. ‘Here knyfes were <italic>i-chaped</italic> nat with bras.’ Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 366.</p></fn><fn id="fn381" symbol="page 58 note 3"><label><sup>page 58 note 3</sup></label><p>Chaucer, C. T. Prologue, 396, in describing the Shipman says—</p><p>'sFul many a draughte of wyn hadde he ydrawe From Burdeux-ward, whil that the <italic>chapman</italic> sleep.’</p><p>'sChapman. A pedler, a hawker, a merchant.’ Jamieson. See <citation id="ref117" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lasamon</surname></name>, vol. iii. p. <fpage>232</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn382" symbol="page 58 note 4"><label><sup>page 58 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAnd who so <italic>cheped</italic> my chaffare, chiden I wolde, But he profred to paye a peny or tweyne More þan it was worth.’ <citation id="ref118" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xiii. <fpage>380</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A.S. <italic>ceapian</italic>. ‘Cheape the pryce or valewe of a thynge. <italic>Licitare</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn383" symbol="page 58 note 5"><label><sup>page 58 note 5</sup></label><p>The Carbuncle was supposed to have light-giving powers. Thus in the <citation id="ref119" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>, we are told in the account of the Enchanted Chamber that there was there ‘stonding a <italic>charbuncle</italic> ston, the whiche зaf liзt ouer all the hous.’ Alexander Neckham in his work <citation id="ref120" citation-type="other"><italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, p. <fpage>469</fpage></citation>, refers to this supposed quality as follows—</p><p>'sIllustrat tenebras radians Carbunculus auri Fulgorem vincit ignea flamma micans.’</p><p>The same supposed property of the stone is referred to in The Myroure of Our Lady, E. E. Text Society, <citation id="ref121" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Blunt</surname></name>, p. <fpage>175</fpage></citation>s, where we read:—‘There is a precyous stone that is called a <italic>carboncle</italic>, whyche shyneth bryghte as fyre, of hys owne kynde, so that no darkenesse may blemysshe yt ne no moysture quenche yt. And to thys stone ye lyken oure lorde god, when ye saye, <italic>Per se lucens</italic>. The carboncle shynynge by itselfe nedeth none other lyghte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn384" symbol="page 59 note 1"><label><sup>page 59 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Carre. ‘þenne seyde the Emperoure, when the victory of the bataill wer come home, he shulde have in the first day iiij. worshipis; of the whiche this is þe first, he shalle be sette in a <italic>charr</italic>, & iiij. white hors shulle drawe hit to the palyse of the Emperour; The secounde is, þat all his trespassours & Aduersarijs shulde folowe his <italic>chare</italic> behynde him, withe bounden hondis & fete.’ <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, <citation id="ref122" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Herrtage</surname></name>, p. <fpage>176</fpage></citation>. ‘And [Pharao] putte aboute his [Joseph's] necke a goldun beeзe, and made him steyз vpon his secound <italic>chaar</italic>.’ Wyclif, Genesis xli. 43.</p></fn><fn id="fn385" symbol="page 59 note 2"><label><sup>page 59 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, l. 3136, the French knights when on a foraging expedition discover</p><p>'sTwo and þyrty grete somers! Wyþ fair flour, y-maked of whete; <italic>Y-charged</italic> alle and some And wyþ bred and flechs and wyn.’</p><p>'sAnd therfor, seiþ <italic>Match. Jugum enim meum suaue est, et onus meum leue</italic>, þia is to seye, My yoke, <italic>scil</italic>, penaunce, is swete, <italic>scil</italic>, for it turnithe to swetnesse, & my <italic>charge</italic> or my burdyn, <italic>scil</italic>. commaundement, is liзt.’ <citation id="ref123" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>177</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Charger</italic>. To charge, burthen, onerate, load; lye heavy upon, lay on, or lay load on, &c.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Pondus</italic>. A charge.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn386" symbol="page 59 note 3"><label><sup>page 59 note 3</sup></label><p>The Constellation <italic>Ursa Major</italic>. Böotes was called either Wagoner to Charles’ Wain or Keeper to the Great Bear (<italic>arctophylax</italic>), according to the name given to the chief northern group of fixed stars. (See Barrewarde <italic>ante</italic>.) Cooper gives ‘<italic>Plaustrum</italic>. Charles Wayne, nigh the North Pole.’ The word occure also in Gawin Douglas, and in the Medulla we find ‘<italic>Arcophilaxe (sic)</italic>. The carle wenaterre. <italic>Arturus: quoddam signum celeste: anglice</italic>, A carwaynesterre.’ Withals mentions ‘Charles Waine. <italic>Vrsa minor, Cynosura</italic>,’ and ‘A starre that followeth Charles waine. <italic>Bootes</italic>.’ Jamieson gives ‘Charlewan’ and ‘Charlewaigne.’ Compare Spenser, Faery Qneene, I. ii. 1. A. S. <italic>carlesuœn</italic>. See also Cotgrave <italic>s.v. Boöte</italic>. The idea that Charles’ Wain is a corruption of Chorles or Churls Wain is a complete error. The <italic>Charles</italic> is not in any way connected with the A. S. <italic>ceorl</italic> or any of its later forms, but refers to the Emperor Charles, the Charlemagne of romance, who, as Spenser tells us, in the <italic>Teares of the Muses</italic>, was placed by Calliope ‘amongst the starris seaven,’ and who was addressed by the priests of Aix-la-Chapelle as ‘Rex mundi triumphator, Jesu Christi conregnator.’ The Woden's Wain of the North became the Charles’ Wain of the Teutons. Holland, in his trans, of Suetonius, p. 74, speaks of the ‘starres of the celestial beare,’ the marginal note being ‘<italic>Charlemaine</italic> his waine,’ and in Trevisa's trans, of Bartholomæus <citation id="ref124" citation-type="other"><italic>de Proprielatibus Rerum</italic>, viii. <fpage>35</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘Arcturus is comynly clepid in Englis <italic>Charlemaynes wayne</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn387" symbol="page 59 note 4"><label><sup>page 59 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>cerran, cyrran</italic>, to turn, drive. In the Coventry Mysteries, p. 325, we find ‘<italic>Chare</italic> awey the crowe.’ ‘Fulst me euer to gode and <italic>cher</italic> me from sunne.’ E. Eng. Homilies, <citation id="ref125" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, i. <fpage>215</fpage></citation>. See other examples in Stratmann. Compare P. <citation id="ref126" citation-type="other">‘Charyn a-way,’ p. <fpage>70</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn388" symbol="page 60 note 1"><label><sup>page 60 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAls þe gude son tholes mekely Þe fader, when he wille hym <italic>chasty</italic>.’ Pricke of Conscience, 3549. ‘To <italic>chasty</italic> þaim and hald þaim in awe.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref126">ibid.</xref> 5547.</p><p>'sBot luke now for charitee thow <italic>chasty</italic> thy lyppes.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 1019.</p><p>O. Fr. <italic>chastoier, chastier:</italic> Lat. <italic>castigare</italic>. See also Barbour's Bruce, <citation id="ref127" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, i. <fpage>122</fpage>, ix. <fpage>743</fpage></citation>, &c, and <citation id="ref128" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. xi. <fpage>195</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn389" symbol="page 60 note 2"><label><sup>page 60 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Blaberyn.</p></fn><fn id="fn390" symbol="page 60 note 3"><label><sup>page 60 note 3</sup></label><p>See also to Chiter as byrdis dose. ‘<italic>Cornicari</italic>. To chatte or cackle like a chough. <italic>Garrulœ aves</italic>. Chatteryng byrdes, singyng birdes. <italic>Garrio</italic>. To babble or chatte; to talke many woordes folishlye; properly to chirpe or chatter as a birde.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn391" symbol="page 60 note 4"><label><sup>page 60 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Garrulitas</italic>. Chattyng; janglyng; babbling; busie talkyng. <italic>Rauca garrulitas picarum</italic>. Ovid. Chattyng of pies.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Babillarde</italic>, f. A tittle-tattle; a prating gossip; a babling huswife; a chatting or chattering minx.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Garrulo</italic>. To Jangelyn. Medulla. ‘Som vseþ straunge wlafferynge <italic>chiterynge</italic>.’ Trevisa's <citation id="ref129" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Higden</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>159</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn392" symbol="page 60 note 5"><label><sup>page 60 note 5</sup></label><p>See note to Chafte. In Wright's Political Poems (Camden Soc.) p. 240, we find, ‘to <italic>chawle</italic> ne to chyde,’ <italic>i.e.</italic> to jaw, find fault. In Sloane MS. 1571, leaf 48b, is given a curious prescription ‘for bolnynge vndur þe <italic>chole</italic>,’ the principal ingredient of which is a fat cat. ‘<italic>Brancus</italic>. A gole or a chawle.’ Vocabulary, MS. Harl. 1002. In the Master of Game, MS. Vespas. B. xii, leaf 34b, mention is made of the ‘<italic>iawle-bone</italic>’ of a wild boar. ‘<italic>Bucca, mala inferior</italic>. The cheeke, iawe or iowll.’ Junius.</p></fn><fn id="fn393" symbol="page 60 note 6"><label><sup>page 60 note 6</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Pisse-chaude</italic>. A burnt Pisse; also the Venerian flux; the Gonorrhean, or contagious running.’ The Ortus curiously explains ‘<italic>Stranguria:</italic> as the colde pysse; <italic>difficultas vrine quam guttatim micturiunt</italic>.’ ‘A recipe for the cure of <italic>Chawdpys</italic>, or strangury, is given in MS. Lincoln. Med. fo. 298.’ Halliwell. ‘Stranguria, otherwise called in Latine <italic>stillicidium</italic>, & of our old farriers (according to the French name) <italic>chowdepis</italic>, is when the horse is provoked to stale often, & voideth nothing but a few drops—which cometh, as the physitians say, either through the sharpness of the urine, or by some exulceration of the bladder, or else by means of some apostume in the liver or kidnies.’ Topsell, <italic>Hist, of Fourfooted Beasts</italic>, <citation id="ref130" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Rowland</surname></name>, 1673, p. <fpage>304</fpage></citation>. I know of no other instance of the word except in the curious O. Fr. poem ‘Des xxiii Manières de Vilains,’ Paris, 1833, ed. Franc. Michel, p. 13, where we read—</p><p>'sSi aient plenté de grume, Mal ki les faiche rechaner, Plenté de frièvre et de gaunisse! Et plaie ki ne puist saner.’ Et si aient le <italic>chade-pisse</italic>,</p><p>Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Chaudpeece:</italic> Gonorrhœa,’ and refers to Polwart. Fr. <italic>chaude-pisse</italic>. See P. Cawepys.</p></fn><fn id="fn394" symbol="page 60 note 7"><label><sup>page 60 note 7</sup></label><p>A recipe for ‘Chaudewyne de boyce’ as follows is given in Liber Cure Cocorum, <citation id="ref131" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>25</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sTake smalle notes, schale out kurnele, As þou dose of almondes, fayre and wele; Frye hom in oyle, þen sethe hom ryзt In almonde mylke þat is bryзt; þen þou schalle do in floure of ryce</p><p>And also oþer pouder of spyce;</p><p>Fry oþer curneles besyde also,</p><p>Coloure þou hit with safron or þou fer goo,</p><p>To divers þo mete þou schalt hit set,</p><p>With þO fryed curnels with outen let.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref131">ibid.</xref> p. 9, for another recipe for ‘<italic>Chaudon;</italic> for wylde digges, swannes, and pigges,’ composed of chopped liver and entrails boiled with blood, bread, wine, vinegar, pepper, cloves and ginger. Another for ‘<italic>Chaudern</italic> for Swannes’ is given in Household Ordinances, p.441. See also Sloane MS. 1201, leaf 63. MS. Harl. 1735. leaf 18, gives the following recipe— ‘<italic>Chaudon</italic> sauз of Swannes. Tak þe issu of þe swannes, & wasche, hem wel, skoure þe guttys with salt, sethз al to-gidre. Tak of þe flesche; hewe it smal, & þe guttys with alle. Tak bred, gyngere & galingale, Canel, gryrid it & tempre it vp with bred; colour it with blood ore with brent bred, seson it vp with a lytyl vinegre: welle it al to-gydere.’ ‘Beeff, moton, stewed feysaund, Swan with the <italic>Chawdwyn</italic>.’ J. Russell's Boke of Nurture in Babees Book, <citation id="ref132" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>48</fpage></citation>, l. 688.</p></fn><fn id="fn395" symbol="page 61 note 1"><label><sup>page 61 note 1</sup></label><p>'sCharcoal to <italic>chaufen</italic> the knyзte.’ Anturs of Arthur, st. 35. ‘Hesethede potage and is fild; and is <italic>chaufid [calefactus est]</italic>, and seide, Vah, <italic>or weel</italic>, I am hat.’ Wyelif, Isaiah xliv. 16. See also Esther i. 10.</p></fn><fn id="fn396" symbol="page 61 note 2"><label><sup>page 61 note 2</sup></label><p>A saucepan. Dame Bliz. Browne in her will, Paston Letters, iii. 4661, bequeaths ‘a grete standing <italic>chafer</italic> of laton with a lyon upon the lydde, ij <italic>chafers</italic> of brasse, and ij litill brasse pottys.’</p></fn><fn id="fn397" symbol="page 61 note 3"><label><sup>page 61 note 3</sup></label><p>On the duties of a Chamberlain see Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, pp. 55–69 and 168–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn398" symbol="page 61 note 4"><label><sup>page 61 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Intercapedo</italic>, Cic. A space or pause: a space of time or place betwene.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Chaumpe</italic>’ is the word always used in the marginal directions for the illuminator of the Corpus (Oxford) MS. of the Canterbury Tales, when a small initial is to be made. ‘<italic>Vynet</italic>’ (our ‘vignette’) is used for the large letters. An example may be seen at the beginning of several of the letters in the present work. The scribe has left a space to be filled in by the illuminator with the proper capital letter, which for the guidance of the latter is written small. It is not an unusual thing to find these <italic>chaumpes</italic> in MSS. unfilled in. The Ortus explains <italic>intercapedo</italic> as ‘<italic>dislantia localis vt inter duas parietes</italic>. See an example in Addit. 22,556 in Mr. Way's Introd. p. xl.</p></fn><fn id="fn399" symbol="page 61 note 5"><label><sup>page 61 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Mutatorium</italic>. Pars mulierum vestimentorum; <italic>partie du vêtement des femmes, sorte de pélerine</italic>.’ (S. Hier.) D'Arnis. ‘<italic>Mutatorium</italic>. A chaungyng cloth.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Isaiah ii. 22, speaks of ‘iemmes in the frount hangend and <italic>chaunging clothis</italic>’ The Ortua explains <italic>mutatorium</italic> as ‘<italic>vestis preciosa pro qua sumenda alia mutatur: anglice</italic>, a precyous clothynge, a chaungynge clothe, or a holy daye clothe, <italic>vt habetur quarto libro regum</italic>, v. <italic>cap.</italic>’ (2 Kings, v. 22,) in the Vulgate, <italic>vestes mutatorias duplices</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn400" symbol="page 61 note 6"><label><sup>page 61 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ipea: quedam herba:</italic> chykwede.’ Ortus. In Norfolk, according to Forby, the <italic>alsine media</italic> is called <italic>chickens meat</italic>. A. S. <italic>cicena mete</italic>, alsine. Aelfric. The name is also applied to chickweed, endive, and dross corn. ‘Chikne-mete, <italic>intiba</italic>’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 140.</p></fn><fn id="fn401" symbol="page 62 note 1"><label><sup>page 62 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThenne the Kyng asket a <italic>chekkere</italic>,</p><p>And cald a damesel here.’ Avowynge of Arthur, ed. Robson, lv. I.</p><p>In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, p. 74, l. 2224, Naymes in describing the amusements of the French knights says—</p><p>'sþo þat willieþ to leue at hame playeþ to þe <italic>eschekkere</italic>.’</p><p>On the History, &c., of the Game of Chess, see note to my edition of the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, chapter xxi. pp. 459, 460.</p></fn><fn id="fn402" symbol="page 62 note 2"><label><sup>page 62 note 2</sup></label><p>In Piers Plowman, <citation id="ref133" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, B. iv. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, we have ‘childryn <italic>cherissing</italic>,’ in the sense of the pampering or spoiling of children. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Mignoter</italic>. To dandle, feddle, cocker, cherish, handle gently, entertaine kindly, use tenderly, make a wanton of.’ Cf. also Dawnte. See Chauoer, Troylus, Bk. iv. st. 220, and Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 128.</p></fn><fn id="fn403" symbol="page 62 note 3"><label><sup>page 62 note 3</sup></label><p>Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 464, mentions ‘an awbe; j <italic>chesyppill</italic>, with a stole, and all that belongeth therto.’</p></fn><fn id="fn404" symbol="page 62 note 4"><label><sup>page 62 note 4</sup></label><p>Lyte, Dodoens, p. 200, says that the roote of Dogges-tooth is ‘long & slender lyke to a <italic>Chebol.’ ‘Parot</italic>, in. Poppie, Cheesbowls. <italic>Oliette</italic>, f. Poppie, Chessbolls, or Cheese, bowles.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Papaver</italic>. Popie or Chesboull.’ Cooper. See also Halliwell <italic>s. v.</italic> Chesebolle, ‘A Cheseboule. <italic>Papaver</italic>.’ Withals. ‘Chesbolle, <italic>hec papaver</italic>. Chesbole, <italic>hec sepula</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 190–1. In the <italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, ed. Murray, p. 94, when Sextus Tarquinius sent to enquire from his father what course he should pursue in urder to betray Gabii, ‘Ald Tarquine gef na ansuer to the messanger, bot tuike his staf, and syne past throcht his gardin, and quhar that he gat ony <italic>chasbollis</italic> that gieu hie, he straik the heidis fra them vitht his staf, and did no thyng to the litil <italic>chasbollis</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn405" symbol="page 62 note 5"><label><sup>page 62 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cheese-fat, Cheefat</italic>. The mould in which cheeses are made.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. See note to Frale. ‘<italic>Casearium</italic>. A day house where cheese is made.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Esclisse</italic>. Any small hurdle or any utensill of watled ozier, or wicker, &c, hence, a Cheese-fat, or Cheesfoord thereof. <italic>Cagerotte</italic>. A Chesford, or Cheesfatt (of wicker).’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Multrale</italic>. A chesfatt or a deyes payle. <italic>Fiscella</italic>. A leep or a chesfatt.’ Medulla. ‘A cheese-fatte to presse the cheese in. <italic>Fiscella vel forma casearia</italic>.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn406" symbol="page 62 note 6"><label><sup>page 62 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cheese-lep</italic>. A bag used to keep the rennet for making cheese,’ according to Ray, but Peacock's Gloss, gives ‘Cheese-lop, Cheslop, the dried stomach of a calf used for curdling milk for cheese,’ as a Lincolnshire word, and with this the Ortus agrees: ‘<italic>lactis est mollis et tenera pellicula in qua lac coagulatur in ventre lactentis</italic>.’ Cooper renders <italic>Lactes</italic> by ‘the small guttes.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 222, we have ‘<italic>Cheslepe, cheese lip</italic>.’ The word is compounded of A. S. <italic>leap</italic>, a basket; see P. Berynge-lepe and Fysche-leep. Cf. ‘Cheeselyp worme, otherwyse called Robyn Goodfelowe his lowse. <italic>Tylus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn407" symbol="page 62 note 7"><label><sup>page 62 note 7</sup></label><p>See Chekyr above.</p></fn><fn id="fn408" symbol="page 62 note 8"><label><sup>page 62 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Balanitas</italic>. A kinde of rounde chestens.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Cornus</italic>. A chestony tre. <italic>Balanus</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref131">idem</xref>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Chastaigne</italic>. A chesnut. <italic>Chastaignier</italic>. A chessen or chesnut tree.’ Cotgrave. Ital. <italic>Castagna</italic>, from <italic>Castanea</italic> in Thessaly, its native place. In Aelfric's Gloss. is given ‘<italic>Castanea</italic>, cystel, <italic>vel</italic> cyst-beam,’ whence Mr. Wright explains <italic>chestnut</italic> as the nut of the <italic>cyst</italic>-tree.</p></fn><fn id="fn409" symbol="page 63 note 1"><label><sup>page 63 note 1</sup></label><p>'sI lyken the to a sowe, for thou arte ever <italic>chyding</italic> at mete.’ Palsgrave, p. 611, col. 2. In the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 253, l. 101, we are told—</p><p>'sLette ay your chere be lowly, blythe and hale, Withoute chidynge as that yee wolde fyhte.’</p><p>Wyclif, in one of his diatribes against the friars, says that they ‘<italic>chiden</italic> & fiзttew as woode houndis, & sweren herte & bonys.’ English Works, <citation id="ref134" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>216</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn410" symbol="page 63 note 2"><label><sup>page 63 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Puerperium</italic>, Plin. The time of a woman's trauayle with childe or lying in. Sueton. The babe or infant delivered. <italic>Parturio</italic>. To labour or trauayle with childe.’ Cooper. Fr. <italic>enfanter</italic>. In Wyclif's version of Genesis xix. 27, 28, we read: ‘The more douзtir <italic>childide</italic> a sone, and clepide his name Moab …. and the lesse douзtir <italic>chíldide</italic> a sone, and clepide his name Amon, that is, the sone of my peple.’ See also Luke i. 57; Romance of Partenay, 1157; Ormulum, 156; <citation id="ref135" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>209</fpage></citation>, &c. In the Cursor Mundi we read—</p><p>'sþar dwellid or lauedi wit hir nece, And at hir <italic>childing</italic> was helpand.’ Til ion was born, a wel godd pece, <citation id="ref136" citation-type="other">Ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>634</fpage></citation>, l. 11057.</p><p>'s<italic>Pario</italic>. To chyldyn. <italic>Vir general mulierque parit sed gignit vterque. Parturio</italic>. To ympyn, beryn, or chyldyn,’ Medulla. Compare ‘A woman hade vij childer at oon childenge.’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 205.</p></fn><fn id="fn411" symbol="page 63 note 3"><label><sup>page 63 note 3</sup></label><p>The original meaning of ‘chimney’ was a ‘fireplace,’ as in the following—</p><p>'sDamesele, loke ther be, Fagattus of fyre tre A ffayre in the <italic>chymene</italic>, That fetchyd was зare.’</p><p>Sir Degrevant, Thornton Rom. p. 234.</p><p>So also— ‘His fete er like latoun bright</p><p>Als in a <italic>chymne</italic> brynnand light.’ Pricke of Conscience, 4368.</p><p>See also Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 168, 3041. Jamieson says, ‘among “moveabill heirschip,
we find mentioned, “ane bag to put money in, ane eulcruik, ane <italic>chimney</italic>, ane water-pot.
Burrow Lawes, c. 125, §1.’ In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc. l. 2077, we read—</p><p>'sþan was þer on a <italic>chymenay</italic> A greyt fyr þat brente red.’</p><p>And in the Boke of Curtasye (Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall), p. 192, l, 460, we find amongst the duties of the Groom of the Chamber, that ‘Fuel to <italic>chymne</italic> hym falle to gete.’</p><p>'s<italic>Cheminée</italic>, f. A chimney.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Caminus</italic>. A chimney: a furnayse.’ Cooper. Chimnies, in the modern sense of the word, were not common until the reign of Elizabeth. Thus Harrison, in his <italic>Descript. of England</italic>, <citation id="ref137" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>338</fpage></citation>, says, ‘Now have we manie <italic>chimnies;</italic> and yet our tenderlings complaine of rheumes, catarrhs, and poses [<italic>colds in the head</italic>]; then had we none but reredosses [<italic>open hearths</italic>]; and our heads did never ake.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref137">ibid.</xref> pp. 239–40.</p></fn><fn id="fn412" symbol="page 63 note 4"><label><sup>page 63 note 4</sup></label><p>In Havelok (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Skeat), 1. 2941, we are told that he began ‘His denshe men to feste wel So þat he weren alle riche; With riche landes and catel, For he was large and nouth <italic>chinche</italic>.’</p><p>Gower also uses the word in the Confessio Amantis, vol. ii. p. 288, and Skelton has ‘<italic>Chyncherde</italic>.’ According to Halliwell the substantive is found in Occleve—</p><p>'sAnd amonge other thingis that зowre wilne, Be infecte with no wrecchid <italic>chincherie</italic>;’</p><p>and also in Chaucer, <citation id="ref138" citation-type="other"><italic>Melibeus</italic>, p. <fpage>162</fpage></citation>. ‘A chinche: <italic>parcus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Tenax:</italic> sparyng, niggish.’ Cooper. See Cotgrave s. v. <italic>Chiche</italic>, and Sevyn Sages, l. 1244.</p></fn><fn id="fn413" symbol="page 64 note 1"><label><sup>page 64 note 1</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I chyppe bread, <italic>je chappelle du payn ….je deserouste da pain …</italic>. and <italic>je payre du pain.</italic>: chippings of bread, <italic>chapplis.’ ‘Assula</italic>. A chip or lathe; a slise of anything.’ Cooper. ‘Chippings and parings of bread, <italic>quisquiliœ</italic>.’ Baret. See Babees Boke (E.E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 84.</p></fn><fn id="fn414" symbol="page 64 note 2"><label><sup>page 64 note 2</sup></label><p>A blade of grass, or any plant. ‘<italic>Chyer</italic> of grasse.’ Drayton's <italic>Harmonie</italic>, 1591.</p></fn><fn id="fn415" symbol="page 64 note 3"><label><sup>page 64 note 3</sup></label><p>'sSparuwe is a <italic>cheaterinde</italic> bird; cheatereð euer ant chirmeð.’ Ancren Riwle, p. 152. ‘As eny swalwe <italic>chiteryng</italic> on a berne.’ Chaucer, Milleres Tale, 72, C. T. 3258. ‘They may wel <italic>chateren</italic> as don thise iayes.’ Chanonne Yeomanis Tale, 386. ‘I <italic>chytter</italic>, as a yonge byrde dothe before she can synge her tune. I <italic>chytter</italic>. I make a charme as a flocke of small byrdes do whan they be together. <italic>Je iargoune</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon, i. 239, the word is used of the starling: ‘With mouth than <italic>chetereth</italic> the stare.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref138">ibid.</xref> ii. 159.</p><p>'sShe withall no worde may soune But <italic>chitre</italic> and as a brid jargoune.’</p><p>Gower, ed. Pauli, ii. 318.</p><p>See also Chaucer, C. Tales, 3218. Wyclif says that a confused noise is ‘as зyf iayes and pyes <italic>chateriden</italic>.’ Works, iii. 479, and in his translation of Deuteronomy, xviii. 10. See also P. Plowman, B. xii. 253. ‘<italic>Garrio</italic>. To chyteryn as byrdys. <italic>Garritus</italic>. A chyteryng.’ Medulla. See also to Chater.</p></fn><fn id="fn416" symbol="page 64 note 4"><label><sup>page 64 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Nomenclator, 1585, we find ‘a haggise; some call it a chitterling, some a hog's harslet:’ and Baret gives ‘a chitterling, <italic>omasum;</italic> a gut or chitterling hanged in the smoke, <italic>hilla infumata.’ ‘Hilla;</italic> a smalle gutte or chitterlyng salted.’ Cooper. See Surtees Soc. Trans, ix. 57. ‘<italic>Friquenelles</italic>. Slender and small chitterlings or linkes.’ Cotgrave. In Neckam's Treatise <italic>De Utensilibus</italic> in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 104, <italic>hyllœ</italic> is glossed by ‘aundulyes.’ See also Cotgrave <italic>s. v. Andouille</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn417" symbol="page 64 note 5"><label><sup>page 64 note 5</sup></label><p>A <italic>beggar</italic>. Lat. <italic>quœstor</italic>. See Perdonere, below. I know of only one instance of the word, viz., in an unpublished tract of Wyclif, in a MS. of Trinity College, Dublin, where he speaks of ‘freris and <italic>chulleris</italic>.’ Probably from French ‘<italic>cueilleur</italic>. A gatherer, a reaper, a picker, chuser, or culler.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn418" symbol="page 64 note 6"><label><sup>page 64 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Gello</italic> and <italic>Gillo</italic> are apparently from the Gaelic <italic>gilla, giolla</italic>, a boy, a servant, whence the Scotch <italic>gillie. Glebo</italic>, exactly answers to our <italic>clod-hopper. ‘Gillo:</italic> A cherle, <italic>Glebo: rusticus</italic>.’ Medulla. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Un gros manovfle</italic>. A big lout; also an ougly lushe or clusterfist; also a riche churle or fat chuffe.’ ‘I say a <italic>cherle</italic> hath don a <italic>cherles</italic> deede.’ Chaucer, Sompnoures Tale, 2206. ‘Churle or carle of the countrey. <italic>Petro Rusticanus</italic>.’ Huloet. See also Carle.</p></fn><fn id="fn419" symbol="page 64 note 7"><label><sup>page 64 note 7</sup></label><p>Compare P. Chymme Belle.</p></fn><fn id="fn420" symbol="page 64 note 8"><label><sup>page 64 note 8</sup></label><p>See also Canylle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn421" symbol="page 64 note 9"><label><sup>page 64 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cipressus</italic>. A cypyr tre.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 192. In Sir Eglamour, ed. Halliwell, 1. 235, we read—</p><p>'s<italic>Cypur treys</italic> there growe owte longe,</p><p>Grete hertys there walke them amonge.’ See also 1. 277.</p></fn><fn id="fn422" symbol="page 65 note 1"><label><sup>page 65 note 1</sup></label><p>'sCysers. to cut the heare with, <italic>forfex</italic>,’ Baret. ‘Cissers. <italic>Forfeculœ</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Forfex</italic>. A shere.’ Medulla. See P. Cysowre.</p></fn><fn id="fn423" symbol="page 65 note 2"><label><sup>page 65 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Glis</italic>. Potter's claye, <italic>lutosus</italic>. Myrie and durtie.’ Cooper. The Medulla distinguishes between, the meanings, genders, &c., of the three Latin words <italic>glis</italic> as follows:</p><p>'sGlis animal, glis terra tenax, glis lappa vocatur;</p><p>Hic animal, hec terra tenax, hec lappa vocatur;</p><p>-Ris animal, -tis terra tenax, -tis lappa vocatur.’</p></fn><fn id="fn424" symbol="page 65 note 3"><label><sup>page 65 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA claypit, a place where clay is digged; <italic>argilletum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Argillière</italic>, f. A claypit; or a plot where-in Potters-clay is gotten.’ ‘<italic>Glaire</italic>. A whitish and slimie soyle: <italic>glaireux</italic>. Slimie.’ Cotgrave. Compare Grlayre, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn425" symbol="page 65 note 4"><label><sup>page 65 note 4</sup></label><p>Perhaps the same as Clappe of a mylne.</p></fn><fn id="fn426" symbol="page 65 note 5"><label><sup>page 65 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA mil clacke. <italic>Crepitaculum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Claquet de moulin</italic>. The clapper or clack of a mill-hopper.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Taratantara</italic>. A seve, or the tre that lyth vnder the seve. <italic>Taratantizare: tuba clangere, vel farinam colare</italic>.’ Medulla. See also Milne Clappe. In the Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Morris), 58, we find it as ‘þe <italic>clepper</italic> of þe melle.’ See Chaucer, Persones Tale, p. 406. ‘Clap of a mill. A piece of wood that makes a noise in the time of grinding.’ Jamieson. L. German, <italic>klapper, klepper. ‘Batillum</italic>, a clakke.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 180.</p></fn><fn id="fn427" symbol="page 65 note 6"><label><sup>page 65 note 6</sup></label><p>Used here doubtless in the sense of making clear or fining liquids; cf. Clere as ale or wyne, below. The Author of the Catholicon nowhere uses <italic>Clarus</italic> in the sense of noble, glorious, but Wyclif, John xii. 23, has, ‘Fadir, <italic>clarifie</italic> thi name,’ and Halliwell quotes from MS. Camb. Ff. v. 48, leaf 90—</p><p>'sA voice come fro hevene thore I haf <italic>clarefid</italic> the, he saide.’</p></fn><fn id="fn428" symbol="page 65 note 7"><label><sup>page 65 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Offendix</italic>. A knot off byndyng of bokys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn429" symbol="page 65 note 8"><label><sup>page 65 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Garyophilli</italic>. The spise called <italic>cloues. Garyophillus</italic>. The cloue giloeflower.’ Cooper, 1584. See also Clowe of garleke, and Clowe, <italic>gariofolus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn430" symbol="page 65 note 9"><label><sup>page 65 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vngula</italic>. A clee.’ Medulla. Withals gives ‘the cleyes of a fish, as of Lopsters, or such other. <italic>Chelœ.’ ‘Les bras d'un Scorpion</italic>. The cleyes or clawes of a scorpion.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Brachia cancre</italic>. The clees,’ Cooper. <italic>Clees</italic> is found in Gower, ii. 39—</p><p>'sAs a cat wolde ete fischis Withoute wetyng of his <italic>clees</italic>;’ and in P. Plowman, C. I. 173, ‘to his <italic>clees</italic> clawen us.’ See the directions for ‘pygges farsyd.’ in the <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, <citation id="ref139" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>36</fpage>,</citation></p><p>'sþo <italic>cle</italic> of pygge shalle be Festened in þe cheke, so mot þou þe.’</p><p>Wyclif uses the form in <citation id="ref140" citation-type="other"><italic>Exodus</italic> x. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>, where Moses addressing Pharaoh says—‘There shal not leeue a <italic>clee</italic> of the thingis that ben necessarie.’ See also <citation id="ref141" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis</italic> xlix. <fpage>17</fpage></citation> and <citation id="ref142" citation-type="other"><italic>Judges</italic> v. <fpage>22</fpage></citation>, See note to to chewe Cud, and Mandeville's Travels, <citation id="ref143" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Halliwell</surname></name>, p. <fpage>198</fpage></citation>. The pronunciation <italic>Cley</italic> is still kept up in East Anglia; see Nall's Glossary of Yarmouth, &c. ‘<italic>Vngula</italic>. A clee.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>clâ, clea, cleo</italic>, pl, <italic>clawe</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn431" symbol="page 66 note 1"><label><sup>page 66 note 1</sup></label><p>A cleg is the Northern term for a gad-fly. Baret gives ‘A clegge-flie, <italic>solipuga</italic>’ and Cooper has ‘<italic>Solipunga</italic>. Pismiers, that in the sunne stinge most vehemently.’ ‘A clegge, flee. <italic>Solipunga</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Cleg, gleg. A gadfly, a horse-fly.’ Jamieson. Danish, <italic>klaeg</italic>, tabanus. ‘The unlatit woman …. Mare wily than a fox, pungis as the <italic>cleg</italic>.’ Fordun, Scotichronicon, ii. 276, ed. 1759. J. R. in his trans, of Mouffet's <citation id="ref144" citation-type="other"><italic>Theater of Insectes</italic>, 1658, p. <fpage>936</fpage></citation>, says that the fly ‘called in Latine <italic>Tabanus</italic> …. is of the English called a <italic>Burrel-fly, Stowt</italic>, and <italic>Breese:</italic> and also of sticking and clinging, <italic>Cleg</italic> and <italic>Clinger</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn432" symbol="page 66 note 2"><label><sup>page 66 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cleck, Click</italic>. A small catch, designed to fall into the notch of a wheel; also a doorlatch.’ Nodal's Glossary of Lane. In a document of the date 1416, quoted by Ducange, s. v. <italic>Cliquetus</italic>, it is ordered that ‘<italic>Refectorarius semper teneat hostium refectorii clausum cum</italic> cliqueto.’ See P. Plowman, B. v. 623. ‘<italic>Clitella</italic>. A clyket.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn433" symbol="page 66 note 3"><label><sup>page 66 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>sinceritas</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn434" symbol="page 66 note 4"><label><sup>page 66 note 4</sup></label><p>The MS. seems to read ryuynge, but the third letter is rather blotted.</p></fn><fn id="fn435" symbol="page 66 note 5"><label><sup>page 66 note 5</sup></label><p>In Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse (Thornton MS. ed. Perry), p. 48, l. 12, we read, ‘the Holy Goste sail sende two maydyns …. the one is callede Bightwysnes and þe tother es called Luffe of <italic>Clennes</italic>.’ Chaucer, C. T. Prologue, 505, says—</p><p>'sWei oughte a prest ensample for to give,</p><p>By his <italic>clennesse</italic>, how that his scheep schulde lyve.’</p><p>'s<italic>Puritas</italic>. Clennes.’ Medulla. See also The Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 10, and Lonelich's Holy Grail, <citation id="ref145" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xxxvi. <fpage>426</fpage></citation>. See also Sir Gawayne, 1. 653.</p></fn><fn id="fn436" symbol="page 66 note 6"><label><sup>page 66 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>fulgudus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn437" symbol="page 66 note 7"><label><sup>page 66 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>prospicuus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn438" symbol="page 66 note 8"><label><sup>page 66 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>prospicua</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn439" symbol="page 66 note 9"><label><sup>page 66 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vinum meracum</italic>. Cicero. Cleere wyne without water mixed.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn440" symbol="page 66 note 10"><label><sup>page 66 note 10</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Clergy</italic>. A nombre of clerkes.’ Palsgrave. <italic>Clergie</italic> is common in the sense of learning. See <citation id="ref146" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. xi. <fpage>104</fpage>, <fpage>286</fpage></citation>, &c. This meaning we still retain in the phrase ‘Benefit of clergy.’</p></fn><fn id="fn441" symbol="page 67 note 1"><label><sup>page 67 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref147" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘Ouer our hedis ys passage and goyng of peple, and þere shyneth the sonne in here <italic>clerenesse</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn442" symbol="page 67 note 2"><label><sup>page 67 note 2</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Napolier</italic>, m. The Burre docke, clote burre, great burre: <italic>Lampourde</italic>, f. the Cloot or great Burre: <italic>Glouteron</italic>, m. the Clote, Burre Docke or great Burre: <italic>Bardane</italic>, f. the Clote, burre-dock, or great Burre.’ In Vergil, Georgics, i. 153, weread, ‘<italic>lappœque tribuliqae</italic>’, and a note in the Delphin ed. 1813, says ‘<italic>Lappa</italic>, glouteron, bardane, <italic>burdock</italic>; herba capitula ferens hamis aspera, quæ vestibus prætereuritium adhærent.’ Mr. Cockayne in his Glossary to ‘Leechdoms,’ &c, explains <italic>Clate</italic> as <italic>arctium lappa</italic>, with numerous references. Ray in his Glossary gives ‘Cluts, clots, petasites; rather burdocks.’ Halliwell suggests that <italic>Clote</italic> is the yellow water-lily; but see Prof. Skeat's note on Chaucer, Chanoun Yemannes Tale, 577, and Lyte, Dodoens, pp. 15, 16. See Clote, herbe in P. and Burre, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn443" symbol="page 67 note 3"><label><sup>page 67 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. chethe.</p></fn><fn id="fn444" symbol="page 67 note 4"><label><sup>page 67 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>obunbrat</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn445" symbol="page 67 note 5"><label><sup>page 67 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably the same as <italic>Clods</italic>, which Jamieson explains as ‘small raised loaves, baked of coarse wheaten flour, of which three were sold for five farthings.’ He also gives ‘Sutors’ Clods, a kind of coarse brown wheaten bread, used in Selkirk, leavened and surrounded with a thick crust, like lumps of earth.’</p></fn><fn id="fn446" symbol="page 67 note 6"><label><sup>page 67 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>fossor</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn447" symbol="page 67 note 7"><label><sup>page 67 note 7</sup></label><p>In the Legende of Goode Women, Ariadne, l. 131, Theseus is given a ‘clew’ of thread—</p><p>'sThat by a <italic>clywe</italic>of twyne, as he hath goon, The same way he may returne anoon, Folwynge alway the threde:’</p><p>And in the tale in the <citation id="ref148" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, chap. 31, p. <fpage>115</fpage></citation>, founded on the same legend, the Lady of Solace addresses the knight who is about to enter the enchanted garden—‘Take of me here a <italic>clewe</italic> of threde, & what tyme that thowe shalt entre the gardyn of the Emperour, bynde at the entering in of the gardyn the begynnynge of the <italic>clewe</italic>, & holde euermore the Remnavnt of the <italic>elewe</italic> in thin honde, & so go forthe into the gardyn by lyne.’ ‘A clew or bottome of thread. <italic>Glomus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A clewe. <italic>Glomus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>cléow</italic>. See also to Wynde Clowes. The MS. reads, <italic>hic globus, hoc glomus, Me glomus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn448" symbol="page 67 note 8"><label><sup>page 67 note 8</sup></label><p>Compare also Raster Howse.</p></fn><fn id="fn449" symbol="page 67 note 9"><label><sup>page 67 note 9</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. xviii, 135, we read—</p><p>'sAnd þat is cause of þis <italic>clips</italic>, þat closeth now the sonne.’</p><p>In De DeGuileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 121b, we find ‘Adonaye, kynge of rightwysnes, whilke has power in the <italic>clipse</italic>, the grete Emperour of nature,’ &c. ‘Also the same seasone there fell a great rayne and a <italic>clyps</italic> with a terryble thonder.’ Berners' Froissart, ch. xxx. ‘Hyt is but tlie <italic>clyppus</italic> of the sune.’ Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, viii. 3. ‘<italic>Clips</italic>’ for eclipse is still in use in Lincolnshire. In the Romaunt of the Rose, 5349, occurs the adjective <italic>clipsy</italic>, that is, as if eclipsed. See also the <citation id="ref149" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, ed. Murray, p. <fpage>56</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn450" symbol="page 68 note 1"><label><sup>page 68 note 1</sup></label><p>See P. Orlage. ‘<italic>Horologium</italic>. An orlage.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn451" symbol="page 68 note 2"><label><sup>page 68 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Claustrum</italic>. A. cloyster or other place where anie liueing thing is enclosed.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn452" symbol="page 68 note 3"><label><sup>page 68 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. cloykis. A hen when ready to sit is still in many dialects said to be <italic>clocking</italic>, a word derived from the peculiar noise made by the fowl. Baret gives ‘to clocke like a henne, <italic>pipo</italic>; a henne clocking, <italic>singultiens gallina</italic>.<sup>1</sup> In Cott. MS. Faust., B. vi. leaf 91, we find— ‘Leef henne wen ho leith, Looth wen no <italic>clok</italic> seith.’ <italic>Poule gloussante</italic>. A Clocking Henne.’ Cotgrave. Jamieson gives ‘To deck. To hatch. Cleckin-time. The time of hatching. Clock. The cry or noise made by hens, when they wish to sit on eggs for the purpose of hatching them.’ Grose explains a ‘Clocking-hen’ as one ‘desirous of sitting to hatch her eggs.’ ‘A clucke henne. <italic>Gallina singultiens, gallina glociens, vel gallina nutrix. Glocito, glocio, singultio, pipio</italic>. To clucke as hens doe.’ Withals. ‘A clockynge henne. <italic>Singultiens gallina</italic>.’ Huloet. See also to Kaykylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn453" symbol="page 68 note 4"><label><sup>page 68 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Occo</italic>. To harrow; to breake cloddes in the fielde eared.’ Cooper. ‘To clodde, or clotte land. <italic>Occo</italic>.’ Huloet. See Harrison's Descrip. of Eng. <citation id="ref150" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, ii.</citation>. ‘Admit that the triple tillage of an acre dooth cost thirteen shillings foure pence …‥ the <italic>clodding</italic> sixteene pence.’ ‘<italic>Occo</italic>. To cloddyn.’ Medulla. Latimer in his <italic>Sermon on the Ploughers</italic> says ‘the ploughman .… tilleth hys lande and breaketh it in furroughes, and sometime ridgeth it vp agayne. And at an other tyme harroweth it, and <italic>clotteth</italic> it:’ <citation id="ref151" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Arber</surname></name>, p. <fpage>19</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn454" symbol="page 68 note 5"><label><sup>page 68 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Clot-mell</italic>. A mallet for crushing clods.’ Peacock's Glossary. ’Clod-mell. A large mallet for breaking the <italic>clods</italic> of the field especially on clayey ground, before harrowing it.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Mail</italic>. A mall, mallet, or Beetle.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Occa</italic>. A clery (? cley) betel.’ Medulla. ‘A cloddynge betyll or malle. <italic>Occa. Occatorium</italic>.’ Huloet. See Melle,<italic>post</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn455" symbol="page 68 note 6"><label><sup>page 68 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Ancren Riwle, p. 254, we read, ‘per hit lið in one <italic>clotte</italic> ueste ilimed togederes.’ See also Harrison, Descrip. of Eng. <citation id="ref152" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>352</fpage></citation>, ‘congealed into <italic>clots</italic> of hard stone.’ Caxton speaking of the hot wells of England says—‘The maistresse of thilke welles is the grete spirite of Minerua. In her hous the fyre endureth alway that neuer chaungeth in to asshes, but there the fyre slaketh hit chaungeth in to stone <italic>clottes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref153" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of Britain</italic>, 1480, p. <fpage>6</fpage></citation>. Gouldman has ‘to clotter or clutter together. <italic>Concresco, conglobo</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn456" symbol="page 68 note 7"><label><sup>page 68 note 7</sup></label><p>See also Clawe.</p></fn><fn id="fn457" symbol="page 68 note 8"><label><sup>page 68 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Clough</italic>. A shuttle fixed in the gates or masonry of a lock which is capable of being raised to admit or discharge water so as to allow vessels to pass.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c, E. Dial. Soc. ‘Clouse. A sluice.’ Jamieson. See Dugdale's Hist, of Inbanking, 1662, p. 276. The statute 33 Henry VIII, cap. 33, grants certain duties to be levied on imported fish, in order to provide for the repair and maintenance of the walls, ditches and banks of Hull, as also to provide ‘other <italic>clomes</italic>, getties, gutters, gooltes and other fortresses there’ for the defence of. the town. ‘<italic>Gurgustium</italic>. ut <italic>Gurges</italic>. Locus in fluvio aretatus, seu ad construendum molendinum, seu ad capiendos pisces.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Escluse, Écluse</italic>. A sluice, Floud-gate, or Water-gate; also a mill-damme, &c.’ Cotgrave. See also Fludesate, <italic>post</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn458" symbol="page 69 note 1"><label><sup>page 69 note 1</sup></label><p>The author of the Anoren Riwle tells us, p. 256, that ‘a lute [small] <italic>clut</italic> mei lodlichen swuðe a muchel ihol peche;’ and again, on p. 260, our lord is described as ‘mid <italic>clutes</italic> biwrabled,’ wrapped in clouts or rags. In Havelok, Quin first binds Havelok and then gags him with a ‘keuel [gag] of <italic>clutes</italic>;’ and in Sir Ferumbras, l. 2747, Guy of Burgundy is blindfolded with a ‘<italic>cloute</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>clut</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn459" symbol="page 69 note 2"><label><sup>page 69 note 2</sup></label><p>An iron plate. Amongst the implements, &c, necessary to the farmer, Tusser enumerates a ‘strong exeltred cart, that is <italic>clouted</italic> and shod;’ and— ‘Two ploughs and a plough chein, ij culters, iij shares,</p><p>With ground <italic>cloutes</italic> and side <italic>cloutes</italic>, for soile that so tares.’</p><p>Five Hundred Points, &c. p. 36.</p><p>In the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, ii. 125, we have ‘<italic>clot</italic> shon,’ i.e. shoes tipped with iron. Cooper renders <italic>Crusta</italic> by ‘bullions or ornamentes of plate that may be taken off.’ See also Carte bande and Cop bande.</p></fn><fn id="fn460" symbol="page 69 note 3"><label><sup>page 69 note 3</sup></label><p>See William of Palerne, l. 14, where the cowherd whose dog discovers William is described as sitting ‘<italic>clouзtand</italic> kyndely his schon.’ A. S. <italic>clutian</italic>. Wyclif, Wks. ed. Arnold, i. p. 4, says ‘Anticristis lawe, <italic>cloutid</italic> of many, is full of errors;’ and he renders Mark i. 19 by ‘he say James …. and Joon …. in the boots makynge, either <italic>cloutynge</italic> nettis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn461" symbol="page 69 note 4"><label><sup>page 69 note 4</sup></label><p>In Wyclif's translation of Isaiah xxxv. 3, this word is used—‘Comfort ye <italic>clumsid</italic>, ether comelid hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees,’ and again in Jeremiah vi. 24, ‘oure hondis ben <italic>aclumsid</italic>,’ [<italic>dissolutæ sunt manus nostræ</italic>,] where apparently it has the meaning of <italic>numbed</italic>, and hence <italic>useless, weak</italic>. So again in Purvey's version of Zephaniah iii. 16, ‘Jerusalem, nyle thou drede; Sion thin hondis be not <italic>clumsid</italic>’ [<italic>non dissolvantur manus tuæ</italic>;] where other versions read <italic>aclumsid</italic>’ and ‘<italic>acumbled</italic>.’ Holland in his trans, of Livy, Ek. xxi. c. 56, p. 425, renders <italic>torpentes gelu</italic> by ‘so <italic>clumsie</italic> & frozen:’ and in the Gospel of Nichodemus, lf. 213, we read ‘we er <italic>clomsed</italic> gret and smalle.’ See also B. Eng. Poems, ed. 1862, p. 123. Ray in his Glossary of North Country Words gives ‘Clumps, clumpst, idle, lazy, unhandy; <italic>ineptus</italic>,’ and refers to Skinner, who, in his Etymologicon says it is a word ‘agro Lincolniensi usitatissima.’ <italic>Clumsome</italic> or <italic>Classome</italic> is still in use about Whitby. In P. Plowman, B. xiv. 50, we read—</p><p>'sWhan þou <italic>clomsest</italic> for cold, or clyngest for drye;’</p><p>on which see Prof. Skeat's note. ‘<italic>Entombi</italic>. Stonied, benummed, clumpse, asleep. <italic>Havi de froid</italic>. Stiff, clumpse, benummed.’ Cotgrave. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref138">ibid.</xref> <italic>Destombi</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn462" symbol="page 69 note 5"><label><sup>page 69 note 5</sup></label><p>Compare Bob of grapis.</p></fn><fn id="fn463" symbol="page 69 note 6"><label><sup>page 69 note 6</sup></label><p>See Clewe.</p></fn><fn id="fn464" symbol="page 69 note 7"><label><sup>page 69 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA cobnutte, or walnutte. <italic>Moracia</italic>.’ Baret. The Medulla explains <italic>moracia</italic> as ‘hard notys longe kepte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn465" symbol="page 69 note 8"><label><sup>page 69 note 8</sup></label><p>In Alexander and Dindimus, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Skeat, l. 158, we read how Alexander, when he had arrived at the river Pison, was unable to cross it on account of the</p><p>'sAddrus & ypotamus & othure ille wormus,</p><p>& careful <italic>cocodrillus</italic> that the king lette.’</p><p>'sCockatryce, whyche is a Serpente, called the kynge of serpentes, whose nature is to kyll wyth hyssynge onelye. <italic>Basilicus Regulus</italic>.’ Huloet. So Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden i. 159, says ‘Basiliscus is kyng of serpentes þat wiþ smyl and siзt sleeþ beestes and foules.’ ‘<italic>Hic cocadrillus</italic>, A cooadrylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 220. The Low Latin <italic>cocodrillus</italic>, itself a corruption from <italic>crocodilus</italic>, was still further corrupted into <italic>cocatrix</italic>, whence our <italic>cockatrice</italic>. The basilisk was supposed to have the property of infecting the air with its venom so that no other creature could live near it, and also of killing men by a mere look. In the <italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, chap. 57, is an account of one which in this way destroyed a large number of the soldiers of Alexander, and of the means adopted to destroy the monster. See a full description in Swan's <citation id="ref154" citation-type="other"><italic>Speculum Mundi</italic>, 1685, chap. ix. p. <fpage>486</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref155" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Neckham</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name>, <italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, ed. Wright, p. <fpage>198</fpage></citation>, quotes an account of the creature from Solinus, Poly hist. cap. xxvii. 50, in which it is said to retain its fatal qualities even after death, and to be invulnerable to the attack of any animal except the weasel. <italic>Cocodrille</italic> occurs in the Wyclifite version of Leviticus xi. 29, and Trevisa in his trans, of Higden i. 151, says ‘þere beeþ <italic>cocodrilly</italic> and hippotauri [<italic>cocodrilli et hippotauri</italic>.]’ See also K. Alisaunder, <citation id="ref156" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Weber</surname></name>, i. <fpage>271</fpage></citation>, ‘delfyns and <italic>cokedrill</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn466" symbol="page 70 note 1"><label><sup>page 70 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of Thomas Robynson, of Appleby, 1542, quoted in Mr Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham, are included, ‘iij <italic>coodes</italic>, one payre of fembyll sheyttes, one lynnyn sheyt & a halfe, iiij<sup>s</sup>.’ ‘<italic>Ccruical, id est puluinar aureale, anglice</italic>, a pyllowe, or a codde.’ Ortus. The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘a codde, cushion, <italic>pulvinar</italic>;’ and Jamieson has ‘<italic>Cod</italic>, a pillow; <italic>Cod-crune</italic>, a curtain lecture; <italic>Cod-hule</italic>, a pillow-cover or slip.’ ‘I maid ane <italic>cod</italic> of ane gray stane.’ Complaynt of Scotland, ed. Murray, p. 68. In Sir Degrevant, Thornton Romances, <citation id="ref157" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Halliwell</surname></name>, p. <fpage>239</fpage></citation>, l. 1493, we find ‘<italic>Coddys</italic> of sendall.’ See also <citation id="ref158" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Mysteries</surname><given-names>Towneley</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>84</fpage></citation>. Icel. <italic>koddi</italic>, a pillow.</p></fn><fn id="fn467" symbol="page 70 note 2"><label><sup>page 70 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>astula</italic>, corrected by A.; but perhaps we should read <italic>arcula</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn468" symbol="page 70 note 3"><label><sup>page 70 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Owle and Nightingale, ed. Stratmann, 86, we find ‘Frogge þat sit at mulne under <italic>cogge</italic>.’ It appears to mean a wheel. Cf. Swedish <italic>kugge</italic>, an individual prominence in an indented wheel.</p></fn><fn id="fn469" symbol="page 70 note 4"><label><sup>page 70 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 3697, tells us how Absolom when he went to serenade Alison—</p><p>'sSofte he <italic>cowhith</italic> with a semysoun.’</p><p>See also P. Plowman, B. v. 361. ‘<italic>Tussis</italic>. The cowhe.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn470" symbol="page 70 note 5"><label><sup>page 70 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Galerium</italic>. An hatte; a pirwike. <italic>Galericulum</italic>. An vnder bonet or ridyng cappe; a close cappe much like anight cappe.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Galerus</italic>. A coyfe off lether.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn471" symbol="page 70 note 6"><label><sup>page 70 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Autumnus</italic>. A hervest.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sCanstow seruen, he sede, oþer syngen in a churche,</p><p>Oþer <italic>coke</italic> for my <italic>cokers</italic>, oþer to þe carte picche?’ P. Plowman, C. vi, 12, 13. ‘<italic>Coker</italic>. A reaper (Warwick). Originally a charcoal maker who comes out at harvest time.’ Halliwell. It seems rather to mean a harvest labourer, one who puts hay into <italic>cocks</italic>. (See Cok of hay.) Richardson quotes the following;—‘Bee it also prouided that this act, nor anything therein contained doe in any wise extende to any <italic>cockers</italic> or haruest folkes that trauaile into auie countrie of this realme for haruest worke, either come haruest or hay haruest, if they doe worke and labour accordingly.’ Rastall, Statutes, Vagabonds, &c, p. 474.</p></fn><fn id="fn472" symbol="page 70 note 7"><label><sup>page 70 note 7</sup></label><p>See Harrison, Descript, of England, <citation id="ref159" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>, for an account of the divisions of the hours of the night amongst the Ancients. Chaucer, Parlement of Foules, 350, speaks of— ‘The kok, that orloge is of thorpys lyte.’</p><p>See also Ookerelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn473" symbol="page 70 note 8"><label><sup>page 70 note 8</sup></label><p>Panis de Coket is mentioned in a MS. of Jesus Coll. Oxford, I Arch. i. 29, leaf 268, as being slightly inferior to wastel bread. ‘A <italic>cocket</italic> was a kind of seal (see Liber Albus, p. 45, and Madox, Hist. Excheq. i. p. 783), and as bread in London was sealed with the taker's seal, after inspection by the Alderman, it is not improbable that this bread thence had its name; though at some periods certainly, other kinds of bread, distinguished in name from Cocket-bread were sealed as well. …. <italic>Cochet-bread</italic> was most used probably by the middle classes; that of inferior quality being <italic>trete</italic> or <italic>tourte</italic>, while <italic>simnel</italic> and <italic>wastel</italic> were finer in quality and higher in price.’ Liber Custumarum, <citation id="ref160" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Riley</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>793</fpage></citation>. See also Liber Albus, Glossary s. v. <italic>Cocket</italic> and <italic>Bread</italic>; Arnold's Chronicle (ed. 1811), pp. 49–56; and Harrison's Description of England, i. 154.</p></fn><fn id="fn474" symbol="page 71 note 1"><label><sup>page 71 note 1</sup></label><p>The corn-cockle. <italic>Agrostemma githago</italic>. Gaelic <italic>cogall</italic>. Tares, husks, the corn-cockle. <italic>Cockle</italic> or <italic>Cokyl</italic> was used by Wyclif and other old writers in the sense of a weed generally, but in later works has been confined to the <italic>gith</italic> or <italic>corn-pink</italic>. ’<italic>Coquiol</italic>. A degenerate barley or weed commonly growing among barley, and called Haver-grasse.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Zizannia</italic>. Dravke, or darnel, or cokkyl.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Cockole</italic> hath a large smal [<italic>sic</italic>] leafe and wyll beare v or vi floures purple colloure as brode as a grote, and the sede is rounds and blacke.’ Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry. See also Darnelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn475" symbol="page 71 note 2"><label><sup>page 71 note 2</sup></label><p>Tusserin his Five Hundred Pointes, &c, 92, 4, says—</p><p>'sSome <italic>cockneies</italic> with <italic>cocking</italic> are made verie fooles,</p><p>fit neither for prentise, for plough, nor for schooles;’</p><p>and again 95, 5–</p><p>'s<italic>Cocking</italic> Mams and shifting Dads from schooles,</p><p>Make pregnant wits to prooue vnlearned fooles.’</p><p>'sA <italic>cockney</italic>, a childe tenderly brought up; a dearling. Cockering, <italic>mollis ilia educatio guam indulgentiam vocamus</italic>. A father to much cockering, <italic>Pater nimis indulgens</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie. Cooper gives ‘<italic>Mammothreptus</italic>: after S. Augustine a childe that sucketh longe, but Erasmus taketh it for a childe wantonly brought vp. <italic>Deliciæ</italic>: a minion boye; a cockney; a wanton.’</p></fn><fn id="fn476" symbol="page 71 note 3"><label><sup>page 71 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Archonius: acervus manipulorum. Manipulus</italic>. A gavel (sheaf of corn).’ Medulla. ‘A hay cocke. <italic>Meta ferri</italic>.’ Withals. See also Mughe.</p></fn><fn id="fn477" symbol="page 71 note 4"><label><sup>page 71 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Millum</italic>. A mastiue's colar made of leather with nayles.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Milus</italic>. An houndys colere.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn478" symbol="page 71 note 5"><label><sup>page 71 note 5</sup></label><p>Men were divided into four classes, according to their humours. Laurens Andrewe says, in his <italic>Noble Lyfe</italic>, ‘And the bodij of man is made of many diuers sortes of ly<italic>m</italic>mes as senewes, vaynes, fatte, flesshe & skynne. And also of the foure moistours, as sanguyne, flematyke, coleryke & melancoly.’ (fol. a iv. back. col. 2). Men die, he says, in three ways: 1. by one of the four elements of which they are made, overcoming the others; 2. by <italic>humidum radicale</italic>, or ‘naturall moystour,’ forsaking them; 3. by wounds—‘the coleryke commeth oftentymes to dethe be accedentall maner through his hastines, for he is of nature hot and drye.’ So also John Russell in his <italic>Boke of Nurture</italic> (Babees Boke, p. 53), says— ‘The second course <italic>colericus</italic> by callynge</p><p>Fulle of Fyghtynge blasfemynge, & brallynge,</p><p>Fallynge at veryaunce with felow and fere.’</p><p>And he adds these lines— Colericus.</p><p><italic>Hirsutus, Fallax, irascens, prodigus, satis audax</italic>,</p><p><italic>Astutus gracilis, siccus, croceique coloris</italic>.</p><p>See also Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, p. 157.</p></fn><fn id="fn479" symbol="page 71 note 6"><label><sup>page 71 note 6</sup></label><p>See also Coriandre.</p></fn><fn id="fn480" symbol="page 71 note 7"><label><sup>page 71 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. which reads Cokylle, corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn481" symbol="page 71 note 8"><label><sup>page 71 note 8</sup></label><p>Hampole in the Pricke of Conscience, 644, 3, tells us that</p><p>'sAlle erthe by skille may likned be Tille a rounde appel of a tree, The whiche in myddes has a <italic>colke</italic>, As has an eye [egg] in myddes a yolke:’ And in the Towneley Mysteries, p. 281, we read—</p><p>'sIt is fulle roten inwardly At the <italic>colke</italic> within.’ <italic>Coke</italic> is still in use in Lancashire with meaning of pith, core. ‘<italic>Erula: illud quod est in medio pomi, ab eruo dicitur: anglice</italic>, a core.’ Medulla, ‘Couk of an apple, <italic>cor</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Dutch <italic>kolk</italic>, a pit, hollow: compare Gaelic <italic>caoch</italic>, empty, hollow.</p></fn><fn id="fn482" symbol="page 72 note 1"><label><sup>page 72 note 1</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives ‘to <italic>Coll, v.a.</italic> To cut, to clip. To coll the hair, to poll it. S. <italic>Cow</italic>. To poll the head; to clip short in general; to cut, to prune; to lop off. To be <italic>court</italic>, to be bald. It occurs as signifying shaven; applied to the Roman tonsure. Cleland. Icel. <italic>kollr</italic>, tonsum caput.’</p></fn><fn id="fn483" symbol="page 72 note 2"><label><sup>page 72 note 2</sup></label><p>Spelt <italic>Calmewe</italic> by Lydgate. ‘<italic>Alcedo: quedam avis</italic>. A se-mewe.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hec alcedo</italic>: a colmow.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 252. Caxton, Descr. Brit. 1480, p. 54, says, speaking of Ireland, ‘In lagenia is a ponde ther be seen <italic>colmaus</italic> birdes, the byrdes ben cleped certelles and come homly to mannes honde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn484" symbol="page 72 note 3"><label><sup>page 72 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Collock</italic>. A large pail. Cf. Icel. <italic>Kolla</italic> = a pot or bowl without feet.’ Nodal's Glossary. In the Will of Thomas Dautree, 1483, pr. in Testamenta Eboracensia, pt. 2, p. 61, Surtees Soc. vol. 30, the following item occurs: ‘<italic>lego unam peciam coopertam, vocatam</italic> le collok <italic>ecalesiæ meæ parochiali, ad inde faciendum unam coupam sive pixidem pro corpore Christi</italic>.’ See also the Richmondshire Wills, &c., published by the same Society, vol. 26, p. 169, where are mentioned in an Inventory dated 1563, ‘a kneadinge tube, iij <italic>collecks</italic>, a wynnocke, ij stands, a churne, a fleshe <italic>collecke</italic>, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn485" symbol="page 72 note 4"><label><sup>page 72 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Frixa</italic>. A colop, or a pece off flesch.’ Medulla. The Ortus explains <italic>carbonella</italic> as ‘<italic>caro assata super carbones</italic>,’ and adds the lines—</p><p>'sEst carbonella caro: prunis assata tenella:</p><p>Carbonem faciens: hie carbonarius exstat.’</p><p>'s<italic>Collop</italic>. A slice; a rasher of bacon.’ Nodal's Glossary. Wedgwood derives it from ‘<italic>clop</italic> or <italic>colp</italic>, representing the sound of something soft thrown on a flat surface.’ The word occurs in old Swedish. Ihre says—‘<italic>Kollops</italic>, edulii genus, confectum ex carnis fragmentis, tudite lignea probe contusis et maceratis.’ In Piers Plowman, B. vi. 286, Piers says—</p><p>'sI have no salt bacoun Ne no kokeney, bi cryst, <italic>coloppes</italic> for to maken.’</p><p>'sSlices of this kind of meat (salted and dried) are to this day termed <italic>collops</italic> in the north, whereas they are called steaks when cut off from fresh or unsalted flesh.’ Brand, Pop. Antiq. i. 62. ‘<italic>Riblette</italic>, a collop or slice of bacon. <italic>Des œufs à la riblette</italic>, Egges and collops; or an omelet or pancake of egges and slices of bacon mingled, and fried together.’ Cotgrave. ‘The coloppes cleaued faste to the fryenge pannes bottom for lacke of oyle, droppynge or butter. <italic>Offe fundo sartaginis heserunt olli distillationis desiderio</italic>.’ Horman. See also Andrew Boorde's Introduction of Knowledge, <citation id="ref161" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>273</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref162" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></citation>, C. Text, xvi. 67, and <citation id="ref163" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, i, <fpage>61</fpage></citation>. ‘Colloppe meate, <italic>œuf au lard</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn486" symbol="page 72 note 5"><label><sup>page 72 note 5</sup></label><p>'sColerake, or makron. <italic>Rutabulum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Fourgon</italic>: a coal-rake or an oven fork.’ Boyer's Diet. 1652. See also Frugon. Stanihurst, <italic>Descr. of Ireland</italic>, in <citation id="ref164" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holinshed</surname></name>, vol. vi. p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>, speaks of the ‘<italic>colerake</italic> sweeping of a pufloafe baker.’ ‘Colerake, <italic>ratissover</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Colerake. <italic>Rutabulum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn487" symbol="page 72 note 6"><label><sup>page 72 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pullus</italic>. The yonge of everything; a colte; a foale; a chicken.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Pululus</italic>, or <italic>Pullus</italic>. A cheken or a ffole.’ Medulla. ‘A chicken, colt, or yoong birde, <italic>pullus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Poulaine</italic>. A fole or colt.’ Cotgrave. See also Foyle.</p></fn><fn id="fn488" symbol="page 72 note 7"><label><sup>page 72 note 7</sup></label><p>In William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 2520, we read—</p><p>'s<italic>Choliers</italic> þat cayreden col come þere bi-side…‥</p><p>Þe <italic>kolieres</italic> bi-komsed to karpe kenely i-fere.’</p><p>See also the ‘Taill of Rauf <italic>Coilзear</italic>,’</p></fn><fn id="fn489" symbol="page 72 note 8"><label><sup>page 72 note 8</sup></label><p>Repeated in MS.</p></fn><fn id="fn490" symbol="page 73 note 1"><label><sup>page 73 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>parachisis</italic>. Greek παράκλησις.</p></fn><fn id="fn491" symbol="page 73 note 2"><label><sup>page 73 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. oomnynge to.</p></fn><fn id="fn492" symbol="page 73 note 3"><label><sup>page 73 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Plebs</italic>. Raskaly off ffolk. <italic>Vulgus</italic>. Raskaly.’ Medulla. In the Libel of English Policy, Political Poems, ed. Wright, ii. 186, the writer recommends the close union of England and Ireland so</p><p>'sThat none enmye shulde hurte ne offende</p><p>Yrlonde ne us, but as one <italic>comonte</italic></p><p>Shulde helpe to kepe welle aboute the see.’</p><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Higden says that ‘Julius Cesar his hond was as able to þe penne as to þe swerd; but no man governede þe <italic>comounte</italic> bettre þan he.’ Vol. iv. p. 215. See also <citation id="ref165" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Exodus</italic></citation> six. 23.</p></fn><fn id="fn493" symbol="page 73 note 4"><label><sup>page 73 note 4</sup></label><p>Here the scribe has misplaced a number of words. The mistake is corrected by the following note at the top of the page:—</p><p>'s<italic>P</italic>ro <italic>ist</italic>is tri<italic>b</italic>us co<italic>n</italic>gru, co<italic>n</italic>gruly, co<italic>n</italic>gruyte; <italic>vide</italic> <italic>p</italic>ost<italic>ea</italic> in 20 folio s<italic>ej</italic>uenie quod. <italic>hic scriptor errauit</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn494" symbol="page 73 note 5"><label><sup>page 73 note 5</sup></label><p>Apparently for κο<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline3"></inline-graphic>νος.</p></fn><fn id="fn495" symbol="page 73 note 6"><label><sup>page 73 note 6</sup></label><p>I suppose this means ‘general slaughter.’ Ducange gives ‘<italic>Daliare, Falcare; faucher, faire la fauchaison</italic>: ol. <italic>Hailler</italic>.’ ’<italic>Faucher</italic>, to mow, to sweepe, or cut cleane away.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn496" symbol="page 73 note 7"><label><sup>page 73 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Carisia</italic>. An hore or a ffals servaunt.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn497" symbol="page 73 note 8"><label><sup>page 73 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>cencilium</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn498" symbol="page 73 note 9"><label><sup>page 73 note 9</sup></label><p>Thus St. Paul says in the Acts, ‘From thence we fetched a <italic>compass</italic> and came to Rhegium.’ xxviii. 13. In the earlier Wicliffite version, Ezechiel, xli. 7 is thus rendered: ‘and a street was in round, and stiede upward by a vice, and bar in to þe soler of the temple by <italic>compas</italic>;’ and in Mark iii. 34, we find, ‘Biholdynge hem aboute þat saten in þe <italic>cumpas</italic> of hym, he seiþ, &c.’ See also Matt. ix. 35. ‘<italic>Gyrus</italic>. A circuite or compasse.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn499" symbol="page 74 note 1"><label><sup>page 74 note 1</sup></label><p>Halliwell gives ‘<italic>Con.</italic> A clog. <italic>North</italic>,’ which is evidently the meaning here, but I have not been able to find any instance of the word in that sense, nor is it given in any of the E. Dialect Society's Glossaries. ‘<italic>Offendiculum: obstaculum</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn500" symbol="page 74 note 2"><label><sup>page 74 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHe Held thame full weill all his <italic>cunnand</italic>.’ Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xv. 260. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref138">ibid.</xref> i. 561, iii. 759, &c. In Rauf Coilþear, E. E. Text Society, ed. Murray, Rauf having promised to meet Charles at Paris, starts</p><p>'sWith ane quhip in his hand Cantlie on catchand To fulfill his <italic>cunnand</italic>.’ l. 387.</p><p>'sVp gan knyt thare ford wartis and <italic>cunnand</italic> Of amyte and perpetual ally.’ Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, x. l. 385.</p></fn><fn id="fn501" symbol="page 74 note 3"><label><sup>page 74 note 3</sup></label><p>A rabbit.</p><p>'sHe went and fett <italic>conynges</italic> thre</p><p>Alle baken welle in a pasty.’ MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, leaf 50.</p><p>Wyclif has <italic>coning</italic> in Leviticus xi. 5, where the A. V. reads <italic>coney</italic>. In William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 182, we read, ‘He com him-self y-charged wiþ <italic>conyng</italic> & hares.’ Stowe mentions a locality (referred to in the Liber Custumarum, p. 229), in the vicinity of the Poultry, in the city of London, called <italic>Conehop</italic>, from a sign of three rabbits over a poulterer's stall at the end of the lane. In the Lfber Cust. p. 344, is also mentioned a ‘Conichepynge,’ or rabbit-market, in the neighbourhood of St. Pauls. ‘<italic>Connin, counil</italic>. A conny, a rabbet.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Cuniculus</italic>. A cunnie.’ Cooper. See also Liber Albus. pp. 712, 717, and 592. This word was employed in various forms in Early English; ‘conyng rosted,’ ‘copull conyng’ occur in <italic>Purveyance made</italic> for King Richard II. Antiq. Repert. i. 73. In Sir Degrevant (Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell), l. 1405, we find ‘Ffat <italic>conyngns</italic> and newe.’</p></fn><fn id="fn502" symbol="page 74 note 4"><label><sup>page 74 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThis abbot, which that was an holy man As monkes been, or elles oughten be, This yonge childe to <italic>coniure</italic> he bigan.’ Chaucer, Prioress Tale, 1832.</p><p>'sI <italic>conioure</italic> þee bi God, þat þou tourmente me not.’ Wyclif, Mark v. 7. In Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, xvi. 306, ed. Furnivall, we read how Joseph drove the devil out of the idols—</p><p>'sTo an ymage there gan he to gon That stood in the temple vppon the chief awter And him anon <italic>coniowred</italic> there, And the devel there anon forth ryht Out of the ymage isswed in al here siht.’ See also l. 387.</p><p>'s<italic>Exorcista</italic>. An adiurouror coniurour.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Conjurer</italic>. To conjure; adjure: .… to conjure or exorcise (a spirit).’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Exorcismus</italic>. A coniuryson. <italic>Exorcitas</italic>. A benet; <italic>coniurator. Exorciso: conjurare</italic>.’ Medulla. See Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn503" symbol="page 75 note 1"><label><sup>page 75 note 1</sup></label><p>In a later hand.</p></fn><fn id="fn504" symbol="page 75 note 2"><label><sup>page 75 note 2</sup></label><p>Under the various forms of ‘cuntek,’ ‘contek,’ ‘conteke,’ ‘conteck,’ and ‘contake,’ this word occurs frequently in early English. In Langtoft's Chronicle, p. 328, we find ‘contekour,’ a quarrelsome person, whence probably our word <italic>cantankerous</italic>. ‘The keneste in <italic>contek</italic> that vndir Criste lenges.’ Morte Arthure, 2721. ‘There was <italic>conteke</italic> fulle kene, and crackynge of chippys.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref138">ibid.</xref> 3669. ‘Also stryues, <italic>contekis</italic> & debatis ben vsed in oure lond, for lordis stryuen wiþ here tenauntis to brynge hem in thraldom.’ Wyelif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref166" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>234</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn505" symbol="page 75 note 3"><label><sup>page 75 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Acresté</italic>. Crested, copped.’ Cotgrave. A.S. <italic>cop.</italic> Chaucer uses the word simply as a top when he says of the Miller that</p><p>'sUpon the <italic>cop</italic> right of his nose he hade a werte.’ C.T. Prologue, 554.</p></fn><fn id="fn506" symbol="page 75 note 4"><label><sup>page 75 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Carchesium</italic>; a standyng cuppe with handles.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn507" symbol="page 75 note 5"><label><sup>page 75 note 5</sup></label><p>In Liber Albus, p. 609, are mentioned <italic>Cuppebonde</italic>, which Mr. Riley, in his Glossary, explains as ‘Cup-bonds or Cup-bands; braces made of metal on which masers and handled cups were strung.’ Compare Carte bande, and the definition of <italic>crusta</italic> and <italic>crustula</italic> in note to Clowte of yren.</p></fn><fn id="fn508" symbol="page 75 note 6"><label><sup>page 75 note 6</sup></label><p>The Kennett MS. has ‘Coprose, copperas, vitriol;’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘Coperouse, <italic>chalcanthum</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘Coperas or vitrial, <italic>chalcanthum</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn509" symbol="page 75 note 7"><label><sup>page 75 note 7</sup></label><p>See also under A.</p><p>If men schal telle properly a thing The word mot <italic>eorde</italic> with the thing werkyng.’ Chaucer, Maunciple's Tale, 106.</p></fn><fn id="fn510" symbol="page 76 note 1"><label><sup>page 76 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Aluta</italic>. Softe lether tawed.’ Cooper. It was probably similar to the modern morocco leather. The duty is stated in the Liber Albus, p. 231, as ‘la dozein de <italic>cordewayne</italic> j denier.’ See also the ‘Ordinationes Alutariorum,’ or Ordinances of Tanners, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref166">ibid.</xref> p. 732. The word still survives in ‘Cordwainer's Ward,’ near St. Paul's, the name of which was derived from the Cordwainers or Shoe-makers settled in that district. ‘<italic>Aluta</italic>. Cordewane. <italic>Alutarius</italic>. A cordwanere.’ Medulla. In the Libel of English Policy, Wright's Political Poems, Rolls Series, ii. 103, amongst the commodities of ‘Portyngale’ are mentioned</p><p>'sFfygues, reysyns, hony, and <italic>cordeweyne</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn511" symbol="page 76 note 2"><label><sup>page 76 note 2</sup></label><p>lexander Neckham, <citation id="ref167" citation-type="other"><italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, p. <fpage>476</fpage></citation>, assigns the following virtues to Coriander—</p><p>'sEt triduana febris eget auxilio coriandri,</p><p>Et gemini testes dum tumor ambit eos.</p><p>Lumbricos pellit, tineas delet, sacer ignis,</p><p>Quam pestem metuit Gallia, cedit ei.’</p><p>See also Coliandyr.</p></fn><fn id="fn512" symbol="page 76 note 3"><label><sup>page 76 note 3</sup></label><p>This seems to be an error for Carsay or Corsy, which are inserted in their proper places.</p></fn><fn id="fn513" symbol="page 76 note 4"><label><sup>page 76 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer, Parlement of Foules, 362, speaks of ‘the hote <italic>cormeraunt</italic> of glotenye.’</p></fn><fn id="fn514" symbol="page 76 note 5"><label><sup>page 76 note 5</sup></label><p>In Havelok (R.E.Text Soc. ed. Skeat), l. 188, are mentioned</p><p>'sÞe caliз and þe pateyn ok, þe <italic>corporaus</italic>, þe messe-gere:’</p><p>and in Guy of Warwick, Met. Romances, <citation id="ref168" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Ellis</surname></name>, ii. p. <fpage>77</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sAfter the relics they send The <italic>corporas</italic>, and the mass-gear.’</p><p>'s<italic>Corporail</italic>. The corporall: the fine linnen wherein the Sacrament is put.’ Cotgrave. In the Liber Albus, pp. 125, 126, occurs the phrase—‘<italic>corporaliter jurare</italic>,’ to take an oath while touching the <italic>corporale</italic> or cloth which covered the sacred elements. It also occurs in the Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, § 2. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 465, mentions ‘ij <italic>corporas</italic> casys of cloth of gold; j olde vestment,’ &c. ‘After þe passioun of Alisaundre þe pope, Sixtus was pope almost elevene зere: he ordeyned þat trisagium, þat is, “Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus,
shulde be songe at masse, and þat þe corperas schulde nouзt be of silk noþer sendel, but clene lynnen cloþ nouзt i-dyed.’ Trevisa's Higden, v. 11. ‘Corporas for a chales, <italic>corporeav</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See also <citation id="ref169" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shoreham</surname></name>, p. <fpage>50</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn515" symbol="page 76 note 6"><label><sup>page 76 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Courroyeur</italic>. A currier of leather. <italic>Courroyer</italic>. To ourrey; tew, or dresse, leather.’ Cotgrave. In the Liber Albus, 738, is mentioned the ‘Ordinatio misteræ de Correours,’ or Guild of Curriers. ‘<italic>Coriarius</italic>. A tanner.’ Cooper. Wyclif, in Acts ix, 10, speaks of ‘Simon the <italic>coriour</italic>,’ the Vulgate reading being <italic>coriarius</italic>, ‘He is a <italic>corier</italic> of crafte. <italic>Pellifex est vel coriarius professions</italic>.’ Horman.</p></fn><fn id="fn516" symbol="page 76 note 7"><label><sup>page 76 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Strigilis</italic>. An hors com.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn517" symbol="page 76 note 8"><label><sup>page 76 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Corsu</italic>. Grosse, fleshy, corpulent, big-bodied.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Corssy</italic>. Big-bodied; corpulent.’ Jamieson. ‘Corsyfe, to full of fatnesse, <italic>corpulent, corsu</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sOn siclike wyse this ilk chiftane Troyane The <italic>corsy</italic> passand Osiris he has slane.’ <citation id="ref170" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic> xii. p. <fpage>426</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe king beheld this gathelus, Strong of nature, <italic>corsie</italic> and corageous.’ Stewart, Chroniclis of Scotl. 1535, i. 7. ‘Corsye or fatte. <italic>Pinguis</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn518" symbol="page 77 note 1"><label><sup>page 77 note 1</sup></label><p>One of the duties of the Marshal of the Hall, as given in the Boke of Curtasye, Babees Boke, p. 189, was— ‘þe dosurs <italic>cortines</italic> to henge in halle.’</p></fn><fn id="fn519" symbol="page 77 note 2"><label><sup>page 77 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo cope or coase, <italic>cambire</italic>.’ Baret. ‘To coce, <italic>cambire</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Trequer</italic>. To truck, chop, swab, scorse, barter, change, &c. <italic>Barater</italic>. To trucke, scourse, barter, exchange.’ ‘The traist Alethes with him has helraes <italic>cosit</italic>, and gaif him his.’ <citation id="ref171" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic> ix. p. <fpage>286</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn520" symbol="page 77 note 3"><label><sup>page 77 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Mango</italic>. A baude that paynteth and pampereth vp boyes, women, or servauntes to make them seeme the trimmer, therby to sell them the deerer. An horse coarser that pampereth and trimmeth his horses for the same purpose.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Mango</italic>. A cursoure off hors.’ Medulla. See also Wyclif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref172" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, where he inveighs against the priests for mixing themselves up with trading: ‘þei ben <italic>corseris</italic> & makers of malt, & bien schep & neet & sellen hem for wynnynge, & beten marketis, &c.’ ‘P. Of whom hadst thou him ? T. Of one, I knowe not whether hee bee a horse corser, a hackney man, a horse rider, a horse driuer, a carieur, or a carter.’ Florio's <italic>Second Frutes</italic>, p. 43. Sir A. Fitzherbert says, ‘A <italic>corser</italic> is he that byeth all rydden horses, and selleth them agayne.’ <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, sign. H. 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn521" symbol="page 77 note 4"><label><sup>page 77 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Clima</italic>. A clyme or portion of the firmamente between South and North, varying in one day halfe an howres space.’ Cooper. <italic>Coste</italic> meant a region or district, not necessarily the sea-board. ‘This bethe the wordes of cristeninge Bi thyse Englissche <italic>costes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref173" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shoreham</surname></name>, p. <fpage>10</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In Sir Ferumbras, Charles chooses Richard of Normandy to be guide to the messengers sent to the Saracen Emir, because he ‘knew alle the <italic>coste</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref174" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>187</fpage></citation>, Jonathas, when seated on the magic cloth, ‘a-noon thovte, lorde ! yf we wer now in fer contrees, wher neuer man come afore this! And thenne withe the same thovte þey wer bothe Reysid vp to-gedir, in to the ferrest <italic>coste</italic> of the worlde, with the clothe with hem.’ ‘Coaste of a countrey. <italic>Confineum, fines, ora</italic>. Coast or region, ether of the ayre, earth or sea, as of the ayre, east west north & south, &c. <italic>Regio</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn522" symbol="page 77 note 5"><label><sup>page 77 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fruictier. s.</italic> A fruiterer, fruitseller, costermonger.’ Cotgrave. ‘A costard. <italic>Pomme Appie</italic>.’ Sherwood. ‘<italic>Pomarius</italic>. A costardemonger, or seller of fruite.’ Cooper. ‘A Costerdmunger. <italic>Pomarius</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Costardmongar, <italic>fruyctier</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn523" symbol="page 77 note 6"><label><sup>page 77 note 6</sup></label><p>Wyclif, in his tract on Feigned Contemplative Life (Select Works, <citation id="ref175" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>194</fpage></citation>s), complains that the clergy of his time wasted all their ‘studio & traueile … abowte Salisbury vse wiþ multitude of newe <italic>costy</italic> portos, antifeners, graielis, &c.’ and that rich men ‘costen so moche in grete schapplis and <italic>cosly</italic> bokis of mannus ordynaunce for fame and nobleie of the world.’ Again, p. 210, he says, ‘þe fend & his techen to make <italic>costy</italic> festis and waste many goodis on lordis and riche men.’ See also pp. 211, 213, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn524" symbol="page 77 note 7"><label><sup>page 77 note 7</sup></label><p>In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc, Ferumbras perceiving that Oliver is wounded offers him some ointment which, he says, will cure any wound, it being made of the balm with which our Lord's body was anointed at his burial. He addresses Oliver thus— ‘Ac by myddel þer hongeþ her, Hwych ys ful of þat bame cler, A <italic>costrel</italic> as þou miзt se þat precyous ys and fre.’ P. 20, l. 510.</p><p>The word occurs again at p. 32, l. 742, when Oliver with his sword ‘the <italic>costrel</italic> þat was with yre y-bounde, þerwith a-two he carf.’</p><p>'s<italic>Onophorum</italic>. A costrel. <italic>Ascapa</italic>. A costrel.’ Medulla. Wyclif also uses the word in Ruth ii. 9; ‘if also thou thrustist, go to the litil <italic>costrils</italic>, and drynk watris.’ ‘Costrell to carye wyne in. <italic>Oenophorum</italic>. Custrell or bottell for wyne. <italic>Vter</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hic colateralis</italic>, a costrille.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 232.</p></fn><fn id="fn525" symbol="page 78 note 1"><label><sup>page 78 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Conventus</italic>. A couent.’ Medulla. ‘They also that rede in the <italic>Couente</italic> ought so bysely to ouerse theyr lesson before.’ Myroure of Our Lady, <citation id="ref176" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Blunt</surname></name>, p. <fpage>67</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sSich as ben gaderid In <italic>coventis</italic> togidere.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 64.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref176">ibid.</xref> i. 225. A ‘convent’ of monks, with their Superior, properly consisted of thirteen, in imitation of our Lord and the twelve Apostles. Thus we read in the Sompnoures Tale, 2259—</p><p>'sBring me twelve freres, wit ye why ? Your noble confessour, her God him blesse !</p><p>For <italic>threttene is a covent</italic> as I gesse; Schal parfourn up the nombre of this <italic>covent</italic>.’</p><p>On the same point Mr. Wright quotes from Thora, <italic>Decem Scriptores</italic>, col. 1807: ‘<italic>Anno Domini</italic> M.C.XIVI. <italic>iste Hugo reparavit antiquum numerum monachorum istius monasterii, et erant</italic> lx. <italic>monachi professi prœter abbatem</italic>, quinque conventus <italic>in universo</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn526" symbol="page 78 note 2"><label><sup>page 78 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's property, taken in 1459, we find—‘vj bolles with oon <italic>coverecle</italic> of silver …‥ Item, vj bolles with oon <italic>coveracle</italic> gilt.’ Paston Letters, i. pp. 468–9. ‘<italic>Cuuverele</italic>, A cover or lid.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Torale</italic>. A couerlyte.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn527" symbol="page 78 note 3"><label><sup>page 78 note 3</sup></label><p>Wyclif in his tract on The Order of Priesthood (Select Works, <citation id="ref177" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>168</fpage></citation>), says— ‘Prestis also sclaundren þe peple bi ensaumple of ydelnesse and wantounnesse; for comynly þei <italic>chouchen</italic> (<italic>couchen</italic> AA.) in softe beddis, whanne oþere men risen to here laboure, &c.,’ and again, p. 211, he speaks of ‘pore men þat ben beddrede & <italic>couchen</italic> in muk or dust.’ ‘<italic>Kouchid</italic> him under a kragge.’ Will, of Palerne, 1. 2240. See also <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. xii. 1. 9.</p></fn><fn id="fn528" symbol="page 79 note 1"><label><sup>page 79 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTher is no <italic>countere</italic> nor clerke con hem reken alle.’ MS. Cott. Calig. A ii. leaf 110, in Halliwell. See also Political Poems, <citation id="ref178" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, i. <fpage>328</fpage></citation>. The <italic>Countor</italic> was so called from his counting counts, or, in other words, arguing pleas. Chaucer, C. T. Prologue, l. 359, says of the Frankelyn that ‘A schirreve hadde he ben, and a <italic>countour</italic>.’</p><p>The Counters are in Wright's Pol. Songs (Camden Soc), p. 227, denominated <italic>relatores</italic>, and do not appear to have borne a very high character:—</p><p>'sDicuntur <italic>relatores</italic>;</p><p>Cæteris pejores,</p><p>Utraque manu capiunt,</p><p>Et sic eos decipiunt</p><p>Quorum sunt tutores.’</p><p>'sRelatores qui querelam ad judices referunt.’ Ducange. See also Liber Custumarum, p 280.</p></fn><fn id="fn529" symbol="page 79 note 2"><label><sup>page 79 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Admissarius</italic>. A coursoure.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sThe ane of зow my Capill ta; To the stabill swyith зe ga.’</p><p>The vther his <italic>Coursour</italic> alswa, Rauf Coilзear, ed. <citation id="ref179" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Murray</surname></name>, l. <fpage>114</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn530" symbol="page 79 note 3"><label><sup>page 79 note 3</sup></label><p>The wood-pigeon is still known in many parts as the <italic>Cushat</italic>. Gawin Douglas in his Prologue to the 12th Bk. of the Æneid, 237, speaks of ‘the <italic>kowschot</italic>’ that ‘croudis and pykkis on the ryse.’ ‘<italic>Coulon</italic>, a Queest, Cowshot, Ring-dove, Stock-dove, wood-Culver.’ Cotgrave. See also <italic>s. v. Ramier</italic>. ‘A ring-dove, a wood culver, or <italic>coushot</italic>.’ Nomenclator. A. S. <italic>cusceote</italic>. ‘The turtil began for to greit, quhen the <italic>cuschet</italic> зoulit.’ Complaynt of Scotland, p. 39. See also Palladius on Husbondrie, p. 28, l. 758. ‘Cusceote, <italic>palumba</italic>.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 280.</p></fn><fn id="fn531" symbol="page 79 note 4"><label><sup>page 79 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vaccinium</italic>. The floure of the hearbe <italic>Hyacinthus</italic> or Crowtoes. <italic>Ligustrum</italic>. By the judgement of alle men it is priuet, or primprint.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Ligustrum</italic>, a cowsleppe, or a pryrurose.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn532" symbol="page 79 note 5"><label><sup>page 79 note 5</sup></label><p>A wild crab-apple tree. ‘<italic>Pomme de hois ou de bosquet</italic>. A erab, or wilding.’ Cotgrave. See also Wodde Crabbe; and compare Wyclif's expression, ‘he eet locustus and <italic>hony of þe wode</italic>.’ St. Mark i. 6. ‘<italic>Mala maciana</italic>. Woode crabbis.’ MS. Harl. 3388. ‘Crabbe frute, <italic>pomme de boys</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn533" symbol="page 79 note 6"><label><sup>page 79 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Coke's Tale, 1. 2, we are told of the 'prentice that ‘Of a <italic>craft</italic> of vitaillers was he.’</p></fn><fn id="fn534" symbol="page 80 note 1"><label><sup>page 80 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cremium</italic>. Brush, or drie stickes to kendle fire with.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Cremium</italic>. Cranke (? craken).’ Medulla. See Crappes below.</p></fn><fn id="fn535" symbol="page 80 note 2"><label><sup>page 80 note 2</sup></label><p>Apparently <italic>cream-cake</italic>, but according to Halliwell the same as Pancake. ‘<italic>Laganum</italic>. A thinne cake made with floure, water, fatte brothe, pepper, safron, &c.; a fritter; a pannecake.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Collyrida:</italic> panis species; <italic>sorte de gatette</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Laganum:</italic> a pancake or a flawne.’ Ortus. The following is the only instance of the word which I have been able to meet with:—</p><p><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline4"></inline-graphic></p></fn><fn id="fn536" symbol="page 80 note 3"><label><sup>page 80 note 3</sup></label><p>Ray in his Collection of S. & E. Country Words gives ‘Crap-darnel. In Worcestershire and other counties they call buck-wheat <italic>crap</italic>.’ See Peacock's Glossary <italic>s. v.</italic> Craps, and Crakan, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn537" symbol="page 80 note 4"><label><sup>page 80 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fascia</italic>. A swathell or swathyng bande, or other lyke thing of linnen.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Crepudium</italic>. A credyl bonde.’ <italic>Instita</italic>. A roket or a credylbonde.’ Medulla. ‘Cradell bande, <italic>bende de herseauv</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn538" symbol="page 80 note 5"><label><sup>page 80 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Fescennine</italic> means of, or belonging to, the town of Fescennia in Etruria; from which place certain sportive, but coarse songs which, with the Romans, were sung at weddings, took their name. Hence the term became an epithet for coarse and rude jests of any kind. In the present instance it seems to be equivalent to nursery rhymes. Cf. Lulay, <italic>post</italic>, and P. Lullynge Song. See Liber Custumarum, p. 6. ‘<italic>Fescenninœ</italic>. Songs that women use when they rock the cradle.’ Gouldmab.</p></fn><fn id="fn539" symbol="page 80 note 6"><label><sup>page 80 note 6</sup></label><p>'sFissch to lyue in þe flode, and in þe fyre þe <italic>crykat</italic>’ P. Plowman, B. Text, xiv. 42. There was a popular belief that the cricket lived in the fire, arising probably from two causes, firstly, its partiality for the hearth; and secondly, a confusion between it and the salamander, the Latin name of the former being <italic>gryllus</italic>, and of the latter <italic>grylio</italic>. See Philip de Thaun's Bestiary, s. v. <italic>Grylio;</italic> Wright's Popular Treatises on Science, p. 97, and the Ayenbite of Inwyt, <citation id="ref180" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>167</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Grillus</italic>. A worm which liveth in the fire, as big as a fly. <italic>Salamandra</italic>. A beast in shape like a Lizard, full of spots; being in the fire it quencheth it, and is not burnt.’ Gouldman, ‘<italic>Salamandra</italic>. A creket.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn540" symbol="page 81 note 1"><label><sup>page 81 note 1</sup></label><p>In Myrc's Instructions to Parish Priests, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Peacock, l. 582, amongst the directions as to baptism it is ordered that the priest shall</p><p>'s<italic>Creme</italic> and <italic>crysme</italic> and alle þynge elles</p><p>Do to þe chylde as þe bok telles.’</p><p>'sThree kinds of oil were used in the Catholic Church—<italic>oleum sanctum, oleum chrismatis</italic>, and <italic>oleum infirmorum</italic>. With the first, called in the above extract from Myrc, <italic>oreme</italic>, the child was anointed on the breast and between the shoulders, before it was plunged in the font or sprinkled with water. After the baptism proper it was anointed on the head with the sign of a cross with the <italic>oleum chrismatis</italic> or crism. The <italic>oleum infirmorum</italic> was that used for the purposes of extreme unction. The three oils were kept in separate bottles in a box called a <italic>chrismatory</italic>, which was in shape somewhat like the Noah's arks given to children to play with.’ ‘<italic>Crisma</italic>. Creem.’ Medulla. ‘Creame holy oyle, <italic>cresme</italic>.’ Palsgrave.’ See R. de Brunne's Chronicle, <citation id="ref181" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>530</fpage></citation>, l. 15,268. See also Crysmatory, and Crysome. ‘The Mownte of Oliuete, the Mile of <italic>creme</italic> (<italic>mons chrismatis</italic>.)’ <citation id="ref182" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Higden</surname></name>, i. <fpage>113</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn541" symbol="page 81 note 2"><label><sup>page 81 note 2</sup></label><p>The same Latin equivalent is given for a Dwarf (see Dwarghe).</p></fn><fn id="fn542" symbol="page 81 note 3"><label><sup>page 81 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lunula</italic>. A boope, and rynge of golde to put on the finger. <italic>Torques</italic>. A colar or chayne, be it of golde or siluer, to weare about ones necke.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn543" symbol="page 81 note 4"><label><sup>page 81 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Nasturcium</italic>. Watyre cressys.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Nasturtium</italic>. The hearbe called Cresses, which amonge the Persians was so much estemed that yonge men goeyng huntynge did eate none other meate to relieue their spirites.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Nasitort</italic>, Nose-smart, gardencresse, town Kars, town cresses.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Nausticium</italic>, water kyrs:’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 190. ‘Cresses herbes, <italic>cresson</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In P: Plowman, B. x. 17, we have ‘noзt woi þ a <italic>kerse</italic>,’ from whence comes the vulgar ‘not worth a <italic>curse</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>cresse, cerse</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn544" symbol="page 81 note 5"><label><sup>page 81 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Poem on the Siege of Calais, Wright's Political Poems, ii. 153, the French are said to have had ‘ix m<sup>1</sup> cokkes to crow at nyзth,</p><p>And viij m<sup>1</sup> <italic>cressetes</italic> to brene liзth; Gret wonder to here and se;’</p><p>and at p. 218 of the same volume we read—</p><p>'sThe owgly bakke wyl gladly fleen be nyght Dirk <italic>cressetys</italic> and laumpys that been lyght.’</p><p>'s<italic>Batillum</italic>. A cresaunt, or a senser.’ Medulla. ‘A light brenning in a <italic>cresset</italic>.’ <citation id="ref183" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>217</fpage></citation>. See Crosser.</p></fn><fn id="fn545" symbol="page 81 note 6"><label><sup>page 81 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Cursor Mundi, p. 645, l. 11235, we read that when Jesus was born, his mother</p><p>'sSuilk claþes as scho had tille hande,</p><p>Wid suilk scho swetheled him and band</p><p>Bituix twa <italic>cribbis</italic> scho him laid:’</p><p>where the Fairfax and Trinity MSS. read <italic>cracches</italic>. See also Pricke of Conscience, 5200, where he is said to have been laid ‘In a <italic>cribbe</italic>, bytwen an ox and asse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn546" symbol="page 81 note 7"><label><sup>page 81 note 7</sup></label><p>Most of the verbs given under this word are onomatopeias, and some are probably invented for the occasion. <italic>Koax</italic> is used by Aristophanes in <citation id="ref184" citation-type="other">‘The Frogs,’ <fpage>209</fpage></citation>, to represent the croaking of frogs. See also Mr. Way's note <italic>s. v.</italic> Crowken. ‘<italic>Crapaud koaille</italic>, tadde croukeþ.’ Gault. de Bibelesworth, in Chapt. ‘<italic>de naturele noyse des bestes.’ ‘Coax, i.</italic> era, <italic>uox ranarum uel coruorum</italic>.’ Gloss. MS. Harl. 3376.</p></fn><fn id="fn547" symbol="page 81 note 8"><label><sup>page 81 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Anipitrum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn548" symbol="page 81 note 9"><label><sup>page 81 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pipiare</italic>. To piepe lyke a chicke.’ Cooper. ‘To cryen as a ffawkon.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn549" symbol="page 82 note 1"><label><sup>page 82 note 1</sup></label><p>Read <italic>fritinire. ‘Fritinire dicuntur cicadœ</italic>.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Fritinio</italic>. To syngyn lijke swalowys or byrdys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn550" symbol="page 82 note 2"><label><sup>page 82 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Barrire</italic>. To braye.’ Cooper. ‘To cryen as an olyfaunt.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn551" symbol="page 82 note 3"><label><sup>page 82 note 3</sup></label><p>? read <italic>Gaballarum. ‘Gahalla</italic>, equa, <italic>jument</italic>.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn552" symbol="page 82 note 4"><label><sup>page 82 note 4</sup></label><p>Ducange gives ‘<italic>Crispire</italic> de clamore gallinarum dicitur.’</p></fn><fn id="fn553" symbol="page 82 note 5"><label><sup>page 82 note 5</sup></label><p>See above, <italic>Caprarum vehare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn554" symbol="page 82 note 6"><label><sup>page 82 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Minurio</italic>, i. e. <italic>minutum cantare</italic>, to pype as small byrdes.’ Ortus. ‘<italic>Minurio</italic>. To cryen as small byrdys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn555" symbol="page 82 note 7"><label><sup>page 82 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sorex</italic>, a ratte; a field mouse.’ Cooper. Huloet has ‘Mouse called aranney, blindmouse, or field mouse. <italic>Mus areneus, mygala</italic>. whose nature is supposed to haue yll fortune, for if it runne ouer a beaste, the same beaste shall he lame in the chyne, and if it byte any thynge then the thynge bytten shall swell and dye, it is also called <italic>sorex</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn556" symbol="page 82 note 8"><label><sup>page 82 note 8</sup></label><p>The following curious lines on the cries of animals occurs in MS. Harl. 1002, lf. 72:—</p><p>'sAt my howse I haue a Jaye,</p><p>He can make mony diuerse leye;</p><p>He can barkyng as a foxe,</p><p>He can lowe as a noxe,</p><p>He can crecun as a gos,</p><p>He can romy as a nasse in his cracche,</p><p>He can crocun as a froge,</p><p>He can barkun as a dogge,</p><p>He can cheteron as a wrewne,</p><p>He can cakelyn as a henne,</p><p>He can neye as a stede,</p><p>Suche a byrde were wode to fede;’</p><p>thus rendered into Latin:—‘Habeo domi graculum cuius lingua nouit multiplicem notulam; gannit vt vulpes, mugescit vt bos, pipiat vt anca, rudit vt asinas in presipio, coaxat vt rana, latrat vt canis, pipiat vt cestis, gracillat vt gallina, hinnit vt dextorius; talis pullus est nihil cibo condignus.’</p></fn><fn id="fn557" symbol="page 82 note 9"><label><sup>page 82 note 9</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of Sir J. Paston's Plate we find ‘one potte callid a <italic>crismatorie</italic> to put in holy <italic>creme</italic> and oyle, of silver and gilt, weying ji.’ Paston Letters, iii. 433. See Halliwell s. v. <italic>Chrisome</italic>; and note to Creme, above. ‘<italic>Chrismarium</italic>. Vas in quo sacrum chrisma reponitur. <italic>Chrismal</italic>. Vas ecclesiasticum in quo <italic>chrisma</italic>, seu sacrum oleum asservatur, quod <italic>ampulla chrismatis</italic> etiam dicitur.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn558" symbol="page 82 note 10"><label><sup>page 82 note 10</sup></label><p><italic>Chrisome</italic>, according to Halliwell, signifies properly the white cloth which is set by the minister of baptism upon the head of a child newly anointed with chrism after his baptism; now it is vulgarly taken for the white cloth put about or upon a child newly christened, in token of his baptism, wherewith the women use to shroud the child if dying within the month. The anointing oil was also called chrisom. Thus in Morte Arthure, 1. 3435, in the interpretation of the king's dream we read—</p><p>'sAnd synne be corownde kynge, with <italic>krysome</italic> enoynttede.’</p><p>See also ll. 142 and 2447. In the same Romance we find the word used as a verb; thus l. 1051, we read of ‘A cowlefulle cramede of <italic>crysmede</italic> childyre.’ See also ll. 1065 and 3185. ‘Cristnut and <italic>crisumte ….</italic> Folut in a fontestone.’ Anturs of Arthur, xviii. 4. Although the same Latin equivalent is given for this word as for the preceding, it is probable that in this case the anointing oil is meant. ‘Crysome for a yong chylde, <italic>cresmeauv</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See Creme, above, and cf. Cud. <italic>Crysmechild</italic> occurs in An Old Eng. Misc. <citation id="ref185" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>90</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn559" symbol="page 83 note 1"><label><sup>page 83 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Calamistrum</italic>. A Pinne of woodde or iuory, to trimuoe and crispe heare.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn560" symbol="page 83 note 2"><label><sup>page 83 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Christus: crismate unctus</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn561" symbol="page 83 note 3"><label><sup>page 83 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref186" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Herrtage</surname></name>, p. <fpage>65</fpage></citation>, l. 1916, Charlemagne sends a message to the Saracen king, Balan, that he should restore the</p><p>captive knights, &c., ‘And <italic>crirtendom</italic> scholdest fonge.’ See also Lonelich's Hist, of the Holy Grail, <citation id="ref187" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xlvii. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>; lv. 191, &c. Wyclif, Works iii. 285, speaks of the sacrament of ‘<italic>cristendom</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn562" symbol="page 83 note 4"><label><sup>page 83 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Crochet</italic>. A quaver. In music.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Simpla: anglice</italic>, a Croche.’ Ortus. ‘A crotchet. <italic>Simpla, semiminima</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘Was no <italic>crochett</italic> wrong.’ Townley Myst. 116.</p></fn><fn id="fn563" symbol="page 83 note 5"><label><sup>page 83 note 5</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. Text, v. 582, Piers, in describing the way to Truth, says—</p><p>'sþanne shaltow come by a <italic>crofte</italic>, but come þow nouзte þere-Inne, That <italic>crofte</italic> hat coueyte-nouзte-mennes-catel-ne-her-wyues— Ne-none-of-her-seruauntes-þat-noзen-hem-myзte.’</p><p>The word is not uncommon now. Jamieson gives ‘Craft, <italic>s.</italic> a croft; a piece of ground adjoining a house. Crafter. Crofter, <italic>s.</italic> One who rents a small piece of land.’ A. S. <italic>croft</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn564" symbol="page 83 note 6"><label><sup>page 83 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cima</italic>. The toppe of an hearbe.’ Cooper. The phrase ‘croppe and roote,’ which we still retain in the inverted order, or as ‘root and branch,’ occurs frequently: see for instance Lonelich's Hist, of the Holy Grail, xvi. 492; xviii. 241; Wright's Political Poems, i, 365, &c. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 270, says that ‘the decoctions of the toppes and <italic>croppess</italic> of Dill …‥ causeth wemen to haue plentie of milke.’ Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 663, compares man to a tree ‘of whilk þe <italic>crop</italic> es turned donward.’ See also P. Plowman, B. xvi. 69, and Cursor Mundi, <citation id="ref188" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>464</fpage></citation>, l. 8638 and 486, l. 8458. Compare also Top of a tree. A. S. <italic>crop</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn565" symbol="page 83 note 7"><label><sup>page 83 note 7</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. vi. 33, Piers says—</p><p>'sSuche [foules] cometh to my crofte, and <italic>croppeth</italic> my whete;’</p><p>and in the Ancren Riwle, p. 86, the author says that a churl ‘is ase þe wiði þet sprutted ut þe bettere þet me hine ofte <italic>croppeð</italic>.’ See also Myrc's Duties of a Parish Priest, 1502. O. Icel. <italic>kroppa</italic>, to pluck. ‘Croppe of. <italic>Carpo, Exciso</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn566" symbol="page 83 note 8"><label><sup>page 83 note 8</sup></label><p>Pay tithes of.</p></fn><fn id="fn567" symbol="page 83 note 9"><label><sup>page 83 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Garba</italic>. Spicarum manipulus: <italic>gerbe</italic>, ol. <italic>garbe. Garba decimœ</italic>, pars decimæ.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Gerbée</italic>. A shocke, halfe-thrave, or heape of sheaves; also a bundle of straw.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn568" symbol="page 84 note 1"><label><sup>page 84 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Crucifigo</italic>. To crucifien or to ffest to cros.’ Medulla. The phrase to ‘do on the cross’ for crucifying, putting to death on the cross, is very common in early English. See for instance Myre's Instructions to Parish Priests, p. 14, l. 437, where, in a metrical version of the Creed, we find— ‘Soffrede peyne and passyone, And <italic>on þe cros was I-done</italic>:’ and in Lonelich's Hist, of the Holy Grail, <citation id="ref189" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xlix. <fpage>313</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sOf a virgine to be born with-owten offens, And sethen <italic>on croys i-don</italic>.’</p><p>'sþey <italic>did him vpon the crosse</italic>, and spette on his face, and buffetid him.’ <citation id="ref190" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Rom.</italic>, p. <fpage>179</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn569" symbol="page 84 note 2"><label><sup>page 84 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lucubrum</italic>. Modicum lumen; petite lumière. <italic>Crucibulum</italic>. Lucerna ad noctem: <italic>lampe de unit, veilleuse</italic>, ol. <italic>croiset</italic>.’ Ducange. See also Cressett, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn570" symbol="page 84 note 3"><label><sup>page 84 note 3</sup></label><p>In Wiclif's version of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, Luke xv. 25, the elder son when returning home ‘herde a symfonye and a <italic>croude.’ Crowd</italic> is still in use in the sense of a <italic>fiddle</italic>. See Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire.</p><p>'sThe pipe, the tabor, and the trembling <italic>croud</italic>, That well agree withouten breach or jar.’ Spenser, Epithal. 129.</p><p>'sA croud (fiddle). <italic>Vielle</italic>.’ Sherwood. In the Harleian MS. trans, of Higden, vol. ii. p. 379, we find, ‘a instrumente callede chorus, other a chore, was founde in Grece, of fewe cordes and strynges, whiche is callede now a <italic>crowthe</italic> or a <italic>crowde</italic>.’ Wyclif, Works, <citation id="ref191" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>73</fpage></citation>, says ‘symphonye and <italic>croude</italic> weren herd whanne apostlis knewen alle wittis.’ See Wedgwood s. v. ‘<italic>Hic simbolisator, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. crowde. <italic>Simbolisare</italic>, to crowde or scotnyg. <italic>Hic corallus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. crowdere. <italic>Hec coralla, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. crowde.’ MS. Reg. 17, cxvii. lf. 43, back. See Lybeaus Disc. 1. 137, and Lyric Poetry, <citation id="ref192" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>. It will be seen that Mr. Way has misread the present MS. in his note to this word in the Promptorium.</p></fn><fn id="fn571" symbol="page 84 note 4"><label><sup>page 84 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fiola</italic>. A cruet. <italic>Amula</italic>. A Fyol or a cruet.’ Medulla. ‘A cruet, a holie water stocke, <italic>Amula</italic>.’ Baret. In the Inventory of Sir John Fastolf's goods at Caistor, 1459, amongst the contents of the chapel are mentioned ‘j. haly water stop with j. sprenkill, and ij. <italic>cruettes</italic>, weiyng xij. unces.’ Paston Letters, <citation id="ref193" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, i. <fpage>470</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref193">ibid.</xref> iii. 270. ‘And Ionathas hadde þer a <italic>crewette</italic>, and fillid hit of that water…‥ Aftir this he Rose, & yede, and sawe the secounde water; …‥ And he filde a <citation id="ref194" citation-type="other"><italic>cruet þer with.’ Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>189</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn572" symbol="page 84 note 5"><label><sup>page 84 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pedum</italic>. A sheepe crooke.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Cammock. s.</italic> A crooked stick.’ Jamieson. See also note to Cambake. above.</p></fn><fn id="fn573" symbol="page 84 note 6"><label><sup>page 84 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Crouds</italic>. Curds. <italic>Crouds & ream</italic>. Curds and cream.’ Jamieson. In P. Plowman, B. vi. 284, Piers says he has only</p><p>'sA fewe <italic>cruddes</italic> and creem & and an hauer cake.’</p><p>Baret gives ‘To Crud or growe together, <italic>coagulare;</italic> milke cruddled, <italic>gelatum lac</italic>.’ ‘To crud, curd or curdle. <italic>Cailler</italic>. Cruds or curds. <italic>Caillé, Caillat</italic>’ Sherwood. Lyte, Dodoena, p. 246, says that Garden Mint ‘is very good to be applied vnto the breastes that are stretched foorth and swollen and full of milke, for it slaketh and softeneth the same, and keepeth the mylke from quarring and <italic>crudding</italic> in the brest;’ and again, p. 719, he tells us that the juice of figs ‘turneth milke and causeth it to <italic>crudde</italic>, and againe it scattereth, or dissolueth, or melteth the clustered <italic>crudde</italic>, or milke that is come to a <italic>crudde</italic>, as vineger doth.’</p></fn><fn id="fn574" symbol="page 84 note 7"><label><sup>page 84 note 7</sup></label><p><italic>Cryptoporticus</italic>. Plin. Jun. Porticus subterranea, aut loco depressiore posita, cujus modi structura est porticuum in antiqui operis monasteriis, κρύπτη. A secret walke or vault under the grounde, as the <italic>crowdes</italic> or shrowdes of Paules, called St. Faithes Church.’ Nomenclator. ‘<italic>Cryptoporticus</italic>. A place under the grounde to sitte in the hoate summer: a crowdes: also a close place compassed with a walle like the other vnder the grounde.’ Cooper. <italic>Ipogeum</italic> is of course the Greek ὑπόγειον. The Parish of St. Faith <italic>in Cryptis</italic>, i. e. in the Crypt under the Choir of St. Paul's, was commonly called ‘St. Faith in the <italic>Crowds</italic>’ See Liber Albus, <citation id="ref195" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Riley</surname></name>, p. <fpage>556</fpage></citation>. Withals renders ‘<italic>Cryptoporticus</italic>’ by ‘a vault or shrouds as under a church, or other place.’ In the Pylgrymage of Syr R. Guylforde, Camden Soc. p. 24, the Temple of the Holy Sepulchre is described as having ‘wonder many yles, <italic>crowdes</italic>, and vautes.’ ‘<italic>Ypogeum</italic>, tresory.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 175.</p></fn><fn id="fn575" symbol="page 85 note 1"><label><sup>page 85 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Gumphus</italic> (Gr. Υομøὸς) is a wooden pin. Halliwell explains ‘Crook of a door’ as the hinge, but incorrectly. It is properly the iron hook fixed in stone or in a wooden doorpost, on which the hinge turns. See Jamieson <italic>s. v.</italic> Crook. ‘<italic>Croc</italic>. A grapple or hook.’ Cotgrave. The Ortus Vocab. has ‘<italic>Gamphus: est quilibet claims:</italic> a henge of a dore or a nayle.’</p></fn><fn id="fn576" symbol="page 85 note 2"><label><sup>page 85 note 2</sup></label><p>That is the ‘<italic>Synonyma</italic>’ by John de Garlandia, of which an account is given by Mr. Way in his Introduction to the Promptorium, pp. xvii. and lxviii.</p></fn><fn id="fn577" symbol="page 85 note 3"><label><sup>page 85 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Clunis</italic>. The buttock or hanche.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Cropion</italic>. The rump or crupper. <italic>Le mal de cropion</italic>. The rumpe-evill or crupper-evill; a disease wherewith small (cage) birds are often troubled.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn578" symbol="page 85 note 4"><label><sup>page 85 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Croupière de cheval</italic>. A horse crupper.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Postilena</italic>. A crupper of a horse.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Hoc postela</italic>. A croper.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 234. In Sir Gawayne, the Green Knight is described as having</p><p>'sþe pendauntes of his payttrure, þe proude <italic>cropure</italic>,</p><p>His molaynes, & alle þe metail anamayld.’ l. 168.</p></fn><fn id="fn579" symbol="page 85 note 5"><label><sup>page 85 note 5</sup></label><p>'sCude, Code. <italic>s.</italic> A Chrisom, or face-cloth for a child at baptism. Welsh <italic>cuddio</italic>, to cover.’ Jamieson. See Crysome, above. Jamieson quotes from Sir Gawan and Sir Golagros, i. 18, ‘you was cristened, and cresomed, with candle and <italic>code</italic>,’ and from the Catechisme, fol. 132; ‘last of all the barne that is baptizit, is cled with ane quhite lynning claith callit ane <italic>cude</italic>, quhilk betakins that he is clene weschin fra al his synnis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn580" symbol="page 85 note 6"><label><sup>page 85 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Curruca: quedam auis</italic>. A sugge. [The hedge-sparrow is still called a <italic>hay-suck</italic> in the West of England.] <italic>Zelotopus</italic>. A cocold or a Jelous man.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Curruca est guedam auis que alienos pullos educit vel educat, et hec litiosa se dicitur eadem auis</italic>.’ MS. Harl. 2257, leaf 24. ‘A cuckould, <italic>vir bonus;</italic> a cuckould maker, <italic>mœchus</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie. ‘<italic>Currucca</italic>. The birde that hatcheth the cuckoues egges. Atitlyng.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn581" symbol="page 86 note 1"><label><sup>page 86 note 1</sup></label><p>'sCullis, a very fine and strong broth, well strained, much used for invalids, especially for consumptive persons’ Halliwell. Andrew Boorde, in his Dyetary, (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 264, speaks of ‘Caudeles made with hempe sede, and <italic>collesses</italic> made of shrympes,’ which, he says, ‘doth comforte blode and nature.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref195">ibid.</xref> p. 302. Directions for ‘a <italic>coleise</italic> of a cocke for a weake body that is in a consumption,’ are given by Cogan, Haven of Health, 1612, p. 131. ‘Broth or collyse, <italic>pulmentarium</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Coulis</italic>, m. A cullis or broth of boiled meat strained, fit for a sicke or weake body.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn582" symbol="page 86 note 2"><label><sup>page 86 note 2</sup></label><p>Perhaps the same as ‘Culme of a smeke. <italic>Fuligo</italic>.’ Prompt. See <citation id="ref196" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xiii. 356.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn583" symbol="page 86 note 3"><label><sup>page 86 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Coultre</italic>. The Culter, or knife of a Plough.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn584" symbol="page 86 note 4"><label><sup>page 86 note 4</sup></label><p>Fr. <italic>cueílleur</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn585" symbol="page 86 note 5"><label><sup>page 86 note 5</sup></label><p>Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 1384, gives</p><p>'sBe noght stille, Loverd, says he.</p><p>For I am a <italic>commelyng</italic> towarde þe,</p><p>And pilgrym, als alle my faders was,’</p><p>as the translation of ‘<italic>Ne sileas quoniam</italic> advena <italic>ego sum apud te et peregrinus, ticut omnes patres mei</italic>.’ In the Cursor Mundi, p. 392, l. 6785, we are told—</p><p>'sTo <italic>cumlynges</italic> do yee right na suike,</p><p>For quilum war yee seluen slike.’</p><p>See also Wyclif, Isaiah lii. 4, where it is used as a translation of the Vulgate <italic>colonus</italic>, as also in Harrison's <italic>Description of England</italic>, 1587, p. 6, col. 2, where we read that when the Saxons came to England ‘within a while these new <italic>comlings</italic> began to molest the homelings.’ ‘<italic>Accola</italic>. A comelyng.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn586" symbol="page 86 note 6"><label><sup>page 86 note 6</sup></label><p><citation id="ref197" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, i. <fpage>156</fpage></citation>, gives a very full account of the process of malting in his time; the barley, he says, after having been steeped three days and three nights is taken out and laid ‘vpon the cleane floore on a round heape, [where] it resteth so vntill it be readie to shoote at the roote ende, which maltsters call <italic>comming</italic>. When it beginneth therefore to shoot in this maner, they saie it is <italic>come</italic>, and then forthwith they spread it abroad, first thicke and afterward thinner and thinner vpon the said floore (as it <italic>commeth</italic>),’ &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn587" symbol="page 86 note 7"><label><sup>page 86 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA cundite pipe, <italic>canalis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘With <italic>condethes</italic> fulle curious alle of clene siluyre.’ Morte Arthure, 201. ‘<italic>Aquaducatile:</italic> A gotere. <italic>Aquaductile</italic>. A conthwryte (<italic>sic</italic>).’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn588" symbol="page 86 note 8"><label><sup>page 86 note 8</sup></label><p>'sCorall, which in the sea groweth like a shrub, or brush, and taken out waxeth hard as a stone; while it is in the water, it is of colour greenish and covered with mosse, &c. <italic>Coralium</italic>.’ Baret. Neckham, <citation id="ref198" citation-type="other"><italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, p. <fpage>469</fpage></citation>, gives a similar account—</p><p>'sCoralius noctis arcet fantasmata, pugnans</p><p>Ejus tutela tutus in arma ruit.</p><p>Herba tenella virens, dum crescit Tethyos undis,</p><p>In lapidem transit sub ditione Jovis.’</p><p>Harrison mentions white ‘corall’ as being found on the coasts of England ‘nothing inferiour to that which is founde beyond the sea in the albe, neere to the fall of Tangra, or to the red and blacke.’ <citation id="ref199" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript, of England</italic>, ii. <fpage>80</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn589" symbol="page 87 note 1"><label><sup>page 87 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Liber Albus, p. 600, we read of the meat of some foreign butchers being forfeited, because they had exposed it for sale after the curfew-bell had struck—<italic>post ignitegium pulsatum</italic>; and again, p. 641, are given certain orders for-the Preservation of the Peace, one of which is ‘<italic>quod nullus eat vagans post ignitegium pulsatum, apud Sanctum Martinum Magnum</italic>.’ In Notes and Queries, 5th Ser. v. 160 (February 19th, 1876), it is stated that ‘The Launceston Town Council have resolved to discontinue this old custom [of ringing the Curfew bell], for which two guineas annually used to be paid.’</p></fn><fn id="fn590" symbol="page 87 note 2"><label><sup>page 87 note 2</sup></label><p>Both <italic>Coturnix</italic> and <italic>Ortix</italic> properly mean a quail, and Cooper renders <italic>Ortygometra</italic> by ‘The capitaine or leader amonge quayles, bigger and blacker than the residue.’ See the directions in Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruyng (Babees Boke, <citation id="ref200" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>162</fpage></citation>), how to ‘vntacke [carve] a curlewe.’ ‘<italic>Ornix</italic>. A Fesaunt.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn591" symbol="page 87 note 3"><label><sup>page 87 note 3</sup></label><p>A courier. The word occurs in this form in the ‘Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode,’ <citation id="ref201" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>W. A.</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>, where we read—‘Of hire we ben messangeres and specially <italic>curroures</italic>;’ and in P. Plowman, A. xii. 79, we have—‘A <italic>currour</italic> of our hous.’ In Caxton'a <italic>Game of the Chesse</italic>, the heading of chapt. viij of the third ‘traytye’ is ‘Of messagers, <italic>currours</italic>, Rybauldes and players at the dyse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn592" symbol="page 87 note 4"><label><sup>page 87 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>deuorare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn593" symbol="page 87 note 5"><label><sup>page 87 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Guadia: debita constitucio. Guadio: guadiam constituere, guadiam firmare</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn594" symbol="page 87 note 6"><label><sup>page 87 note 6</sup></label><p>The bald-coot, called in Walter de Biblesworth, Wright's Vol. Vocab. p. 165, a ‘blarye,’ or blear-eyed, from the peculiar appearance of the face. A. adds</p><p>Versus: Est merges volucris si mergitis sit genitivus,</p><p>Si sit mergetis tune garba <italic>dicitur esse</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn595" symbol="page 88 note 1"><label><sup>page 88 note 1</sup></label><p>See note to Drawe cutte.</p></fn><fn id="fn596" symbol="page 88 note 2"><label><sup>page 88 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>Dither</italic> is still in use in the Northern Counties with the meaning of ‘to shake with cold, to tremble:’ see Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham, Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, &c. <italic>Dithers</italic> is the Line, name for the shaking palsy, <italic>paralysis agitans</italic>. The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘to dadder, <italic>trepidare</italic>.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Claquer les dents</italic>. To gnash the teeth, or to chatter, or didder, like an Ape, that's afraid of blowes. <italic>Frisson</italic>. A shivering, quaking, diddering, through cold or feare; a trembling or horror.’ See also <italic>Friller, Frissoner</italic>, and <italic>Grelotter</italic>.</p><p>'sBoyes, gyrles, and luskyth strong knaves,</p><p><italic>Dydderyng</italic> and <italic>dadderyng</italic> leaning on ten staves.’</p><p>The Hye way to the Spyttel Hous, <citation id="ref202" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Hazlitt</surname></name>, p. <fpage>28</fpage>.</citation></p><p>The word is met with several times in Three Met. Romances (Camden Soc. ed. Robson), as in the Avowynge of Kyng Arthur, xvi. 11—</p><p>'sHe began to <italic>dotur</italic> and dote Os he hade keghet scathe:’ and in xxv. 7—</p><p>'sЗif Menealfe was the more myЗtie Зette dyntus gerut him to <italic>dedur</italic>.’ See also Sir Degrevant, 1109; and note to Dayse, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn597" symbol="page 88 note 3"><label><sup>page 88 note 3</sup></label><p>Query ‘<italic>Gesum</italic>. A kinde of weapon for the warre; a swoorde or wood knife.’ Cooper. The same author gives ‘<italic>Pugiunculus</italic>, A small dagger; a poyneadow.’ ‘<italic>Pugio vel duna-bulum</italic>, lytel sweord, <italic>vel</italic> hype-ser.’ Aelfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 35.</p></fn><fn id="fn598" symbol="page 88 note 4"><label><sup>page 88 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThy bred schal be of whete flour, I-made of <italic>dogh</italic> that ys not sour.’</p><p>Myrc, Instructions to Parish Priests, 1. 1881.</p><p>'s<italic>Pastum</italic>. Dowh. Medulla. A. S. <italic>dâg</italic>. O. Icel. <italic>deigr</italic>. Gothic, <italic>daigs</italic>, dough. ‘Daw or Daughe, <italic>ferina fermentata</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Dowe</italic> or paste.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hec pasta, A<sup>e</sup> dagh</italic>.’ Wright, Vol. of Vocabularies, p. 201. See also Jamieson s. v. <italic>Daigh</italic>.</p><p>page 88 note ‘And in the <italic>dayng</italic> of day ther doЗty were dyЗte,</p><p>Herd matyns [&] mas, myldelik on morun.’ Anturs of Arther, st. xxxvii. 1. 5. See also to Daw, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn599" symbol="page 88 note 6"><label><sup>page 88 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Dieta</italic>. Iter quod una die conficitur, vel quodvis iter; <italic>étape, route</italic>.’ Ducange. See Chaucer, <italic>Knightes Tale</italic>, 1880, and Mr. Way's note <italic>s. v.</italic> Jurney.</p></fn><fn id="fn600" symbol="page 89 note 1"><label><sup>page 89 note 1</sup></label><p>The earliest Northern form of this word is <italic>daynteth</italic> (see <citation id="ref203" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, pp. <fpage>368</fpage>, <fpage>373</fpage></citation>). Prof. Skeat derives it from O. Fr. <italic>daintie</italic>, Lat. <italic>dignitatem</italic>. In heaven we are told by Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 7850–</p><p>'sþare es plente of <italic>dayntes</italic> and delices.’</p><p>and again— ‘þare es alkyn delyces and eese.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref203">ibid.</xref> 7831.</p><p>'s<italic>Daintith</italic>. A dainty.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Dilicatezza</italic>. Daintethnesse, or delicacie.’ Thomas, Ital. Diet. 1550. ‘Swa enteris thair <italic>daynteis</italic>, on deis dicht dayntelie.’ Rauf CoilЗear, ed. Murray, 191.</p></fn><fn id="fn601" symbol="page 89 note 2"><label><sup>page 89 note 2</sup></label><p>A day's work at ploughing: cf. <italic>ardagh</italic>, fallowing, ploughing—‘on <italic>ardagh</italic> wise = in ploughman fashion.’ The Destruction of Troy, E. E. Text Soc. 1.175. Tusser, in his <citation id="ref204" citation-type="other"><italic>Five Hundred Points</italic>, &c., p. <fpage>84</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sSuch land as ye breake up for barlie to sowe Two <italic>earthes</italic> at the least er ye sowe it bestowe.’</p><p>In Ducange <italic>dietarium</italic> is explained as ‘<italic>Opus diei: journée de travail—Jugerum; jornale; journal de terre</italic>,’ and Cooper renders <italic>Jugerum</italic> ‘As muche grounde as one yoke of oxen wil eare in a daye. It conteyneth in length .240. foote, in breadth .120. foote, which multiplied riseth to .28800. It may be vsed for our acre which conteyneth more, as in breadth fower perches, that is .66. foote, and in length .40. perches that is .660. foote, which riseth in the whole to .43560. foote.’ See Halliwell <italic>s. v.</italic> Arders.</p></fn><fn id="fn602" symbol="page 89 note 3"><label><sup>page 89 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>sosphoros</italic>. ‘<italic>Hic jubiter</italic>. A daysterre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 272.</p></fn><fn id="fn603" symbol="page 89 note 4"><label><sup>page 89 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Roga</italic>. A doole.’ Medulla. ‘A dole, <italic>eleemosynœ distribuccio</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. The word is still in use. See to Dele, below. In Wright's Political Poems, ii. 220, we find complaints of how the poor were defrauded of their <italic>doles</italic>:</p><p>'sThe awmeneer seyth he cam to late, Of poore men <italic>doolys</italic> is no sekir date.’</p></fn><fn id="fn604" symbol="page 89 note 5"><label><sup>page 89 note 5</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>dalc, dole</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>dalkr</italic>, a thorn; hence it came to mean as above a ‘pin,’ or ‘brooch.’ ‘<italic>Fibula</italic>. A boton, or broche, prykke, ora pynne, or a lace. <italic>Monile: ornamentum est quod solet ex feminarum pendere collo, quod alio nomine dicitur firmaculum</italic>: a broche.’ Ortus Vocab. See also to Tache.</p></fn><fn id="fn605" symbol="page 89 note 6"><label><sup>page 89 note 6</sup></label><p>An abbreviated form of the Latin <italic>dominus</italic>, which appears also in French <italic>dan</italic>, Spanish <italic>don</italic>, Portuguese <italic>dom</italic>. The O. Fr. form <italic>dans</italic>, was introduced into English in the fourteenth century. See an account of the word-in ‘Leaves from a Word-hunter's Note-book,’ A. S. Palmer, p. 130. In the Monk's Prologue the Host asking him his name says—</p><p>'sWhether shall I calle you my lord <italic>dan</italic> Johan, Or <italic>daun</italic> Thomas, or elles <italic>dan</italic> Albon?’</p></fn><fn id="fn606" symbol="page 89 note 7"><label><sup>page 89 note 7</sup></label><p>Cooper points out the error here committed—‘<italic>Dacia</italic>. A countrey beyonde Hongary, it hath on the north Sarmatia of Europe: on the west the Jazigians of Metanest: on the south <italic>Mysiam superiorem</italic>, & Dunaw: on the east, the lower <italic>Mysiam</italic>, & Dunaw: they call it now <italic>Transyluaniam</italic>: they doe not well, which call Denmarke by this name, whiche is <italic>Dania</italic>.’ See Andrew Boorde's ‘Introduction of Knowledge,’ ed. Furnivall, pp. 162–3. <italic>Dacia</italic> and <italic>Daci</italic> are used for Denmark and the Danes respectively in the Liber Custumarum, Rolls Series, <citation id="ref205" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Riley</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>625</fpage>, <fpage>630</fpage>, <fpage>633</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn607" symbol="page 90 note 1"><label><sup>page 90 note 1</sup></label><p>'sDarnell; Iuraie or Raie, a verie vicious graine that annoieth corne, it is hot in the third degree, and drie in the second; <italic>lolium, zizania</italic>.’ Baret. In the Early Eng. Metrical Homilies, <citation id="ref206" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Small</surname></name>, p. <fpage>145</fpage></citation>, we have the parable of the man who sowed good seed on his land, but ‘Quen al folc on slep ware, Than com his fa, and Seu richt thare <italic>Darnel</italic>, that es an iuel wede;’</p><p>and again, p. 145, the master orders his men—</p><p>'sGaderes the <italic>darnel</italic> first in bande And brennes it opon the land.’</p><p>On the derivation of the word see Wedgwood <italic>s. v.</italic> ‘<italic>Zizannia</italic>. Cockle, or any other corrupte and naughtie weede growyng amonge corne.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Zizannia</italic>. Dravke, or darnel, or cokkyl.’ Medulla. See also Cokylle, and Drake or Darnylle. ‘The name appears to have been variously applied, but usually taken to mean <italic>Lolium temulentum</italic> L. It is used in this sense by Turner (Names), who says—“<italic>Darnel</italic> groweth amonge the crone, and the corne goeth out of kynde into <italic>darnel</italic>:
and also by Fitzherbert (Boke of Husbandry), who says—“<italic>Dernolde</italic> groweth up streyghte lyke an hye grasse, and hath long sedes on eather syde the sterte.
’ Britten, <citation id="ref207" citation-type="other"><italic>Eng. Plant-Names</italic>, E. D. Soc. <year>1878</year>, p. <fpage>143</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn608" symbol="page 90 note 2"><label><sup>page 90 note 2</sup></label><p>Icel. <italic>dasdr</italic>, faint, tired; <italic>das</italic>, a faint, exhaustion. To <italic>dase</italic>, to feel cold, to shiver, occurs in the Townley Mysteries, p. 28—</p><p>'sI wote never whedir For ferd of þat taylle.’</p><p>I <italic>dase</italic> and I dedir</p><p>Compare also— ‘And for þi þat þai, omang other vice, Brynned ay here in þe calde of malice, And ay was <italic>dased</italic> in charite.’ Pricke of Conscience, 6645.</p><p>See also G. Douglas, Prologue to Æneid, Bt. vii. p. 106 (ed. 1787), and Chaucer, Hous of Fame, Bk. ii. 150. <italic>Dasednes</italic> = coldness, occurs in Pricke of Conscience in 1. 4906: ‘Agayn the <italic>dasednes</italic> of charite,’ where the Lansdowne MS. 348, has <italic>coldnes</italic>. It also occurs in Cotton MS. Tib. E viii. leaf 24—</p><p>'s<italic>Dasednes</italic> of hert als clerkes pruve And slawly his luffe in god settes.’</p><p>Es when a man <italic>dasedly</italic> luves,</p><p>Jamieson says ‘To Dase, Daise. (1) To stupify. S. (2)To benumb. The part, is frequently used to express the dulness, stupor, or insensibility produced by age. One is said to be <italic>daised</italic> who is superannuated.’ ‘I stod as stylle as <italic>dased</italic> quayle.’ Allit. Poems, i. 1084.</p></fn><fn id="fn609" symbol="page 90 note 3"><label><sup>page 90 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Duribuccus</italic>. Qui nunquam vult operire os. Isidoro in glossis <italic>duri bucci</italic> iidem sunt qui <italic>Barba sterili</italic>, steriles barba, quia cutem buccæ eorum non potest barba perrumpere.’ Ducange, ‘Hic <italic>duribuccus</italic>; a dasyberd.’ <citation id="ref208" citation-type="other"><italic>Wright's Vol. of Vooab</italic>. <fpage>217</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sTher is a <italic>dossiberd</italic> I woulde dere</p><p>That walkes abrode wilde were.’ Chester Plays, Sh. Soc. i. 201.</p><p>'sSome other sleighte I muste espye</p><p>This <italic>doscibeirde</italic> for to destroye.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref208">ibid.</xref> i. 204.</p><p>Cf. also ii. 34, ‘We must needes this <italic>dosebeirde</italic> destroye.’ In ‘The Sowdone of Babyloine,’ Roxburgh Club, 1. 1707, when certain of the French Knights protest against being sent as messengers to Balan (Laban), Charles addressing one of them says—</p><p>'sTrusse the forth eke, sir <italic>Dasaberde</italic>, Or I shalle the sone make.’</p><p>'s<italic>Duribuccus</italic>. Hardhede.’ Medulla. Probably connected with the Icel. <italic>dasi</italic>, a. lazy fellow: see Prof. Skeat's <italic>Etym. Dict.</italic> s. v. Dastard.</p></fn><fn id="fn610" symbol="page 90 note 4"><label><sup>page 90 note 4</sup></label><p>This word occurs several times in Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, ed. Skeat—thus in xvii. 102 we find ‘Als soyn als it <italic>dawit</italic> day,’ and 1. 634– ‘On the rude-evyn in the <italic>dawyng</italic>.’</p><p>See also iv. 377, vii. 315. In Rauf CoilЗear, E. E. Text Soc. 1. 385, the Collier we are told started for Paris—</p><p>'sOvir the Daillis sa derf, be the day was <italic>dawin</italic>:’ and Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 818, has—</p><p>'sIn his bede ther <italic>daweth</italic> him no day,</p><p>That he nys clad and redy for to ryde</p><p>With honte and horn, and houndes hym byside.’</p><p>The past tense occurs in Sir Degrevant, 1. 1792–</p><p>'sTyl the Зorlus castel he spede, By the day <italic>dewe</italic>.’</p><p>See also LaЗamon, ii, 494, Genesis and Exodus, 16, Early Eng. Allit. Poems, <citation id="ref209" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>105</fpage></citation>, 1.445, &c. Caxton in his Description of Britain, 1480, p. 3, says that this island ‘for it lyeth vnder the north hede of the worlde hath lyght and bright nyghtes in the somer tyme, So that oft tyme at mydnyght men haue questions and doubte wethir it be euen tyde or dawyng.’</p></fn><fn id="fn611" symbol="page 91 note 1"><label><sup>page 91 note 1</sup></label><p>'sDawe; a cadesse, <italic>monedula</italic>. A dawe, or young crowe, <italic>cornicula</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A dawe, <italic>eornix</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Monedula</italic>. A chough; a daw; a cadesse.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn612" symbol="page 91 note 2"><label><sup>page 91 note 2</sup></label><p>The term <italic>daubours</italic> occurs in the Liber Custumarum, p. 99, in the sense of layers on, to a framework, of a mixture of straw and mud. employed in the construction of fences and house-walls. In Cheshire, according to Mr.Riley, the process is termed <italic>nogging</italic> (see Cheshire Glossary by Col. Leigh, p. 142). In Fiance the composition is known as <italic>torchis</italic>, and in Devonshire as <italic>cob</italic>. The process of <italic>daubing</italic> is alluded to more than once in our Translation of the Old Testament. See for instance Wyclif's version of Ezekiel xiii. 10, 11. The word, according to Mr. H. Nicol, is from O. Fr. <italic>dauber</italic> = to plaster, from Latin <italic>dealbare</italic> = to whiten. Wedgwood derives <italic>dawb</italic> from <italic>dab</italic>, ‘an imitation of the sound made by throwing down a lump of something moist.’ ‘<italic>Bauge</italic>. Dawbing or mortar made of clay and straw.’ Cotgrave, In Liber Albus, p. 289, are mentioned ‘carpenters, masons, plastrers,<italic>daubers</italic>, tenters’ &c., and in p. 338, persons who paid ‘masons, carpenters, <italic>daubers</italic>, tielleres,’ at higher rates than those settled by the Corporation of London, were declared to be guilty of ‘maintenance or champetry.’ See <italic>Dauber</italic> in Glossary to Liber Albus, p. 309. ‘A Dawber, a pargetter, <italic>cœmentarius</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Cementarius</italic>, dawber.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 181. ‘<italic>Plastrier</italic>. A plaisterer, a dawber.’ Cotgrave. See also to Dobe, Dober, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn613" symbol="page 91 note 3"><label><sup>page 91 note 3</sup></label><p>Compare P. Heer fyrste growynge yn mannys berde. <italic>Lanugo</italic>. ‘<italic>Lanugine</italic>, the tendernesse or downe of a yonge bearde.’ Thomas, Ital. Dict. 1550.</p></fn><fn id="fn614" symbol="page 91 note 4"><label><sup>page 91 note 4</sup></label><p>This is the original meaning of the word <italic>danger</italic>. Thus we read in De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, <citation id="ref210" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>, ‘Sufficient he was and mihty to deliuere them plentivowsliche al that hem needede. withoute beeinge in any ootheres <italic>daunger</italic>,’ and again pp. 2 and 63. See Ducange s. v <italic>Dangerium</italic>. ‘Зe þolieð ofte <italic>daunger</italic> of swuche oðerwhule þet muhte beon eower þrel.’ Ancren Riwle, p. 356. William Lomner writing to Sir J . Paston in 1461, says, ‘I am gretly yn your <italic>danger</italic> and dette for my pension.’ Paston Letters, ii, 25. Jamieson quotes from Wyntown ‘<italic>in his dawnger</italic>,’ which he renders ‘in his power as a captive.’ See also Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, <citation id="ref211" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, xix. <fpage>709</fpage></citation>, ‘Quhill we be out of thair danger,’ and see also ii. 435, iii. 43. Horman says, ‘I haue the man in my daunger. <italic>Habeo hominem mihi obnoxium</italic>.’ Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, 1. 663, says of the Sompnour, that—</p><p>'sIn <italic>daunger</italic> hadde he at his owne gise, The yonge gurles of the diocise.’</p><p>O. Fr. <italic>dangier</italic>, dominion, subjection: from Low Lat. <italic>dominiarium</italic>, power. Compare Shakspeare, Merchant of Venice, iv. 1—</p><p>'sYou stand within his <italic>danger</italic>, do you not?’</p><p>'s<italic>Domigerium. Periculum: danger, dommage</italic>—Sub domigerio alicujus aut manu ease, alicui subesse, esse sub illius potestate: <italic>être sous la puissance, sous la dépendance de quelqu'un</italic>.’ D'Arnis. See also R. de Brunne's Chronicle, ed. Furnivall, 1. 11824, and the Townley Mysteries, p. 60.</p></fn><fn id="fn615" symbol="page 92 note 1"><label><sup>page 92 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 1078, says—</p><p>'sAlle þas men þat þe world mast <italic>dauntes</italic>, Mast bisily þe world here hauntes.’ Wyclif, Mark v. 4, speaking of the man possessed with devils, says, ‘oft tymes he bounden in stockis and chaynes, hadde broken þe chaynes, and hadde brokun þe stockis to small gobetis, and no man miЗte <italic>daunte</italic> (or make tame) hym.’ ‘Sum [began] to <italic>dant</italic> beystis.’ Complaint of Scotland, <citation id="ref212" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Murray</surname></name>, p. <fpage>145</fpage></citation>. Sir T. Elyot also uses this word in the fyrste boke of The Gouernour, chap. 17–‘aboue the common course of other men, <italic>dauntyng</italic> a fierce and cruell beaste.’</p><p>'sMan ne maie for no <italic>daunting</italic> Make a sperhauke of a bosarde.’</p><p>Romaunt of the Rose, 4034.</p><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Dompter</italic>. To tame, reclaime: daunt, &c. <italic>Dompture</italic>: a taming, reclaiming: daunture, breaking, subduing.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref212">ibid.</xref> s. v. <italic>Donter</italic> and cf. Cherisse, above. <italic>Endaunt</italic> occurs with the meaning of charming, bewitching, in the Lay Folk's Mass Book, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Canon Simmons, p. 140,1. 445. In Wyclif's version Isaiah lxvi. 12 is thus rendered—‘to the tetes Зee shul be born, and vp on the knes men shul <italic>daunte</italic> you,’ [<italic>et super genua blandientur vobis</italic>], where some MSS. have ‘daunte or cherische,’ ‘daunte or chirishe,’ and ‘dauncen or chirshe.’ In this instance the word appears equivalent to <italic>dandle</italic>. Caxton in his <italic>Myrrour of the Worlde</italic>, 1481, pt. ii. ch. vi. p. 76, says that ‘Alexander …… in suche wyse <italic>dompted</italic> tholyfauntes that they durst doo nomore harme vnto the men.’</p></fn><fn id="fn616" symbol="page 92 note 2"><label><sup>page 92 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThrough cunning with <italic>dible</italic>, rake, mattock, and spade, By line and by leauell, trim garden is made.’</p><p>Tusser, <italic>Five Hundred Points</italic>, ch. 46, st. 24.</p><p>'sDebylle, or settyng stycke. A dibble to set hearbes in a garden, <italic>pastinum</italic>.’ Baret. See also Dibbille below.</p></fn><fn id="fn617" symbol="page 92 note 3"><label><sup>page 92 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Decretales</italic>. Epistolæ Romanorum Pontificum decreta complectentes seu responsa iis, qui aliqua de re illos consulunt: <italic>décrétales. Decretalis monachus</italic> litibus præfectus prosequendis, ut videtur, vel juris canonici professor.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Decretales</italic>. The Decretals; Bookes containing the Decrees of sundry Popes.’ Cotgrave. See Pecock's <italic>Repressor</italic>, ed. Babington, pp. 407, 408.</p></fn><fn id="fn618" symbol="page 92 note 4"><label><sup>page 92 note 4</sup></label><p>The common form for <italic>death</italic> in Middle English.</p><p>'sTo <italic>dede</italic> I draw als ye may se.’ Early English Homilies, p. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn619" symbol="page 93 note 1"><label><sup>page 93 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Desdaigner</italic>. To disdaine, despise, contemne, scorne, loath, not to vouchsafe, to make vile account of.’ Cotgrave. In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, p. 11, 1. 349, we are told that the Saracen who was lying on the grass when Oliver rode up to challenge him,</p><p>'sHim <italic>dedeygnede</italic> to him arise þer, so ful he was of pride.’</p><p>In the Poem on St. John the Evangelist, pr. in Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS. (E. E. Text Society, ed. Perry), p. 90,1. 21, we read—</p><p>'sDomycyane, þat deuyls lymme, <italic>dedeyned</italic> at þi dede:’</p><p>and Wyclif, Matt. xxi. 15, has—‘Forsothe the princis of prestis and scribis seeynge the marueillouse thingis that he dide.…. <italic>dedeyneden</italic>;’ where the later version gives ‘hadden indignacioun.’</p></fn><fn id="fn620" symbol="page 93 note 2"><label><sup>page 93 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe which token, whan Dagobert and his bishoppes vpore y<sup>e</sup> morne after behelde & sawe, they beynge greatly ameruaylled laft of any forther busynesse touchyng y<sup>e</sup> <italic>dedyfying</italic> of y<sup>e</sup> sayd Churche.’ Fabyan, Pt. v. c. 132, p. 115.</p></fn><fn id="fn621" symbol="page 93 note 3"><label><sup>page 93 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Defaillir</italic>. To decay, languish, pine, faint, wax feeble, weare, or wither away; also to wante, lacke, faile; to be away, or wanting; to make a default.’ Cotgrave. Jamieson gives ‘To defaill. <italic>v. n.</italic> To wax feeble.’</p></fn><fn id="fn622" symbol="page 93 note 4"><label><sup>page 93 note 4</sup></label><p>In Rauf Coilзear, 1. 329, we read how Roland and Oliver riding out to search for Charles, took ‘with thame ane thousand, and ma, of <italic>fensabill</italic> men,’ and in De Deguileville's Pilgrimage) MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 126, we find—‘Alle er <italic>defensdble</italic> and strange forto kepe bath body and saule.’ ‘v. thousande menne of y<sup>e</sup> North …. came vp euell apparelled and worse harneyssed, in rustie harneys, neyther <italic>defensable</italic> nor scoured to the sole.’ Grafton's Continuation of Hardyng's Chron., 1470, p. 516, 1. 14. In the Boke of Noblesse 1475, p. 76, instructions are given that the sons of princes are to be taught to ‘renne withe speer, handle withe ax, sworde; dagger, and alle other <italic>defensible</italic> wepyn.’ See also the Complaynt of Scotlande, <citation id="ref213" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Murray</surname></name>, p. <fpage>163</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn623" symbol="page 93 note 5"><label><sup>page 93 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref214" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>123</fpage></citation>, when a poor man challenged the Emperor's daughter to a race, we are told that ‘þe damisel loked oute at a wyndow for to se him; & when she had sen him, she <italic>defied</italic> him in hir herte,’ where the Latin edd. read—<italic>in corde despexit</italic>. ‘Certes, brother, thou demandest that whyehe thou oughtest to <italic>deffye</italic>.’ Caxton, Curial, If. 5.</p><p>'sFye on this maner, suche service I <italic>defy</italic>, I see that in court is uncleane penury.’</p><p>Alex. Barclay's <italic>Cytezan & Uplondyshman</italic>, Percy Soc. p. 37. Shakspere appears to use the word in this sense in I Henry IV. Act I, sc. Hi. 228.</p></fn><fn id="fn624" symbol="page 94 note 1"><label><sup>page 94 note 1</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. xv. 63, we are told that— ‘Hony is yuel to <italic>defye</italic>, and engleyraeth þe mawe,’ and in the Reliq. Antiq. i. 6, we read—‘<italic>Digere paulisper vinum quo modes</italic>, defye the wyn of the whiche thou art dronken, and wexist sobre.’ Wyclif, in the earlier version of 1 Kings xxv. 37, has—‘Forsoþe in þe morewtid whanne Nabal had <italic>defied</italic> þe wijn (<italic>digessisset</italic> Vulg.) his wijf schewide to hym all þise wordis, and his herte was almest deed wiþynne;’ and again, ‘water is drawen in to þe vine tree, and by tyme <italic>defyed</italic> til þat it be wyn.’ Select Works, i. 88. See also P. Plowman, C. vii. 430, 439. ‘It is seyde that yf blood is wel sode and <italic>defied</italic>, þerof men makeþ wel talow.’ (<italic>Si sanguis bene fuerit coctus et</italic> digestus.) Trevisa, Bartholom. <citation id="ref215" citation-type="other"><italic>de Proprietatibus Rerum</italic>, iv. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>. (1398)</p></fn><fn id="fn625" symbol="page 94 note 2"><label><sup>page 94 note 2</sup></label><p>D'Arnis gives ‘<italic>Genetearius</italic>, vide <italic>Gynœceum</italic>,’ and under the latter ‘Locus seu ædes ubi mulieres lanificio operam dabant; <italic>partie du palais des empereurs de Constantinople et des rois barbares, où les femmes de condition servile, et d'autres de condition libre, fabriquaient les étoffes nécessaires pour les besoins de la maison</italic>. Ces ouvrières portent dans les titres les nom de <italic>geniciariœ pensiles, pensiles ancillœ</italic>.’ Jamieson has ‘Dee, Dey. <italic>s.</italic> A dairy-maid.’ ‘<italic>Casearius</italic>. A day house, where cheese is made. <italic>Gynœceum</italic>. A nourcery or place where only women abyde.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Multrale</italic>. A chesfat or a deyes payle.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Androchea</italic>. A deye.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref212">ibid.</xref> See also Wright's Political Songs, Camden Society, p. 327, 1. 79, where we read—</p><p>'sHe taketh al that he may, and maketh the churche pore, And leveth thare behinde a theef and an hore, A serjaunt and a <italic>dcie</italic> that leden a sory lif.’</p><p>In the Early English Sermons, from the MS. Trin. Coll. Camb. B. 14. 52 (about 1230 A.D.), printed in <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i 129, the same charge is brought against the clergy—‘þe lewed man wurðeð his spuse mid cloðes more þan him selven; & prest naht his chireche, þe is his spuse. ac his <italic>daie</italic> þe is his hore, awleneð hire mid cloðes. more þan him selven.’ The duties of the <italic>deye</italic> are thus summed up by Alexander Neckham in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic> pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 101–2—</p><p>[une bacese] ofs i.pullos faciencia agars curayles</p><p>'s<italic>Assit etiam androgia, que gallinis ova supponat pullificancia, et anseribus acera</italic> agraventet ayneus parvos unius anni nutriat <italic>substernat, que agnellos morbidos, non dico anniculos in sua teneritate lacte foveat alieno</italic>; feblementdentez deseverez parroc fenerye <italic>vitulos autem et subruinos ablactatos inclusos teneat in pargulo juxta fenile. Cujus</italic> a dames pelyscuns sineroket <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref212">idem</xref>.</p><p><italic>indumenta in festivis diebus sint matronales serapelline, recinium, teristrum</italic>. androgie porchers mege à bovers à vachers <italic>Hujus autem usus est subulcis colustrum et bubulcis et armentariis, domino autem et suis</italic> supers sur leyt idem, vel crem in magnis discis duner</p><p><italic>collateralibus in obsoniis oxigallum sive quactum in cimbiis ministrare, et calulis</italic> in secreto loco [gras] [o pain] de bren [donner.]</p><p><italic>in abditorio repositis pingue serum cum pane furfureo porrigere</italic>.’ From Icel. <italic>deigja</italic>, a maid, especially a dairy-maid. See Prof. Skeat's <italic>Etymol. Dict</italic>. s. v. Dairy.</p></fn><fn id="fn626" symbol="page 95 note 1"><label><sup>page 95 note 1</sup></label><p>Andrew Boorde in his <italic>Dyetary</italic>, when discussing the subject of the situation, plan, &c., of a house, recommends that the ‘<italic>dyery</italic> (<italic>dery</italic> P.), yf any be kept, shulde be elongated the space of a quarter of a myle from the place.’ p.239. ‘Deyrie house, <italic>meterie</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn627" symbol="page 95 note 2"><label><sup>page 95 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Castel off Loue, ed. Weymouth, 139, we are told that God gave Adam</p><p>'sWyttes fyue To <italic>delen</italic> þat vuel from þe good.’</p><p>And in the story of Genesis and Exodus, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Morris, 151, we find ‘on four doles <italic>delen</italic> ðe ger. So in Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xv. 516,</p><p>'sThe pray soyne emang his menзhe Eftir thar meritis <italic>delit</italic> he.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>dœlan</italic>, to divide, distribute: <italic>dœl</italic>, a share, portion. ‘<italic>Erogo</italic>. To зeuyn Almes. <italic>Roga</italic>.</p><p>A doole.’ Medulla. See Daylle, <italic>ante</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn628" symbol="page 95 note 3"><label><sup>page 95 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>censere, censere, censtre</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn629" symbol="page 95 note 4"><label><sup>page 95 note 4</sup></label><p>Read ‘<italic>deynous</italic>:’ the mistake has probably arisen from the scribe's eye being caught by the preceding word ‘<italic>deniynge</italic>,’ with which the present Word is wholly unconnected, being from the French ‘<italic>dedaigneux</italic>. Disdainefull, scornfull, coy, squeamish.’ Cotgrave. Compare also ‘<italic>Dain</italic>. Dainty, finet quaint, curious; (an old word)’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref212">ibid.</xref> The Reeve in his Tale tells us that the Miller of Trumpington ‘was hoote <italic>deynous</italic> Symekyn,’ being, as he had already said, ‘as eny pecok prowd and gay.’ Cant. Tales, 3941, and at 1. 3964, his wife is described as being ‘As <italic>dygne</italic> as watir in a dych.’ So too in the Prologue, 517, we are told of the Parson that—</p><p>'sHe was to sinful man nought despitus, Ne of his speche daungerous ne <italic>digne</italic>.’</p><p>In P. Plowman, C. xi. 81 and xvii. 227, we are told that knowledge ‘Swelleþ in a mannes saule,</p><p>And doþ hym to. be <italic>deynous</italic>, and deme þat beth nat lerede.’</p></fn><fn id="fn630" symbol="page 96 note 1"><label><sup>page 96 note 1</sup></label><p>Apparently for ‘<italic>hypogeum</italic> (Greek ὑпόγειον), a shroudes or place under the ground.’ Cooper. See Cruddis, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn631" symbol="page 96 note 2"><label><sup>page 96 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cripta</italic>. A trove.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn632" symbol="page 96 note 3"><label><sup>page 96 note 3</sup></label><p>In King Solomon's Book of Wisdom, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref216" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>86</fpage></citation>, 1. 138, we read— ‘þe kyngdome [of Israel & Judah] <italic>departed</italic> [divided] is зut to þis daye.’ In the Knightes Tale, 276, occurs the phrase, ‘Til that the deeth <italic>departe</italic> schal us twayne;’ which is still retained in the Marriage Service, though now corrupted to ‘till death us <italic>do part</italic>.’ See also to Deuyde, below. <italic>Depart</italic> occurs with the meaning of <italic>separating oneself, parting from</italic>, in William of Palerne, 3894, ‘prestili <italic>departede</italic> he þat pres.’ ‘It ys vnleful to beleue that the worde, that ys the sonne of godde, was <italic>departed</italic> from the father, and from the holy goste, by takynge of his manhode.’ Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, 104. With the meaning of <italic>distribute, share</italic>, we find it in Wyclif, Luke xv. II, where, in the parable of the Prodigal Son, we read—‘the зonger seide to the Fadir, Fadir, зyue me the porcioun of catel, that fallith to me. And he <italic>departide</italic> to hem the catel.’</p></fn><fn id="fn633" symbol="page 96 note 4"><label><sup>page 96 note 4</sup></label><p>'sYf eny of them were <italic>departable</italic> from other …‥ The thre persones are vereyly <italic>vndepartable</italic>.’ The Myroure of Our Lady, p. 104.</p></fn><fn id="fn634" symbol="page 96 note 5"><label><sup>page 96 note 5</sup></label><p>In Early Eng. Metrical Homilies, <citation id="ref217" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Small</surname></name>, p. <fpage>48</fpage></citation>, we are told of the messengers who were sent to John saying ‘Art thou he that should come?’ &c., that—</p><p>'sThir messagers was <italic>Pharisenes</italic>, Thai war sundered of comoun lif.’</p><p>That <italic>sundered men</italic> on Englys menes,</p><p>The same idea is expressed in the Ormulum, 16862—</p><p>'sFarisew, bitacneþþ uss Shædinng onn Ennglissh spæche, And forrþi wass þatt name hemm sett, Forr þatt teзз wærenn shadde, Swa summ hemm þuhhte, fra þe follc þurrh haliз lif and lare.’ St. Augustine in his <italic>Sermo ad Populum</italic>, clxix. <italic>de verbis Apost</italic>. Philip. з, says—‘Pharisæi, …‥ dicitur hoc verbum quasi segregationem interpretari, quomodo in Latina lingua dicitur egregius, quasi a grege separatus.’ ‘They would name the <italic>Pharises</italic> according to the <italic>Hebrew, Sunder-halgens</italic>, as holy religious men which had sundered and separated themselves from other.’ Camden, <citation id="ref218" citation-type="other"><italic>Remaines</italic>, 1605, p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>. So also Wyclif, Works., i. 27, ‘Phariseis ben seid as <italic>departid</italic> from oþir puple.’</p></fn><fn id="fn635" symbol="page 96 note 6"><label><sup>page 96 note 6</sup></label><p>Τομὸς, from τέμνω, to cut.</p></fn><fn id="fn636" symbol="page 97 note 1"><label><sup>page 97 note 1</sup></label><p>Daring, bold. In the Ormulum, 1. 16780, Nicodemus is described as coming to our Lord by night—</p><p>'sForr whatt he nass nohht <italic>derrf</italic> inoh, Al openliз to sekenn þe Laferrd Crist biforr þe follc, To lofenn himm & wurrþenn.’</p><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref219" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, xriii. <fpage>307</fpage></citation>, the friar, who is sent by Douglas to watch the English, is described as ‘<italic>derff</italic>, stout, and ek hardy.’ Icel. <italic>djarfi</italic>. A. S. <italic>dearf</italic>. (?) See also Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, Il. 312, 332, 811, Ormulum, 16195, &c. ‘Darfe, stubborn, <italic>pertinax, obduratus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn637" symbol="page 97 note 2"><label><sup>page 97 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Desaise</italic>, f. A sickenesse, a being ill at ease. <italic>Desaisé</italic>, out of temper, ill at ease.’ Cotgrave. In the Version of the History of Lear and his daughters given in the <citation id="ref220" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, we are told how the eldest daughter, after keeping her father for less than a year, ‘was so anoyed and <italic>dissesed</italic> of hym and of his meanes’ that she reduced the number of his attendants; and in chap. 45 we read of a law that the victor in battle should receive on the first day four honours, ‘But the second day he shall sufire iiij. <italic>diseases</italic>, that is, he shall be taken as a theef, and shamfully ledde to the prison, and be dispoyled of Iubiter clothyng, and as a fole he shall be holden of all men; and so he shall have, that went to the bataile, and had the victorie.’ E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref221" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Herrtage</surname></name>, p. <fpage>176</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn638" symbol="page 97 note 3"><label><sup>page 97 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pluteus</italic>. A little holowe deske like a coffer wheron men doe write.’ Cooper. See also Karalle, or writing burde.</p></fn><fn id="fn639" symbol="page 97 note 4"><label><sup>page 97 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. repeats this word.</p></fn><fn id="fn640" symbol="page 98 note 1"><label><sup>page 98 note 1</sup></label><p>In Morte Arthure, ed. Brook, 664, we read—</p><p>'sIf me be <italic>destaynede</italic> to dye at Dryghtyna wylle,</p><p>I charge the my sektour,’ &c.</p><p>See also Il. 4090, 4153, &c. ‘<italic>Destiner</italic>. To destinate, ordaine, appoint unto; purpose for.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn641" symbol="page 98 note 2"><label><sup>page 98 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>parare</italic>: corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn642" symbol="page 98 note 3"><label><sup>page 98 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe dittie, or matter of a song, <italic>canticum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A dittie of a song, <italic>argumentum, materia</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Carmen</italic>. A dete.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn643" symbol="page 98 note 4"><label><sup>page 98 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Zabulon: nomen proprium diaboli. Zabulus</italic>: idem’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Zabulus</italic>. Diabolus. Sic autem Dorice aiunt appellari. Dorica quippe lingua ζαάλλειν idem est quod διαβάλλειν; ut ζάκορος, idem quod διάκορος,’ &c. Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn644" symbol="page 98 note 5"><label><sup>page 98 note 5</sup></label><p>'sDevilry, Deevilry, s. Communication with the devil.’ Jamieson. It occurs with the meaning of ‘diabolical agency’ in Barbour's <citation id="ref222" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, ed. Skeat, vi. <fpage>690</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn645" symbol="page 98 note 6"><label><sup>page 98 note 6</sup></label><p>'sTo dew, <italic>roro</italic>.’ Withals. ‘<italic>Roro</italic>. To. deawe, or droppe downe lyke deawe. <italic>Rorat</italic>. The deawe falleth.’ Cooper. Jamieson gives ‘To deaw, <italic>v.n.</italic> To rain gently; to drizzle.’ A. S. <italic>deawian</italic> (?). ‘<italic>Roro</italic>. To dewen.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Isaiah xlv. 8, has—‘<italic>deweth</italic> ye heuenus fro aboue.’ The verb occurs with a transitive meaning in the Ormulum, 13848: ‘To wattrenn & to <italic>dœwwenn</italic> swa þurrh beззske & sallte & tæress þatt herrte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn646" symbol="page 98 note 7"><label><sup>page 98 note 7</sup></label><p>'sThe dewlap of a rudder beast, hanging down vnder the necke, <italic>palear</italic>: the hollow part of the throte: a part in the bellie, as Nonius saith, the panch; <italic>rumen</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hoc paliare</italic>, a dewlappe.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 231.</p></fn><fn id="fn647" symbol="page 98 note 8"><label><sup>page 98 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Parapherna</italic>. Graeci parapherna dicunt, quæ Galli peculium appellant. All thynges that the woman bringeth to hir husband beside hir dowry.’ Cooper. Hence our <italic>paraphernalia</italic>. ‘<italic>Douaire</italic>. A dower; also, her marriage good, or the portions she hath, or brings, to her marriage.’ Cotgrave. For <italic>sponse</italic> the MS. reads <italic>sponsa</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn648" symbol="page 98 note 9"><label><sup>page 98 note 9</sup></label><p>'sTo dibbe, or dippe, <italic>intingere</italic>.’ Baret. In the Alliterative Poem on Joseph of Arimathea, <citation id="ref223" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, <fpage>534</fpage></citation>, we have—</p><p>'sWith þe deþ in his hals dounward he <italic>duppes</italic>;’ and in the account of the changing of the water into wine at Cana, given in Early Eng. Metrical Homilies, <citation id="ref224" citation-type="other">ed <name><surname>Small</surname></name>, p. <fpage>121</fpage></citation>, we read that our Lord ‘bad thaim <italic>dib</italic> thair cuppes alle, and ber tille bern best in halle.’ See also to Dippe.</p></fn><fn id="fn649" symbol="page 98 note 10"><label><sup>page 98 note 10</sup></label><p>See also Debylle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn650" symbol="page 99 note 1"><label><sup>page 99 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>examinat</italic>. The words scilicet spiritum below are written in a later hand as a gloss over <italic>exalat</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn651" symbol="page 99 note 2"><label><sup>page 99 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>natura</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn652" symbol="page 99 note 3"><label><sup>page 99 note 3</sup></label><p>Caxton in his Art and Craft How to Die, 1491, p. 2, has ‘It [deth] is the payment of the dette of nature,’ probably the first instance of this phrase in English.</p></fn><fn id="fn653" symbol="page 99 note 4"><label><sup>page 99 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>commine</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn654" symbol="page 99 note 5"><label><sup>page 99 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Obviam ire</italic>, means to go to meet some one; hence our author says it can only be used of the good, who go from this life to meet God.</p></fn><fn id="fn655" symbol="page 99 note 6"><label><sup>page 99 note 6</sup></label><p>Chaucer, Prologue Cant. Tales, 435, says of the ‘Doctour of Phisik,’ that ‘of his <italic>diete</italic> mesurable was he.’ See also Ancren Riwle, p. 112. Generally derived from Mid. Lat. <italic>dieta</italic>, from <italic>dies</italic>, a day: O. Eng. <italic>diet</italic>, an appointed day; but it is more probably from Gr. δίαιτα, mode of life, especially with reference to food.</p></fn><fn id="fn656" symbol="page 99 note 7"><label><sup>page 99 note 7</sup></label><p>See also to Defy, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn657" symbol="page 99 note 8"><label><sup>page 99 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Diken</italic> or deluen, or dyngen vppon sheues.’ P. Plowman, B. vi. 143. ‘For <italic>diching</italic> and hegging and delvynge of tounes.’ Wyclif, Works, i. 28. A. S. <italic>dician</italic>,</p></fn><fn id="fn658" symbol="page 99 note 9"><label><sup>page 99 note 9</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>licuna</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn659" symbol="page 99 note 10"><label><sup>page 99 note 10</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Scorbs proprie scorpharam</italic>. ‘<italic>Scrofa</italic>, A sow that hath had pigges more than ones.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn660" symbol="page 99 note 11"><label><sup>page 99 note 11</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Scrobs: fossa quam scrofe maxime faciunt, Scrofa: porca. Traco: meatus, vel via subterranea</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hic scrobs</italic>: a swyn-wrotyng.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 271.</p></fn><fn id="fn661" symbol="page 100 note 1"><label><sup>page 100 note 1</sup></label><p>In Jamieson we find ‘To dinle, dynle. (1) To tremble. (2) To malte a great noise. (3) To thrill; to tingle. ‘Dinle. <italic>s</italic>. (1) Vibration. (2) A slight and temporary sensation of pain, similar to that caused by a stroke on the elbow.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Tintillant</italic>. Tinging; ringing; tingling. <italic>Tintoner</italic>. To ting or towle often; to glow, tingle, dingle.’ ‘Hir unfortunat husband had no sooner notice given him upon his returne of these sorrowfull newes, than his fingers began to nibble …. his ears to <italic>dindle</italic>, his head to dozell, insomuch as his heart being scared with gelousie …. he became as mad as a March hare.’ Stanihurst, Descrip. of Ireland in Holinshed's Chronicles (1576), vol. vi. p. 32, §2.</p><p>'sThe birnand towris doun rollis with ane rusche, Quhil all the heuynnys <italic>dynlit</italic> with the dusche.’ Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. ix. p. 296, 1. 35.</p></fn><fn id="fn662" symbol="page 100 note 2"><label><sup>page 100 note 2</sup></label><p>Ducange renders ‘<italic>Iantaculum</italic>’ by ‘Cibus quo solvitur jejunium ante piandium; <italic>déjeuner</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Ientaculum</italic>. a breakefaste. <italic>Ientare</italic>. To eate meate afore dinner.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Iantaculum</italic>. A dynere.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn663" symbol="page 100 note 3"><label><sup>page 100 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that as a smith hammers on an anvil</p><p>'sRight swa þe devels salle ay <italic>dyng</italic> On þe synfulle, with-outen styntyng.’ Pricke of Conscience, 7015.</p><p>The past tense is found as <italic>dang</italic> in Iwaine & Gawaine, 3167, as <italic>dong</italic> in Havelok, 1147, and as <italic>dung</italic> in the Destruction of Troy, in which we also find <italic>dongen, dungyn</italic> for the past participle. O. Icel. <italic>dengja</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn664" symbol="page 100 note 4"><label><sup>page 100 note 4</sup></label><p>See also to Dibbe. Trevisa in his version of Higden, i. 117, speaking of the Dead Sea, says that ‘what quik þing þat it be þat <italic>duppeþ</italic> þerynne anon it lepeþ vp aзen.’ In Wyclif's version of Leviticus xi. 17, amongst unclean fowls are mentioned the ‘owle and the <italic>deuedop</italic>’ [<italic>mergulum</italic>], in other MISS, <italic>dewedoppe</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn665" symbol="page 100 note 5"><label><sup>page 100 note 5</sup></label><p>This appears to mean a ‘dressing knife.’ To <italic>durse</italic> in the Northern Dialect means to ‘spread or dress.’ See Dryssynge knyffe, below. ‘<italic>Spatha</italic>. An instrument to turne fryed meate; a sklise; also a like toole that apothecaries use.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Spatha</italic>. A broad swerd. <italic>Spatula</italic>. A spaude. <italic>Mensiacula</italic>. A dressyng knyff.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn666" symbol="page 100 note 6"><label><sup>page 100 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Scutellarium</italic>. Locus ubi <italic>scutellœ</italic> reponuntur: <italic>vaisselier, lieu où l'on serre la vaisselle</italic>: ol <italic>escueillier</italic>.’ Ducange. Now called a <italic>dresser</italic>. A. S. <italic>benc</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>bekkr</italic>, a bench. ‘<italic>Scutellarium</italic>. A dysshborde.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Fercula</italic>, bær-disc. <italic>Discifer, vel discoforus</italic>, disc-þen.’ Aelfric's Gloss, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 26. ‘Inventarium 12th April 1576 …. Item a cubburd, a <italic>dishbenck</italic>, viiij<sup>s</sup>, a maske fat, a gile fat, aworte troughe, a dough trough, a stand, vj<sup>s</sup> viii<sup>d</sup>.’ Inventory of John Casse 1576, <citation id="ref225" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills and Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc. vol. 26), p. <fpage>260</fpage></citation>. See Dressoure, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn667" symbol="page 101 note 1"><label><sup>page 101 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Discutio</italic>. To cast or shake of or downe; to remoue; to examine or discusse.’ Cooper. Spencer used the word <italic>discuss</italic> in its primary sense of <italic>shaking off</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn668" symbol="page 101 note 2"><label><sup>page 101 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHwat! wenden lie to <italic>disherite</italic> me?’ Havelok, ed. Skeat, 2547.</p><p>'sThere comen into his lond With hors and harneys, as I vndyrstond. Forto disherite hym of his good.’ Lonelich's Holy Grail, <citation id="ref226" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, lvi. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>. See also the Lay Folks Mass Book, ed. <citation id="ref227" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Simmons</surname><given-names>Canon</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>278</fpage></citation>. ‘To disherite, <italic>exhœredo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Exhereder</italic>, to disherit, or disinherit.’ Cotgrave. The form <italic>dis-heryss</italic> occurs in Barbour's <citation id="ref228" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, ii. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>. ‘Ofte þer byeþ men and wyfmen and children <italic>deserited</italic> and yexiled.’ Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn669" symbol="page 101 note 3"><label><sup>page 101 note 3</sup></label><p>See also Despere. ‘<italic>Despero</italic>. To myshopyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn670" symbol="page 101 note 4"><label><sup>page 101 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo dispende, <italic>dispendere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Desperw</italic>. Expense, cost, charge; or expenses, disbursements, layings out, costs and charges. <italic>Despenser</italic>, to dispend, spend, expend.’ Cotgrave. In the Cook's Tale, the ‘prentys’ is described as ‘free of his <italic>dispence</italic>.’ Cant. Tales, 4387; and in the Legende of Goode Women, Phillis, 1. 97,</p><p>'sMe lyste nat vouchesafe on hym to swynke,</p><p><italic>Dispenden</italic> on hym a penne ful of ynke.’</p><p>See also P. Plowman, B. x. 325. ‘<italic>Dispensor</italic>. To dyspendyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn671" symbol="page 101 note 5"><label><sup>page 101 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. a Disspysynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn672" symbol="page 101 note 6"><label><sup>page 101 note 6</sup></label><p>In Dan Jon Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS. (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Perry), we are told that it is a violation of the 10th Commandment if we have ‘wetandly or willfully gerte oure euene cristyne lesse þaire patremoyne or þaire heritage, or falsely be <italic>dyssessede</italic> of lande or of lythe.’ Ducange gives ‘Dissaisiare, possessione deturbare, deturbare, <italic>dépouiller quelqu'un d'une chose. Dissaisitor</italic>, qui dejicit a possessions, <italic>usurpateur</italic>:’ and Baret says, ‘Dissezeine, <italic>dejectio vel ejectio</italic> to disseze, <italic>ejicere, detrudere, deturbare possesione</italic>.’ See also Robert of Brunne, <citation id="ref229" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Hearne</surname></name>, p. <fpage>250</fpage></citation>: ‘Our Kyng Sir Edward held him wele payed …. <italic>Disseised</italic> him of alle, зald it to Sir Jon:’ and Romaunt of the Rose, 1. 2077,</p><p>'sSo sore it lustith you to plese, No man therof may you <italic>disese</italic>.’</p><p>Even so late as 1747 Carte, Hist. of England, vol.i.p. 501, speaks of incumbents being ‘deprived and <italic>disseized</italic> of their livings.’ ‘<italic>Dejacio</italic>. To dissease, or put oute of possession.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Dessaisi</italic>. Disseised, dispossessed, deprived, bereaved, put out of. <italic>Dessaisine</italic>. A disseisin, dispossession, &c.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn673" symbol="page 102 note 1"><label><sup>page 102 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref230" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>, we read ‘when the Emperour…. saw swiche a <italic>distaunce</italic> amonge the systeres,’ &c., and again, p. 168, after their father's death ‘iij childerin made <italic>distaunce</italic> for a Ring, and that long time.’ In the Complaynt of the Ploughman, pr. in Wright's Political Poems, i. 339, we find—</p><p>'sThis commeth in by fendes, For they would that no men were frendes.’ To bring the christen in <italic>distaunce</italic>, And again, p. 83—‘Sir David the Bruse When Edward the Baliolfe Was at <italic>distance</italic>, Rade with his lance.’</p></fn><fn id="fn674" symbol="page 102 note 2"><label><sup>page 102 note 2</sup></label><p>'sWho feleth double sorwe and hevynesse But Palamon? that love <italic>destreyneth</italic> so.’ Chaucer, Knighte's Tale, 595.</p></fn><fn id="fn675" symbol="page 102 note 3"><label><sup>page 102 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Idromancia</italic>. Soth seying in watere.’ Medulla. A. adds, <italic>geomancia fit per puluerem vel terram. Siromancia</italic> [<italic>Cheiromancia</italic>] <italic>est per Inspeccionem manuum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn676" symbol="page 102 note 4"><label><sup>page 102 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA diuiner, a coniecturer of things to come, <italic>mantes</italic>; diuination, or soothsaying, <italic>mantice</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Anone as the night past the noble kyng sent For <italic>Devinours</italic> full duly & of depe wit.’ See also an Ouerloker. Destruction of Troy (E. E. Text Soc.), 13835.</p></fn><fn id="fn677" symbol="page 102 note 5"><label><sup>page 102 note 5</sup></label><p>See also Dawbe and Dawber.</p></fn><fn id="fn678" symbol="page 103 note 1"><label><sup>page 103 note 1</sup></label><p>Cotgrare gives ‘<italic>Podagre de lin</italic>. The weed Dodder;’ of which Lyte, Dodoens, p. 398, says, ‘It is a strange herbe, without leaues, & without roote, lyke vnto a threed, muche snarled and wrapped togither, confusely winding itself about hedges and bushes and other herbes…… This herbe is called in …‥ Latine <italic>Cassytha</italic>, in shoppes <italic>Cuscuta</italic>; of some <italic>Podagra lini</italic>, and <italic>Angina lini</italic>.’ ‘There be other wedes not spoken of, as dee, nettyles, <italic>dodder</italic>, and suche other, that doo moche harme.’ Sir A. Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, 1534, leaf D1 b<sup>k</sup>. Turner, in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, 1551, says, ‘<italic>Doder</italic> groweth out of herbes and small bushes, as miscelto groweth out of trees, and nother of bothe grow out of the grounde:’ and again, p. 90, ‘<italic>Doder</italic> is lyke a great red harpe stryng: and it wyndeth about herbes…. and hath floures and knoppes, one from another a good space.’</p></fn><fn id="fn679" symbol="page 103 note 2"><label><sup>page 103 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo doffe, for do of, <italic>exuere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘And thou my concelle doo, thow <italic>doffe</italic> of thy clothes.’ Morte Arthure, 1023.</p></fn><fn id="fn680" symbol="page 103 note 3"><label><sup>page 103 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. a-day.</p></fn><fn id="fn681" symbol="page 103 note 4"><label><sup>page 103 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret gives the saying ‘in docke, out nettle,’ which he renders by ‘<italic>exeat urtica, paricella fit intus amica</italic>.’ ‘A docke, herbe, <italic>lapathum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Ducange defines <italic>paradella</italic> as ‘anethi silvestris species, <italic>sorte d'aneth sauvage</italic>.’</p><p>'sAs like зe bene as day is to the night, Or <italic>doken</italic> to the fresche dayesye.’ Or sek-cloth is unto fyne cremesye, The King's Quair, Bk. iii. st. 36.</p><p>A. S. <italic>docce</italic>. ‘Docce, lapacium.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 67: ‘eá-docca, <italic>nimphea</italic>,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref230">ibid.</xref> p. 31.</p></fn><fn id="fn682" symbol="page 103 note 5"><label><sup>page 103 note 5</sup></label><p>'sOf new pressed wine is made the wine called <italic>Cute</italic>, in Latin <italic>Lapa</italic>; and it is by boiling the new pressed wine so long as till that there reroaine but one of three parts. Of new pressed wine is also made another <italic>Cute</italic>, called of the Latines <italic>Defrutum</italic>, and this is by boiling of the new wine onely so long, as till the halfe part be consumed, and the rest become of the thicknesse of honey.’ <citation id="ref231" citation-type="other"><italic>Maison Rustique</italic>, p. <fpage>622</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Defruto</italic>. To boyle newe wine.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Defructus</italic>. Ded.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Defrutum vinum</italic>, gesoden win <italic>vel pasaum</italic>.’ Alfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 27. See also Palladius on Husbondrie, p. 204, 1. 484, where we are told that three sorts of wine ‘<italic>Defrut</italic>, carene & sape in oon manere Of must is made,’ the first being made ‘of deferyyng til [the muste is] thicke.’</p></fn><fn id="fn683" symbol="page 103 note 6"><label><sup>page 103 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vappa</italic>. Wine that hath loste the vertue: naughtie dead wine.’ Cooper. Compare our expression ‘dead’ as applied to ale. In W. de Worde's Boke of Keruynge, pr. in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 154, 1. 20, we are warned to ‘gyue no persone noo <italic>dowled</italic> drynke for it wyll breke ye scabbe.’ ‘<italic>Dowld</italic>, or <italic>Dull'd</italic>. Dispirited, abated, dull.’ Whitby Glossary. See also Palde as Ale, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn684" symbol="page 103 note 7"><label><sup>page 103 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Coma</italic>. A Jugement.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn685" symbol="page 104 note 1"><label><sup>page 104 note 1</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. v. 209, Avarice says—</p><p>'sThanne drowe I me amonge draperes my <italic>donet</italic> to lerne;’ that is, as Prof. Skeat remarks, ‘my primer.’ <italic>Donet</italic> is properly a grammar, from Donatus the grammarian. ‘<italic>Donatus</italic>. A donet, <italic>et compositor illius libri. Donatista</italic>. A donatrice: <italic>quedam heresis</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘The Donet into Cristen Religioun,’ and ‘The folewer to the Donet’ are titles of two works of Pecock, of ten quoted in his <italic>Repressor</italic>. In the Introduction he says—‘As the common <italic>donet</italic> berith himsilfe towards the full kunnyng of Latyn, so this booke for Goddis laws: therefore this booke may be conveniently called the <italic>Donet</italic>, or Key to Cristen Religioun.’</p></fn><fn id="fn686" symbol="page 104 note 2"><label><sup>page 104 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. Do on now: corrected by A. ‘<italic>Encennia</italic>. Newe halowynge off cherchis.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Encœnia</italic>. Renouation; amonge the Jewes the feaste of dedication.’ Cooper. Wyclif, <citation id="ref232" citation-type="other"><italic>Works</italic>, ed. Arnold, ii. <fpage>105</fpage></citation>, says ‘<italic>Encennia</italic> is as myche as renewinge in our speche,’ The word is still retained at Oxford. Greek ἐγκαίνια, from κα<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline3"></inline-graphic>νος, new.</p></fn><fn id="fn687" symbol="page 104 note 3"><label><sup>page 104 note 3</sup></label><p>The city of Durham.</p></fn><fn id="fn688" symbol="page 104 note 4"><label><sup>page 104 note 4</sup></label><p>Amongst the duties of the Marshal of the Hall as given in The Boke of Curtasye (Sloane MS. 1986), pr. in Babees Boke, <citation id="ref233" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>189</fpage></citation>, we find he is ‘þe <italic>dosurs</italic>, cortines to henge in halle,’ and in the description of the house from the Porkington MS. pr. by Mr. Wright for the Warton Club, 1855, p. 4, we find,</p><p>'sThe <italic>dosers</italic> alle of camaca, The bankers alle of taffaca, The quysschyns alle of veluet.’ See also Hallynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn689" symbol="page 104 note 5"><label><sup>page 104 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Abbey of the Holy Ghost, pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Perry), p. 50, 1. 10, we read— ‘Scrifte sail [make] thi chapitir, Predicacione sall make thi fratour, Oracione sall make thi chapelle, Contemplacione sail make thi <italic>dortour</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘A Dortour or sleeping place, a bed-chamber, <italic>dormitorium</italic>.’ In Mr. Aldis Wright's ed. of De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, p. 160, occurs the word <italic>Dortowrere</italic>, that is the superintendent of a dormitory. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref230">ibid.</xref> p. 193; and also the Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 117, and Introduction, p. xxxiii.</p></fn><fn id="fn690" symbol="page 104 note 6"><label><sup>page 104 note 6</sup></label><p>'sTo dote, <italic>delirare</italic>; a dottel, <italic>delirus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Me þuncheð þe alde mon wole <italic>dotie</italic>’ Laзamon, i. 140. In the Pricke of Conscience amongst other signs of a man's decaying old age it is said that</p><p>'sHis mouth slavers, his tethe rotes, His wyttes fayles, and he ofte <italic>dotes</italic>.’ I. 785. The word also occurs in P. Plowman, A. i. 129,</p><p>'sþou <italic>dotest</italic> daffe, quaþ heo, dulle are þi wittes.’</p><p>'sA <italic>doter</italic> or old <italic>doting</italic> foole, a rauer.’ Baret. Scotch <italic>doit</italic>, to be confused; Icel. <italic>dotta</italic>, to slumber; Dutch <italic>doten, dutten</italic>, delirare, desipere. ‘<italic>Desipio</italic>. To dote j to waxe foolish; to play the foole.’ Cooper. See Jamieson, s. v. Doit, Doytt. ‘<italic>Radoté</italic>. An old dotard, or doting fool. <italic>Radoter</italic>. To dote, rave, play the cokes, erre grossly in vnderstanding.’ Cotgrave. ‘He is an old <italic>dotard</italic>, or a iocham; deth hangeth in his nose, or he is at dethes dore. <italic>Silicernus est</italic>.’ Horman. ‘What þe deuel hatз þou don, <italic>doted</italic> wrech?’ Allit. Poems, iii. 196; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref234">ibid.</xref> ii. 286, iii. 125, and Wyclif, <citation id="ref234" citation-type="other"><italic>Ecclus</italic>. xxv. <fpage>4</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn691" symbol="page 104 note 7"><label><sup>page 104 note 7</sup></label><p>'sWhy then …. do you mocke me, ye <italic>dotrells</italic>, saying like children I will not, I will, I will, I will not.’ Bernard's <citation id="ref235" citation-type="other"><italic>Terence</italic>, 1629, p. <fpage>423</fpage></citation>. ‘þenne þe <italic>dolel</italic> on dece drank þat he myзt,’ Allit. Poems, ii. 1517.</p></fn><fn id="fn692" symbol="page 105 note 1"><label><sup>page 105 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Dubylle tonged.</p></fn><fn id="fn693" symbol="page 105 note 2"><label><sup>page 105 note 2</sup></label><p>Amongst the ‘comodytys off the parsonage …. off the benefyce off Oxned’ we find mentioned ‘<italic>A doffhowse</italic> worth a yere xiiij<sup>s</sup> iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ Paston Letters, iii. 232. And in the Will of John Baret, of St. Edmund's Bury, in Bury Wills, &c. (Camden Soc. p. 24), are mentioned a ‘berne and <italic>duffous</italic>,’ a form interesting as showing the pronunciation.</p></fn><fn id="fn694" symbol="page 105 note 3"><label><sup>page 105 note 3</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I <italic>douke</italic> under the water. <italic>Je plonge en leaue</italic>. This hounde can <italic>douke</italic> under the water lyke a ducke;’ and Sherwood has ‘to douke, <italic>plonger</italic>.’ ‘<italic>To douke, vrinare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Mergo</italic>. To drowne in water; to deepe.’ Cooper. Jamieson has ‘Dowkar, s. A diver. S. G. <italic>dokare</italic>, Belg. <italic>duycker</italic>.’ The participle <italic>doukand</italic> occurs in the Alliterative Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, 4091. ‘Hic mergulus, a <italic>dokare</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 253. ‘<italic>Mergo</italic>. To drynkelyn.’ Medulla. Withals mentions amongst his list of water-birds ‘A Dobchic, or <italic>Dowker</italic>,’ our water-hen. W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 165, speaks of ‘<italic>la cercele</italic> (a tele) <italic>et ly plounjoun</italic> (a doke, doukere).’</p></fn><fn id="fn695" symbol="page 105 note 4"><label><sup>page 105 note 4</sup></label><p>Halliwell gives ‘<italic>Doule</italic>. A nail sharpened at each end: a wooden pin or plug to fasten planks with.’ In Ducange we find ‘<italic>Stecco</italic>. Vox Italica, spina, festuca, palus: épine, paille, pien.’ From this the meaning would appear to be ‘wooden pins used to fasten the parts of the felloe of a wheel together;’ and not, as rendered by Sir F. Madden, ‘fellies of a wheel.’ But in the description of Solomon's Temple we read in Purvey's version, з Kings vii. 33: ‘Sotheli the wheelis weren siche, whiche maner wheelis benwont to be maad in a chare; and the extrees, and the naue stockis, and the spokis, and <italic>dowlis</italic> of tho wheelis, alle thingis weren зotun:’ where Wyclif's and the other MSS. read ‘felijs.’ In the Vulgate the verse runs as follows: ‘Tales autem rotæ erant, quales solent in curru fieri: et axes earum, et radii, et canthi, et modioli, omnia fusilia.’ Neckham, in his description of the several parts of a cart says—</p><p>spokes jauntes feleyes radii dico radiorum ‘<italic>in modiolo aptari debenl radii in cantos transmittendi, quorum extremitates</italic> i. rote orbiculate. <italic>stelliones dicuntur, videlicet orbite</italic>.’ <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 108. Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, 1534, fol. B. 4bk. says that ‘wheles …. be made of nathes, [naves] spokes, fellyes, and <italic>dowles</italic>,’ and in the Howard Household Books (Roxb. Club), p. 211, we find— ‘Item for ij hopis to the exiltre, and for ij <italic>dowleges</italic> to the trendell, viij<sup>lb</sup>. xij<sup>d</sup>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn696" symbol="page 105 note 5"><label><sup>page 105 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Douer</italic>. To indue, endow, or give a dowry unto.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Doto</italic>. To зeue dowary.’ Medulla. In a tract on ‘Clerkis Possessioneris’ (English Works of Wyclif, B. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref236" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>122</fpage>–3</citation>), Wyclif writes ‘for þes skillis and many mo þe angel seyd ful soþe whanne þe chirche was <italic>dowid</italic> þat þis day is venym sched into þe chirehe;’ and again, p. 124, ‘prestis þas <italic>dowid</italic> ben so occupied aboute þe worlde and newe seruyce and song …may not studie and preche goddis lawe in contre to cristis peple.’ See also p. 191, ‘<italic>dowid</italic> with temperal and worldly lordischippis;’ and Exodus xxii, 17.</p></fn><fn id="fn697" symbol="page 106 note 1"><label><sup>page 106 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Draffe</italic> appears to have been a general term for refuse. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Mangeaille pour les pourceaux</italic>, swillings, washings, <italic>draff</italic>, hogswash,’ and in the Manip. Vocab. <italic>draffe</italic> is translated by <italic>excrementa</italic>. In the later version of Wyclif, Numbers vi. 4 is thus rendered: ‘thei shulen not ete what euer thing may be of the vyner, fro a grape dried til to the <italic>draf</italic>,’ where the marginal note is ‘In Ebreu it is, fro the rynde til to the litil greynes that ben in the myddis of the grape.’ Other MSS. read: ‘<italic>draf</italic>, ether casting out after the pressing.’ See also Ecclus. xxxiii. 16 and Hosea iii. 1: ‘Thei byholden to alyen goddis, and louen the <italic>darstis</italic> [<italic>draffis</italic> P. <italic>vinacia</italic>, Vulg.] that leueth in hern aftir pressyng.’ In P. Plowman, B. x. 9, we read—</p><p>'s<italic>Noli mittere</italic>, man, margerye perlis Amanges hogges, þat han hawes at wille, þei don but dryuele þer-on, <italic>draffe</italic> were hem leuere.’ And Skelton in Elinor Rummyng, 1. 171, says ‘Get me a staffe The swyne eate my <italic>draffe</italic>.’ So also in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 84,</p><p>'sLo, Dawe, with tbi <italic>draffe</italic> Thou liest on the gospel.’ ‘No more shall swich men and women come to the Ioye of paradise, that louyn more <italic>draffe</italic> and <italic>drestes</italic>, that is, lustes and lykynges of the flesshe, but they amende hem or they deye.’ <citation id="ref237" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>569</fpage></citation>. Jamieson gives ‘Draff, s. Grains. Draffy. Of inferior quality. Draff-pock. A sack for carrying grains.’ In the Reeve's Tale Johan exclaims— ‘I lye as a <italic>draf-sak</italic> in my bed.’ C. Tales, 4206.</p><p>O. Dutch <italic>draf</italic>. The term is still used in Yorkshire for brewer's grains, and also more generally for waste matter, from which the food element has been extracted, as <italic>pig-draff</italic>, the scrap-food of pigs.</p></fn><fn id="fn698" symbol="page 106 note 2"><label><sup>page 106 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThat daye ducheryes he delte, and doubbyde knyghttes, Dresses dromowndes and <italic>dragges</italic>, and drawene vpe stonys.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 3614.</p><p>'sA drag to draw things out of a well or like place, <italic>harpago</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Lupus</italic>. An hooke to drawe things out of a pitte.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn699" symbol="page 106 note 3"><label><sup>page 106 note 3</sup></label><p>In Liber Albus, p. 588, we find an order—‘Item, qe nul ne vende groaerie, ne espicery, poudres, <italic>dragges</italic>, confitures, nautres choses, fors par le livres qi contignent xv. unces.’ ‘A <italic>dragee</italic> of the yolkes of harde eyren.’ Ord. and Regul. p. 454. Palsgrave has ‘Carawayes, small confetes, <italic>dragee</italic>,’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Dragee, f</italic>. Any jonkets, comfets or sweet meats, served in at the last course (or otherwise) for stomacke-closers. <italic>Drageoir</italic>. A comfet-boxe.’</p></fn><fn id="fn700" symbol="page 106 note 4"><label><sup>page 106 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Dracontium</italic>. Dragon wort or dragens.’ Cooper. Cogan, Haven of Health, 1612, p. 72, recommends the use of <italic>Dragons</italic> as a specific for the plague. Harrison, Descript. of England, ii. 34, says that the sting of an adder brings death, ‘except the iuice of <italic>dragons</italic> (in Latine called <italic>Dracunculus minor</italic>) be speedilie ministred and dronke in stronge ale.’</p></fn><fn id="fn701" symbol="page 106 note 5"><label><sup>page 106 note 5</sup></label><p>Cooper defines <italic>pannarium</italic> as a ‘pantrie,’ but here the meaning appears to be a draper's shop. In Sir Ferumbras, 1. 4457, it means simply cloth; ‘Of <italic>drapreye</italic> we ledeþ gret fuysoun, And wolleþ þer-wyþ to Agremoun, to þe Amyral of þis land.’ ‘Hail be зe marchans wiþ зur gret packes of <italic>draperie</italic>.’ Early Eng. Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 154.</p></fn><fn id="fn702" symbol="page 107 note 1"><label><sup>page 107 note 1</sup></label><p>A team of oxen. Jamieson has ‘Drave, s. A drove of cattle.’ A. S. <italic>drâf</italic>, a drove, and <italic>neât</italic>, horned cattle. ‘<italic>Armentarium</italic>. A drove of neet.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hoc armentum</italic>; a dryfte.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 179. Compare Nowthyrde, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn703" symbol="page 107 note 2"><label><sup>page 107 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref238" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>35</fpage>, 1. 4, we read, ‘þerfore, Seris, lat vs <italic>drawe cut</italic>, and drawe out his yen on whom the cut wol falle …‥ And þei <italic>drowe cut</italic>; and it felle vpon him þat зafe the conseil.’ In drawing lots a number of straws were held by some one of the company: the others drew one apiece, and the lot was considered to have fallen on him who drew the shortest, i. e. the one <italic>cut</italic> short: cf. Welsh <italic>cwtan</italic>, to shorten; <italic>cwta</italic>, short; <italic>cwtws</italic>, a lot. The French, practice was that the lot should fall on him who drew the longest; hence their phrase, ‘<italic>tirer la longue paille</italic>.’ Prof. Skeat's note to Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 793. See also Prologue, 835, 838, & 845. ‘To draw cuts or lots. <italic>Sortior</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘Drawe cutte or lottes. <italic>Sortio, sortior</italic>.’ Huloet.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn704" symbol="page 107 note 3"><label><sup>page 107 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Remulco</italic>, Ablatius est, vnde Submersam nauim remulco reducere, Cæsar, &c…‥ By tyding cables about an whole and sounde ship, to drawe vp a ship that is broken and sunke. <italic>Remulcus</italic>. A little boate or barge seruing to drawe, or to unlade great vessels. <italic>Remulco</italic>. To draw with an other vessell a great shippe that is vnwildie.’ Cooper. ‘Remultum. <italic>Funis, quo navis deligata trahitur vice remi; unde Remultare, navem trahere, vel navem Remulto trahere</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Remulcus</italic>, toh-line.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 57.</p></fn><fn id="fn705" symbol="page 107 note 4"><label><sup>page 107 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. on lyte: corrected from A.</p></fn><fn id="fn706" symbol="page 107 note 5"><label><sup>page 107 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Antlia</italic>. A poompe, or lyke thing to draw up water.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Anclea</italic>. A whele off a drauth welle.’ Medulla. See also Whele of a drawe whele.</p></fn><fn id="fn707" symbol="page 107 note 6"><label><sup>page 107 note 6</sup></label><p>See also Cokylle, and Darnelle, above. ‘Dawke or Darnell, which causeth giddinesse. in the head, as if one were drunken. <italic>Lolium</italic>.’ Withals. In the Supplement to Archbishop Aelfric's Gloss, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 55, <italic>zizania</italic> is glossed by ‘laser,’ and <italic>lolium</italic> by ‘boþen,’ which is generally supposed to be rosemary.</p></fn><fn id="fn708" symbol="page 107 note 7"><label><sup>page 107 note 7</sup></label><p>Perhaps the same as ‘Driffle. A drizzling rain.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn709" symbol="page 108 note 1"><label><sup>page 108 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Aqualiculus, Ventriculus, sed proprie porcorum pinguedo super umbilicum</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Ventriculus</italic>. The stomacke. <italic>Aqualiculus</italic>. A parte of the belly; a paunche.’ Cooper. Baret also has ‘a Pauch. <italic>Rumen Aqualiculus</italic>. A panch, or gorbellie guts, a tunbellie. <italic>Ventrosus, ventricosus</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Aqualiculus: ventriculus porci</italic>.’ Medulla. Perhaps the meaning here is the dish ‘haggis.’ The Ortus Vocabulorum gives ‘<italic>Omasus, i.e, tripa vel ventriculus qui continet alia viscera</italic>. A trype, or a podynge, or a wesaunt, or hagges:’ and Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Gogue</italic>. A sheepes paunch, and thence a haggas made of good lierbes, chopt lard, spices, eggs, and cheese, the which incorporated and moistened with the warme blood of the (new-killed) beast, are put into her paunch, and sodden with other meat.’ Withals says ‘<italic>Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala reliquorum</italic>. The intrals of Hogges are good (I thinke he meaneth that which wee commonly call Hogges-Harslet).’ See Hagas, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn710" symbol="page 108 note 2"><label><sup>page 108 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Dreggis</italic> and draffe’ are mentioned in P. Plowman, B. xix. 397. ‘<italic>Muria</italic>. The ouerest drest off oyle. <italic>Fex</italic>. Drestys. <italic>Amurca</italic>. Drestys off oyle.’ Medulla. ‘The dregges or drest of wine. <italic>Fœces, crastamenta</italic>.’ Withals. 0. Icel. <italic>dregg</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn711" symbol="page 108 note 3"><label><sup>page 108 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>tox</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn712" symbol="page 108 note 4"><label><sup>page 108 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hec mensacula</italic>, a dressyng-knyfe.’ John de Garlande in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 256. ‘A dressyn-knyfbord. <italic>Scamellus</italic>:’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref234">ibid.</xref> p. 200. Sir J. Fastolf's kitchen, according to the Inventory taken in 1459, contained ‘j <italic>dressyng knyfe</italic>, j fyre schowle, ij treys, j streynour, &c.’ Paston Letters, i. 490. Again <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref234">ibid.</xref> iii. 466, in Dame Eliz. Browne's Will are mentioned ‘iij <italic>dressing knyfys</italic>, ij lechyng knyfys, ij choppyng knyfys.’ ‘A dressing knife. <italic>Culter diversorius vel popinarius</italic>.’ Withals. Horman gives: ‘The dressynge knyfe is dulle. <italic>Culter popinarius hebet</italic>.’ See also Dirsynge knyfe.</p></fn><fn id="fn713" symbol="page 108 note 5"><label><sup>page 108 note 5</sup></label><p>See Dische benke, above. ‘Dressoure or bourde wherupon the cooke setteth forth his dishes in order. <italic>Abax</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Dressar</italic> where mete is served at.’ Palsgrave. ‘A dressing boorde. <italic>Tabula culinaria</italic>.’ Withals. ‘At <italic>dressour</italic> also he shalle stonde.’ <italic>Book of Curtasye</italic>, 557.</p></fn><fn id="fn714" symbol="page 108 note 6"><label><sup>page 108 note 6</sup></label><p>The plain diet adopted by men in training. ‘<italic>Xerophagia</italic>, Gr. ξηροφαγια, Aridus victus, arida comestio. Gloss. Lat. Gall. Sangerm. Xerofagia, <italic>seiche commestion</italic>. Heccum athletis ad robur corporis, tum Christianis ad vivendi sobrietatem et castimoniam in usu fuit. Tertull. de Jejuniis cap. 1: “Arguunt nos quod …. Xerophagias observemus, siccantes cibum ab omni carne, et omni jurulentia, et uvidioribus quibusque pomis.
Idem cap. ult.: “Saginentur pugiles et pyctæ Olympici: illis ambitio corporis competit, quibus et vires necessariæ, et tamen illi quoque Xerophagiis invalescunt.
’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Xerophagia</italic>. Dry mete.’ Medulla. <italic>Xerophagus</italic> it will be seen is used hereafter for Frute eter.</p></fn><fn id="fn715" symbol="page 109 note 1"><label><sup>page 109 note 1</sup></label><p>'sDryster. (i) The person who has the charge of turning and <italic>drying</italic> the grain in a kiln. (2) One whose business it is to <italic>dry</italic> cloth at a bleach-field.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn716" symbol="page 109 note 2"><label><sup>page 109 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo dryte, for [or] shyte. <italic>Cacare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Havelok, ed. Skeat. 1. 682, Godard addresses Grim as ‘fule <italic>drit</italic> cherl Go heþon; and be euere-more þral and cherl, als þou er wore.’</p><p>In the Glossary to Havelok, the following instance is given of this word, from an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310, ‘Than he зeue hem cattes <italic>dryt</italic> to huere companage, зet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.’ MS. Harl. 2253, leaf 125. In P. Plowman, A. vii. 178, we read—</p><p>'sAn hep of Hermytes hentem heom spades, And doluen <italic>drit</italic> and donge, to dutte honger oute.’ See also Wyclif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Mathews, p. 166, where, inveighing against the abuses amongst the priests, he says—‘þei sillen in manere þe spiritual lif of cristis apostilis and disciplis for a litel <italic>drit</italic> and wombe ioie;’ a phrase which, slightly altered, appears also at the last line of the same page, ‘sillynge here massis & þe sacrament of cristis body for worldly <italic>muk</italic> & wombe ioie.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref234">ibid.</xref> pp. 166 and 182. O. Icel. <italic>dryta</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn717" symbol="page 109 note 3"><label><sup>page 109 note 3</sup></label><p>See a Drawe of nowte.</p></fn><fn id="fn718" symbol="page 109 note 4"><label><sup>page 109 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA Drumbedarie. <italic>Dromedarius, Elephas, Elephantus</italic>.’ Withals. In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, Balan when sending a messenger to Mantrible to warn the Bridge-warden of the escape of Richard of Normandy, ‘Clepede til hym Malyngras, þat was ys Messager, And saide to hym, “beo wys and snel, And tak þe <italic>dromodarye</italic> þat goþ wel And grayþe þe on þy ger.
’. 3825.</p><p>'sQuyk was don his counsaile; <italic>Dromedaries</italic>, assen, and oxen.’ And charged olifans and camailes. <italic>King Alisaunder</italic>, ed. Weber, 3407.</p><p>'sDromedarye, a beast not vnlike a Camel, besides that he hath .ii. bownches on his backe and is verye swyfte, and can absteyne from drinckinge thre dayes when he worketh. <italic>Dromedarius, Dromeda</italic>, whereof the one is the male, the other the female.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn719" symbol="page 109 note 5"><label><sup>page 109 note 5</sup></label><p>In Pierce the Ploughman's Crede (ed. Skeat), 1. 726, we read—‘And right as <italic>dranes</italic> doth nought But drynketh up the huny.’ Huloet says ‘Drane or dorre, whyche is the vnprofitable bee hauynge no stynge: <italic>Cephenes, fucus</italic>, some take it to be a waspe, or drone bee, or humble bee.’ ‘Drane or humble bee, <italic>bourdon</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Drane bee, <italic>fucus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Bourdon</italic>. A drone or dorre-bee.’ Cotgrave. A. S. <italic>dran, drœn</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn720" symbol="page 109 note 6"><label><sup>page 109 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Guttatim</italic>. Dropelyn.’ Medulla. Harrison, ii. 58, uses ‘dropmeales,’ one of a numerous class of adverbs compounded with A. S. <italic>mœl</italic>, a bit, portion, of which <italic>piecemeal</italic> alone survives.</p></fn><fn id="fn721" symbol="page 110 note 1"><label><sup>page 110 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Pricke of Conscience, 1443, we read in the Lands. MS. 348—</p><p>'sNow is wedir bryght and schinonde Now is dym <italic>droubelonde</italic>;’ and in Psalms iii. 2—</p><p>'sLoverd, how fele-folded are þai, þat <italic>drove</italic> me, to do me wa.’ ‘þer faure citees wern set, nov is a see called, þat ay is <italic>drouy</italic> and dym, & ded in hit kynde.’</p><p>Early Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, i. 1016.</p><p>Caxton, <citation id="ref239" citation-type="other"><italic>Deter, of England</italic>, 1480, p. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>, speaks of the water of a bath as ‘<italic>trobly</italic> and sourer of sauour.’ Maundeville, in describing various methods of testing the purity of balm, says, ‘Put a drope in clere watre, in a cuppe of sylver, or in a clere bacyn, and stere it wel with the clere watre; and зif the bawme be fyn and of his owne kynde, the watre schalle neuere <italic>trouble</italic>; and зif the bawme be sophisticate, that is to seyne, countrefeted, the water schalle become anon <italic>trouble</italic>.’ In Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref240" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xxxix. <fpage>332</fpage></citation>, the ninth descendant of Nasciens is likened in his vision to ‘<italic>A flood that in begynneng was Trowble and thikke in every plas</italic>.’ See also 11. 243, 352 and 537, and xviii. 95. Hampole, P. of Conscience, 1318, says—</p><p>'sAngres mans lyf clenses, and proves, And welthes his lif trobles and <italic>droves</italic>:’ and he also uses the word <italic>drovyng</italic>, tribulation. Dutch <italic>droef, droeve</italic>, troubled; <italic>droeven</italic>, to trouble, disturb. See Skeat's Mœso-Gothic Dict. <italic>s. v. Drobjan</italic>. ‘<italic>Turbidus</italic>. Trubly or therke.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Tatouiller</italic>. To trouble, or make foul, by stirring.’ Cotgrave. The word still survives in the North. Wyclif, <citation id="ref241" citation-type="other"><italic>Select Works</italic>, ii. <fpage>333</fpage></citation>. says: ‘þe wynd of Goddis lawe shulde be cleer, for <italic>turblenes</italic> in þis wynde must needis <italic>turble</italic> mennis lyf:’ and again i. 14, ‘medle wiþ mannis lawe þat is <italic>trobly</italic> water.’</p></fn><fn id="fn722" symbol="page 110 note 2"><label><sup>page 110 note 2</sup></label><p>The Medulla (St. John's MS.) explains <italic>bifores</italic> by ‘a trelis wyndowe,’ and MS. Harl. 2270, by ‘duble wyket.’</p></fn><fn id="fn723" symbol="page 110 note 3"><label><sup>page 110 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA dysche oþer a <italic>dobler</italic> þat dryзtyn oneз serued.’ E. Eng. Allit. Poems, <citation id="ref242" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>1146</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref242">ibid.</xref> ii. 1279. In P. Plowman, B. Text, xiii. 8o, we read— ‘And wisshed witterly with wille ful eyre, Were molten lead in his maw.’ þat disshes & <italic>dobleres</italic> bifor þis ilke doctour,</p><p>Ray gives ‘<italic>Doubler</italic>, a platter (<italic>North</italic>); so called also in the <italic>South</italic>’ Tomlinson (in Ray) says— ‘A. <italic>Dubler</italic> or Doubler, a dish;’ and Lloyd (also in Eay) says— ‘<italic>Dwbler</italic> in Cardiganshire signifies the same.’ The French <italic>doublier</italic> meant (1) a cloth or napkin; (2) a purse or bag; (3) a platter. See Roquefort. Jamieson has ‘Dibler. A large wooden platter.’</p></fn><fn id="fn724" symbol="page 110 note 4"><label><sup>page 110 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Dipolis</italic> [read <italic>Diplois</italic>]. A dobelet.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn725" symbol="page 110 note 5"><label><sup>page 110 note 5</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>Dohtig</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn726" symbol="page 111 note 1"><label><sup>page 111 note 1</sup></label><p>Harrison, <italic>Descr. Eng.</italic> ii. 13, mentions amongst other waterfowl, the <italic>dunbird</italic>, which is perhaps what is here intended, and may possibly be the Dunlin, <italic>Tringa vulgaris</italic>, a species of sandpiper. The goosander, <italic>Mergus merganser</italic>, is also known as the Dun-diver, and a North American species of duck still retains the name of Dunbird.</p></fn><fn id="fn727" symbol="page 111 note 2"><label><sup>page 111 note 2</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives <italic>s. v. Mari</italic>, ‘<italic>Man cocu</italic>. An hedge-sparrow, Dike-smowler, Dunnecker: called so because she hatches and feeds the cuckoes young ones, esteeming them her own.’ Cooper explains <italic>Currucca</italic> as ‘the birde that hatcheth the cuckowes egges; a titlyng.’ <italic>Dunnock</italic>, from <italic>dun</italic>, the colour, as <italic>ruddock</italic>=redbreast, from <italic>red</italic>. Harrison, <italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> ii. 17, mentions amongst the birds of England the ‘<italic>dunock</italic> or redstart.’ Withals gives Pinnocke, or Hedge-sparrow, which bringeth up the Cuckoe's birdes in steade of her owne. <italic>Curruca</italic>.’ ‘Hec lonefa, Anglice, donek.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 252.</p></fn><fn id="fn728" symbol="page 111 note 3"><label><sup>page 111 note 3</sup></label><p>The faucet of a barrel. In Robert of Gloucester we read, <citation id="ref243" citation-type="other">‘Hii caste awei the <italic>dosils</italic> þat win orn abrod.’ p. <fpage>542</fpage></citation>. It is also used in the North for ‘a plug, a rose at the end of a water pipe, or a wisp of straw or hay to stop up an aperture in a barn.’ See Mr. F. K. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. Thus in version of the Seuyn Sages in MS, Cantab. Ff. ii. 36, leaf 139, quoted by Halliwell, we have—</p><p>'sAnd when he had made holes so fell And stoppyd every oon of them with a <italic>doselle</italic>.’</p><p>'sInprimis, a holy water tynnell of silver and gylte, and a <italic>dasshel</italic> to the same, silver and gylte.’ Inventory of Plate of Worcester Priory, in Greene's Hist, of Worcester, vol. ii. p. v. appendix. ‘A dosylle; <italic>hic ducellus</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 198. See also Spygott. ‘<italic>Clepsidra</italic>. A tappe or a spygot’. Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn729" symbol="page 111 note 4"><label><sup>page 111 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>dweorg; dweorh</italic>. ‘<italic>Tantillus</italic>. A dwerwh.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Jo vey ester un pety neym</italic> (a dwarw, dweruf).’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 167. ‘A <italic>dwergh</italic> yode on the tother syde.’ Ywaine & Gawin, 2390.</p></fn><fn id="fn730" symbol="page 111 note 5"><label><sup>page 111 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Malina</italic>. Heah-flod.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 57. ‘<italic>Malina</italic>. Oceani incrementum. Inde urbi Mechlinensi in Brabantia, quam veteres aliquot scriptores et Galli <italic>Malinas</italic> vocant, nomen inditum quidam arbitrantur: Quasi <italic>Maris lineam, eo quod accessus recessusque maritimi hic statio fit</italic>, inquit Corn. <italic>Van Gestel</italic> in Hist. sacr. et prof, archiep. Mechlin, tom. i. p. i.’ Carpentier's Supp. to Ducange. ‘I ebbe, as the see dothe. <italic>Je reflotte</italic>. It begynneth to ebbe, lette us go hence betyme.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn731" symbol="page 112 note 1"><label><sup>page 112 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of the goods of Sir J. Fastolfe, 1459, Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 468, we find ‘Item, vj bolles with oon coverecle of silver, the <italic>egges</italic> gilt;’ and in the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn, 587, the Pardoner in the dark runs against a pan when ‘The <italic>egge</italic> of the panne met with his shyn And karf a-two a veyn, & the nexte syn.’</p></fn><fn id="fn732" symbol="page 112 note 2"><label><sup>page 112 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Putamen</italic>. A shale; a parynge’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Putamen</italic>. A shell, paring, the rind, cup.’ Coles. ‘He fondith to creope ageyn in to the <italic>ayschelle</italic>.’ <citation id="ref244" citation-type="other"><italic>K. Alisaunder</italic>, <fpage>576</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn733" symbol="page 112 note 3"><label><sup>page 112 note 3</sup></label><p>'sþat sight he sal se with gæstly <italic>eghe</italic> With payn of dede þat he moste dreghe.’ A. S. <italic>eage</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>auga</italic>. Pricke of Conscience, 2234.</p></fn><fn id="fn734" symbol="page 112 note 4"><label><sup>page 112 note 4</sup></label><p>Representing apparently the Greek ὄφθαλμος and μονόφθαλμος respectively.</p></fn><fn id="fn735" symbol="page 112 note 5"><label><sup>page 112 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Agnomino</italic>. To calle nekename. <italic>Agnomen</italic>, an ekename, or a surname.’ Medulla. The word occurs in the Handling Synne, ed. Furnivall, 1531, ‘зeueþ a man a vyle <italic>ekename</italic>.’ See P. Nekename. A. S. <italic>eaca</italic>, an addition, increase. Icel. <italic>auka-nafn</italic>, a nickname.</p></fn><fn id="fn736" symbol="page 112 note 6"><label><sup>page 112 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Avgeo</italic>. To moryn. <italic>Augmentum</italic>. An ekyng.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sзiff þu takesst twiззes an þu finndesst, butt a wunnderr be, And <italic>ekesst</italic> itt till fowwre, þe fulle tale off sexe.’ Ormulum, 11.16352–5.</p><p>'sHe <italic>ayked</italic> his folk with mikel on an.’ Early Eng. Psalter, civ. 24. A.D. 1315</p><p>'sI etche, I increase a thynge. <italic>Je augmente</italic>. I <italic>eke</italic>, I increase or augment. My gowne is to shorte for me, but I wyll <italic>eke</italic> it.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn737" symbol="page 112 note 7"><label><sup>page 112 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ealand</italic>, an island.’ Craven Glossary. ‘<italic>Mediampnis et Mediampna</italic> est insula in medio ampnis vel aque dulcis.’ Ortus. Leland constantly uses <italic>Mediamnis</italic> in the sense of an island, thus we frequently find such sentences as, ‘it standeth as a <italic>Mediamnis</italic> yn the Poole.’ <citation id="ref245" citation-type="other"><italic>Itinerary</italic>, ed. Hearne, vii. <fpage>25</fpage></citation>. For the plural he uses the Latin form, as, ‘the river of Tame maketh two <italic>Mediamnes</italic> betwixt Tamworth Towne and Hopwais Bridge.’ <citation id="ref246" citation-type="other"><italic>Itinerary</italic>, viii. <fpage>115</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn738" symbol="page 113 note 1"><label><sup>page 113 note 1</sup></label><p>The primary meaning of <italic>elde</italic> is age simply, as in Laзamon, 25913, ‘<italic>Aelde</italic> hæfde heo na mare Buten fihtene зere.’</p><p>Compare ‘All be he neuir sa young off <italic>eild</italic>.’ Barbour's Bruce, xii. 322; and again <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref246">ibid.</xref> xx. 43, where we read how Robert's son David, who was but five years of age, was betrothed to Joan of the Tower ‘that than of <italic>eild</italic> had sevin зer.’ Cf. Lonelich's Holy Grail, xxii. 118, ‘So fine a child & of so зong <italic>elde</italic>.’ But subsequently the word was restricted to the sense of <italic>old age</italic>, as in ‘And if I now begyne in to myne <italic>eld</italic>.’ Lancelot of the Lait, ed. Skeat, 3225, and in the Miller's Tale, C. T. 3229, where we are told ‘Men schulde wedde aftir here astaat, For <italic>eeld</italic> and youthe ben often at debaat.’ A. S. <italic>eald, ald</italic>. Compare Eueneldes.</p></fn><fn id="fn739" symbol="page 113 note 2"><label><sup>page 113 note 2</sup></label><p>Used in both senses of <italic>grandfather</italic> and <italic>fathsr-in-law</italic>: see Jamieson. Ray in his Glossary of North Country Words gives ‘<italic>Elmother</italic>, a stepmother, Cumberland.’ In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, <citation id="ref247" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, xiii. <fpage>694</fpage></citation>, we are told that the king married his daughter to Walter Stewart, ‘And thai weill soyne gat of thar bed Callit Robert, and syne was king Ane knaiff child, throu our Lordis grace And had the land in gouernyng.’ That eftir his gude <italic>eld-fadir</italic> was</p><p>'sEldfather, <italic>avus</italic>; eldmoder, <italic>avia</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 205. Lloyd derives it from Welsh <italic>ail</italic> = second. In the Cursor Mundi, <citation id="ref248" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>76</fpage></citation>, 1. 1189, it is said of Adam that he ‘was born He hud his <italic>eldmoder</italic> maiden-hede, Bath his father and moder be-forn; And at his erthing all lede.’</p><p>Wyclif, Works, i. 181, says, ‘a child is ofte lyk to his fadir or to his modir, or ellis to his <italic>eelde fadir</italic>,’ and again in the Prol. to Eccles. p. 123, he speaks of ‘myn <italic>eldefader</italic> Jhesus.’ Laзamon. also uses the word: ‘He wes Mærwale's fader, Mildburзe <italic>aldevader</italic>,’ iii. 246. See also Chaucer, <italic>Boethius</italic>, p. 40, and <italic>E. Eng. Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. 122. Cf. also G. Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vi, p. 195, 1. 26, ed. 1710, where it is used to translate <italic>socer</italic>, and at p. 55,1. 43, he speaks of Hecuba as ‘<italic>eldmoder</italic> to ane hnnder.’ ‘<italic>Avia</italic>. An eld modere. <italic>Socrus</italic>. An e[1]de modere.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn740" symbol="page 113 note 3"><label><sup>page 113 note 3</sup></label><p>See also Olyfaunte.</p></fn><fn id="fn741" symbol="page 113 note 4"><label><sup>page 113 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lamia</italic>. A beaste that hath a woman's face, and feete of an horse.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Satirus</italic>. An elfe or a mysshapyn man.’ Medulla. In the Man of Lawe's Tale, 754, the forged letter is represented as stating that ‘the queen deliuered was The moder was an <italic>elf</italic>, by auenture Of so horrible a feendly creature …. Ycome, by charmes or by sorcerye;’ and in the Chanoun's Yemannes Tale, 842, Alchemy is termed an ‘<italic>eluish</italic> lore.’ Horman says: ‘The fayre hath chaunged my chylde. <italic>Strix, vel lamia pro meo suum paruulum, supposuit</italic>.’ In Aelfric's Glossary, Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 60, we have <italic>elf</italic> used as equivalent to the classical <italic>nymph</italic>: thus we find ‘<italic>Oreades</italic>, munt-ælfen; <italic>Dryades</italic>, wuduelfen; <italic>Hamadryades</italic>, wylde-elfen; <italic>Naiades</italic>, see-elfen; <italic>Castalides</italic>, dun-elfen.’ ‘<italic>Pumilus</italic>. An elfe or dwarfe.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabula</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn742" symbol="page 113 note 5"><label><sup>page 113 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Aulne, Aune</italic>. An aller, or Alder-tree.’ Cotgrave. ‘Eller. The alder.’ Jamieson. In P. Plowman, B. i. 68, we are told that Judas ‘on an <italic>eller</italic> honged hym,’ where other readings are ‘elrene, helderne, elnerene, hiller-tre,’ ‘Hillortre, <italic>Sambucus</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 191. ‘Ellurne. <italic>Sambucus</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref248">ibid.</xref> p. 140. In the same vol. p. 171, the gloss on W. de Biblesworth renders <italic>de aunne</italic> by ‘allerne.’ The translator of Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic> speaks of <citation id="ref249" citation-type="other">‘holgh <italic>ellerstickes</italic>,’ iv. <fpage>57</fpage></citation>, where the meaning is evidently <italic>elder</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn743" symbol="page 114 note 1"><label><sup>page 114 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ulna</italic>. An ellyn.’ Medulla. ‘Elne or elle, <italic>ulna</italic>.’ Huloet. See also Jamieson, s. v. Elne. A. S. <italic>eln</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>öln, alin</italic>, Lat. <italic>ulna</italic>. In the <citation id="ref250" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>129</fpage></citation>, we have ‘I shalle зeve to the ij <italic>ellene</italic> of lynone clothe for to lappe in þy body when that thou arte hongid.’</p></fn><fn id="fn744" symbol="page 114 note 2"><label><sup>page 114 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Elsen</italic>, an aule, a shoemaker's aule.’ Hexham, Netherduytch Dict. 1660. ‘<italic>Subula</italic>. An awle that cordiners doo use for a bodkin.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Alesne</italic>, an awle; or shoemaker's bodkin.’ Cotgrave. The Medulla gives ‘<italic>Subula</italic>. An elsyn. <italic>Est instrumentum subula sutoris acutum</italic>.’ ‘Ballons great and smale, iiij<sup>s</sup>. A box of combes ij<sup>s</sup>. yj onces of sanders vj<sup>d</sup>. In <italic>elson</italic> blayds and packnedles, ix<sup>d</sup>. In bruntstone, treacle, and comin, xiiij<sup>d</sup>.’ Inventory of Thos. Pasmore, in <italic>Richmondshire Wills and Inventories</italic>, Surtees Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 269.</p></fn><fn id="fn745" symbol="page 114 note 3"><label><sup>page 114 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Patruelis. Coosens germaines; the children of two bretheren</italic>.’ <italic>Cooper</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn746" symbol="page 114 note 4"><label><sup>page 114 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Emeroudes</italic> or pylles, a sicknesse.’ Palsgrave. ‘An emorade, <italic>emaragdus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A wild or vnsauorie figge; also it is a disease in the fundament called the <italic>hemoroides</italic> or the Piles.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hemorrhues</italic>. Called ordinarily the Emrods or Piles.’ Cotgrave. See Wyclif, <citation id="ref251" citation-type="other"><italic>Deuteronomy</italic> xxviii. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref252" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotlande</italic>, ed. Murray, p. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>, the author speaks of ‘ane erb callit barba aaron, quhilk vas gude remeid for <italic>emoroyades</italic> of the fundament.’ In a Poem on Blood-letting pr. in <citation id="ref253" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. i. <fpage>190</fpage></citation>, it is said, ‘A man schal blede ther [in the arm] also, The <italic>emeraudis</italic> for to undo.’ See also þe Figes hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn747" symbol="page 114 note 5"><label><sup>page 114 note 5</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Migraine</italic>, f. The megrim, or headach. <italic>Hemicraine</italic>, m. The Meagrum, or headache by fits.’ ‘<italic>Emigranea</italic>, dolor capitis, <italic>megraine</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘Migrym, a sickenesse, <italic>chagrin, maigre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Migrim, <italic>hemecrania</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘The <italic>megrim</italic>, a paine in one side of the head.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Emoroys</italic>. Flyx off blode, or the emorowdys.’ Medulla. ‘Migrymme. <italic>Hemicranea</italic>.’ Huloet. See P. Mygreyme, and compare Mygrane, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn748" symbol="page 114 note 6"><label><sup>page 114 note 6</sup></label><p>We are told in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 649, that the root of the Affodyll is ‘good against new swellings and impostemes that do but begin, being layde vpon in maner of an <italic>emplayster</italic> with parched barley meale.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref253">ibid.</xref> p. 93. In the ‘Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode,’ Roxburgh Club, ed. <citation id="ref254" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>201</fpage></citation>, Death says to the Pilgrim, ‘Mawgre alle the boxes and <italic>emplastres</italic> and oynementes and empassionementes sum tyme I entre in.’</p></fn><fn id="fn749" symbol="page 115 note 1"><label><sup>page 115 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Indite. ‘I endyte, I make a writyng or a mater, or penne it. <italic>Je dictie</italic>. He writeth no verye fay re hando, but he endyteth as well as any man. Write thou and I wyll endyte: <italic>tu escripras et je composeray</italic>, or <italic>je dicteray</italic> or <italic>je coueheray le langaige</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn750" symbol="page 115 note 2"><label><sup>page 115 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAnd whan the <italic>dyteris</italic> and writeris of the kyng weren clepid.’ Wyclif, Esther viii. 9.</p></fn><fn id="fn751" symbol="page 115 note 3"><label><sup>page 115 note 3</sup></label><p>'sWhate schall þou do when þou schalle goo thy waye vnarmed, and when thyne enmyes schalle assayle the and <italic>enforce</italic> þam to sole the?’ Pilgrimage of the Life of the Manhode, MS. St. John's Coll. Camh, leaf 46<sup>b</sup>. In Wyclif's version of Genesis xxxvii. 21, we are told that when Joseph's brethren wished to put him to death Reuben ‘<italic>enforside</italic> to delyuere hym of the hondys of hem;’ and in <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, the Saracen, after his duel with Oliver, though sorely wounded, ‘<italic>enforcede</italic> hym þer to arise vpon ys fete.’ 1. 782. ‘I enforce my selfe, I gather all my force and my strength to me, to do a thynge,. or applye me unto the uttermoste I may to do a thyng. <italic>Je esuertue</italic>. He enforced hym selfe so sore to lyfte this great wayght that he dyd burst hym selfe.’ Palsgrave. ‘Naaman <italic>enforcid</italic> hym þat he schuld haue take þo giftis.’ Wyclif, Select Wks. <citation id="ref255" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>378</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref256" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maundeville</surname></name>, p. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>, and Chaucer, <citation id="ref257" citation-type="other"><italic>Boethius</italic>, p. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. Compare Fande, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn752" symbol="page 115 note 4"><label><sup>page 115 note 4</sup></label><p>'sIngs. Low pasture lands.’ Whitby Glossary. ‘The term is usually applied to land by a river-side, and rarely used but in the plural, though the reference be only to one field. With some people, however, it is confounded, with, <italic>pasture</italic> itself, and is then used in the singular. At these times the word accommodates itself with a meaning, being a substitute for <italic>river-side</italic>.’ Mr. C. Robinson's Glossary of Mid. Yorkshire, E. Dial. Soo. ‘<italic>Ings.</italic> Lowlying grass lands.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. See also Ray's Glossary. A. S. <italic>ing</italic>; Icel. <italic>eng</italic>, a meadow. Lye gives ‘<italic>Ing-wyrt</italic>, meadow-wort.’ In the <italic>Farming and Account Books</italic> of Henry Best of Elmswell, York, 1641, published by the Surtees Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 32, we read, ‘In a moist yeare hardlande-grasse proveth better then carres, or <italic>ing</italic> growndes, and ridges of lande better then furres, for water standinge longe in the furres spoyleth the growth for that yeare.’</p></fn><fn id="fn753" symbol="page 115 note 5"><label><sup>page 115 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref258" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>171</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘He praythe the <italic>enterly</italic>, þat þou make for him of this litle quantite a shirte.’ Cooper renders <italic>intimus</italic> by ‘intierly beloued; a high & especial friende: <italic>intime</italic>, very inwardly; from the bottome of the hearte.’ In Polit. Rel. and Love Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 41, the word is used as an adjective; ‘besechinge you euer with myn <italic>enterly</italic> hert.’</p></fn><fn id="fn754" symbol="page 115 note 6"><label><sup>page 115 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>S'entremettre de</italic>, to meddle, or deal with, to thrust himself into.’ Cotgrave. ‘Who euer sohewith him lewid …. he is worthi to be forbode fro <italic>entermeting</italic> with the Bible in eny parte ther-of.’ Pecock's <citation id="ref259" citation-type="other"><italic>Represser</italic>, i. <fpage>145</fpage></citation>. ‘Of folys that vnderstonde nat game, and can no thynge take in sport, and yet <italic>intermyt them</italic> with Folys.’ Barclay's Ship of Fools, <citation id="ref260" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Jamieson</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>33</fpage></citation>. See also P. Plowman, C. Text, xiv. 226, and <citation id="ref261" citation-type="other"><italic>King Alisaunder</italic>, ed. Weber, <fpage>4025</fpage></citation>. In the Eng. Translation of the Charter of Rich. III to the Fishmongers’ Company, in Herbert's Hist. of Twelve Livery Companies, iv. 22, is an order that ‘No foreyn shall <italic>entermet</italic> hym in the forsaid Cite.’ Cf. Liber Albus, pp. 77, 397, where the phrase ‘<italic>intromitterese</italic>’ is used in the same sense. ‘<italic>Profor</italic>. To entermentyn.’ Medulla. See also to Melle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn755" symbol="page 116 note 1"><label><sup>page 116 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThis bissopes … <italic>entreditede</italic> al this lond.’ ‘Him & his fautours he cursed euerilkon Rob. of Gloucester, p. 495. And <italic>enterdited</italic> þis lond.’ R. de Brunne's <citation id="ref262" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>209</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn756" symbol="page 116 note 2"><label><sup>page 116 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>ononimus</italic>. Compare Evy<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline2"></inline-graphic> of voce, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn757" symbol="page 116 note 3"><label><sup>page 116 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Æquidiale</italic>. The leuell of the yere.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Equidium</italic>. Hevynheed off day and nyth.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn758" symbol="page 116 note 4"><label><sup>page 116 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAc wat etestu, that thu ne liзe, Bute <italic>attercoppe</italic> an fule vliзe?’ <citation id="ref263" citation-type="other"><italic>Owl and Nyghtingale</italic>, <fpage>600</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sEir corumpiþ a þing anoon, as it schewif weel by generacioun of flies and <italic>areins</italic>, and siche othere.’ The Book of Quinte Essence, ed. Furnivall, p. 2. ‘His cordea er bot <italic>erayne</italic> thredes.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 117<sup>bk</sup>. ‘In the towne of Schrowysbury setan iii<sup>e</sup> men togedur, and as they seton talkyng, an <italic>atturcoppe</italic> com owte of the wowз, and bote hem by the nekkus alle þre.’ Lyf of St. Wenefride in Pref. to Robert de Brunne, p. cc. Caxton in his edition of Trevisa, speaking of Ireland, says, ‘ther ben <italic>attercoppes</italic>, blodesoukers and eeftes that doon none harme,’ p. 48; and in the <citation id="ref264" citation-type="other"><italic>Game of the Chesse</italic>, p. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>, he says that ‘the lawes of somme ben like vnto the nettis of <italic>spyncoppis</italic>.’ See drawings of an <italic>atter-coppa</italic> of the period in MS. Cotton. Vitell. C. iii., which by no means agree with the notion of its being a spider. ‘<italic>Loppe</italic>, fleonde-næddre <italic>vel</italic> attor-coppe.’ Alfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 24. ‘<italic>Araneus</italic>, an adercop, or a spynner.’ Stanbridge's <italic>Vocabula</italic>, sign, d ii. Jamieson gives ‘Attercap, Attir-cop, and Ettercap. A. spider.’ ‘<italic>Attercop</italic>, a venomous spider.’ Pegge. ‘Arain, a spider, à Lat. <italic>aranea</italic>. It is used only for the largest kind of spiders. Nottinghamshire.’ Ray's Glossary. ‘<italic>Erayne</italic>, a spider.’ Nominale. ‘<italic>Arania</italic>. An erany.’ Medulla. See also Mire's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 59, l. 1937, and Palladius <citation id="ref265" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>138</fpage></citation>, l. 945. A. S. <italic>ator, attor, œtor</italic>; O. Icel. <italic>eitr</italic>, poison, venom.</p></fn><fn id="fn759" symbol="page 116 note 5"><label><sup>page 116 note 5</sup></label><p>See also Awne, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn760" symbol="page 116 note 6"><label><sup>page 116 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Auriscalpium</italic>. An eare picker.’ Cooper. In the Inventory of the Jewels, &c. of James III, of Scotland, taken in 1488, are mentioned ‘twa tuthpikis of gold with acheyne, a perle and <italic>erepike</italic>.’ Tytler, <italic>Hist. of Scotland</italic>, ii. 391. ‘In this combe cace are your yuorie & box combes, your cisors, with your <italic>eare pickers</italic>, & al your other knacks.’ fflorio, <citation id="ref266" citation-type="other"><italic>Second Frutes</italic>, p. <fpage>9</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn761" symbol="page 116 note 7"><label><sup>page 116 note 7</sup></label><p>See also to Handfeste. In <italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, <citation id="ref267" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Cockayne</surname></name>, <fpage>7</fpage></citation>. we find ‘þis ure laverd зiveð ham her as on <italic>erles</italic>.’ See also Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 2687, and <citation id="ref268" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Enead</italic></citation>. xi. Prol. l. 181. Horman says, ‘I shall gyue the a peny in ernest or an erest peny. <italic>Arrabonem dabo</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Arlcs</italic> or <italic>Earles</italic>, an earnest penny.’ Ray's Glossary. ‘<italic>Aries-penny</italic>, earnest money given to servants.’ Kersey. ‘To <italic>arle</italic>, to give a piece of money to confirm a bargain. <italic>Arles, erlis, arlis pennie, arile penny</italic>, a piece of money given to confirm a bargain.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Arra</italic>. Arnest or hansale.’ Medulla. Gaelic <italic>earlas</italic>, from <italic>earal</italic>, provision, caution. The following curious extract is from MS. Ashmole, 860, leaf 19:—‘<italic>Ex libro Rotulorum Curiœ Manerii de Halfield, juxta insula[m] de Axholme, in Com. Ebor.:—Curia tenta apud Halfield die Mercurii proximo post festum .…. Anno xi Edwardi III, Robertus de Roderham qui optulit se versus Johannem de Ithen de eo quod non teneat convencionem inter eos factam & unde queritur quod certo die et anno apud Thorne convenit inter predictum Robertum & Johannem, quod predictus Johannes vendidit predicto Roberto didbolum, ligatum in quodam ligamine pro iij ob. et super predictus Robertus tradidit predicto Johanni quoddam obolum</italic> earles, <italic>per quod proprietas dicti diaboli commoratur in persona dicti Roberti ad habendam deliberacionem dicti diaboli, infra quartam diem proximam sequentem. Ad quam diem idem Robertus venit ad prefatum Johannem et petit deliberacionem dicti diaboli secundum convencionem inter eos factam, idem Johannes predictum diabolum deliberare noluit, nee adhuc vult, &c., ad graue dampnum ipsius Roberti lx solidi, et inde, producit sectam, &c. Et predictus Johannes venit, &c. Et non dedicit convencionem predictam; et quia videtur curiœ quod tale placitum non jacet inter Christianos, ideo partes predicti adjournatus usque in infernum, ad audiendum judicium suum, et utraque pars in misericordia, &c.</italic>’ Quoted in Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn762" symbol="page 117 note 1"><label><sup>page 117 note 1</sup></label><p>'sI wolde his eye wer in his <italic>ers</italic>.’ P. Plowman, B. x. 123. See also under A.</p></fn><fn id="fn763" symbol="page 117 note 2"><label><sup>page 117 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Terremotus</italic>. An erdyn.’ Medulla. In the A.-Saxon Chronicles, under the year 1060, it is mentioned that, ‘On ðisan gere wæs micel <italic>Éorþdyne</italic>,’ ed. Earle, p. 193. Amongst the signs of the day of Judgment Hampole tells us</p><p>'sPestilences and hungers sal be And <italic>erthedyns</italic> in many contre.’ <citation id="ref269" citation-type="other"><italic>Priclte of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>4035</fpage>.</citation></p><p>And again— ‘Þe neghend day, gret <italic>erthedyn</italic> sal be.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref269">ibid.</xref> 4790.</p><p>A. S. <italic>eorð dyne</italic>. ‘Bren it ðhunder, sane il <italic>erðedine</italic>.’ <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, ed. Morris, 1108, and see also l. 3196.</p></fn><fn id="fn764" symbol="page 117 note 3"><label><sup>page 117 note 3</sup></label><p>Fr. <italic>eschoir</italic>, to fall; that is lands fallen or reverting into the hands of the lord or original owner, by forfeiture or for want of heirs of the tenant. See Liber Custumarum, Glossary, s. v. <italic>Escaeta</italic>. Thus in <italic>Rauf Coilзear</italic>, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Murray, 761, Charles promises to give Kauf ‘The nixt vacant …. That hapnis in France, quhair sa euer it fall, Forfaltour or fre waird.’</p><p>'sFallen in <italic>Escheat</italic> for lacke of an heir, <italic>caduca hcereditas</italic>.’ Baret. ‘I fall, as an offyce, or landes, or goodes falleth in to the kynges bandes by reason of forfayture. <italic>Je eschoys</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn765" symbol="page 117 note 4"><label><sup>page 117 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Esch.</italic> The ash, a tree.’ Jamieson. A. S. <italic>œsc</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn766" symbol="page 117 note 5"><label><sup>page 117 note 5</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, C. Text, xx. 93, we read of ‘Isykeles in <italic>euesynges</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘Eauesing of an house, <italic>suggrundatio</italic>, and Huloet ‘Evesynge or eves settynge or trimmynge. <italic>Imbricium, Subgrundatio</italic>.’ Jamieson has ‘<italic>Easing</italic>, and <italic>easing-drap</italic>, the eaves of a house.’ In the <citation id="ref270" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancrcn Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>142</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘þe niht fuel iðen <italic>euesunge</italic> bitocneð recluses, þat wunieþ forþi, under chirche <italic>euesunge</italic>.’ ‘Evese mi cop, <italic>moun top</italic>.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 144.</p></fn><fn id="fn767" symbol="page 117 note 6"><label><sup>page 117 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tremble</italic>. An ashe or aspen tre.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn768" symbol="page 118 note 1"><label><sup>page 118 note 1</sup></label><p>The origin of this word is doubtful. Ducange considers it to have the same root as <italic>soin</italic>, care, from Lat. <italic>somnium</italic>, implying thoughtfulness, anxiety. Hickes (Dissert. Epist. p. 8) derives it from Mceso-Gothic <italic>sunia</italic>, truth, as meaning a plea fcased on truth; see Ducange, s. vv. <italic>soniare</italic> and <italic>swmis</italic>. The words <italic>assoyne, essoigne</italic> in Early Eng. were used as signifying an excuse or impediment of any kind; thus in Cursor Mundi, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref271" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>139</fpage></citation>, l. 2266, ‘That shend thing is withouten <italic>assoyne</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Essonia</italic>, excusatio causaria, ejuratio vadimonii propter impedimentum: <italic>empêchement de se présenter; excuse donée par un plaideur qui ne peut eomparaître</italic>.’ Ducange. Jamieson gives ‘Essonyie. An excuse offered for non-appearance in a court of law. <italic>Essonyier</italic>. One who legally offers an excuse for the absence of another.’ O. IV. <italic>essoigne</italic>. ‘Ther avayleth non <italic>essoyne</italic> ne excusacioun.’ Chaucer, <citation id="ref272" citation-type="other"><italic>Persone's Tale</italic>, p. <fpage>271</fpage></citation>. See also Gower, <citation id="ref273" citation-type="other"><italic>Conf. Amantis</italic>, i. <fpage>102</fpage>.</citation></p><p>page 118 note a This cannot but be a corruption of <italic>heteroclitus</italic> = ἑτερόκλιτος, which exactly corresponds in meaning with the Latin <italic>diversiclinium</italic>. Cf. Sete of Angellis hereafter, which is rendered by <italic>dindimus</italic>, ‘<italic>nomen etteroglitum</italic>’ = <italic>heteroclitum</italic>, on account of its plural being <italic>dindima</italic>. Ducange gives ‘<italic>Heteroclitum</italic>. Diversiclinium: <italic>lieu où plus eurs chemins se reunissent. Diversiclinium</italic>. Locus ubi diversæ viæ oonjunguntur: <italic>carrefour</italic>.’ See also Gateschadylle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn769" symbol="page 118 note 3"><label><sup>page 118 note 3</sup></label><p>This word is inserted again in the MS. after Euerlastynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn770" symbol="page 118 note 4"><label><sup>page 118 note 4</sup></label><p>This is illustrated by a passage in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <citation id="ref274" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, ll. <fpage>631</fpage>, <fpage>634</fpage></citation>, where we are told that when Eve was brought to Adam,</p><p>'s<italic>Virago</italic> gaf he hir to nam; þar for hight sco <italic>virago</italic>, Ffor maked o þe man was sco.’</p><p>And similarly Lyndesay in his <italic>Monarche</italic> says—</p><p>'sAnd <italic>Virago</italic> he callit hir than, Quhilk is, Interpreit, maidofman: Quhilk Eua efterwart wes namyt.’ E.E.T.Soc. ed. Hall, 1865, Bk.i.l. 773.</p><p>So also in the Chester Plays, p. 25—</p><p>'sTherefore shee shall be called, I wisse <italic>Viragoo</italic>, nothing amisse,</p><p>For out of man tacken shee is, And to man shee shall draw.’</p><p>Andrew Boorde in his <italic>Breuiary of Health</italic>, p. 242, says, ‘when a woman was made of God she was named <italic>Virago</italic> because she dyd come of a man.’ ‘<italic>Virago</italic>. A woman of stout and manly carriage.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn771" symbol="page 118 note 5"><label><sup>page 118 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Congio</italic>. To waxen evyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn772" symbol="page 119 note 1"><label><sup>page 119 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Coetaneus</italic>. Of evyn age.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sAnd swa wass Crist soþ Godess witt Aзз inn hiss Faderr herrte, All wiþþ hiss Faderr <italic>efennald</italic> Inn eche Godeunndnesse.’ Ormulam, ll. 18603–6.</p><p>'sEarst ha wakenede of him þa зet þa he wea in heuene, for neh wið him <italic>euenhald</italic>.’ <citation id="ref275" citation-type="other"><italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. <fpage>41</fpage></citation>. Wyclif in his version of Galatians i. 14 has, ‘And I profitide in Jurye aboue many myn <italic>euene eeldis</italic> [<italic>euene eldris</italic> P. <italic>coœtaneos</italic>, Vulg.] in my kyn,’ and in I Peter v. 1, ‘Therfore I, <italic>euene eldre</italic>, [<italic>consenior</italic>] biseche the eldre men that ben in 30W, &c.’ See also Daniel i. 10.</p></fn><fn id="fn773" symbol="page 119 note 2"><label><sup>page 119 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vespero</italic>. To evyn. <italic>Vespere est tempus circa horam nonam et horam pulsandi</italic>.’ Medulla. In the Myroure of our Lady, E. E. Text Soc. <citation id="ref276" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Blunt</surname></name>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, <italic>Vespere, et mane et meridie narrabo et annunciabo</italic> is rendered ‘by the morow, at pryme tyme, & at none, and at euensonge tyme, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn774" symbol="page 119 note 3"><label><sup>page 119 note 3</sup></label><p>In Sir John Fastolf's <italic>Bottre</italic>, 1459, were ‘iij kneyves in a schethe, haftys of <italic>euery</italic>, withe naylys gilt.’ Paston Letters, i. 488.</p></fn><fn id="fn775" symbol="page 119 note 4"><label><sup>page 119 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>dentulare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn776" symbol="page 120 note 1"><label><sup>page 120 note 1</sup></label><p>Halliwell gives ‘<italic>Fassings</italic>. Any hanging fibres of roots of plants, &c.,’ and Jamieson ‘<italic>Faisins</italic>. The stringy parts of cloth, resembling the lint (co. <italic>caddis</italic>) applied to a wound. <italic>Feazings</italic>. Roxburgh.’ ‘<italic>Coma</italic>, feax.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. ‘His <italic>fax</italic> and berde was fadit quhare he stude.’ Gawin Douglas, <citation id="ref277" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>48</fpage></citation>, l. 13. A. S. <italic>feax</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>fax</italic>, hair.</p></fn><fn id="fn777" symbol="page 120 note 2"><label><sup>page 120 note 2</sup></label><p>See Fawcon.</p></fn><fn id="fn778" symbol="page 120 note 3"><label><sup>page 120 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo fage. <italic>Adulari, fingere</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. ‘Þo þat most <italic>fagen</italic> and plesen þee soonest goon awey and deysceuen þee.’ XII Chapitres of Richard, Heremite de Hampool, Camb. Univ. Libr. MS. Ff. v. 30, leaf 144. Wyclif has in Judges xiv. 15, ‘And whanne the seuenthe day was nyз, thei seiden to the wijf of Sampson, <italic>Faage</italic> to thi man, and meue hym, that he shewe to thee what bitokeneth the probleme;’ where Purvey's version i s , ‘Glose thin hosebonde.’ So again Wyclif says ‘It is manere of ypocritis and of sophists to <italic>fage</italic> and to speke plesantli to men but for yvel entent.’ Wks. <citation id="ref278" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, i. <fpage>44</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn779" symbol="page 120 note 4"><label><sup>page 120 note 4</sup></label><p>The reference is to Psalms cxli. 5. The word <italic>oil</italic> in the sense of flattery occurs, so far as I know, only in the phrase ‘to bere up’ or ‘hold up oil:’ thus in <citation id="ref279" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, iii. <fpage>186</fpage></citation>, we have ‘for braggynge and for bostynge, and <italic>beringe vppon oilles</italic>,’ and in <citation id="ref280" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, where the false prophets tell Ahab to go and prosper—</p><p>'sAnone they were of his accorde Prophetes false mony mo To <italic>bere up oile</italic>, and alle tho Affermen that, which he hath told.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref280">ibid.</xref> p. 159, and Trevisa's Higden, iii. 447: ‘Alisaundre gan to boste and make him self more worþy þan his fader, and a greet deel of hem þat were at þe feste <italic>hilde up þe</italic> kynges <italic>oyl</italic>,’ [<italic>magna convivantium parte assentiente</italic>.] Compare the modern phrase ‘to butter a person up,’ and Psalms lv. 21, and Proverbs v. 3. See <citation id="ref281" citation-type="other"><italic>Notes & Queries</italic>, 6th, Ser. i. <fpage>203</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn780" symbol="page 120 note 5"><label><sup>page 120 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. Faryly.</p></fn><fn id="fn781" symbol="page 121 note 1"><label><sup>page 121 note 1</sup></label><p>Amongst the commodities of Ireland mentioned in the Libel of English Policy, Wright's Political Poems, ii. 186, we find—‘Irish wollen, lynyn cloth, <italic>faldynge</italic>.’</p><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Higden says of the Irish that they wear ‘blak <italic>faldynges</italic> instede of mantels and of clokes [<italic>vice palliarum phalangis nigris utitur</italic>].’ Vol. i. p. 353. ‘Also I gyff to Alice Legh my doghtor my chamlett kyrtill and my wolsted kyrtill, my best typett, my <italic>faldyng</italic>, &c.’ Will of Margaret Starkey, 1526, Chetham Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 13. Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, 1534, has ‘washe your shepe there-with, with a sponga or a pece of an olde mantell, or of <italic>faldynge</italic>, or suche a softe cloth or woll,’ fo. Eb.</p></fn><fn id="fn782" symbol="page 121 note 2"><label><sup>page 121 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Faugh-land</italic>, fallow land.’ Kennett, MS. Lans. 1033. See also Thoresby's Letter to Ray, E. D. Soc. In <italic>Havelok</italic>, ed. Skeat, 2509, Godard, when sentenced to death, is bound and drawn ‘un-to þe galwes, Nouth bi þe gate, but ouer þe <italic>falwes</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn783" symbol="page 121 note 3"><label><sup>page 121 note 3</sup></label><p>In the account of the death of Herod given in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. 678, l. 11831, we are told that ‘þe <italic>falland euel</italic> he had,’ where the Cotton and Gottingen MSS. read ‘þe falland gute.’ ‘<italic>Fallinde vuel</italic> ich cleopie licomes sienesse.’ <citation id="ref282" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>176</fpage></citation>. ‘Apoplexia, the falling evil.’ R. Percyuall, Spanish Diet. 1591. ‘<italic>Epilencia</italic>. The fallyng evyl.’ Medulla. See Andrew Boorde's ‘dyete for them the whiche haue any of the kyndes of the <italic>fallyng syckenes</italic>,’ in his ‘Dyetary,’ <citation id="ref283" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>294</fpage></citation>. The same author says (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref283">ibid.</xref> p. 127) that ‘the foule euyll, whyche is <italic>the fallyng syckenes</italic>,’ is the common oath of Scotchmen. Harrison, <citation id="ref284" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> ii. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, says that quail ‘onelie with man are subject to the <italic>falling sickenes</italic>.’ ‘The falling ill. <italic>Comitialis morbus, morous caducus</italic>’, Withals. ‘<italic>Epilepsia, vel caduca, vel larvatio, vel commitialis</italic>, bræc-coðu, fylle-seoc.’ Alfric's Gloss, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 19.</p></fn><fn id="fn784" symbol="page 122 note 1"><label><sup>page 122 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Famo</italic>. To ffamyn.’ Medulla. The compound verb <italic>to defame</italic> is now used. ‘<italic>Fama</italic>. The noyse or brute of a thynge.’ Cooper. In the Complaint of the Ploughman, pr. is Wright's Political Poems, i. 313, we are told, that</p><p>'sIf a man be falsely <italic>famed</italic>, And wol make purgacioun, Than woll the officers be agramed, And assigne him fro toune to toune.’</p><p>'sFalse and fekylle was that wyghte That lady for to <italic>fame</italic>.’ Sir Tryamoure, 20.</p><p>And so also, ‘Help me this tyde, Ageyn this pepyl that me doth <italic>fame</italic>.’ Cov. Myst. p. 139. See also Squyr of Lowe Degre, l. 391. ‘<italic>Defamo</italic>. To mislose.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn785" symbol="page 122 note 2"><label><sup>page 122 note 2</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>fám</italic>, Ger. <italic>faum</italic>, foam, froth.</p></fn><fn id="fn786" symbol="page 122 note 3"><label><sup>page 122 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Capisterium</italic>. A ffane. <italic>Ventilabrum</italic>. A wyndyl or a ffan.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>fann</italic>. ‘<italic>Ventilo</italic>. To wyndyn or sperslyn.’ Medulla. See also to Wyndowe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn787" symbol="page 122 note 4"><label><sup>page 122 note 4</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that devils surround a dying man and</p><p>'sÞai sal <italic>fande</italic> at his last endyng A. S. <italic>fandian</italic>. Hyin in-to wanhope for to bryng.’ Pricke of Conscience, 2228.</p></fn><fn id="fn788" symbol="page 122 note 5"><label><sup>page 122 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cheruchus</italic>. A top off a mast or a Veyne.’ Medulla. In the Romance of Sir Eglamour, ed. Halliwell, 1192, where a ship forms part of a coat of arms, we read—</p><p>'sHys maste of sylvyr and of golde, The chylde was but of oon nyght olde, And evyr in poynte to dye: And of redd golde was hys <italic>fane</italic>, Hys gabulle and hys ropys everechone Was portrayed verely.’</p><p>'sUpon his first heed, in his helmet crest, There stode a <italic>fane</italic> of the silke so fine.’ Hawes, <citation id="ref285" citation-type="other"><italic>Passetyme of Pleasure</italic>, xxxiii. <fpage>8</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Cheruchus</italic>. The fane of the mast or of a vayle (? sayle), <italic>quia secundum ventum movetur</italic>.’ Ortus Vocab. ‘Fane of a steple, <italic>uirsoet, vaniere</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn789" symbol="page 122 note 6"><label><sup>page 122 note 6</sup></label><p>'s1566. Wintertoune .… one old vestment, one amys, one eorporaxe, one <italic>faunel</italic>. … Wrought in the Isle of Axholme . … one amis, one albe, a slote, a belt, a <italic>ffaunell</italic>, a corporax.’ Lincolnshire Ch. Goods, pp. 164, 169. ‘<italic>Manipulus: quedam vestis sacerdotalis</italic>.’ Medulla. In Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 59, l. 1917, we read—</p><p>'sзaf þe wonte stole or <italic>fanoun</italic>, When þou art in þe canoun, Passe forth wythowten turne.’</p><p>See also the Lay Folks Mass-Book, pp. 167–8, where it is spelt <italic>phanon</italic>. In the <italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, 1555, pt. ii. ch. viii. sign. L ii. the author writing of the Indians says, that ‘for thei sette muche by beautie, thei cary aboute with them <italic>phanelles</italic> to defende them from the sonne,’ where the meaning seems to be a ‘kerchief.’ See Ducange s. v. <italic>Fano</italic>. Francis Morlay in his Will dated 1540, bequeathed ‘to the reparacion of and annournenament of the qwere of Saynt Katryne in Mellyng churche vj<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup>, with a vestment of blakke chamlett, albe, stole, and <italic>fannell</italic> therto belongyng.’ <italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c.</italic>, Surtees Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 21.</p></fn><fn id="fn790" symbol="page 122 note 7"><label><sup>page 122 note 7</sup></label><p>'sWorlissche riches, how-swa þai come, I hald noght elles but filth and <italic>fantome</italic>.’ Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 1197.</p><p>Wyclif renders Psalms cxviii. 37 by ‘turn ruin eghen þat þai <italic>fantome</italic> [<italic>vanitatem</italic>] ne se.’ ‘Hit nis but <italic>fantum</italic> and feiri.’ Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, <citation id="ref286" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>. In the Wyclifite version of St. Mark vi. 49, the disciples seeing our Lord walking on the sea, ‘gessiden him for to be a <italic>fantum</italic>.’ ‘Forsoþe it is but <italic>fanteme</italic> þat зe fore-telle.’ <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 2315. See also Gower, iii. 172. ‘<italic>Fantasma</italic>, a ghost, a hag, a robin goodfellow, a hobgoblin, a sprite, a iade, the riding hagge or mare.’ Florio.</p></fn><fn id="fn791" symbol="page 123 note 1"><label><sup>page 123 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA fardell, or packe that a man beareth with him in the way, stuffe or carriage, <italic>sarcina</italic>. A little fagot, or fardell, <italic>fasciculus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A fardel. <italic>Sarcina</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Who would <italic>fardels</italic> bear?’ Hamlet iii. 1. Low Lat. <italic>fardellus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn792" symbol="page 123 note 2"><label><sup>page 123 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Thornton MS. leaf 285, is a receipt ‘to do awaye <italic>ferntikilles</italic>.’ Chaucer in the Knighte's Tale, 1311, in describing ‘the grete Emetreus, the Kynge of Ynde,’ says there were</p><p>'sA fewe <italic>fraknes</italic> in his face y-sprent,</p><p>Betwixen yelwe and Make somdel y-ment.’</p><p>'s<italic>Farnatickles</italic>, freckles.’ Tour to the Caves, E. Dial. Soc. O. Icel. <italic>frekna</italic>, A. S. <italic>frœcn</italic>. ‘<italic>Lentigo</italic>, Plin. A specke or pimple, redde or wanne, appearyng in the face or other part.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Neuus: macula gue nascitur, Anglice</italic>, a wrete. <italic>Lenticula</italic>. A firakyn. <italic>Lentiginosus</italic>. Ffrakeny or spotty.’ Medulla. Turner in his Herbal, 1551, p. 169, says: ‘Rocket …‥ healeth al the fautes in the face layd to with hony, and it taketh away freklea or <italic>fayrntikles</italic> with vinegre.’ See also Ferntykylle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn793" symbol="page 123 note 2"><label><sup>page 123 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo farce, to stuffe or porre in, <italic>differcio</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sOf alle þo thynges þou make <italic>farsure</italic>, And <italic>farse</italic> þo skyn, and perboyle hit wele.’ <citation id="ref287" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, ed, Morris, p. <fpage>26</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn794" symbol="page 123 note 4"><label><sup>page 123 note 4</sup></label><p>The form <italic>Fastyngong</italic> occurs several times in the Pastdn Letters, thus—‘As for the obligacyon that ye shuld have of the parson of Cressyngham, he seth he cam never at Cressyngham syth he spake with you, and that he be-heste it you not till <italic>Fastyngong</italic>.’ i. 194, ed. Gairdner. See also i. 110, 378, ii. 70, 83 and 311. ‘Thomas Gremeston wiff … hath occupied seene ester xix. yere, unto <italic>fastyngong</italic>, the xx yere of the king.’ Howard Household Books, 1481–90, p. 117. ‘Vpoun the xix day thairof, being <italic>fastrinsevin</italic>, at tua houris efter none, George lord Seytoun come to the castell of Edinburgh.’ Diurnal of Occurrents, 1513–1575, Bannatyne Club, 1833, p. 259.</p><p>'sAnd on the <italic>Fastryngs-ewyn</italic> rycht In the beginning of the nycht, To the castell thai tuk thair way.’ Barbour's <citation id="ref288" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, Bk. x. l. <fpage>372</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also the Ordinances of the ‘Gild of St. James, Lenne,’ pr. in Mr. Toulmin Smith's <citation id="ref289" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>, where it is appointed that four general meetings are to be held in each year, the third of which is fixed for ‘ye Souneday next after <italic>Fastyngonge</italic>.’ Langley mentions Fastingham-Tuesday. ‘<italic>Fastens-een</italic> or <italic>even</italic>, Shrove Tuesday.’ Hay's Glossary. ‘<italic>Sexagesima</italic>. The Sunday before Fastgong. <italic>Quinquagesima</italic>, The Sunday on Fastyngong. Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn795" symbol="page 123 note 5"><label><sup>page 123 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA fat or a vat. <italic>Orcula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Cupa</italic>. A cuppe or a ffat.’ Medulla. ‘A fat. <italic>Vas</italic>.’ Withals. ‘Fatte, a vessall, <italic>quevue</italic>. Fatte, to dye in, <italic>cuuier a taindre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Whenne thou haste fyllyd up thy lede, bere hit overe into a <italic>fatt</italic>, and lett hit stand ij. days or iij.’ Porkington MS. in Wright's Carols and Songs, Percy Soc. p. 87. ‘Apon that rocke þer was an eghe þat was alway droppande dropes of water, and be nethe it þer was a <italic>fatte</italic> that ressayfed alle the droppes.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, John's Coll. MS. leaf 112bk.</p><p>'sQuyl I fete sum quat <italic>fat</italic>, ‘I schal fete you <italic>a, fatte</italic> þou be fyr bete.’ Allit. Poems, B. 627. зour fette for to wasche;’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref289">ibid.</xref> 802.</p><p>'sHi bereþ a wel precious tresor ine a wel fyebble <italic>uet</italic>.’ <citation id="ref290" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite of Inwyt</italic>, p. <fpage>231</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref291" citation-type="other"><italic>St. Marharete</italic>, p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref292" citation-type="other"><italic>St. Juliana</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn796" symbol="page 124 note 1"><label><sup>page 124 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Herodius</italic>. A gerfalcon.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Herodius</italic>. Ardeola: <italic>héron</italic>.’ Ducange. The Medulla further describes it as a bird ‘<italic>que vincit aquilam</italic>.’</p><p>'sMade the <italic>ffawcon</italic> to ffloter and fflusshe ffor anger.’ Wright's Political Poems, i. 389.</p><p>'sThus foulyd this <italic>ffaukyn</italic> on ffyldis abouзte.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref292">ibid.</xref> i. 388.</p></fn><fn id="fn797" symbol="page 124 note 2"><label><sup>page 124 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Falchon</italic>, a wood knife or sword.’ Biiret. ‘<italic>Hec spata, A<sup>e</sup></italic> fawchon.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 195. ‘Gye hath hym a stroke raghte With hys <italic>fawchon</italic> at a draghte.’ MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, leaf 157.</p></fn><fn id="fn798" symbol="page 124 note 3"><label><sup>page 124 note 3</sup></label><p>According to Lyte, Dodoens, p. 522, this ia the ‘Card thistel or Teasel’ (<italic>Dipsacus fullonum</italic>), which he says is called ‘in Latine <italic>Dipsacum</italic> and <italic>Labrum Veneris</italic>,’ and in Englishe Fullers Teaael, Carde Thistell, and Venus bath or Bason.’ He adds that the root ‘boyled in wine and afterwarde pounde untill it come to the substance or thicknesse of an oyntment, healeth the chappes, riftes, and fistulas of the fundement. But to preserue this oyntment, ye must keepe it in a boxe of copper. The small wormes that are founds within the knoppes or heades of Teaselles, do cure and heale the Qunrtayne ague, to be worne or tyed about the necke or arme.’ <italic>Fawthistelle</italic> would be <italic>Fâh þistel</italic> (coloured thistle) in A. Saxon, but the word does not appear in Boaworth.</p></fn><fn id="fn799" symbol="page 124 note 4"><label><sup>page 124 note 4</sup></label><p>See Ducange, <italic>s. v. Feudum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn800" symbol="page 124 note 5"><label><sup>page 124 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Feofment</italic> signifies <italic>donationem feudi</italic>, any gift or grant of any honðura, castles, manors, messuages, lands, or other corporeal or immoveable things of like nature, to another in fee; that is, to him and his heirs for ever.’ Blount's Law Dictionary.</p><p>'sThanne Symonye and Cyuile stonden forth bothe,</p><p>And vnfoldeth þe <italic>feffement</italic>, þat fals hath ymaked.’ P. Plowman, B.ii. 72.</p><p>'sFauel with his fikel speche <italic>feffeth</italic> bi this chartre To be prynces in pryde, &c.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref292">ibid.</xref> l. 78.</p><p>'sIn caas of this iij<sup>o</sup> maner ben tho that ben <italic>feffid</italic> in othere mennys londis.’ Pecock's Repressor, <citation id="ref293" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Babington</surname></name>, p. <fpage>398</fpage></citation>. ‘Whanne the said <italic>feffers</italic> and executouris expresseli or priueli …‥ graunten and consenten as bi couenant, &c.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref293">ibid.</xref> p. 399.</p></fn><fn id="fn801" symbol="page 125 note 1"><label><sup>page 125 note 1</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>feoh</italic>, O.Icel. <italic>fê</italic>, cattle. ‘<italic>Bostar</italic>. An oxea stall.’ Medulla. ‘Gaf hym lande and aghte and <italic>fe</italic>.’ <citation id="ref294" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, <fpage>783</fpage></citation>. See also Oxestalle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn802" symbol="page 125 note 2"><label><sup>page 125 note 2</sup></label><p>O. Icel. <italic>felagi</italic>. ‘With patriarkes and prophets in Paradise to be <italic>felawes</italic>.’ P. Plowman, B. vii. 12. In the Story of the Three Cocks, <citation id="ref295" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>175</fpage></citation>, we read—‘After that, the second cokke songe. the lady said to her maide, “what syngeth this cokke?
“this cokke seith, my <italic>felaw</italic> for his soth saw, hath lost his lyf, and lieth full lawe.
’</p></fn><fn id="fn803" symbol="page 125 note 3"><label><sup>page 125 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>complexes</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn804" symbol="page 125 note 4"><label><sup>page 125 note 4</sup></label><p>William of Palerne, we are told, used to come home</p><p>'sYcharged wiþ conyng & hares, Wiþ fesauns and <italic>feldfares</italic>, & oþer foules grete.’ l. 182. See also <citation id="ref296" citation-type="other"><italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, <fpage>5510</fpage></citation>, and the Babees Book, <citation id="ref297" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>, l. 3, and Harrison, Descript. of England, ii. 17. A.S. <italic>feolufur, fealafur</italic>. ‘Feldfare or thrush, <italic>turdus</italic>.’ Baret. Chaucer, <italic>Parlement of Foules</italic>, 364, mentions ‘the thrustil olde, the frosty <italic>feldefare</italic>’, an epithet which he gives to the bird from its only appearing in this country in the winter. The true fieldfare, <italic>turdus pilaris</italic>, is, however, a rare visitant in England, the name being commonly given to the Missel-thrush, <italic>turdus viscivorus</italic>, also known as the felt-thrush. ‘Go, fare wel <italic>feldfare</italic>.’ <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, 553. ‘<italic>Hic campester</italic>, feldfare.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 189. ‘<italic>Hic ruruscus</italic>, a feldfare: <italic>hec campester</italic>, a feldfare:’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref293">ibid.</xref> p. 221.</p></fn><fn id="fn805" symbol="page 125 note 5"><label><sup>page 125 note 5</sup></label><p>The author of the Early Eng. Metrical Homilies, 14th cent., tells us that</p><p>'sHis [Christ's] godhed in fleis was <italic>felid</italic> Als hok in bait, quare thorw he telid The fend, that telid our fadir Adam.’ Ed. Small, p. 12, l. 26.</p><p>In the account of his dream in <italic>Morte Arthure</italic> Arthur-says—</p><p>'sThurgh that foreste I flede, thare floures were heghe,</p><p>For to <italic>fele</italic> me for ferde of tha foule thyngeз.’ ed. Brock, 3236.</p><p>'sTo <italic>feal</italic>, to hide.’ Kersey. ‘To feale, <italic>velare, abscondere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>feolan</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>fela</italic>: cf. Lat. <italic>velare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn806" symbol="page 125 note 6"><label><sup>page 125 note 6</sup></label><p>To feel originally meant to perceive by the senses, not necessarily that of touch. Thus Caxton says, ‘Whan he [the panthere] awaketh, he gyueth oute of his mouth so swete a sarour and smelle, that anon the bestes that <italic>fele</italic> it seeke hym.’ <citation id="ref298" citation-type="other"><italic>Myrrour of the Worlde</italic>, pt. ii. ch. vi. p. <fpage>75</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref299" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>313</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref300" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Alliterative Poems</italic>, ed. Morris, B. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>, our lord is represented as saying—</p><p>'sCerteз eiyse ilk renkeз þat me renayed habbe & denounced me, nojt now at Jiis tyme, Schul neuer sitte in my sale my soper to <italic>fele</italic>.’</p><p>'sWe saie cotnenly in English that we feel a man's mind when we understand his entent or meaning and contrariwise when the same is to us very darke and hard to. be perceived we do comenly say “I cannot feel his mind,
or “I have no maner feeling in the matter.
’ Udall, Trans, of <italic>Apophthegmes</italic> of Erasmus, ed. 1878, p. 128.</p></fn><fn id="fn807" symbol="page 126 note 1"><label><sup>page 126 note 1</sup></label><p>'sFelaschepe’ occurs frequently in the Paston Letters both in the ordinary meaning of <italic>company, companionship</italic>, and also in the sense of a <citation id="ref301" citation-type="other"><italic>body of men</italic>; thus in vol. i. p. <fpage>83</fpage></citation>, we find both meanings in the same paragraph. ‘Purry felle in <italic>felaschepe</italic> with Willyum Hasard at Queries, and told him, &c. .… And Marioth and his <italic>felaschep</italic> had meche grette langage, &c.’ Again,p. 180, weread, ‘Her was an evyll rewlyd <italic>felawschep</italic> yesterday at the schere, and ferd ryth fowle with the Undyr Scheryfe, &c.’ Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus has—‘make no <italic>felaschipe</italic> with thine otde enemyes.’ See also Pricke of Conscience, 4400. ‘She said, “Ye go dfle sithes in diu<italic>er</italic>se <italic>felishippe</italic>; happely ye myght lese the Kynge, and it were grete pite to lese such a precious Iewell. therfore, my, good sir, take me the Eyng, and I shall kepe it as my lyf.
’ <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 183. ‘Antenor .… fleenge with his <italic>felowe schippe</italic> [<italic>cum suis profugus</italic>].’ Higden, Harl.MS. trans. Rolls Series, vol. i. p. 273. See also <citation id="ref302" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref303" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>5513</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn808" symbol="page 126 note 2"><label><sup>page 126 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pacicola</italic> i. e. <italic>muscipula</italic>. A mousfalle. <italic>Decipula</italic>. A trappe or a pytfalle.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>mus-fealle</italic>. See also Mowsefelle, below. <italic>Muscipula</italic> is glossed by ‘a musse-stocke’ by J. de Garlande, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 132, and by <italic>ratnere</italic>, that is <italic>ratière</italic>, by Neckham.</p></fn><fn id="fn809" symbol="page 126 note 3"><label><sup>page 126 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, ed. Robson (Camden Society), i. 8, we find Arthur described as hunting ‘by fermesones, by frythys and <italic>felles</italic>;’ and in the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 2489—</p><p>'sThow salle foonde to the <italic>felle</italic>, and forraye the mountes.’</p><p>See also <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, ed. Halliwell, 1149. ‘Fellish, <italic>montanus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. O. Icel. <italic>fiall</italic>, A. S. <italic>fel</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn810" symbol="page 126 note 4"><label><sup>page 126 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTher nys, I wis, no serpent so cruel, When men trede onhis tail, ne half so <italic>fel</italic>, Aswomman is, when sche hath caught an ire.’ Chaucer, Sompnour's Tale, 2001.</p><p>'sThe <italic>felliest</italic> folke That ever Anticrist found, Been last brought into the church.’ Jacke Upland, in Wright's <citation id="ref304" citation-type="other"><italic>Political Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>17</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Felliche</italic> ylauзte, and luggid ffull ylle.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref304">ibid.</xref> i. 389.</p></fn><fn id="fn811" symbol="page 127 note 1"><label><sup>page 127 note 1</sup></label><p>'sFigges sodden (brused) and laid to, driue awaie hardnesse: they soften swellings behind the eares, and other angrie swellings called <italic>Fellons</italic> or Cattes haires.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Antrax: earbunculus lapis</italic>, or a ffelon.’ Medulla. ‘Kiles, <italic>felones</italic>, and postymes.’ MS. Ashmol. 41, leaf 37. ‘<italic>Furunclee</italic>, a felon, whitlaw.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Hec antrax</italic>, a felun bleyn.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 367. ‘Felon, a sore, <italic>entracq</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Cattes heere, otherwise called a felon. <italic>Furunculus</italic>.’ Huloet. Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, 1551, lf. 64, says: Cresses …‥ driueth furth angri bytes and other sores such as one is called <italic>Cattis hare</italic>:’ and Lyte, Dodoens, p. 747, says that ‘the leaves and fruite of misselto …, cure the <italic>felons</italic> or noughtie sores which rise about the toppes of toes and fingers.’</p></fn><fn id="fn812" symbol="page 127 note 2"><label><sup>page 127 note 2</sup></label><p>Compare Hunde fenkylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn813" symbol="page 127 note 3"><label><sup>page 127 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Household and Wardrobe Ordinances of Edward II. (Chaucer Society, ed. Furnivall), p. 45, it was directed that there should be attached to the Court ‘a <italic>ferretter</italic>, who shal have ij <italic>ferretes</italic> and a boy to help him to take conies when he shal be so charged bi the steward or thresorer. He shal take for his owne wages ij<sup>d</sup> a day; for his boy j<sup>d</sup> ob.; and for the puture [food, &c] of the <italic>ferretes</italic> j<sup>d</sup>; & one robe yerely in cloth, or a marke in mony; & iiij<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup> by the yere for shoes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn814" symbol="page 127 note 4"><label><sup>page 127 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>feorm</italic>, what goes to the support of life; <italic>feormian</italic>, to supply with food, entertain. ‘The modern sense of <italic>farm</italic> arose by degrees. In the first place lands were let on condition of supplying the lord with so many nights’ entertainment for his household. Thus the Saxon Chron. A.D. 775, mentions land let by the abbot of Peterborough, on condition that the tenant should annually pay £50, and <italic>anes nihtes feorme</italic>, one night's entertainment. This mode of reckoning constantly appears in Domesday Book:—“Reddet <italic>firmam</italic> trium noctium: i. e. 100 libr.
The inconvenience of payment in kind early made universal the substitution of a money payment, which was called <italic>firma alba</italic>, or <italic>blanche ferme</italic>, from being paid in silver or white money instead of victuals. Sometimes the rent was called simply <italic>firma</italic>, and the same name was given to the <italic>farm</italic>, or land from whence the rent accrued. From A. S. the word seems to have been adopted in Fr. <italic>ferme</italic>, a farm, or anything held in farm, a lease.’ Wedgwood, s. v. Farm. See also Liber Custumarum, Gloss, s. v. <italic>Firma</italic>. In the Paston Letters, iii. 431, in a letter from Margaret Paston to her husband, we have the word <italic>ferme</italic> used in its two meanings of <italic>rent paid</italic>, and <italic>land rented</italic>. She writes—‘Please you to wet that Will. Jeney and Debham came to Calcote .… and ther they spake with Rysyng and John Smythe, and haakyd hem rente and <italic>ferme</italic> …‥“Sir,
quod Rysyng, “I toke the <italic>ferme</italic> of my master,
&c.’ So in vol. i. p. 181, we find mentioned ‘londs at Boyton weche Cheseman had in his <italic>ferme</italic> for v. mark.’ See also Morte Arthure, ll. 425, 1005. Caxton, in the <citation id="ref305" citation-type="other"><italic>Chron. of England</italic>, p. <fpage>281</fpage></citation>s, ch. 242, says: ‘iiij knyghtes hadden taken englond to <italic>ferme</italic> of the kynge.’</p></fn><fn id="fn815" symbol="page 127 note 5"><label><sup>page 127 note 5</sup></label><p>In William De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, ed. Wright, p. 205, we read, ‘Heerfore hath Gracedieu maad me <italic>enfermerere</italic> of this place;’ that is superintendent of the infirmary. See also l. 32 of the same page, and p. 193. In the Abbey of the Holy Ghost, pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, from the Thornton MS. (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Perry), p. 50, l. 19, we read—‘Rewfulnes salle make the <italic>fermorye</italic>: Devocione salle make the cellere,’ &c. See also the Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 30 and Introd. p. xxviii. ‘A fermarye: <italic>valetudinarium</italic>.’ Withals. ‘Cum hedir, quod scho, to the <italic>Ffermery</italic>, for þow erte nouзt welle here.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. John's Coll. Camb., leaf 134. ‘The monke anone ryghte wente into the <italic>fermerye</italic> and there dyed anone.’ Caxton, <citation id="ref306" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicles of Englond</italic>, ed. 1520, p. <fpage>87</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn816" symbol="page 128 note 1"><label><sup>page 128 note 1</sup></label><p>See Farntikille, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn817" symbol="page 128 note 2"><label><sup>page 128 note 2</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>feorthing</italic>, the fourth part of a coin, not necessarily of a penny. Thus we read, ‘This yere the kynge .… made a newe quyne as the nobylle, half nobylle, and <italic>ferthyng</italic>nobylle.’ Grey Friars' Chronicle, Caruden Soc. Caxton in his <citation id="ref307" citation-type="other"><italic>Chron. of Englond</italic>, 1480, p. <fpage>231</fpage></citation>, ch. 225, mentions ‘the floreyne that was callid the noble prisof מj shillynges מiij pens of sterlinges, and the halfe noble of the value of thre shyllynges four pens, and the <italic>ferthing</italic> of value of χχ pens.’ So also in Liber Albus, p. 574, there is an order of the King that ‘Moneta auri, videlicet Noble, Demi Noble et <italic>Ferthing</italic> currant.’ Chaucer, Prologue, 134, uses the word in the sense of a very small portion:—</p><p>'sIn hire cuppe was no <italic>ferthing</italic> sene Of greece when sche dronken hadde hire draughte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn818" symbol="page 128 note 3"><label><sup>page 128 note 3</sup></label><p>See directions for carving a <italic>feysaunte</italic> in the Babees Book, p. 27. ‘Fawcons and <italic>fesantes</italic> of ferlyche hewes.’ Morte Arthure, 925. From a passage in the Liber Custumarum, Rolls Series, ed. Eiley, p. 82, it would seem that the pheasant was common in England so early as the beginning of the reign of Edward I.; a point on which Mr. Way seems to imply a doubt in his note. A still earlier reference to pheasants (as eaten in <italic>this</italic> country probably) will be found in the satirical piece, <italic>Golyas de quodam Abbate</italic>, in Wright's Latin Poems of Walter Mapes (Camden Society), Introd. p. xlii. ‘The <italic>fesaunde</italic>, skornere of the cok by nyghte.’ Chaucer, <citation id="ref308" citation-type="other"><italic>Parlement of Foules</italic>, <fpage>357</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn819" symbol="page 128 note 4"><label><sup>page 128 note 4</sup></label><p>In Lonelich's Hist, of the Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, xxxvi. 3, we are told that ‘Ypocras was the worthiest <italic>fecyscian</italic> that was evere accompted in ony plas;’ and again, l. 72, he is termed ‘the <italic>worthyest fecyscyan</italic> levenge.’ See also <citation id="ref309" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite of Inwyt</italic>, p. <fpage>172</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn820" symbol="page 128 note 5"><label><sup>page 128 note 5</sup></label><p>In Havelok, l, 82, we find ‘in feteres ful faste <italic>festen</italic>;’ and again, l. 144, ‘In harde bondes, nicth and day, He was so faste wit yuel <italic>fest</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref310" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <year>1907</year>, <year>1909</year></citation>, and 5295.</p><p>'sAl his clathes fra him þai kest, And tille a peler fast him <italic>fest</italic>, A. S. <italic>fœstan</italic>. And scourges kene þai ordand þare, To bete vpon his body bare.’ MS. Hail. 496, leaf 76.</p></fn><fn id="fn821" symbol="page 128 note 6"><label><sup>page 128 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Firmatorium: illud cum quo aliquid firmatur</italic>.’ Medulla. Compare Dalke, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn822" symbol="page 129 note 1"><label><sup>page 129 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Numella</italic>. A shakyl. <italic>Numellus</italic>. Shakeyld. <italic>Boia: torques damnatorum quasi iugum, a bove: cathenœ, ut in vita Sancti Petri, posuerunt boias circa collwm eius</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn823" symbol="page 129 note 2"><label><sup>page 129 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Quartana</italic>. Ffever qvartayn. <italic>Quartanus</italic>. He that hath iiij dayes feuer.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn824" symbol="page 129 note 3"><label><sup>page 129 note 3</sup></label><p>'sI salle be foundene in Fraunce, fraiste whene hym lykes, The fyrste daye of <italic>Feuerзere</italic> in thas faire marches.’ <citation id="ref311" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>435</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sIn <italic>feuirзer</italic> Wallas was to him send.’ <citation id="ref312" citation-type="other"><italic>Wallace</italic>, <fpage>363</fpage>.</citation></p><p>The same spelling occurs frequently in the Paston Letters and Robert of Gloucester.</p></fn><fn id="fn825" symbol="page 129 note 4"><label><sup>page 129 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>fugel</italic>, a fowl, <italic>fugelere</italic>, a fowler.</p><p>'sThus <italic>foulyd</italic> this ffaukyn on ffyldis abouзte.’ Wright's Political Poems, i. 388.</p><p>'sFferkez in with the <italic>fewle</italic> in his faire handez.’ Morte Arthure, 2071.</p></fn><fn id="fn826" symbol="page 129 note 5"><label><sup>page 129 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA <italic>violl</italic>, a little bottell or flaggon.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Amula i. e. fiola</italic>. A ffyol or A cruet.’ Medulla. Wyclif in his version of <citation id="ref313" citation-type="other"><italic>Numbers</italic> vii. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘a silueren <italic>fiole</italic> [a <italic>viol</italic> of siluere, Purvey,] .… ful of tryed floure spreynt with oyle;’ and again, v. 37, he says, ‘Salamyel .… offrede a silueren <italic>fyole</italic>.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Higden has ‘a pyler þat bare a <italic>viol</italic> of gold,’ [<italic>phialam auream</italic>.] Vol. v. p. 131; and in the <italic>E. E. Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1476, at the feast of Belshazzar there are said to have been ‘<italic>fyoles</italic> fretted with flores & fleeз of golde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn827" symbol="page 129 note 6"><label><sup>page 129 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>A fitche</italic>, vicia.’ Manip. Vocab. <italic>Fitches</italic> is the common pronunciation of <italic>vetches</italic> in many dialects at the present day. ‘A rake for to hale vp the <italic>fitchis</italic> that lie.’ Tusser, <citation id="ref314" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Herrtage</surname></name>, p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. The Medulla renders <italic>vicia</italic> by ‘a ffetehe,’ and adds the line—</p><p>'s<italic>Est vicium erimen viciaque dicite semen</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe shal sowe the sed gith, and the comyn sprengen, and sette the whete bi order, and barly and myle, and <italic>ficche</italic> in ther coestes.’ Wyclif, Isaiah xxviii. 25. ‘Fetche, a lytell pese; <italic>uesse, lentille, ueche</italic>.’ Palsgrave. The author of the trans, of Palladius on Husbondrie tells us that ‘Whan this Janus xxv daies is olde, Is best thi <italic>fitches</italic> forto sowe, For seede, but not for fodder.’ Bk. ii. st. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn828" symbol="page 129 note 7"><label><sup>page 129 note 7</sup></label><p>'sMeche she kouthe of menstrelcie Of harpe, of <italic>fithele</italic>, of sautri.’ <citation id="ref315" citation-type="other"><italic>Guy of Warwicke</italic>, p. <fpage>425</fpage></citation>. ‘A fiddle or rebecke, <italic>pandura</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie.</p><p>'sHer wes <italic>fiðelinge</italic> and song, Her wes harpinge imong.’ Laзamon, ii. 530.</p><p>'sI can noither tabre ne trompe, ne telle none gestes,</p><p>Farten ne <italic>fythelen</italic> at festes ne harpen.’ P. Plowman, B. xiii. 230. A.S. <italic>fiðele</italic>, a fiddle.</p></fn><fn id="fn829" symbol="page 130 note 1"><label><sup>page 130 note 1</sup></label><p>See note to Emeraudis. Andrew Boorde in his Breuiary of Health, ed. 1557, chapt. 159, fol. lvii., speaks of ‘a sycknes named <italic>Ficus in ano</italic>,’ concerning which he says: ‘<italic>Ficus in ano</italic> be the latin wordes. In Englyshe it is named a fygge in a mans foundemente, for it is a postumacion lyke a fygge, or a lumpe of flesh in the longacion lyke a fygge:’ the cause ‘of this impediment’ is, he says, ‘a melancoly humour, the whiche doth discende too the longacyon or foundement.’ As a remedy he recommends, first, ‘the confection of Hameke, or pyles of Lapidis lazule, or Yera ruffini, than take of the pouder of a dogges hed burnt, and mixe it with the iuyce of Pimpernel, & make tentes and put into the foundement.’ Withal says, ‘<italic>Ficus</italic>, a figge: it soundeth also to a disease in the fundament, but then it is <italic>ficus, -ci</italic> in the masc. gender, the others be of the fem, gender, whereof thus of old, <italic>viz.</italic>: “<italic>Hic ficus, morbus: hœc ficus fructus & arbor</italic>.
’</p></fn><fn id="fn830" symbol="page 130 note 2"><label><sup>page 130 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Giandes fyghte, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn831" symbol="page 130 note 3"><label><sup>page 130 note 3</sup></label><p>Alexander Neckham, <citation id="ref316" citation-type="other"><italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, p. <fpage>484</fpage></citation>, calls the filbert, <italic>nux Phillidis</italic>. Wedgwood says, ‘<italic>quasi</italic> “fill-beard,
a kind of nut which just fills the cup made by the beards of the calyx.’ But may not the name be derived from the Latin? Gower in the <italic>Confessio Amantis</italic>, ii. 30, says, ‘After Phillis <italic>philleberd</italic> This tree was cleped.’</p><p>'s<italic>Hec morus</italic>, a fylberd tre. <italic>Hic fullus</italic>, a fylberd tre.’ Wright's Vocab. pp. 228, 229.</p></fn><fn id="fn832" symbol="page 130 note 4"><label><sup>page 130 note 4</sup></label><p>In William of Nassyngton's Poem on the Trinity and Unity (pr. in Eelig. Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS.) p. 60, l. 180, we read that in our Lord</p><p>'sNeuer was fundene gyle Ne nathynge þat any saule myght <italic>fyle</italic>.’</p><p>And in Pricke of Conscience, l. 1210:</p><p>'sBe swa clene and noght vile, þat þou suld never more me <italic>file</italic>.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref304">ibid.</xref> ll. 2348, 2559, &c. A.S. <italic>fylan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn833" symbol="page 130 note 5"><label><sup>page 130 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 1158, we read how Arthur's knights after his conflict with the giant find him lying exhausted, and proceed to examine</p><p>'sHis flawnke and his <italic>feletez</italic> and his faire sydez:’</p><p>and again, l. 2174, Sir Cayons engages Arthur, but is sorely wounded by a cowardly knight, who smites him ‘In thorowe the <italic>felettes</italic>, and in the flawnke aftyr.’ See also l. 4237.</p></fn><fn id="fn834" symbol="page 130 note 6"><label><sup>page 130 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Philosophus</italic>. a ffylosofer.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn835" symbol="page 130 note 7"><label><sup>page 130 note 7</sup></label><p>In <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 2225, mention is made of ‘a deneз ax nwe dyзt …‥ Fyled in a <italic>fylor</italic>, fowre fote large.’</p></fn><fn id="fn836" symbol="page 131 note 1"><label><sup>page 131 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole, <citation id="ref317" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>4911</fpage></citation>, says that at the end of the world,</p><p>'sFirst þe fire at þe bygynnyng, Sal cum byfor Criates commyng, Þat þe gude men sal þan clensen and <italic>fine</italic>, And þe wikked men hard punnys and pyne.’</p><p>In the Libel of English Policy (Wright's Political Poems, ii. 187), we read—</p><p>'sIf we had there pese and gode wylle, Tomyne and <italic>fyne</italic>, and metalle for to pure. In wylde Yrishe myght we fynde the cure. As in Londone seyth a juellere, Whych brought from thens gold oore to us here, Whereof was <italic>fyned</italic> metalle gode and clene.’</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>fina</italic>, to polish, cleanse. See Wyclif, <citation id="ref318" citation-type="other"><italic>Isaiah</italic> xxv. <fpage>6</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref319" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maundeville</surname></name>, p. <fpage>156</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn837" symbol="page 131 note 2"><label><sup>page 131 note 2</sup></label><p>'sGladly he chevith what so he begynne, Sesyng not tylle he his purpose wynne, The <italic>fyne</italic> thereof berith witnessing.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 132.</p><p>'sAlle oure trouble to enden and to <italic>fyne</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref319">ibid.</xref> ii. 134.</p></fn><fn id="fn838" symbol="page 131 note 3"><label><sup>page 131 note 3</sup></label><p>Compare the following account of the fingers in the Cambridge MS. Ff. v. 48, leaf 82:</p><p>'sIlke a fyngir has a name, als men thaire fyngers calle,</p><p>The lest fyngir hat <italic>lityl mam</italic>, for hit is lest of alle;</p><p>The next fynger hat <italic>leche man</italic>, for quen a leche dos oзt,</p><p>With that fynger he tastes all thyng howe that hit is wroзt;</p><p><italic>Longman</italic> hat the mydilmast, for longest fyngir it is;</p><p>The ferthe men calles <italic>towcher</italic>, therwith men touches i-wis;</p><p>The fifte fynger ia the <italic>thowmbe</italic>, and hit has most myзt,</p><p>And fastest haldes of olle the tother, forthi mea calles hit riзt.’</p><p>In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 179. the names are given as follows:—</p><p>Sohynyзt thombe schewyt fore-finger</p><p>'s<italic>Pollet enim pollex, res visas mdicat index</italic>;</p><p>medylle-fyngur leche-fyngur acordyt</p><p><italic>Stat medius medio, medicus jam convenit egro</italic>;</p><p>ere lytil-fyngur.’</p><p><italic>Quas tua fert auris sordes trahit auricularis</italic>’.</p><p>And in the A.S. Glossary in MS. Cott. Cleop. A iii. leaf 76, we have them as under:— ‘<italic>Pollex</italic>, þuma. <italic>Index</italic>, becnend. <italic>Salutarius</italic>, halettend midemesta finger. <italic>Inpudicus</italic>, æwiscberend midmesta finger. <italic>Anularis</italic>, hringfinger. <italic>Auricularis</italic>, earclæsnend.’ The forefinger is hereafter also called Lykpotte.</p></fn><fn id="fn839" symbol="page 131 note 4"><label><sup>page 131 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Digitale</italic>. A themyl.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Digitalia</italic>. Fynger stalles; thymbles; fyngers of gloues.’ Cooper. ‘A thimble, or anything covering the fingers, as finger stalles, &c. <italic>Digitale</italic>.’ Baret. Lyte, Dodoena, p. 175, writing of Foxglove, says that it has ‘long round hollow floures, fashioned like <italic>finger-stalles</italic>.’ See also Themelle, below. A. S. <italic>steall</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn840" symbol="page 131 note 5"><label><sup>page 131 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Romance of Sir Perceval, ed. Halliwell, 1. 753, we read—</p><p>'sNow he getis hym flynt, His <italic>fyre-irene</italic> he hent, And thenne withowtene any stynt He kyndlit a glede.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref320" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>328</fpage></citation>, where we read ‘the Emperoure toke an <italic>yren</italic> and smote fyre of a stone.’ ‘<italic>Fugillo</italic>. To smyte fyre. <italic>Fugillator</italic>. A fyre smytar.’ Medulla. Compare W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 157—</p><p>'sDe troys services sert fusil;</p><p>Fil est filee par fusil,</p><p>E fu de haylonn (flint) <italic>fert fusil</italic> (a fer-hyren, vir-hirne, Camb. MS.)</p><p><italic>E blée e molu par fusil</italic> (a mille-spindele).’</p><p>See also Flint stone.</p></fn><fn id="fn841" symbol="page 132 note 1"><label><sup>page 132 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Primicie</italic>. The ffyrste firuзte.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn842" symbol="page 132 note 2"><label><sup>page 132 note 2</sup></label><p>See Fesician, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn843" symbol="page 132 note 3"><label><sup>page 132 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fisica</italic>. Ffysyk.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn844" symbol="page 132 note 4"><label><sup>page 132 note 4</sup></label><p>'sFyest with the arse, <italic>uesse</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘I fyest, I styuke. <italic>Je vesse</italic>. Beware nowe thou fysthe nat, for thou shalte smell sower than.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref319">ibid.</xref> ‘Fise, <italic>lirida</italic>.’ Nominale MS. in Halliwell. ‘<italic>Vesse</italic>. A fyste. <italic>Vesseur</italic>. A fyster, a stinking fellow. <italic>Vessir</italic>. To fyste, to let a fyste,’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn845" symbol="page 132 note 5"><label><sup>page 132 note 5</sup></label><p>'sIn þe kechene wel i knowe, arn crafti men manye,</p><p>Þat fast fonden alday to <italic>flen</italic> wilde bestes.’ <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 1683.</p><p>Hampole tells us that if any man knew the bliss of heaven, he would, rather than lose it, be willing ‘Ilk day anes alle qwik to be <italic>flayne</italic>.’ <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 9520.</p><p>A. S. <italic>flean</italic>, O. Ieel. <italic>flâ</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn846" symbol="page 132 note 6"><label><sup>page 132 note 6</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives to ‘<italic>Flauchter, v. a.</italic> To pare turf from the ground. <italic>Flauchter, Flaughter, s.</italic> A man who casts turf with a <italic>Flauchter-spade. Flag.</italic> A piece of green sward, cast with a spade.’ ‘<italic>Cespes</italic>. A turfe orflagge.’ Medulla. The form <italic>flaзt</italic> occurs in Alliterative Poems, i. 57. See P. Flagge of þe erthe. Icel. <italic>flaga</italic>, a slab, turf; <italic>flakna</italic>, to flake, split.</p></fn><fn id="fn847" symbol="page 133 note 1"><label><sup>page 133 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Flag.</italic> A flake of snow.’ Jamieson. ‘A <italic>flawe of snawe</italic>’ occurs in the Alliterative Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, l. 1756. a flag of snow</p><p>'s<italic>La bouche me entra la aunf de neyf</italic>.’</p><p>Dan. <italic>flage</italic>. Walter de Bibblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocah. p. 160.</p><p>Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. leaf 31, ‘Thare begane for to falle grete <italic>flawghtes</italic> of snawe, as thay had bene grete lokkes of wolle.’ See also Flyghte of snawe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn848" symbol="page 133 note 2"><label><sup>page 133 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Morte Arthure, l. 2556, we read that Priamus and Sir Gawayne</p><p>'sFeghttene and floresche withe flawmande swerdeз</p><p>Tille the <italic>flawes</italic> of fyre flawmes one theire helmes.’</p><p>See also l. 773; the word is wrongly explained in the Glossary. ‘Felle flaunkes of fyr and <italic>flakes</italic> of soufre.’ <citation id="ref321" citation-type="other"><italic>E. E. Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>954</fpage>.</citation> ‘Flaught of fire. A flash of lightning.’</p><p>Jamieson. Sir David Lyndesay, in his description of the Day of Judgment, says—</p><p>'sAs <italic>fyre flaucht</italic> haistely glansyng, Discend sail þe most heuinly kyng.’ <italic>The Monarche</italic>, Bk. iv. l. 5556.</p><p>See also Bk. ii. ll. 1417, 3663; Cursor Mundi, p. 110, l. 1769; and Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, vii. Prol. l. 54.</p></fn><fn id="fn849" symbol="page 133 note 3"><label><sup>page 133 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Pricke of Conscience, 2242, Hampole says—</p><p>'sNa vonder es if þe devels com þan In þe ende obout a synful man, For to <italic>flay</italic> hym and tempte and pyn, When þe devel com to Saynt Martyn In þe tyme of dede at his last day Hym for to tempte and for to <italic>flay</italic>.’</p><p>In Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, p. 69, we are told of St. Anthony that</p><p>'sSwa meke and myld was he, That thurght meknes, many tyme <italic>Flayed</italic> he fendes fell fra hyme:’</p><p>and again, p. 27, it is said that at the end of the world—</p><p>'sÞe erthe þe achtande day Sal stir and quac and al folc <italic>flay</italic>.’ (printed incorrectly <italic>slay</italic>.)</p><p>See also Alliterative Poems, ii. 960. A. S. <italic>flêgan</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>fleyja</italic>.</p><p>'sCeis not for to pertrubil all and sum, And with thy fellound reddour thame to <italic>fley</italic>.’ Gawin Douglas, <citation id="ref322" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic>, xi. l. <fpage>970</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sFenзies him <italic>fleyit</italic> or abasit to be.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref322">ibid.</xref> xi. p. 377, l. 13, ed. 1710.</p><p>'sNimeð nu gode зeme hu alle þe seouen deaiðliche sunneu muwen beon <italic>a-vleied</italic> þuruh treowe bileaue.’ <citation id="ref323" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>248</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref323">ibid.</xref> p. 136.</p></fn><fn id="fn850" symbol="page 133 note 4"><label><sup>page 133 note 4</sup></label><p>See Hande-staffe, Cappe of a flayle, and Swevylle. ‘The bucket is of fro the swepe or flayle. <italic>Vrmila ciconie siue teloni excidit</italic>.’ Horman.</p></fn><fn id="fn851" symbol="page 133 note 5"><label><sup>page 133 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hoc onafrum</italic>, a flaget. <italic>Hec lura</italic>, a mowth of a flaget. Wright's Vocab. p. 257. In <italic>William of Palerne</italic> a man who is on his way to Rome ‘wiþ two <italic>flaketes</italic> ful of ful fin wynes,’ is so frightened at the sight of the werwolf that ‘for care and drede, <italic>þe flagetes</italic> he let falle,’ l. 1893. ‘<italic>Flacon</italic> (as <italic>Flascon</italic>). A great leartherne bottle.’ Cotgrave. ‘Remygius took hym a <italic>flaket</italic> ful of holy wyne.’ Trevisa's Higden, v. 293.</p></fn><fn id="fn852" symbol="page 133 note 6"><label><sup>page 133 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Flans</italic>. Flawnes, Custards, Egge-pies.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Asturco</italic>. A fHawne. <italic>Astotira</italic>. A fflawne.’ Medulla. ‘Fill ouen fuU of<italic>flawnes</italic>.’ Tusser, p. 181. ‘A flaune, custard; <italic>galatyrium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'sBrede an chese, butere and milk Pastees and <italic>flaunes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref324" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>643</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Flawne</italic> or custard.’ Baret. A kind of pancake was also so called. Nettleham feast at Easter is called the <italic>Flown</italic>, possibly from <italic>flauns</italic> having been formerly eaten at that period of the year. See Babees Book, p. 173, where Flawnes are stated to be ‘<italic>Cheesecakes</italic> made of ground cheese beaten up with eggs and sugar, coloured with saffron, and baked in “cofyns
or crusts.’ ‘<italic>Hic flato, A<sup>e</sup></italic>, flawne.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 200.</p></fn><fn id="fn853" symbol="page 134 note 1"><label><sup>page 134 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA flee. <italic>Musca</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A.S. <italic>fleoge</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn854" symbol="page 134 note 2"><label><sup>page 134 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThay wende the rede knyghte it ware,</p><p>That wolde thame alle for-fare,</p><p>And faste gane thay <italic>flee</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref325" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Perceval</italic>, <fpage>874</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sVor þi <italic>fleih</italic> sein Johan þe feolauschipe of fule men.’ <citation id="ref326" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>fleon</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn855" symbol="page 134 note 3"><label><sup>page 134 note 3</sup></label><p>Spotted; streaked. In P. Plowman, B. xi. 321, we meet with</p><p>'sWylde wormes in wodes, and wonderful foules,</p><p>With <italic>flekked</italic> fetheres, and of fele coloures:’</p><p>and Chaucer, Prologue to Chanon Yemannes Tale, 565, says that</p><p>'sThe hors eek that this yeman rood vpon</p><p>So swatte, that vunethe myghte it gon.</p><p>Aboute the peytrel stood the foom ful hye,</p><p>He was of fome al <italic>Jlekked</italic>as a pye.’</p><p>Trevisa in his translation of Higden, i. 159, says that the ‘camelion is a <italic>flekked</italic> best.’ O. Friesic, <italic>flekka</italic>, to spot: cf. Icel. <italic>flekka</italic>, to stain, <italic>flekkr</italic>, a spot, stain. German, <italic>gefleckt. ‘Scutulatus, color equi</italic>,’ is quoted in Klotz's Latin Dictionary. The Medulla renders <italic>Scutulatus</italic> ‘grey poudered, <italic>sicut equus</italic>,’ while Cooper says, ‘<italic>Scutulatus color</italic>, as I thynke, watchet colour;’ and Gouldman, ‘<italic>scutulatus color</italic>, dapple-gray or watchet colour.’</p></fn><fn id="fn856" symbol="page 134 note 4"><label><sup>page 134 note 4</sup></label><p>The <italic>flecchour</italic> was properly the man who made and set the feathers on the arrows: the arrows themselves were made by the Arrowsmith. The parliament of James II. [of Scotland] which sat in 1457 enacted, ‘that there be a bower (a bowmaker) and a <italic>fledgear</italic> in ilk head town of the schire.’ See the <italic>Destruction, of Troy</italic>, E. E. Text Soc. 1593, and Liber Albus, pp. 533, 732. Fr. <italic>flêche</italic>, an arrow.</p></fn><fn id="fn857" symbol="page 134 note 5"><label><sup>page 134 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Esventoir</italic>, a fan, flip-flap, flie-flap or flabel.’ Cotgrave. ‘A flappe to kill flies, <italic>muscarium</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie. ‘<italic>Flabellum</italic>. A fflappe or a scorge. <italic>Muscarius</italic>. A werare off of flyes.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn858" symbol="page 134 note 6"><label><sup>page 134 note 6</sup></label><p>'sFlaik, Flake, Flate, <italic>s.</italic> (1) A hurdle. (2) In plural, temporary folds or pens.’ Jamieson. See Holinshed, Chronicle of Ireland, p. 178. O. Icel. <italic>flaki, fleki</italic>. ‘<italic>Crates</italic>. A hyrdyl.’ Medulla. ‘A fleke: <italic>cratix</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 201. Gawain Douglas in his trans, of Virgil, <citation id="ref327" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, xi. p. <fpage>362</fpage></citation>, ed. 1710, has—</p><p>'sSum of Eneas feris besely <italic>Flatis</italic> to plet thaym preissis by and by,</p><p>And of smal wikkeris for to beild vp ane bere:’</p><p>and <citation id="ref328" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stewart</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic></citation>, ii. 146—</p><p>'sThis Congallus deuysit at the last,</p><p>That euerie man ane <italic>flaik</italic> sould mak of tre, .…</p><p>Syne on the nycht, with mony staik and atour,</p><p>Gart mak ane brig quhair tha passit all ouir.’</p><p>So also Bellendene in his version of <italic>Boece</italic>, i. 117, ed. 1721, has ‘This munitioun …‥ had na out passage bot at ane part, quhilk was maid by thaim with <italic>flaikis</italic>, scherettis and treis.’ See also Hooker's Giraldus' <italic>Hist, of Ireland</italic>, ii. 178.</p></fn><fn id="fn859" symbol="page 134 note 7"><label><sup>page 134 note 7</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>flea</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn860" symbol="page 134 note 8"><label><sup>page 134 note 8</sup></label><p>The Medulla renders <italic>recutitus</italic> by ‘he þar hath a bleryng зerd,’ while the Ortus agrees with our text, ‘<italic>Recutitus;</italic> flenned, <italic>id est circumcisus</italic>,’ as also Huloet, ‘Fleyed, or flayne, or hauinge the skynne cutte: <italic>Recutitus</italic>:’ and again, ‘Circumcised. <italic>Recutitus</italic>.’ Cooper, in his <italic>Thesaurus</italic>, defines it as ‘martial, circumcised, cut shorte, exulcerate.’ Evidently it is derived from A. S. <italic>flean</italic>, to Bkin, flay. See Jew, below. The author of the Cursor Mundi speaking of circumcision says—</p><p>'sAbram tok forth his men</p><p>And did als drightin can him ken;</p><p>Him self and Ismael he <italic>scare</italic>.</p><p>And siþen all his þat car-men were.</p><p>O thritti yeir fra he was born</p><p>Was Ysmael wen he was schorn.’</p><p>ll. 2693–2698.</p></fn><fn id="fn861" symbol="page 135 note 1"><label><sup>page 135 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Creagra</italic>. A fflesshook or an aundyryn, <italic>Fuscina</italic>. A ffysh hook or a fflessh hook.’ Medulla. Horman has: ‘Fette the flesshe hoke. <italic>Da creagram</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn862" symbol="page 135 note 2"><label><sup>page 135 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>Fleshewrye</italic>, apparently is a place where flesh is cut or <italic>hewed</italic>. The word <italic>fleschhewere</italic>, a butcher, occurs in Octovian, 750, ‘To selle motoun, bakoun, and beef, as <italic>flesch-hewere:</italic>’ and <italic>fleschour</italic> appears to be a contraction of this. ‘<italic>Laniatorium</italic>. A fflessh stal. <italic>Macellum</italic>. A bochery off [or] a fflessh stal.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn863" symbol="page 135 note 3"><label><sup>page 135 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Liber Albus, p. 400, we find the old site of Newgate Market mentioned under the name of ‘Saint Nicholas Flessh-shameles;’ and in the <italic>Inquisitiones post Mortem</italic> Robert Langelye is said to have owned four shops in ‘<italic>Les Flesshambles in Parochia Sancti Nicholai</italic>.’ Andrew Boorde in his <citation id="ref329" citation-type="other"><italic>Introduction of Knowledge</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>151</fpage></citation>, says that at Antwerp ‘is the fayrest <italic>flesh shambles</italic> that is in Cristendome.’ A.S. scamel, a stool or bench.</p></fn><fn id="fn864" symbol="page 135 note 4"><label><sup>page 135 note 4</sup></label><p>'sFleame, <italic>flegma</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Flegme or sniuell, <italic>phlegma</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn865" symbol="page 135 note 5"><label><sup>page 135 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI serue of vinegre and of vergeous and of greynes that ben soure and greene, and give hem to hem that ben coleryk rather than to hem that ben <italic>flewmatyk</italic>.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode, ed. Wright, p. 134. In the Babees Book, <citation id="ref330" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>170</fpage></citation>, the following description is given of a Fleumatick person:—</p><p><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline5"></inline-graphic></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref330">ibid.</xref> pp. 220–1.</p></fn><fn id="fn866" symbol="page 135 note 6"><label><sup>page 135 note 6</sup></label><p>See Flaghte of snawe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn867" symbol="page 135 note 7"><label><sup>page 135 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Perna</italic>, a flyk.’ Nominale. ‘Flick, <italic>succidia, lardum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Tak the larde of a swyne <italic>flyk</italic>, and anoynte the mannes fete therwith underneth.’ Thornton MS. leaf 304. ‘<italic>Flick</italic>, the outer part of the hog cured for bacon, while the rest of the carcase is called the bones.’ Forby. See P. Plowman, B. ix. 169, where we read of the celebrated ‘<italic>flicche</italic> of Dunmowe.’ Fr. ‘<italic>fliche, flique de lard</italic>, a flitch, or side, of bacon.’ Icel. <italic>flikki</italic>, A.S.<italic>flicce</italic>. ‘<italic>Perna</italic>. A flykke.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn868" symbol="page 136 note 1"><label><sup>page 136 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Contentiosus</italic>, geflitful.’ Alfric's Glossary.</p><p>'sWiзtly a-noþer werkman, þat was þer be-side,</p><p>Gan <italic>flite</italic> wiþ þat felþe, þat formest hadde spoke.’ William of Palerne, 2545.</p><p>We find the pt. tense in Sir Amadace, ed. Robson, xxxvi. 6, ‘þus <italic>flote</italic> Sir Amadace.’ In Bernard's Terence, 79, we have the Latin <italic>jurgavit cum eo</italic> rendered by ‘he did <italic>flite</italic> or chide with him.’ ‘<italic>Litigo</italic>. To stryue or flyte.’ Ortus. See also the <italic>Book of Curtasye</italic>, pr. in the Babees Book, <citation id="ref331" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>178</fpage></citation>, l. 54, where we are warned</p><p>'sIn peese to ete, and euer esehewe To <italic>flyte</italic> at borde; þat may þe rewe.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref332" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>386</fpage></citation>, l. 6681. A. S. <italic>flitan</italic>. In Trevisa's Higden, ii. 97 is mentioned ‘<italic>flittwyte</italic>, amendes i-doo for chydynge,’ [<italic>emenda proveniens pro contentione</italic>.]</p><p>'sBy thend of October go gather vp sloes,</p><p>Haue thou in a readines plentie of thoes,</p><p>And keepe them in bedstraw, or still on the bow,</p><p>To staie both the <italic>flixe</italic> of thyselfe and thy cow.’ Tusser, p. 52.</p><p>'s<italic>Lienteria</italic>. The fflyxe.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn869" symbol="page 136 note 3"><label><sup>page 136 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Polia</italic>. A fflok off bestys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn870" symbol="page 136 note 4"><label><sup>page 136 note 4</sup></label><p>In Deguileville's Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode, <citation id="ref333" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘reedes and <italic>floytes</italic> and shalmuses.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref333">ibid.</xref> p. 123. ‘A faucet, or tappe, a flute, a whistle, a pipe, as well to conueigh water, as an instrumente of musicke, <italic>fistula, tubulus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>They flouted</italic>, and they taberd; they yellyd, and they cryed, ioyinge in theyr maner, as semyd, by theyr semblaunt.’ Lydgate, <citation id="ref334" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, bk. ii. p. <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, ed. 1859.</p></fn><fn id="fn871" symbol="page 136 note 5"><label><sup>page 136 note 5</sup></label><p>See also Clowe of flodeзete, above. ‘ A flode-зate: <italic>sinoglostorium</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 180. ‘Si il soit trove qe ascuns tielx, gorcez, fishgarthez, molyns, milledammez, estankez de molyns, lokkez, hebbyngwerez, estakez, kideux, hekkez, ou <italic>flodegates</italic> sont faitz levez, enhauncez, estreiez, ou enlargez encountre mesme lestatuit.’ 1472, Stat. 12 Ed. IV. cap. 7.</p></fn><fn id="fn872" symbol="page 136 note 6"><label><sup>page 136 note 6</sup></label><p>'sFlook, fish, <italic>pectunculus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Flook</italic>, flounder.’ Junius. ‘Flookes or flounders, <italic>pectines</italic>.’ Baret. Cooper renders <italic>pectines</italic> by ‘scallops.’ ‘Flowndersor Floukes, bee of like nature to a Plaice, though not so good.’ Cogan, <italic>Haven of Health</italic>, 1612, p. 141. <citation id="ref335" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, <italic>Descript. of England</italic>, ii. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>, mentions the ‘<italic>floke</italic> or sea flounder.’ In Morte Arthure, 1088, the Giant, with whom Arthur engages, is described as</p><p>'sfflat-mowthede as a <italic>flulte</italic>, with fleryande lyppys.’</p><p>See also l. 2779, and Harrison's Descript. of England, <citation id="ref336" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>. The word is still in common use. A S. <italic>floc.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn873" symbol="page 137 note 1"><label><sup>page 137 note 1</sup></label><p>'sWith her mantle tucked vp Shee <italic>fathered</italic> her flocke.’ Percy Folio, Loose Songs, 58. ‘Forsothe that woman hadde a <italic>foddred</italic> calf in the hows.’ Wyclif, 1 Kings xxviii. 24. O. Icel. <italic>fôðra</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn874" symbol="page 137 note 2"><label><sup>page 137 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA fole, <italic>pullus equinus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Pullus</italic>. A cheken or a ffole.’ Medulla. See also Colte, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn875" symbol="page 137 note 3"><label><sup>page 137 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. Fokke.</p></fn><fn id="fn876" symbol="page 137 note 4"><label><sup>page 137 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. fowlo. ‘<italic>Matrizo</italic>. To folowyn fe moder.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn877" symbol="page 137 note 5"><label><sup>page 137 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Blax</italic>. Softe; delicate; wanton; that cannot discerne things; blunt; foolish; he that vaynely boasteth him selfe. <italic>Morio</italic>. A foole.’ Cooper. The Medulla gives‘ <italic>Baburra</italic>. Folyheed or sothfastnes,’ and renders <italic>bardus</italic> by ‘<italic>stultus, ebes, ineptus, tardus</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Folet</italic>. A pretty foole, a little fop, a yong coxe, none of the wisest.’ Cotgrave. In the <citation id="ref337" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>, l. 2303, we read—</p><p>'sFendes crepte þo ymages wiþ-inne</p><p>And lad <italic>foled</italic> men to synne.’</p><p>See also Robert de Brunne's Hist, of England, Rolls Series, ed. Furnivall, 4527 and 7229.</p></fn><fn id="fn878" symbol="page 137 note 6"><label><sup>page 137 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. a For.</p></fn><fn id="fn879" symbol="page 137 note 7"><label><sup>page 137 note 7</sup></label><p>'sFfande to fette that freke and. <italic>forfette</italic> his landes.’ <citation id="ref338" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>557</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn880" symbol="page 137 note 8"><label><sup>page 137 note 8</sup></label><p>A prohibition or thing forbidden. Thus in the <citation id="ref339" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>, 1. 612, we are told that God gave to Adam Paradise</p><p>'sals in heritage,</p><p>To yeild þerfor na mar knaulage,</p><p>Bot for to hald it wel vnbroken</p><p>þe <italic>forbot</italic> þat was betuix þam spoken.’</p><p>The word occurs not infrequently in conjunction with God's; thus we have in a charm for the tooth-ache from Thornton MS. printed in <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. 126—</p><p>'six. tymes <italic>Goddis forbott</italic>, thou wikkyde worme, Thet ever thou make any rystynge.’ In the Percy Folio MS. ed. Furnivall and Hales, <citation id="ref340" citation-type="other"><italic>Robin Hood</italic>, &c., p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>, l. 59, vol. i. we read—‘ “Now, Marry, <italic>gods forbott</italic>,
said the Sheriffe, “that euer that shold bee.
’ In Sir Ferumbras when Alorys proposes to Ganelon to leave Charlea to his fate—</p><p>'s“Godes <italic>for-bode</italic>,
Gweynes sede, “þat ich assentede to such a dede.
’</p><p>The expression also occurs twice in Stafford's <italic>Examination of Abuses</italic>, 1581, New Shakspere Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 73, where it is spelt ‘<italic>God sworbote</italic>.’</p><p>'s“God <italic>forbot</italic>,
he said, “my thank war sic thing</p><p>To him that succourit my lyfe in sa euill ane nicht.
’ <citation id="ref341" citation-type="other"><italic>Rauf Coilзear</italic>, <fpage>746</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>forbod</italic>. Compare P. Forbode.</p></fn><fn id="fn881" symbol="page 138 note 1"><label><sup>page 138 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Forgetelnesse</italic>, nutelnesae, recheles, shamfestnesse, drede, Ortrowe, Trewðeleas, Trust, wilfulnesse’ and ‘Misleue,’ are in <citation id="ref342" citation-type="other"><italic>Early English Homilies</italic>, ed. Morris, ii. <fpage>71</fpage>–3</citation> , said to be the ten things opposed to due confession. <italic>Forgetel,</italic>forgetful, occurs in Gower, ed. Pauli,</p><p>iii. 98: ‘ <italic>For}etel,</italic>slow, and wery sone of every thing.’ A. S. <italic>forgytel</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn882" symbol="page 138 note 2"><label><sup>page 138 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fornax</italic>. A fforneys.’ Medulla. ‘A Fornace. <italic>Fornax</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn883" symbol="page 138 note 3"><label><sup>page 138 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA forme, bench,<italic>scannum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A fourme to sit on, a settle, <italic>sedile</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn884" symbol="page 138 note 4"><label><sup>page 138 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>quineeciam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn885" symbol="page 138 note 5"><label><sup>page 138 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fascinare</italic>. To forspeake, or forlooke.’ Cooper. ‘To forespeake, or beewitch, <italic>fascinare, incantare, charmer</italic>. A forespeaking, <italic>fascinatio, charmerie</italic>. Unhappie, forespoken, <italic>inominatus, malheureux</italic>.’ Baret. ‘To forespeake: <italic>fascinare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Sythen told me a clerk that he was <italic>forspohyn</italic>.’ <citation id="ref343" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Myst</italic>. p. <fpage>115</fpage></citation>. Ford also uses the word in his <citation id="ref344" citation-type="other"><italic>Witch of Edmonton</italic>, ii. <fpage>1</fpage></citation>: ‘My bad tongue <italic>Forespeaks</italic> their cattle, doth bewitch their corn.’</p></fn><fn id="fn886" symbol="page 139 note 1"><label><sup>page 139 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hic forestarius;</italic> a foster.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 278.</p><p>'sзit I rede that thou fande</p><p>Than any <italic>forster</italic> in this lande</p><p>An arow for to drawe.’</p><p>MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, leaf 50, in Halliwell.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref345" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>206</fpage></citation>, we read—‘I am the Emperours <italic>Forster</italic>, that dwelle here, and have the kepyng of this forest;’ and again, p. 2o7, ‘he callid to him the <italic>forster</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn887" symbol="page 139 note 2"><label><sup>page 139 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAs afore God they ben <italic>forswore</italic>, Of alle our synnys, God, make a delyueraunee.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 241.</p><p>'s<italic>Periurus</italic>. Forswern. <italic>Periurium</italic>. Forsweryng.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn888" symbol="page 139 note 3"><label><sup>page 139 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Peniteo</italic>. To forthynkyn.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sThat the Lollardis <italic>Forthinken</italic> ful soore.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 73. In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 4252, the king says—</p><p>'sIn faye sore me <italic>for-thynkkes</italic> That euer siche a false theefe so faire an end haues;’ and in <citation id="ref346" citation-type="other"><italic>Alisaunder</italic>, ed. Skeat, <fpage>446</fpage></citation>, the Spartans and Phocians in the battle</p><p>'s<italic>forthoughten</italic> hem alle</p><p>þat euer þei farde to fight wiþ Philip þe keene.’</p><p>'sIhesus came in to Galilee, prechinge .… and seiynge, For tyme is fulfillid, and þe kyngdam of God shal come niз: <italic>for þinke</italic> зee, (or do зee penaunce) and beleue зee to þe gospel.’ Wyclif, St. Mark i. 14, 15. On the constructions and uses of this verb Bee Prof. Zupitza's note to <citation id="ref347" citation-type="other"><italic>Guy of Warwick</italic>, l. <fpage>984</fpage></citation>. ‘I forthynke, I repente me. <italic>Je me repens</italic>. I have forthought me a hundred tymes that I spake so roughly to him. I forthynke, I bye the bargayne, or suffer smerte for a thyng.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn889" symbol="page 139 note 4"><label><sup>page 139 note 4</sup></label><p>'sShould holy church have no hedde?</p><p>Who should be her governaile?</p><p>Who should her rule, who should her redde?</p><p>Who should her <italic>forthren</italic>, who should availe?’</p><p>The Complaint of the Ploughman, in Wright's Political Poems, i. 336.</p><p>In the Ancren Eiwle, p. 156, we are told that solitude and contemplative life are the great helps to grace: ‘swuðest auaunceð & <italic>fauðreð</italic> hit.’ A. S. <italic>fyrðrian</italic>. ‘I forder one, I set hym forwarde. <italic>Je auance</italic>.’Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn890" symbol="page 139 note 5"><label><sup>page 139 note 5</sup></label><p>'sThe forward or vantgard, <italic>primus ordo</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sIn the kynges <italic>forwarde</italic> the prynce did ride</p><p>With nobill lordis of grett renowne.’</p><p>Wright's Political Poems, ii. 280.</p><p>Harrison tells us that Strabo states that ‘the Galles did somtime buy vp all our maistiffes to serue in the <italic>forewards</italic> of their battels, wherein they resembled the Colophonians, &c.’ <citation id="ref348" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of England</italic>, ed. Furnivall, ii. <fpage>41</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn891" symbol="page 140 note 1"><label><sup>page 140 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Eglota</italic>. A werd off goote.’ Medulla. See Gayte Speche. Possibly there were some indecent eclogues in Latin. Cf. Theocritus.</p></fn><fn id="fn892" symbol="page 140 note 2"><label><sup>page 140 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. Fouke speker. ‘<italic>Spuridicus: Sordida dicens</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn893" symbol="page 140 note 3"><label><sup>page 140 note 3</sup></label><p>That is τεσσαρακαιδεκάτης, fourteen years old.</p></fn><fn id="fn894" symbol="page 140 note 4"><label><sup>page 140 note 4</sup></label><p>This appears to be that phosphoric light which is occasionally seen in rotten trees or wood. See Brand's <italic>Pop. Antiq.</italic> ed. Hazlitt, iii, 345–57 , and Wright's <italic>Superstitions, &c. of the Middle Ages</italic>, where he speaks of the <italic>fifollets</italic> or <italic>feux-follets</italic>, a sort of <italic>ignis fatuus</italic>. <italic>Fox</italic> here is probably O. Fr. <italic>fox = fol</italic> or <italic>fols, fatuus</italic>, applied to things having a false appearance of something else, as <italic>avoine folle</italic>, barren oats.</p><p>'sGlos, glossis; lignum vetus est de nocte serenum:</p><p>Ris tibi dat florem, -sis lignum, -tis mulierem.’ Ortus.</p><p>'s<italic>Glos, -ssis</italic>, m. <italic>Hygen. est lignum putridum</italic>. Rotten wood.</p><p><italic>Glos</italic> gloris <italic>flos</italic> est: glos glotis <italic>fœmina fratris</italic>,</p><p>Gloss glossis <italic>lignum putre</italic> est, de nocte relucens,</p><p>Ris <italic>tibi dat florem</italic>, sis <italic>lignum</italic>, tis <italic>mulierem</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p><p>'sDiscite quid sit glos, lignum, vel femina, vel flos.</p><p>Glos, glossis, lignum vetus est de nocte serenum;</p><p>Glos, glossis, lingua illius filius glossa;</p><p>Glos, gloris, flos illis gloria dos est;</p><p>Glos eciam gloris dicetur femina fratris:</p><p>Hoc glos est lignum, hee glos est femina fratris.’</p><p>Medulla, Harl. MS. 2257.</p></fn><fn id="fn895" symbol="page 140 note 5"><label><sup>page 140 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Saliunca</italic>, gauntelée, foxes-glove.’ MS. Harl. 978, lf. 24bk. ‘<italic>Fion</italic>, camglata, foxesglove.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref333">ibid.</xref> Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Gantelée</italic>. The herbe called Fox-gloves, our Ladies-gloves …‥ and London buttons.’</p></fn><fn id="fn896" symbol="page 141 note 1"><label><sup>page 141 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTo fraite a shippe, <italic>implere navim</italic>. Lastage, or balast, wherewith shipa are eueu peised to go upright. <italic>Saburra</italic>.’ Baret's Alvearie. See Lastage, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn897" symbol="page 141 note 2"><label><sup>page 141 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Amodo</italic>. Ffro hens fforwarde.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn898" symbol="page 141 note 3"><label><sup>page 141 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAnd þanne shal he testifye of a trinitee, and take his felawe to witnesse.</p><p>What he fonde in a <italic>freyel</italic>, after a freres lyuynge.’ P. Plowman, B. xiii. 94.</p><p>'s<italic>Frayle</italic>, a basket in which figs are brought from Spain and other parts.’ Kennett's Paroch. Antiquities. ‘Bere out the duste in this fygge frayle. <italic>Asporta cinerem in hoc syrisco</italic>.’ Horman. <italic>Frail</italic> is still used in Essex to mean a rush-basket. Baret in his Alvearie gives, ‘A fraile of figges, <italic>fiscina ficorum: Caban plein de figues</italic>. A little wicker basket, a fraile, a cheese fat, <italic>fiscella, petit punier d'osier</italic>.’ ‘Three <italic>frails</italic> of sprats carried from mart to mart.’ Beaum. & Fletcher, Queen of Corinth, ii. 4. Low Lat. <italic>frœlum</italic>, a rush-basket or mat-basket. ‘<italic>Frœlum</italic>, fiscina; <italic>panier de jonc, cabas:</italic> O. Fr. <italic>fraiaus, frayel</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Cabas</italic>. A fraile (for raisins or figs).’ Cotgrave. See also Glossary to Liber Albus, s. v. <italic>Freelle</italic>. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 511, in treating of the various kinds of Rush, mentions ‘The <italic>frayle</italic> Rushe or panier Rushe,’ and adds ‘they vse to make figge <italic>frayles</italic> and paniers ther withall.’</p></fn><fn id="fn899" symbol="page 141 note 4"><label><sup>page 141 note 4</sup></label><p>In De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 127, the Pilgrim tells us that in the Castle (of Religion) at which he at last arrived, ‘Ther was þerin dortour and cloister, kirke, chapeter, and <italic>fraitour:</italic>’ and again, l. 128, ‘The lady with the gorgere was þe <italic>frayturrer</italic> þereof.’ Horman says, ‘Monkes shulde sytte in the frayter. <italic>Monach comederent in cenaculo non refectorio</italic>.’ ‘Atemperance servede in the <italic>fratour</italic>, that scho to ylkone so lukes that mesure be over alle, that none over mekille nere over lyttille ete ne drynke.’ MS. Line. A. i. 17, leaf 273, quoted by Halliwell.</p><p>'sIf a pore man come to a frere for to aske shrifte,</p><p>And ther come a ricchere and bringe him a зifte;</p><p>He shal into the <italic>freitur</italic> and ben imad ful glad.’</p><p>Wright's Pol. Songs, Camden Soe. p. 331.</p></fn><fn id="fn900" symbol="page 141 note 5"><label><sup>page 141 note 5</sup></label><p>Harrison in his Description of Eng. i. 277, tells us that if any ‘happen to smite with staffe, dagger, or anie maner of weapon, & the same be sufficientlie found by the verdict of twelve men .… he is sure to loose one of his eares, without all hope of release. But if he such a one as hath beene twice condemned and executed, whereby he hath now non eares, then is he marked with an hot iron vpon the cheeke, and by the letter F, which is Beared deepe into his fleah; he is from thenceforth noted as a barratour and <italic>fraie maker</italic>, and therevnto remaineth excommunicate, till by repentance he deserue to be absolued;’ and again, p. 225, he mentions ‘<italic>fraimakers</italic>, petie robbers, &c.’ ‘<italic>Guerroyeur</italic>, a warrior, a fray-maker.’ Hollyband.</p></fn><fn id="fn901" symbol="page 141 note 6"><label><sup>page 141 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lucanica</italic>. A puddyng made of porke, a sausage.‘ Cooper. Junius, <italic>s. v. Moil</italic>, says, ‘a French moile Chaucero est cibus delicatior, a dish made of marrow and grated bread.’ In the <citation id="ref349" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, directions are given that tansy-cake shall be served ‘with <italic>fraunche mele</italic> or oþer metis with alle.’</p></fn><fn id="fn902" symbol="page 141 note 7"><label><sup>page 141 note 7</sup></label><p>'sDawe, I do thee wel to wite <italic>frentike</italic> am I not.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 85. ‘<italic>Frenesis</italic>. The ffrenesy.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Phrenitis</italic>. An inflammation of the brayne or skinnes about it, rysyng of superfluous bloud or choler wherby some power animall is hurted and corrupted.’ Cooper. <citation id="ref350" citation-type="other">‘He felle in a <italic>fransye</italic> for fersenesse of herte.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>3826</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn903" symbol="page 142 note 1"><label><sup>page 142 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole, <citation id="ref351" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>87</fpage></citation>, tells us that the fate of man is</p><p>'sif he <italic>fraward</italic> be to wende</p><p>Til pyne of helle þat has na ende.’</p><p>And also that Vanity</p><p>'sMas his hert ful hawtayne</p><p>And ful <italic>fraward</italic> til his souerayne.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref350">ibid.</xref> 256.</p></fn><fn id="fn904" symbol="page 142 note 2"><label><sup>page 142 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Friser</italic>, to frizzle, curl, crisp.’ Cotgrave. Frieze cloth was coarse and narrow, as opposed to the broad cloth; this is clearly shown in the following passage from the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 83:—‘I pray зow that зe wille do byen sume <italic>frese</italic> to maken of зour child is gwnys .… and that зe wyld bye a зerd of brode clothe of blac for an hode for me of xliij<sup>d</sup> or iiij<sup>s</sup> a зerd, for ther is nether gode cloth ner god <italic>fryse</italic> in this twn.’ <italic>Frisers</italic>, or makers of frieze cloth, are mentioned in Liber Albus, pp. 723, 735. Baret says, ‘Frize, or rough garment that souldiers vsed, a mantle to cast on a bed, a carpet to laie on a table, a dagswaine. <italic>Gausape</italic>. Garmentes that haue long wooll, or be frized, <italic>pexce vestes</italic>. A winter garment, a frize or furred garment. <italic>Cheimastrum</italic>.’ ‘Than Geroner, and a twelue other with hym, arrayed them lyke rude vyllayne marchauntes in cotes of <italic>fryse</italic>.’ Berners, <citation id="ref352" citation-type="other"><italic>Froissart</italic>, vol. ii. p. <fpage>340</fpage></citation>. Caxton, in his Trans, of Goeffroi de la Tour l'Andry, sig. e. ij., speaks of ‘burell or <italic>fryse</italic>.’ By the Statute 5 & 6 Edw. VI., c. vi. it was enacted that ‘All Welsh <italic>Frizes</italic> .… shall conteine in length at the water six and thirty yards at the most, yard and inch of the rule, and in breadth three quarters of a yard, and being so fully wrought, shall weigh euery whole peece eight and forty pound at the least.’</p></fn><fn id="fn905" symbol="page 142 note 3"><label><sup>page 142 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Frems</italic> is still in use in the Northern Counties for ‘a stranger.’ A. S. <italic>fremede</italic>.</p><p>'sI hafe bene frendely freke and <italic>fremmede</italic> tille othere.’ <citation id="ref353" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>3343</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref353">ibid.</xref> ll. 1250, 2738, &c. The phrase ‘<italic>fremid</italic> and sibbe,’ occurs in Wright's Pol. Songs, 202, and in Rob. of Gloucester, p. 346, with the meaning of ‘not related and kin.’</p></fn><fn id="fn906" symbol="page 142 note 4"><label><sup>page 142 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Amicicla</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn907" symbol="page 142 note 5"><label><sup>page 142 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA frenge, <italic>fimbriale</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A fringe, a hemme, a gard of a garment cut, <italic>tacinia</italic>. A fringe, hemme, skirt, or welte, <italic>fimbria</italic>.’ Bare.</p></fn><fn id="fn908" symbol="page 143 note 1"><label><sup>page 143 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, when Priamus is wounded there is an account of a ‘Foyle of fyne golde’ containing a liquid, the virtues of which were such that</p><p>'sBe it <italic>frette</italic> on his flesche, thare synues are entamede</p><p>The freke schalle be fische halle within fowre howres.’ l. 2708.</p><p>Fr. <italic>frotter</italic>, to rub; see Frote.</p></fn><fn id="fn909" symbol="page 143 note 2"><label><sup>page 143 note 2</sup></label><p>Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. leaf 124—</p><p>'sThorowe prayere of those gentille mene,</p><p>Twelve wekes he gaffe hym thane,</p><p>No langere wold he<italic>frest</italic>.’</p><p>'sThe thryde branche es to frayst and lene</p><p>Tothaym that nede has and be poure mene.’</p><p>Harl. MS. 2260, leaf 71.</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>fresta</italic>. Cf. Dan. <italic>frist</italic>, a truce.</p></fn><fn id="fn910" symbol="page 143 note 3"><label><sup>page 143 note 3</sup></label><p>A flute. ‘With trompes, pipes and with <italic>fristele</italic>.’ <italic>Ywaine & Gawin</italic>, 1396, in Ritson's Met. Rom. i. 59. ‘<italic>Fistula</italic>. A pype, a melody. <italic>Fistula ductor aque sic fistula cana tonora. Fistulor</italic>. To syngyn with pype.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn911" symbol="page 143 note 4"><label><sup>page 143 note 4</sup></label><p><italic>Frithed</italic> is fenced in or inclosed, as in P. Plowman, B. v. 590: ‘<italic>frithed</italic> in with floreines.’ From the O. H. G. <italic>fridu</italic>, peace, protection, or inclosure, we have the A. S. <italic>friþ</italic>, used in composition in the sense of inclosed; see Bosworth, s, v. <italic>friþ-geard</italic>. In M. English <italic>frith</italic> is frequently used for a wood, but properly only for one inclosed as distinguished from the open forest: cf. ‘<italic>friþ</italic> or forest, toun or fild.’ <italic>Sir Amadas</italic>, lxxi; <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 2216, ‘Out of forest and friþes, and alle faire wodes,’ and <citation id="ref354" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit., Rel. & Love Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>56</fpage></citation>, ‘both by <italic>frith</italic> or foreste.’ Laзamon, iii. 287, tells us of Athelstan, ‘hu he sette sciren, and makede <italic>frið</italic> of deoren,’ where the meaning is ‘deer-parks;’ aa also in i. 61—‘ зe huntieð i fes kinges <italic>friðe</italic>’ [later text <italic>pare</italic>]. See also Thomas of Erceldoune, 319, where Dr. Murray explains ‘<italic>frythe</italic> or felle’ by ‘enclosed field or open hill.’ The word is still preserved in many dialects; see Pegge's <italic>Kenticisms</italic>, E. Dial. Soc. ed. Skeat, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn912" symbol="page 143 note 5"><label><sup>page 143 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Paston Letters, ed. <citation id="ref355" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>270</fpage></citation>, in the account of expenses at the funeral of Sir J. Paston we find—‘For a cope called a <italic>frogge</italic> of worsted for the Prior of Bromholm, xxvi<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup>.’ In the Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic> of Alexander Neckham, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 101, we have <italic>collobium</italic> glossed by ‘froge’ and ‘roket.’ ‘Froeke or cassock, <italic>sagum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Cucullus: vestis capiciata</italic>.’ Medulla. See Ducange, s. v. <italic>Cucullus</italic>. In <citation id="ref356" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>136</fpage></citation>, in the parable of the man without a wedding garment he is said to have been ‘A þral … un þryuandely cloþed, Ne no festiual <italic>frok</italic>, but fyled with werrkeз.’</p></fn><fn id="fn913" symbol="page 143 note 6"><label><sup>page 143 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Description of the Giant in Morte Arthure, 1080, we are told that</p><p>'sHis frount and his forheuede, alle was it ouer,</p><p>As the felle of a <italic>froske</italic>, and fraknede it semede.’</p><p>In Deguileville's Pilgrymage, &c, already quoted, p. 159, we read—‘I am thilke that make my subgis dwelle and enhabite in fennes as <italic>frosshes</italic>.’ See also Caxton's <citation id="ref357" citation-type="other"><italic>Reynard the Fox</italic>, ed. Arber, p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Agredula</italic>. A lytyl ffrosch. <italic>Rana</italic>. A ffrosch. <italic>Ranunculus</italic>. A lytyl ffrosch.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref358" citation-type="other"><italic>Archœologia</italic>, xxx. <fpage>373</fpage></citation>, where it is stated that the herb vervain is called <italic>frossis</italic> because its leaves are ‘lyke the <italic>frossys</italic> fet.’ Wyclif uses <italic>frosh</italic> in Psalms lxxvii. 45, and cv. 30, and <italic>froshes</italic> occurs in the <italic>Story of Genesis and Exodus</italic>, ed. Morris, 2977, where we read—</p><p>'sPolheuedes, and <italic>froskes</italic>, & podes spile</p><p>Bond harde egipte folc in sile.’</p><p>See P. Crowken. A. S. <italic>frox</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>froskr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn914" symbol="page 143 note 7"><label><sup>page 143 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>agreeula</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn915" symbol="page 144 note 1"><label><sup>page 144 note 1</sup></label><p>John Russell in his Boke of Nurture (Babees Book, <citation id="ref359" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>), amongst his ‘symple condicions’ of good behaviour at table says—</p><p>'sYour hands <italic>frote</italic> ne rub, brydelynge with beest vpon craw.’</p><p>See also Lonelich's Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, xxiii. 502, where we read of ‘a precious stone of merveillous kynde,’ which was naturally so hot,</p><p>'sthat non man therwith him self dar <italic>frot</italic>.’</p><p>'sIf thou entrist in to the corn of thi frend, thou schalt breke eeris of corn, and <italic>frote</italic> togidere with thi hond.’ Wyclif, Deut. xxiii. 25. ‘<italic>Frotinge</italic> of iren and whetstones þou schalt hire [<italic>cotis ferri fricamina</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 417. See also <citation id="ref360" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>284</fpage></citation>. Compare Frete.</p></fn><fn id="fn916" symbol="page 144 note 2"><label><sup>page 144 note 2</sup></label><p>See Gavelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn917" symbol="page 144 note 3"><label><sup>page 144 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Expolio</italic>. To pulsyn, gravyn, or ffurbyshyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Fourbir</italic>. To furbish, polish, burnish, make bright.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Hic eruginator: anglice</italic>, forbushere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 195.</p></fn><fn id="fn918" symbol="page 144 note 4"><label><sup>page 144 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vertibulum</italic>. A thresshold or a ffurgone.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Fourgon</italic>. An oven-forke (termed in Lincolnshire a fruggin) wherewith fuell is both put into an oven, and stirred when it is (on fire) in it.’ Cotgrave. See also Oolrake, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn919" symbol="page 144 note 5"><label><sup>page 144 note 5</sup></label><p>'sFlesch fluriste of fermysone with <italic>frumentee</italic> noble.’ <citation id="ref361" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>180</fpage></citation>. The following recipes for the manufacture of Furmenty are given in Pegge's Forme of Cury, pp. 91 and 121: ‘1. For to make Furmenty, Nym clene wete, and bray it in a morter wel that the holys gon al of and seyt yt til it breste and nym yt up, and lat it kele and nym fayre fresch broth and swete mylk of Ahnandys or swete mylk of kyne and temper yt al, and nym the yolkys of eyryn, boyl yt a lityl and set yt adoun and messe yt forthe wyth fast venyson and fresch moton. 2. For to make Formenty on a Fischeday—Tak the mylk of the Hasel Notis, boyl the wete wyth the aftermelk til it be dryyd, and tak and colour yt wyth Saffroun, and the ferst mylk cast therto and boyle wel and serve yt forth.’ In Mr. Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c, we have, ‘Frumerty, a preparation of creed-wheat with milk, currants, raisins and spices in it,’ See also <citation id="ref362" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>7</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn920" symbol="page 144 note 6"><label><sup>page 144 note 6</sup></label><p>'sFrontayle for a woman's head, some call it a fruntlet, <italic>frontale</italic>.’ Huloet. In the Paston Letters, i. 489, we find in the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's effects, 1459—‘ Item j auter clothe, withe a <italic>frontell</italic> of white damaske, the Trynete in the myddys .… Item ij curtaynes of white sylke, withe a <italic>frontell</italic> of the same, withe fauchouns of golde.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref362">ibid.</xref> iii. 470.</p></fn><fn id="fn921" symbol="page 144 note 7"><label><sup>page 144 note 7</sup></label><p>Compare Dryfeste, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn922" symbol="page 144 note 8"><label><sup>page 144 note 8</sup></label><p>The following recipe for the manufacture of <italic>Fritters</italic> is given in <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. 39:—</p><p>'sWith eggs and floure in batere þou make,</p><p>Put berme Jier to, I undertake:</p><p>Coloure hit with safrone or þou more do;</p><p>Take powder of peper and cast þer to,</p><p>Kerve appuls ovettwert and cast þerin,</p><p>Frye hom in grece, no more ne mynne.’</p><p>See also p. 55, where in a ‘maner of service on flesshe day,’ occur ‘ryssheneand pomedorres and <italic>frutur</italic> in fere.’ In <citation id="ref363" citation-type="other"><italic>Household Ordinances</italic>, p. <fpage>450</fpage></citation>, is given the following recipe for ‘Turtellytes of <italic>Fruture</italic>. Take fygges, and grind bom small, and do therto pouder of clowes, and of pepur, and sugar, and saffron, and close hom in foyles of dogh, and frie hom, and flawme hom with honey, and serve hit forthe.’ See also p. 449. ‘Fritter, or pancake, <italic>fricta, laganum</italic>. A kind of bread for children, as fritters and wafers, <italic>collyra</italic>.’ Baret. Ash-Wednesday is in Yorkshire known as <italic>Fruttace</italic>-Wednesday, from <italic>fritters</italic> being eaten on that day. <italic>Collirida</italic> has already occurred as the latin equivalent for a Cramcake.</p></fn><fn id="fn923" symbol="page 145 note 1"><label><sup>page 145 note 1</sup></label><p>O. Fr. <italic>fouaille</italic>, from L. Lat. <italic>focale</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn924" symbol="page 145 note 2"><label><sup>page 145 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fukes</italic>, looks of hair.’ Ray's North Country words. Bailey's Dict, gives ‘<italic>fax</italic>, the hair.’ A. S. <italic>feax</italic>, the hair. In the <citation id="ref364" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>1078</fpage></citation>, in the description of the Giant with whom Arthur has an encounter, we are told that</p><p>'sHis <italic>fax</italic> and his foretoppe was filterede to-geders.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref365" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>418</fpage></citation>, l. 7244, we have an account of how Dalilah with a ‘schere’ cut off Sampson's hair—</p><p>'sAnd till his foos sco him be-kend;</p><p>Al moght þai þan do quat þai mint</p><p>For thorn his <italic>fax</italic> his force was tint.’</p><p>Cooper defines <italic>Lanugo</italic> as ‘ the softe heares or mossinesse in the visages of children or women; also in, fruites or herbes, as in Clarie, &c.; the doune feathers in brides, &c.’ Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Fug.</italic> Moss, <italic>Fuggy.</italic> Mossy.’</p></fn><fn id="fn925" symbol="page 145 note 3"><label><sup>page 145 note 3</sup></label><p>Wyclif in his Tract, ‘How Satan & his children turnen werkis of mercy upsodoun, &c.,’ English Works, ed. Mathew, p. 213, uses this word; he says ‘worldly clerkis ful of pride, symonye, coueitise, & oþere synnys зeuen <italic>fulbut</italic> conseil aзenst þe holy gost, &c.’ Horman says, ‘I shal hyt themarke <italic>ful but</italic> at the next tyme. <italic>Collineabo scopum proximo iactu:</italic>’ and again, ‘It standeth <italic>fulbut</italic> agynst Caleys. <italic>Sessoriacum e regione contuetur</italic>.’ In Udall's <citation id="ref366" citation-type="other"><italic>Apophthegmes</italic> of Erasmus, ed. 1877, p. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘Socrates met <italic>full but</italic> with Xenophon in a narrow back lane.’ See also R. de Brunne's Chronicle, <citation id="ref367" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>473</fpage></citation>. l. 13637.</p></fn><fn id="fn926" symbol="page 145 note 4"><label><sup>page 145 note 4</sup></label><p>'sNis heo to muche cang, oðer to <italic>folherdi</italic>, þat halt hire heaned baldeliche uorð vt iþen open kernel, þeo hwile þat me mit quarreaus wiðuten asaileið þene castel?’ <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 62. ‘<italic>Temerarius</italic>, Foolhardie, rash, unadvised.’ Cooper. <italic>Temerarius</italic>. Foolhardy. <italic>Temeritas</italic>. Foolhardynes.‘ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn927" symbol="page 145 note 5"><label><sup>page 145 note 5</sup></label><p>’A fitch or fullmart.‘ Cotgrave, s. v. <italic>Belette</italic>. ’A fulmer or poloatte, <italic>martes</italic>.‘ Baret. ’And whan they have broughte forthe theyr byrdes to see that they be well kepte from tha gleyd, crowes, <italic>fully-martes</italic>, and other vermyne.‘ Fitzherbert's. Hysbandry. See Jamieson, B. V. <italic>Fowmarte</italic>, and Eay's Gloss, s. v. <italic>Foumart</italic>.</p><p>’Fox and <italic>ffullmard</italic>, togidre whan they stoode,</p><p>Sange, be still, the cok hath lowe shoon.‘</p><p>Wright's Polit. Poems, ii. 220.</p><p>’<italic>Peides</italic>. A Fulmere.‘ Medulla. ’<italic>Hic fetontrus:</italic> a fulmard.‘ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 220.</p></fn><fn id="fn928" symbol="page 145 note 6"><label><sup>page 145 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Fulsum</italic>, in the sense of plenteous, occurs, in the <italic>Story of Genesis and Exodus</italic>, 2153, where the seven ’years of plenty‘ in Egypt are termed ðe vij. <italic>fulsum</italic> yeres.’ The substantive <italic>fulsumhed</italic>, abundance, plenty, occurs in the same poem, l. 1548. In <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 4324, we read—</p><p>'sþann were spacli spices spended al aboute,</p><p>7 The form, <italic>fone</italic> occurs several times in the</p><p>’Now, he says, my <italic>fon</italic> days sere,</p><p>Sal enden with a short tyme here.</p><p><italic>Fulsumli</italic> at þe ful, to eche freke þer-inne.‘</p><p><italic>Pricke of Conscience;</italic> thus at l. 762 we read;</p><p><italic>Fon</italic> men may now fourty yhere pas,</p><p>And <italic>foner</italic> fifty als in somtym was:’</p><p>and again at l. 2693—.</p><p>'sMany spekes a,nd in buke redes</p><p>Of purgatory, but <italic>fon</italic> it dredes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn929" symbol="page 146 note 1"><label><sup>page 146 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Infundibulum</italic>, a funnell.’ Stanbridge.</p></fn><fn id="fn930" symbol="page 146 note 2"><label><sup>page 146 note 2</sup></label><p>This seema to be only an error of the scribe for <italic>furlange</italic>, and not another form of the word. ‘The fourtedele a <italic>furlange</italic> betwene thus he walkes.’ <citation id="ref368" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>946</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Stadium</italic>. A Furlonge.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn931" symbol="page 146 note 3"><label><sup>page 146 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Suleus</italic>. A Fore. <italic>Sulcosus</italic>. Ful of forys.’ Medulla. Thoresby in his Letter to Ray, E. Dialect Soc, gives ‘a furre or foor, a furrow.’ A. S. <italic>furh</italic>. ‘Ac sone sterte he vp of the forз, And Charlis stede a gerde þorз, þat was so fair of siзte.’ <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 5593.</p></fn><fn id="fn932" symbol="page 146 note 4"><label><sup>page 146 note 4</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. v. 576, Piers in directing the Pilgrims in the way to Truth, says—</p><p>'sAnd so boweth forth bi a broke, beth-buxum-of-speche,</p><p>Tyl se fynden a <italic>forth</italic>,</p><p>зourse-fadres-honoureth.’</p><p>Wyclif, Genesis xxxii. 22, has—‘And whanne Jacob hadde arise auysseli, he took hise twei wyues, and so many seruauntessis with enleuen sones, and passide the <italic>forthe</italic> of Jaboth.’ A. S. <italic>ford</italic>.</p><p>'sTo fynde a <italic>forþe</italic>, faste con I fonde,</p><p>But woþeз mo I-wysse þer ware.’ <citation id="ref369" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>150</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn933" symbol="page 146 note 5"><label><sup>page 146 note 5</sup></label><p>Neckham, ‘De Utensilibus’ (Wright's Vol. of Vocab.), identifies <italic>fustaine</italic> with cloths <italic>fuscotincti</italic>, dyed tawny or brown. Reginald of Durham in his work, De Admir. Beati Cuthberti Virtutibus, mentions cloth <italic>fuscotinetum</italic>, dyed with (young) <italic>fustic</italic> (which was of a yellow colour and the produce of Venetian Sumach, and was employed for dyeing before it was almost wholly supplanted by the “old fustic
of America). From this mode of dyeing, the original fustian, which was sometimes made of silk, may have had its name; or possibly from St. Fuscien, a village near the cloth manufacturing city of Amiens. See Liber Albus, p. 674, where it is ordered that foreign merchants are not to sell less than ‘<italic>xii fuscotinctos</italic>,’ sc. <italic>pannos</italic>. In an Inventory in the Paston Letters, iii. pp. 407, 409, we find —‘Item, a dowblet of <italic>fostian</italic>, xl<sup>d</sup> .… Item, a payr of stokes of <italic>fustian</italic>, viij<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘For v yerdes <italic>fustyan</italic> for a cote at vii<sup>d</sup> the yerd, ii<sup>s</sup> xi<sup>d</sup>.’ Nicolas's Elizabeth of York, p. 105. ‘Coleyne threde, <italic>fustiane</italic>, and canvase’ are among ‘the commodities .… fro Pruse ibroughte into Flaundres,’ according to the <italic>Libelle</italic>, pr. in Wright's Pol. Songs, i. 171, Andrew Borde, in his <italic>Introduction</italic>, makes one of the Januayes (Genoese) say—</p><p>'sI make good treacle, and also <italic>fustian</italic>,</p><p>With such thynges I crauft with many a pore man.’</p></fn><fn id="fn934" symbol="page 146 note 6"><label><sup>page 146 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Instructions to the Sheriffs of Counties, in reference to the practice of Archery, issued 37 Edward III., we find <italic>pila bacularis</italic>, corresponding probably with our ‘hockey,’ <italic>pila manualis</italic>, hand-ball, and <italic>pila pediva</italic>, foot-ball.</p></fn><fn id="fn935" symbol="page 146 note 7"><label><sup>page 146 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pila: pes pontis</italic>.’ Medulla. See P. ‘Pyle of a bryggys fote, or oþer byggynge. <italic>Pila</italic>.’ Cooper has ‘<italic>Pilœ</italic>. Vitruvius. A pile, a heape, or damme made in the water to break or stay the course.’ We still use the term <italic>footings</italic> for the first courses of brickwork.</p></fn><fn id="fn936" symbol="page 147 note 1"><label><sup>page 147 note 1</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. iii. 179, Meed addressing Conscience says—</p><p>'sWei þow wost, wernard, but зif þow wolt <italic>gabbe</italic>,</p><p>pow hast hanged on myne half elleuene tymes.’</p><p>See also xix. 451. Wyclif in 2 Corinthians xi. 31, has ‘I <italic>gabbe</italic> not.’ See also <citation id="ref370" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref371" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, <year>1994</year></citation>, &c. ‘To Gab, lye. <italic>Mentiri, comminisci</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Gaber</italic>. To mocke, flout, ride, &c.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'s<italic>Gabberys</italic> glosor eny whare</p><p>And gode feyth comys alle byhynde.’</p><p>Wright's Political Poems, ii. 237.</p><p>In the same work, vol. i. p. 269, in a Poem against the Minorite Friars, we read—</p><p>'sFirst thai <italic>gabben</italic> on God, that alle men may se,</p><p>When thai hangen him on hegh on a grene tre.’</p></fn><fn id="fn937" symbol="page 147 note 2"><label><sup>page 147 note 2</sup></label><p>A <italic>Rache</italic> is a scenting hound, as distinguished from a greyhound.</p><p>'sI salle neuer ryvaye, ne <italic>racches</italic> vn-cowpylle.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3999.</p><p>See Braehett, above; Ducange, s. v. <italic>Bracco;</italic> and P. Ratche. <italic>Gabrielle rache</italic> thus is equivalent to <italic>Gabriel Hounds</italic>, an expression which is explained from the Kennett MS. Lansd. 1033, as follows:—‘At Wednesbury in Staffordshire, the colliers going to their pits early in the morning hear the noise of a pack of hounds in the air, to which they give the name of <italic>Gabriel's Hounds</italic>, tshough the more sober and judicious take them only to be wild geese, making this noise in their flight.’ The expression appears to be still in use in Yorkshire; see Mr. Robinson's Whitby Gloss. E. Dial. Soc. The Medulla defines <italic>Camalon</italic> as ‘<italic>quoddam quod vivit in aere</italic>.’ See Mr. Way's Introduction, p. lxv, note b.</p></fn><fn id="fn938" symbol="page 147 note 2"><label><sup>page 147 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAl engelond was of his adrad, So his þe beste fro þe <italic>gad</italic>.’ Havelok, 279. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref371">ibid.</xref> 1016.</p><p>'sTake a <italic>gad</italic> of stele, I wot in dede.’ <citation id="ref372" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>6</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sGadde for oxen—<italic>esguillon</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Gadde, gode, or rodde with a pricke at the ende to dryve oxen. <italic>Stimulum</italic>.’ Huloet. Compare Brod, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn939" symbol="page 147 note 4"><label><sup>page 147 note 4</sup></label><p>The fragrant bog-myrtle, often called sweet-gale. The Medulla gives ‘<italic>Mirtus: quedam arbor</italic>, gawle, <italic>que in littore maris habundat</italic>. <italic>Mirtosus</italic>, gavly. <italic>Mircetum: locus ubi crescit</italic>.’ Harrison in his Descript. of England, i. 72, says that the ‘ chiefe want to such as studie there [at Cambridge] is wood, wherefore this kind of prouision is brought them either from Essex .… or otherwise the necessitie thereof is supplied with <italic>gall</italic> (a bastard kind of <italic>Mirtus</italic> as I take it) and seacole.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref372">ibid.</xref> p. 343. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 673, says that the <italic>Mirtus Brabantica</italic> is called ‘by the Brabanders <italic>gagel</italic>.’ In the <italic>Saxon Leechdoms</italic>, &c. Rolls Series, <citation id="ref373" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Cockayne</surname></name>, vol. ii. pp. <fpage>316</fpage>–17</citation> , the following recipe is given:—‘ Wiþ lunзen adl, geniin .… <italic>gagollan</italic>, wyl on wætre, .… do of þa wyrte drince on morзenne wearmes scene fulne. For lung disease; take .… <italic>sweet gale;</italic> boil them in water .…; let (the man) drink in the morning of (this) warm a cup full.’ A. S. <italic>gagol</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn940" symbol="page 147 note 5"><label><sup>page 147 note 5</sup></label><p>A buffoon, clown. Cooper renders <italic>Mandueus</italic> by ‘Images carried in pageantes with great cheekes, wyde mouthes, & makyng a greate noyse with their iawes,’ and the Ortua by ‘a gaye horse, <italic>ioculator, ore turpiter manducans, vel ore hians</italic>,’ with which the Medulla agrees. ‘<italic>Manducus</italic>, m. Plaut. A disguised or ugly picture, such as was used in May games and shows, seeming terrible, by reason of his broad mouth and the great crashing of his teeth, and made to cause the people to give room, a snapdragon; also a great eater, φάγος, a <italic>Manda</italic>. <italic>Mandurcus</italic>, m. Joculator turpiter mandens.’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Manducus</italic>. A bugbear or hobgoblin, drest up in a terrible shape, with wide jaws and great teeth granching, as if he would eat people, and carried about at plays and public shows.’ Littleton. See also Harlott, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn941" symbol="page 148 note 1"><label><sup>page 148 note 1</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘<italic>Gane</italic>, vide yaune and gape;’ and in the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘gane, yane, <italic>oscitare</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe began to romy and rowte,</p><p>And gapes and <italic>gones</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref374" citation-type="other"><italic>Avowynge of Arthure</italic>, Camd. Soc. xii. <fpage>4</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In <citation id="ref375" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard Cœur de Lion</italic>, <fpage>276</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sUpon his crest a raven stoode,</p><p>That <italic>yaned</italic> as he were woode.’</p><p>'sI gane, or gape, <italic>je Demure la bouche</italic> or <italic>je bailie</italic>. He ganeth as he had nat slepte ynoughe: <italic>il bailie comme sil neust pas assez dormy</italic>.’ Palsgrave. A. S. <italic>gânian</italic>. See also to Gane.</p></fn><fn id="fn942" symbol="page 148 note 2"><label><sup>page 148 note 2</sup></label><p>'sLampadius reigned in the citee of Rome, that was right mercifull; wherfore of grete mercy he ordeyned a lawe, that who that were a man-sleer, a ravenour, an evell doer, or a theef, and were take, and brought before the domesman, yf he myght sey iij. trouthes, so truly that no man myght <italic>agayn-sey</italic> hem, he shuld have his lyf.’ <citation id="ref376" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>101</fpage></citation>. Palsgrave has, ‘I gaynesaye. I contrarye ones sayeng, or I saye contrarye to the thyng that I have sayde before. <italic>Je redis</italic>. Say what shall please the, I wyll never gaynesay the.’</p></fn><fn id="fn943" symbol="page 148 note 3"><label><sup>page 148 note 3</sup></label><p>'s “A ! sir, mercy,
quod she, “for sothely yf thow wolte brynge me ayene to the citee, I shalle yeve to the þi Ringe and thi broche, with outen anye <italic>ayene-stondynge;</italic> and but yf I do in dede þat I seye, I wolle bynde me to the foulest dethe.’ <citation id="ref377" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>187</fpage></citation>. ‘To gaynestand or wythstand <italic>obsisto</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘To gainestand, <italic>repugnare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘I gaynestande or am against ones purposes, <italic>jaduerse</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn944" symbol="page 148 note 4"><label><sup>page 148 note 4</sup></label><p>Hampole in describing the Day of Judgment says—</p><p>'sHys angels þan aftir his wille, Als þe hird fe shepe dus fra þe <italic>gayte</italic>.’ Sal first departe þe gude fra þe ille, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 6132.</p><p>Compare Lyndesay's <italic>Monarche</italic>, 1. 5629–‘As hird the sheip doith from the <italic>gate</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn945" symbol="page 148 note 5"><label><sup>page 148 note 5</sup></label><p>The Medulla renders <italic>Eglota</italic> by ‘a word of geet,’ and the Ortus gives ‘<italic>Egloga est pars bucolici carminis</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Ægloga</italic>. Caprarum seu rerum pastoralium sermo, quasi αἰγ<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline6"></inline-graphic>ν λόγος A pastoral speech, a speech of the goatherd.’ Gouldman. Compare Spenser's explanation of the word: ‘Aeglogue. They were first of the Greekes, the inventours of them, called <italic>Aeglogai</italic>, as it were <italic>Aegon</italic>, or <italic>Aeginomon logi</italic>, that is, Goteheardes tales. For although in Virgil and others the speakers be more Shepheards then Goatheards, yet Theocritus, in whom is more ground of authoritie then in Virgil, This specially from That deriving, as from the firat heade and wellspring, the whole invention of these <italic>Aeglogues</italic>, maketh Goateheards the persons and authors of his tales. This being, who seeth not the grossnesse of such as by colour of learning would make us beleeve, that they are more rightly tearmed <italic>Eclogai</italic>, as they would say, extraordinarie discourses of unnecessarie matter? which definition albe in substance and meaning it agree with the nature of the thing, yet no whit answereth with the analysis and interpretation of the worde. For they be not tearmed <italic>Eclogues</italic>, but <italic>Aeglogues</italic>; which sentence this Authour verie well observing, upon good judgement, though indeede fewe Goatheards have to doe herein, neverthelesse doubteth not to call them by the used and best known name.’ Shepheards Calender. Generall Argument, 106. Compare Foule Speche, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn946" symbol="page 149 note 1"><label><sup>page 149 note 1</sup></label><p>Perhaps the same as P. Gallyd.</p></fn><fn id="fn947" symbol="page 149 note 2"><label><sup>page 149 note 2</sup></label><p>Harman (ed. Strother, 1727) notices three varieties, <italic>Cyperus rotundus</italic>, round galingal; <italic>Galanga major</italic>, galingal; <italic>Galanga minor</italic>, lesser galingal. According to Dr. Percy it is ‘the root of a grassy-leaved plant brought from the East Indies, of an aromatic smell, and hob biting bitterish taste, anciently used among other spices, but now almost laid aside.’ Lewis, Mater. Med. 286. Turner in his <citation id="ref378" citation-type="other"><italic>Serial</italic>, p. <fpage>152</fpage></citation>, says: ‘Althoughe thys comon <italic>Galangall</italic> of ours be a kynde of cypirus yet it answereth not in al poyntes vnto the description.’ <italic>Galingale</italic> is also mentioned in the Liber Cure Cocorum, ed. Morris, p. 8– ‘Forshit with <italic>galyngale</italic> and gode gyngere.’</p><p>A recipe for the manufacture of galentyne, which was a dish prepared from <italic>galingale</italic>, is also given at p. 30. ‘<italic>Galendyne</italic> is a sauce for any kind of roast Fowl, made of grated Bread, beaten Cinnamon & Ginger, Sugar, Claret-wine, and Vinegar, made as thick as Grewell.’ Randle Holme, Bk. iii. ch. iii. p. 82, col. ii. See also Recipes in Markham's <citation id="ref379" citation-type="other"><italic>Houswife</italic>, pp. <fpage>70</fpage> and <fpage>77</fpage></citation>. ‘Gingiver and <italic>galingale</italic>’ are also mentioned in <citation id="ref380" citation-type="other"><italic>Guy of Warwike</italic>, p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation> r. Huloet gives ‘galyngale, spyce, <italic>galanga</italic>.’ The following recipe is given in Warner's Antiq. Culin. p. 64. ‘To make galantyne. Take crustes of bred, and stepe hom in hotten wyn or vynegar, and grinde hit smal, and drawe hit up with vynegur thurgh a streynour, and do therto pouder of <italic>galyngale</italic>, and of canel, and of ginger, and serve hit forth.’ See <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, Thornton Romances, 1. 1399. Cogan, <citation id="ref381" citation-type="other"><italic>Haven of Health</italic>, 1612, p. <fpage>74</fpage></citation>, gives a very curious remedy for dropsy, one ingredient in which is galingale.</p></fn><fn id="fn948" symbol="page 149 note 3"><label><sup>page 149 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Morte Arthure the giant whom Arthur encounters is described as ‘Greesse growene as a <italic>galte</italic>, fulle grylyche he lukeз.’ 1. 1101.</p><p>The Manip. Vocab. has ‘galte, pig, <italic>verres</italic>,’ and in Huloet is given ‘galt, or yonge hogge or sow. <italic>Porcetra</italic>.’ Withals gives ‘A Bore that is gelt. <italic>Nefrendus</italic>:</p><p><italic>Cultor aper nemorum tibi sit, verresque domorum;</italic></p><p><italic>Atque nefrendus: et hic caret vsu testiculorum</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Hic frendis</italic>; Anglice, galt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 204. ‘<italic>Maialis: porcus domesticus carens testiculis</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Galts</italic>, Gelts, young sows before they have tad their first fare of pigs: Hickes. In the South they are called <italic>Yelts</italic>.’ See Preface to Ray's Gloss, p. 4, 1. 18. O. Icel. <italic>galti</italic>, a boar. See also Gilte and Hogge.</p></fn><fn id="fn949" symbol="page 149 note 4"><label><sup>page 149 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAnd sche <italic>gamesum</italic> and glad goþ hem aзens.’ <italic>William, of Palerne</italic>, 4193.</p><p>'s<italic>Ludicrus</italic>. Gamely. <italic>Ludibundus</italic>. Gameful.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Ludicrum</italic>. A game or pastyme: an interlude.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn950" symbol="page 149 note 5"><label><sup>page 149 note 5</sup></label><p>See to Gayne, above, and compare to Gape, below. ‘<italic>Fatisco</italic>. To зenyn fullech.’ Medulla. John Russell amongst his ‘Symple Condicions’ of good behaviour says— ‘Benot gapynge nor <italic>ganynge</italic>.’ Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 19. See P. зenyn.</p></fn><fn id="fn951" symbol="page 149 note 6"><label><sup>page 149 note 6</sup></label><p>'sSymonye and cyuile shulde on hire fete <italic>gange</italic>.’ P. Plowman, B. ii. 167. A. S. <italic>gangan</italic>.</p><p>'sAt the hed of thike stang, They founden a vessel as they gonne <italic>gang</italic>.’ Lonelich's Holy Grail, <citation id="ref382" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xlviii. <fpage>326</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn952" symbol="page 150 note 1"><label><sup>page 150 note 1</sup></label><p>Entrails or garbage. ‘<italic>Profectum</italic>: a gose gyblet.’ Ortus. Compare P. Garbage; Bee also Gebyllott and Giblott.</p></fn><fn id="fn953" symbol="page 150 note 2"><label><sup>page 150 note 2</sup></label><p>See Glayfe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn954" symbol="page 150 note 3"><label><sup>page 150 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>res</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn955" symbol="page 150 note 4"><label><sup>page 150 note 4</sup></label><p>'sGain or <italic>Garn</italic>, woollen yarn or worsted …. <italic>Gain-winnles</italic>, the old-fashioned machine for winding worsted, a circular shaped tissue of laths round which the skein is fixed.’ F. K. Robinson, Whitby Gloss. E. D. Soc. Ray in his Glossary of North Country Words (E. D. Soc.) also gives ‘garn-windles, <italic>harpedone, rhombus</italic>. A. S. <italic>gearn-windel</italic>; quod a <italic>gearn, pensa</italic> (yarn), et <italic>windan, torquere</italic>.’ ‘A par garnwyn, <italic>grigillum</italic>.’ Nominale MS. in Halliwell. ‘<italic>Grigillns</italic>. A reele to wind threde.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Grigillus</italic>. A cranke.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>gearn</italic>. See P. зarne.</p></fn><fn id="fn956" symbol="page 150 note 5"><label><sup>page 150 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBlades or yarne wyndles, an instrumente of huswyfery, <italic>Grigillus, Volutorium</italic>.’ Huloet. <italic>‘Jurgillum</italic>: зarne wyne.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 180. ‘<italic>Conductum</italic>, gernwinde.’ MS. Gloss. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. If. 76. Compare W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 157—</p><p>'s<italic>A wudres</italic> (a yar-wyndel) <italic>ore alez</italic>:</p><p><italic>E vostre filoe là, wudez</italic> (wynde thi yarn).</p><p><italic>Ke feet ore darne Hude?</italic></p><p><italic>Un lussel de wudres</italic> (a klewe of yarn) <italic>wude</italic> (windes).</p><p><italic>E dist ore jo voyl</italic>.</p><p><italic>Ma filee monstre en travayl</italic> (do my yarn on the reel).’</p></fn><fn id="fn957" symbol="page 150 note 6"><label><sup>page 150 note 6</sup></label><p>'sMake or <italic>garre</italic> to do, as the Scottish men say.’ Florio.</p><p>'sFra dede of synne to life of grace That <italic>geres</italic> us fle the fendes trace.’</p><p><citation id="ref383" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. <fpage>77</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHe gert them sit down.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref383">Ibid.</xref>, p. 90.</p></fn><fn id="fn958" symbol="page 150 note 7"><label><sup>page 150 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA garse, or gash, <italic>incisura</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A cutte, garse or insition. <italic>Cœsura, Incisura</italic>, &c.’ Huloet. Halliwell quotes— ‘Ther is oo maner of purgacioun of the body that is y-maad in too maners, by medecyn outher by bledynge; bledynge, I say, either by veyne or by <italic>garsyng</italic>.’ MS. Bodl. 423, leaf 208. In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, when King Clarion cuts through Richard of Normandy's shield, grazing his side, the latter</p><p>'sGan grope to þat <italic>gerse</italic>, God he þankede þan.’</p><p>And wan he felede hit was no werse, 1. 3693.</p><p>The author of the Ancren Riwle speaks of ‘þeo ilke reouðfulle <italic>garcen</italic> (<italic>garses</italic> in a second MS.) of þe luðere skurgen, nout one on his schonken, auh зeond al his leofliche licome.’ p. 258. ‘<italic>Garsshe</italic> in wode or in a knyfe, <italic>hoche</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘A carsare, <italic>hic scarificator</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p 195. ‘<italic>Chigneture</italic>. A cutting; a gash, cut, garse; a launcing, shredding, slitting.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn959" symbol="page 151 note 1"><label><sup>page 151 note 1</sup></label><p>In Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham is given ‘<italic>Gressoumys</italic>, fines. Lat. <italic>gersuma</italic>. Dufresne, <italic>Gloss. Med. Lat.</italic>, Spelman, <italic>Gloss. Archœolog</italic>. Cowel Law Dict. A. S. <italic>gœrsuma</italic>, a treasure a fine. “The sayd Abbott and Conuent have by theys presents grauntyd …. goodes of outlawyd persones, fynys, or <italic>gressowmys</italic> for landes and tenementes, lettyn or to be lettyn.
Lease of Scolter Manor, 1537. “Chargeable besides with a certain rent custom or <italic>gressum</italic>, called the knowing rent.
Letters Patent, 1640, in Stockdale's <italic>Annals of Cartmel</italic>, 66. Cf. Palmer, <italic>Perlust</italic>. Yarmouth, iii. 33.’ ‘<italic>Garsum</italic>, a “garsom,
a foregift at entring a farm, a Godspanny.’ Thoresby's Letter to Ray, 1703. In the version of the Jewish law given in the Cursor Mundi, p. 390,1. 6753, it is laid down that</p><p>'sIf theif na <italic>gersum</italic> has ne gifte He sal be saald.’</p><p>þat he may yeild again bis thift,</p></fn><fn id="fn960" symbol="page 151 note 2"><label><sup>page 151 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>Garsil</italic>, thorns or brushwood for making dead hedges, and for burning with turves in hearth fires; still in use in Yorkshire. See Marshall's Rural Economy, E. Dial. Soc. p. 28.</p></fn><fn id="fn961" symbol="page 151 note 3"><label><sup>page 151 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cingula</italic>. A gerth off an hors.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>gyrd</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn962" symbol="page 151 note 4"><label><sup>page 151 note 4</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North for an enclosure or a yard. ‘<italic>Sepes</italic>. An hedge.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>geard</italic>. Compare Appelle garth, and to Breke garthe, above, and Hege, hereafter. Wyclif, John xviii, has ‘a зerd or a gardin.’ ‘Garth, orchard, <italic>pomarium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Garree</italic>. “Dum levaverunt eum de curru, ponentes super <italic>garras</italic> atrii, statim auxilio B. Amalbergæ resumpsit ibidem omnium membrorum sanitatem
(A. SS.). An scamna, an repositaria, inquiunt editores eruditi: crediderim esse repagula, et <italic>garras</italic> dictas fuisse pro <italic>barras</italic>. Non una hæc esset b in g mutatio.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn963" symbol="page 151 note 5"><label><sup>page 151 note 5</sup></label><p>This I suppose to mean ‘to put bands round vessels.’ Compare Copbande, and Gyrtho of a vesselle. Gervase Markham in his <citation id="ref384" citation-type="other"><italic>Cheape and Good Husbandry</italic>, 1623, p. <fpage>170</fpage></citation>, uses the noun in a somewhat similar meaning: ‘taking a Rye sheafe, or Wheatesheafe that is new thrash't, and binding the eares together in one lumpe, put it ouer the Hive, and as it were thatch it all over, and fixe it close to the Hiue with an old hoope, or <italic>garth</italic>.’ <italic>Gard</italic> is common with the meaning of a band, or hem on a garment.</p></fn><fn id="fn964" symbol="page 151 note 6"><label><sup>page 151 note 6</sup></label><p>'sMany a noder ryche vesselle, With wyne of <italic>gascoyne</italic> and rochelle.’</p><p><italic>Life of St. Alexius</italic>, E. E. Text Society, ed. <citation id="ref385" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>28</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn965" symbol="page 151 note 7"><label><sup>page 151 note 7</sup></label><p>In Havelok, 1.809, we read how he upset</p><p>'swel sixtene lades gode, þat in his <italic>gate</italic> зeden and stode.’ ‘<italic>Gressus</italic>. A pas.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn966" symbol="page 151 note 8"><label><sup>page 151 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Compitum</italic>. A gaderyng off many weyes. <italic>Biuium: ubi duo viœ concurrunt. Diuersiclinium</italic>. þer many weyes arn: <italic>et ethroglitata</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hoc bivium</italic>, a gayt-schadyls.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 238. Compare Ethroglett, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn967" symbol="page 151 note 9"><label><sup>page 151 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gawbert</italic>. An iron rack for a chimney. Cheshire.’ Halliwell. ‘<italic>Ipopurgium</italic>. An aundyryn.’ Medulla. A later hand has added at the end of the line, ‘Anglice, A Gawbert.’ ‘Andela, vel Andena, est ferrum supra quod opponuntur ligna in igne, quod alio nomine dicitur hyperpyrgium.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn968" symbol="page 152 note 1"><label><sup>page 152 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gabulum</italic>. Frontispicium, frons ædificii: <italic>frontispice, façade, parement d'un mur</italic>.’ Ducange. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Frontispice</italic>. The frontispice, or forefront of a house, &c’ In <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, 1461, the Duke's house is described as having ‘gaye <italic>gablettus</italic> and grete.’ ‘Greavle (in the Middle dialect <italic>gavle</italic>). A gable of a building.’ Marshall's Rural Economy, 1788. Milton, <citation id="ref386" citation-type="other"><italic>Paradise Lost</italic>, iii. <fpage>506</fpage></citation>, uses <italic>frontispiece</italic> for the front of a house—</p><p>'sA structure high, The work as of a Kingly Palace Gate:</p><p>At top whereof, but farr more rich appeerd With <italic>Frontispice</italic> of Diamond and Gold.’ ‘This deponer and Edward Symonis lay in the litill gallery that went direct to south out of the Kingis chalmer, havand ane window in the <italic>gavel</italic> throw the town wall.’ Deposition of Thos. Nelson, 1568, pr. in Campbell's Love Letters of Maiy Queen of Scots to Bothwell, p. 42, Appendix.</p></fn><fn id="fn969" symbol="page 152 note 2"><label><sup>page 152 note 2</sup></label><p>A spear or javelin. Thus in Arthoure & Merlin, p. 338,</p><p>'s<italic>Gavelokes</italic> also thicke flowe So gnattes, ichil auowe.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref387" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite of Inwyt</italic>, <fpage>207</fpage></citation>, and <italic>Alisaundre</italic>, 1620. The word is still in use in the North for a crow-bar, or bar for planting stakes in the ground; see Ray's Gloss, of North Country Words. A. S. <italic>gafeluc</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>gaflok</italic>, ‘Hastilia, gafelucas.’ Alfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 35. ‘Gavelocky <italic>Hastile</italic>.’ Littleton.</p></fn><fn id="fn970" symbol="page 152 note 3"><label><sup>page 152 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Apludis vel cantalna</italic>, hwæte gryttan.’ Aelfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 34. ‘<italic>Applauda: furfur</italic>, bren.’ Medulla. The following recipe for the manufacture of this sauce is given in the <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, ed. Morris, p. 29–<italic>Gawnsel</italic> for þe gose.</p><p>'sTake garlek and grynde hit wele forþy, Colour hit with safron I wot þou schalt; Temper hit with water a lytel, perdy; Temper hit up witli cow-mylke þo, Put floure þerto and also salt, And sethe hit and serve hit forthe also.’</p></fn><fn id="fn971" symbol="page 152 note 4"><label><sup>page 152 note 4</sup></label><p>See Garfra and Giblott. Webster derives the English ‘giblet’ from O. Fr. <italic>gibelet</italic>. Wedgwood considers it a diminutive of Fr. <italic>gobeau</italic>, a bit, morsel. ‘<italic>Profectum</italic>. A gose gyblet.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn972" symbol="page 152 note 5"><label><sup>page 152 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Patibulum</italic>. A jebet.’ Medulla. ‘For the love that hath i-be betwene vs twoo, I shalle go with the to the <italic>iebet</italic>.’ <citation id="ref388" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>130</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Gibet</italic>. A gibbet.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn973" symbol="page 152 note 6"><label><sup>page 152 note 6</sup></label><p>page 152 note <italic>Calamus</italic>. A reede; a wheaten or oten straw; a little twigge or gresse, &c.’ Cooper. Hence <italic>calamo</italic>, to gather small bundles of grass, straw, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn974" symbol="page 152 note 7"><label><sup>page 152 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Spado</italic>. A geldinge, be it man or beaste.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Eunucho</italic>. To geeldyn. <italic>Spado</italic>. A gelt man. <italic>Abestis</italic>. A geldare of bestys.’ Medulla. ‘And thei wenten doun bothe into the watir, Philip and the <italic>gelding</italic>, and he baptisyde him.’ Acts viii. 38. In Trevisa's Higden, vol. v. p. 119, we read, ‘þe meyne of þe palys he clepyd spadones, that is <italic>gilded</italic> men.’ ‘Gelded man, or imperfect man. <italic>Apocopus</italic>; in the Parsian tongue, <italic>Eunuchus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn975" symbol="page 153 note 1"><label><sup>page 153 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA Gemow, such as Aegyptians vse to hang at their eares, <italic>stalagnium</italic>. A little ring gemow, <italic>annellus. Gimew</italic> or henge of a door.’ Baret. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic> we read—</p><p>'sJoynter and <italic>gemows</italic>, he jogges in sondyre.’ 1. 2893;</p><p>where the meaning evidently is joints and fastenings. Howell, 1660, speaks of the ‘Gimmews or joynts of a spurr.’ ‘Gimmow or ringe to hange at ones eare as the Egyptians haue. <italic>Staloginum, Inauris</italic>. Gymmow of a dore. <italic>Vertebra, Vertibulum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Annelet qu'on met au droigt</italic>, a gimmew.’ Hollyband. See Halliwell s. vv. <italic>Gemel</italic> and <italic>Gimmace</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn976" symbol="page 153 note 2"><label><sup>page 153 note 2</sup></label><p>Very common in the sense of noble, honourable; thus Chaucer describes the knight as ‘a verray perfight <italic>gentil</italic> knight;’ and in the Prologue to the Wyf of Bathe, 257, thus defines a <italic>gentil</italic> man—</p><p>'sLok who that is most vertuous alway, To do the gentil dedes that he can, Prive and pert, and most entendith ay Tak him for the grettest gentil man.’</p><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Gentil</italic>. Gentle; affable; courteous; gallant; noble; &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn977" symbol="page 153 note 3"><label><sup>page 153 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Gentris</italic> is gentleness or nobility of birth or disposition: thus in the <citation id="ref389" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>168</fpage></citation>, we read—‘Louerd, seið Seinte Peter …. we wulleð folewen þe iðe muckele <italic>genterise</italic> of þine largesse:’ and in <citation id="ref390" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, ed. Halliwell, 1. <fpage>481</fpage>,</citation></p><p>'sY lette ffor my <italic>gentriose</italic>. To do swych roberyse.’</p><p>See also Robert of Gloucester, p. 66. ‘<italic>Generositas</italic>. Gentyllnes.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Generosus</italic>. Noble; comynge of a noble rase; a gentilman borne; excellent; couragious; of a gentle and goode kynde.’ Cooper. In P. Plowman, B. xiv. 181, we find—</p><p>'s<italic>Conuertimini ad, me et salui eritis</italic>:</p><p>þus in <italic>genere</italic> of his <italic>gentries</italic> Iheau cryst seyde.’</p><p>See also the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, ed. Donaldson & Panton, 131—</p><p>'sThis Jason, for his <italic>gentris</italic>, was ioyfull till all:’</p><p>and Early English Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 69,1. 136, where we read—</p><p>'sþe prince hire nom & hire biket: to lete hire go alyue,</p><p>& for hire noble <italic>gentise</italic>: habbe hire to wyue.’</p><p>Chaucer, Prologue to Wyf of Bathe, 290, uses the form <italic>genterye</italic>—</p><p>'sHer may ye se wel, how that <italic>genterye</italic> Is nought annexid to posseesioun.’</p></fn><fn id="fn978" symbol="page 153 note 4"><label><sup>page 153 note 4</sup></label><p><italic>Gerarcha: sacer princeps</italic>.’ Medulla. Evidently <italic>gerarcha</italic> is for <italic>hierarcha</italic>, which Ducange defines by ‘Archiepiscopus; <italic>hierarque, archevéque</italic>.’ W. Dunbar in the <italic>Thrissil and the Rois</italic> uses the form <italic>Cherarchy</italic>, which more nearly approaches the original.</p></fn><fn id="fn979" symbol="page 153 note 5"><label><sup>page 153 note 5</sup></label><p>See Fawoon, above. Neckham, <italic>De Naturis Rerum</italic>, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, p. 77, says—‘<italic>Secundum Isidorum dicitur falco eo quod curvis digitis sit</italic>. Girofalcones a giro <italic>dicti sunt, eo quod in girum et circaitus multos tempus expendunt</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn980" symbol="page 154 note 1"><label><sup>page 154 note 1</sup></label><p>A Journal or Diary. ‘<italic>Diurnium:</italic> liber continens acta dierum singulorum; <italic>journal</italic>’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Diurnum</italic>. A booke or regester to note thynges dayly done; a iournall.’ Cooper. P. has ‘Jurnalle, lytyl boke. <italic>Diurnale</italic>.’ ‘A Calendar or day-book. <italic>Diarium, Ephemeris</italic>.’ Littleton. See also Iurynalle.</p></fn><fn id="fn981" symbol="page 154 note 2"><label><sup>page 154 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gerundiuum</italic>. A gerundyff.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn982" symbol="page 154 note 3"><label><sup>page 154 note 3</sup></label><p>The gizzard. Palsgrave gives ‘<italic>Gyserne</italic> of a foule, <italic>jevsier</italic>,’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Jesier</italic>. The giserne of birds.’ ‘The Gisard or Gisarne of a bird. <italic>Gesier, jesier, jusier, mon</italic>. The Giserne of a henne. <italic>Perier de poule</italic>.’ Sherwood. Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. lf. 305: ‘Tak the <italic>gesarne</italic> of a hare, and stampe it, and temper it with water, and gyf it to the seke man or womane at drynke.’ Here the meaning appears to be garbage.</p></fn><fn id="fn983" symbol="page 154 note 4"><label><sup>page 154 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ansernlus</italic>. A goeslyng.’ Cooper. ‘A goselyng.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hic Ancerulus;</italic> a geslynge.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 220. ‘Goslynge. <italic>Ancerulus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn984" symbol="page 154 note 5"><label><sup>page 154 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Conuiua</italic>. A gestenere. <italic>Conuiuium</italic>. A gestenyng. <italic>Conuiuo</italic>. To gestenyn.’ Medulla. See also Jamieson, <italic>s. v.</italic> ‘Ne makie зe none <italic>gistninges</italic>.’ <citation id="ref391" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>414</fpage></citation>. In <citation id="ref392" citation-type="other"><italic>Rauf Coilзear</italic>, ed. Murray, <fpage>973</fpage>–5</citation>, we are told how Rauf founded a hospice</p><p>'sEuer mare perpetually That all that wantis harbery</p><p>In the name of Sanct July, Suld have <italic>gestning</italic>.’</p><p>And in the <citation id="ref393" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, we read—‘in þis weye were iij. knyзtys, for to refresshe, and calle to <italic>gestenyng</italic> or to ostery, all that went by that way.’ So in the <citation id="ref394" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>656</fpage></citation>, l. 11456, when the Wise Men of the East came to Bethlehem—</p><p>'sWord cum til herod þe kyng And in þat tun <italic>gestening</italic> had nummun.’</p><p>þat þar was suilke kynges cummun,</p><p>'sHengest com to þan kinge, & bad him <italic>gistninge</italic>.’ Laзamon, ii. 173.</p><p>See also <italic>Alisaunder</italic>, 1779; and <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. 166, l. 2770, and 674, l. 11750. A. S. <italic>gœst, gest, gist</italic>, a guest.</p></fn><fn id="fn985" symbol="page 154 note 6"><label><sup>page 154 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Ode to Sayne John (pr. in Relig. Pieces, &c., from the Thornton MS. E. E. Text Soc. ed. Perry), p. 87, the Saint is addressed as</p><p>'sthe <italic>gete</italic> or germandir gente, As iasper, the iewelle of gentille perry;’ and in the description of the Duke's house in <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic> we are told that it had</p><p>'sAlle þe wallus of <italic>geete</italic>, With gaye gablettus and grete.’ l. 1461.</p><p>See Harrison's Descript. of England, ed. Furnivall, ii. 77, where he refers to the use of powdered jet as a test of virginity, and adds—‘there is some plentie of this commoditie in Darbishire and about Barwike whereof rings, saits, small cups, and sundrie trifling toies are made.’ He derives the name <italic>Gagates</italic> from ‘Gagas a citie and riuer in Silicia, where it groweth in plentifull manner. Charles the fourth emperour of that name glased the church withall that standeth at the fall of Tangra, but I cannot imagine what light should enter therby. The writers also diuide this stone into flue kinds, of which the one is in colour like vnto lion tawnie, another straked with white veines, the third with yellow lines, the fourth is garled with diuerse colours, among which some like drops of bloud (but those come out of Inde) and the fift shining blacke as anie rauen's feather.’ See also A. Boorde, ed. Furnivall, p. 80, where, <italic>inter alia</italic>, he recommends <italic>gete</italic> stone powdered as a specific for stone in the bladder. Halliwell quotes the following curious recipe from the Thornton MS. leaf 304:—‘For to gare a woman say what thou askes hir. Tak a stane that is called a <italic>gagate</italic>, and lay it on hir lefle pape whene scho slepis, that scho wiet not, and if the stane be gude, alle that thou askes hir salle scho say whatever scho has done.’ A similar one is printed in <citation id="ref395" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>. ‘A stone that is callid <italic>gagates</italic> …. it is black as gemmes ben …‥ hit brenneth in water & quenchith in oyle, and as to bis myght, yf the stone be froted and chauffed hit holdelth (<italic>read</italic> holdeth) what hym neygheth.’ Caxton, Descript. of Britain, 1480, p. 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn986" symbol="page 154 note 7"><label><sup>page 154 note 7</sup></label><p>'sBefor pat he was <italic>geten</italic> and forth broght.’ Pricke of Conscience, 443. O. Icel. <italic>geta</italic>, to produce.</p></fn><fn id="fn987" symbol="page 155 note 1"><label><sup>page 155 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Fighte of Giandes.</p></fn><fn id="fn988" symbol="page 155 note 2"><label><sup>page 155 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Gebett, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn989" symbol="page 155 note 3"><label><sup>page 155 note 3</sup></label><p>See Gebyllott, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn990" symbol="page 155 note 4"><label><sup>page 155 note 4</sup></label><p>A literal translation of the Latin <italic>circumdare</italic>, to surround.</p></fn><fn id="fn991" symbol="page 155 note 5"><label><sup>page 155 note 5</sup></label><p>Again a literal translation of <italic>locum dare</italic>. In the Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 40, we are told that in saying of prayers a priest must not ‘<italic>gyue stede</italic> wylfully without nede by herynge or by seynge, or in any other wyse to eny thynge wherby he is distracte fro mynde and aduertenoe of the seruyce that he saith.’</p></fn><fn id="fn992" symbol="page 155 note 6"><label><sup>page 155 note 6</sup></label><p>Read <italic>corbana:</italic> see Mark vii. 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn993" symbol="page 155 note 7"><label><sup>page 155 note 7</sup></label><p>A Guild or association of persons either following the same trade or profession, or associated for ecclesiastical purposes. See ‘English Gilds, their Statutes and Customs,’ E. E. Text Soc. ed. Toulmin-Smith. ‘<italic>Guilda:</italic> vox Anglica vetus.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn994" symbol="page 155 note 8"><label><sup>page 155 note 8</sup></label><p>In <italic>Eng. Met. Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. 69, we read—</p><p>'sHe saw how all the erth was sprede, Man's saull, als a fouler Wyt pantre bandes, and <italic>gylders</italic> blake, Tas foules wyt <italic>gylder</italic> and panter.’ That Satanas had layd to take</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>gildra</italic>. Wyclif, Wks. ed. Arnold, ii. 322, says, ‘þe fend þenkiþ him sure of sinful men þat he haþ <italic>gildrid</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref396" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>308</fpage></citation>, we find ‘<italic>in laqueum Diaboli</italic>’ rendered by ‘in the <italic>gilder</italic> of the devel.’ The verb occurs in the <citation id="ref397" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>546</fpage></citation>, l. 9479—</p><p>'sNow es man <italic>gildred</italic> in iuels all, His aun sin has mad him thrall.’</p><p>'sIn his <italic>gildert</italic> night and dai Meke him selven sal he ai.’ <citation id="ref398" citation-type="other"><italic>E. Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. ix. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>. In Mr. Robinson's Whitby Gloss. (E. D. Soc.) is given—‘<italic>Gilderts</italic>, nooses of horsehair upon lines stretched within a hoop, for catching birds on the snow. The bread-bait is attempted through the loops, which entangle the birds by the legs when they rise up to fly.’ Also given in Ray's Collection. ‘The <italic>gilder</italic> of disparaeione.’ Thornton MS. leaf 21. See also to Trapp with a gylder, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn995" symbol="page 155 note 9"><label><sup>page 155 note 9</sup></label><p>See P. Gyylde. In the Inventory of Roland Stavely of Gainsburgh, 1551, we find ‘a lead, a mashefatt, a <italic>gylfatt</italic> with a sooe xvs.’ See also Mr. C. Robinson's Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire, s. v. <italic>Guilevat</italic>, and Ray's North Country Words, s. v. <italic>Gailfat</italic>. In the brewhouse of Sir J. Fastolf at Caistor, according to the inventory taken in 1459, there were ‘xij ledys, j mesynfate (mash-tub), and j <italic>yelfate</italic>.’ Thomas Harpham of York in 1341 bequeathed ‘<italic>unum plumbum, unam cimam, quœ vocatur</italic> mashefat, <italic>et duas parvas cunas quœ vocantur</italic> gylefatts, <italic>duas</italic> kymelyns, <italic>et duos parvos barellos</italic>.’ Testament. Ebor. i. 3. See also note to Dische benke, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn996" symbol="page 156 note 1"><label><sup>page 156 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAs he glode thurgh the <italic>gille</italic> by a gate syde.’ Destruction of Troy, 13529. ‘The grattus of Galway, of greuys and of <italic>gillus</italic>.’ <citation id="ref399" citation-type="other"><italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, xxxiii. <fpage>2</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Gill</italic>, a breach, or hollow descent in a hill.’ Kennett MS. Lansd. 1033. The word is still in use in Yorkshire for a glen or dell, and in Sussex is applied to a rivulet or beck. See Ray's Gloss. ‘<italic>Gill</italic>. A small strait glen. <italic>Gil</italic>. A steep, narrow glen; a ravine. It is generally applied to a gully whose sides have resumed a verdant appearance in consequence of the grass growing.’ Icel. <italic>gil</italic>, a ravine, a <italic>gully</italic>. Gawain Douglas in his Prologue to the 8th book of the <citation id="ref400" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, p. <fpage>239</fpage></citation> bk. 1. 18, has—</p><p>'sAs I grunschit at that grume, and glisnyt about, Bot I mycht pike thare my fil, I gryppit graithlie the <italic>gil</italic>, Or penny come out.’</p><p>And every modywart hil;</p><p>And Stewart, in his trans, of Boece, iii. 98, has—</p><p>'sOnto the number of ten thousand men, Dalie he led ouir mony <italic>gill</italic> and glen.’</p></fn><fn id="fn997" symbol="page 156 note 2"><label><sup>page 156 note 2</sup></label><p>In Bartholomew's Description of the World, amongst the other prevalent evils are mentioned ‘<italic>gilry</italic> and falshede.’ <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 1176.</p><p>'sMony a shrew ther is And proves oft with thaire <italic>gilry</italic></p><p>On nyзt and als on day, How thai myзt men betray.’</p><p>MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, leaf 81.</p><p>In <citation id="ref401" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small; p. <fpage>131</fpage></citation>, we are told how Gehazi</p><p>'sin his hous hid ful rathe, Bot his maister, thoru prophecye The siluer and the robes bathe. Wist al his dede and his <italic>gilrye</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Prestigio</italic>. To tregetyn or gylyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn998" symbol="page 156 note 3"><label><sup>page 156 note 3</sup></label><p>A spayed sow. A, word still in use. In the Line. Medical MS. leaf 312, is a recipe in which we are told—‘Tak unto the mane the galle of the galte, and to the womane the galle of the <italic>gilt</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Hic nefrendis</italic>. Anglice, A gylt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 204. A. S. <italic>gilte</italic>. See also Galte, above. ‘Libbers haue for libbinge of pigges, pennies, a peece for the <italic>giltes</italic>, and half pence a peece for the gowtes or bore pigges.’ Henry Best, Farming and Account Books, 1641. Surtees Soc. Vol. 33, p. 141.</p><p>bore pygge swyne sow зelte sow-pig</p><p>'s<italic>Aper, porcellus, porcus, mis, scropha, suilla</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 177.</p></fn><fn id="fn999" symbol="page 156 note 4"><label><sup>page 156 note 4</sup></label><p>The diminutive of Wimble. ‘<italic>Gimbelet</italic>. A gimlet or piercer.’ Cotgrave. See Wymbylle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1000" symbol="page 156 note 5"><label><sup>page 156 note 5</sup></label><p>'sNe makeden heo neuer strencðe of <italic>gingiuere</italic> ne of gedewal, ne of clou de gilofre.’ <citation id="ref402" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>370</fpage></citation>. Gingerbread is mentioned in the Liber Albus, p. 224, as one of the most important imports of England in the 13th century.</p></fn><fn id="fn1001" symbol="page 156 note 6"><label><sup>page 156 note 6</sup></label><p>To jingle. In his Prologue to the Cant. Tales, Chaucer says of the Monk, ‘And whan he rood, men mighte his bridel heere <italic>Gynglen</italic> in whistlyng as cleere, And eke as lowde as doth the chapel belle.’ l. 170.</p><p>'sTo gingil, <italic>tinnire</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1002" symbol="page 156 note 7"><label><sup>page 156 note 7</sup></label><p>See Gille of a fische, above. Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Gynners</italic>. The same with <italic>ginnles. Ginnles</italic>. The gills of a fish.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1003" symbol="page 156 note 8"><label><sup>page 156 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Girn</italic>, vide grinne.’ Baret. ‘To gerne, <italic>ringere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Compare ‘And gaped like a gulfe when he did <italic>gerne</italic>.’ Spenser, Faerie Queene, v. xii, 15. A. S. <italic>grennian</italic>. See Jamieson, <italic>s. v.</italic> Girn.</p><p>'sWith sic thrawing and sic thristing, Sic <italic>gyrnyng</italic>, granyng, and so gret a noyis.’</p><p>Barbour's <citation id="ref403" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, ed. Skeat, xiii. <fpage>156</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref403">ibid.</xref> iv. 322.</p></fn><fn id="fn1004" symbol="page 157 note 1"><label><sup>page 157 note 1</sup></label><p>The Medulla gives ‘<italic>Cartilago</italic>. A grystyl, or a crusshed bone.’ In the Tale of Beryn, Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall, l. 577, the Pardoner hits the Tapster's paramour ‘with þe ladill on the grustell on þe nose.’ A. S. <italic>gristel</italic>. See also Gristelle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1005" symbol="page 157 note 2"><label><sup>page 157 note 2</sup></label><p>See Garthe for wesselle, above. Cooper renders <italic>instita</italic> by ‘A purfle; a garde; a welte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1006" symbol="page 157 note 3"><label><sup>page 157 note 3</sup></label><p>To take in cattle to graze. See Cowel, <italic>Law Dict.</italic> s. v. Agist, and Ducange, <italic>Gloss. Med. Lat.</italic> s. v. <italic>Agistare</italic>. In the Scotter Manor Records (Linc.) we read, under the year 1558, Richarde Hollande hathe taken of straungers vi beas <italic>gyest</italic> in ye Lordes commene, and therefore he is in ye mercie of ye lorde iijs iiijd; and again in 1598, ‘De Thoma Easton quia cepit le <italic>giste</italic>-horses in commune pastura, iijs iiijd,’ ‘<italic>Gist</italic> money’ or payment for pasturage of cattle, is still used in Yorkshire.</p></fn><fn id="fn1007" symbol="page 157 note 4"><label><sup>page 157 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. to Gister.</p></fn><fn id="fn1008" symbol="page 157 note 5"><label><sup>page 157 note 5</sup></label><p>Wyclif, John viii. 56, has, ‘Abraham зour fadir <italic>gladide</italic> þat he schulde se mi dai’; and in <citation id="ref404" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, <fpage>600</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sSche was gretly <italic>gladed</italic> of hire gode be-hest;’</p><p>and again, 1. 850—</p><p>'sþanne was þat menskful meliors muchel <italic>y-gladed</italic>.’</p><p>With the active force it occurs in the same volume, 1. 827, where we find—</p><p>'sþer nas gle vnder god, þat hire <italic>glade</italic> miзt.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref405" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. x. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, and the Book of Quinte Essence, <citation id="ref406" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>gladian</italic>. ‘I gladde. <italic>Je esjouys</italic>. It is a good thing of him, for he gladdeth every companye that he cometh in.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1009" symbol="page 157 note 6"><label><sup>page 157 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lingula</italic>. Gell. The hearbe called segges or <italic>gladen</italic>.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Glayeul de riviere</italic>. Sedge, water-flags, sword-grasse, Gladen. <italic>Glasen</italic>, wild flags; yellow, bastard, or water, Flowerdeluce, Lauers, and Leuers.’ Cotgrave. See also <italic>Glais</italic>. In Sloane MS. 73, leaf 125, is a prescription for driving away elves from any seized by them: ‘take þe roote of <italic>gladen</italic> and make poudre þerof, and зeue þe sike boþe in his metes and in hise drynkis, and he schal be hool wiþinne ix dayes and ix nyзtis, or be deed, for certeyn.’ The same virtue is attributed to it by Langham, <italic>Garden of Health</italic>, 1579. See also Lyte, pp. 195–6, and Cockayne, <citation id="ref407" citation-type="other"><italic>Leechdoms</italic>, ii. <fpage>388</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Scilla</italic>, glædene.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 23, says: ‘Iris …‥ hath leaues like vnto the herbe called Gladiolus, that is to saye, the <italic>Gladdon</italic> or swerdynge.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1010" symbol="page 157 note 7"><label><sup>page 157 note 7</sup></label><p>A prize. The Medulla renders <italic>brauium</italic> by ‘the pryse [of] a game. <italic>Braueta</italic>. He þat hath the maystry.’ Ducange gives ‘<italic>Bravium</italic>. Victoriæ præmium, quod in publicis ludis dabatur, a Gr. βραβε<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline3"></inline-graphic>ν;’ and Jamieson has ‘Gle.glew. (1) Game, sport; (2)metaph. the fate of battle.’ ‘<italic>Brauium est premium vel victoria:</italic> the pryce of a game: or a glayue.’ Ortus. A. S. <italic>gleow</italic>. See Garlande, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1011" symbol="page 157 note 8"><label><sup>page 157 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. glally, corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1012" symbol="page 157 note 9"><label><sup>page 157 note 9</sup></label><p>Manip. Vocab. gives ‘þe glarye of an eg, <italic>albumen</italic>.’ It occurs also in Rel. Antiq. i. 53; and in Coles' Dict. 1676, is given ‘<italic>Gleyre</italic> of an eye, the white of an egg.’ In the recipes for ‘lymnynge of bokys’ from the Porkington MS., pr. in Halliwell's Early English Miscellanies (Warton Club, 1855), this word frequently occurs; thus, p. 73, we find—‘To tempre rede lede; medylle hyt wyth <italic>gleyre</italic> of ane egge, and temper hit in a schelle with thy fyngere.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>La, glaire d'un œuf</italic>. The white of an egge. <italic>Glaire</italic>. A whitish and slimie soyle: <italic>glaireux:</italic> slimie.’ (Compare Clay, above.) Low Lat. <italic>glarea. ‘Glara</italic>, eg-lim.’ Alfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 47. See also Mirror for Magistrates, p. 212, and <citation id="ref408" citation-type="other"><italic>Alliterative Poems</italic>, ed. Morris, i, <fpage>1025</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1013" symbol="page 158 note 1"><label><sup>page 158 note 1</sup></label><p>This is apparently a corruption of the Latin <italic>Classicum</italic>. Ducange gives ‘<italic>Claxum</italic>. Pulsatio tympanarum pro mortuis; <italic>glas funébre;</italic> ol. <italic>clas</italic>:’ and Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Clas:</italic> see <italic>Glas. Glas</italic>. Noise, crying, howling; also a knell for the dead.’ See Peel.</p></fn><fn id="fn1014" symbol="page 158 note 2"><label><sup>page 158 note 2</sup></label><p>'sGlede a byrde, <italic>escoufle</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Milan royal</italic>. The ordinary kite or glead. <italic>Escoufle</italic>. A kite, puttocke or glead.’ Still in common use in the North. A. S. <italic>glida</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>gleða</italic>. See Thomas of Erceldoune, ed. Murray, 560. ‘<italic>Miluus</italic>. A puttock.’ Medulla.</p><p>'s<italic>Gledes</italic> and buzzards weren hem by, White moles, and puttockes token her place.’</p><p>The Complaint of the Ploughman, pr. in Wright's Political Poems, i. 344.</p><p>'sLyke as quhen that the gredy <italic>glede</italic> on hycht</p><p>Skummand vp in the are oft turnis hys fiycht.’</p><p>G. Douglas, <citation id="ref409" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. xiii. p. <fpage>455</fpage></citation>, l. 43.</p><p>'s<italic>Miluus</italic>, glida.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. ‘Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, lf. 49b, cautions rearers of fowls ‘whan they haue brought forth their byrdes to se that they be well kepte from the <italic>gleyd</italic>, crowes, fully martes & other vennin. ‘<italic>Hec Milvus A<sup>ce</sup></italic>, glede.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 188. ‘<italic>Miluus</italic>, glida.’ Aelfric's Gloss. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref409">ibid.</xref> p. 29.</p></fn><fn id="fn1015" symbol="page 158 note 3"><label><sup>page 158 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gly, glee</italic>. To look asquint. Lincoln. <italic>Limis seu contortis oculis instar Strabonis contueri, &c</italic>. Skinner.’ Ray's Collection of North Country Words, 1691. Baret in his Alvearie has ‘to <italic>glie</italic> or looke askue ouerthwart.’ ‘To glee or glye, <italic>lippire</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Glaye, or loke a skope: <italic>transuertere hirquos</italic>.’ Huloet. Jamieson has ‘To gley, glye, <italic>v. n.</italic> To squint. Gley, <italic>s.</italic> A squint. Gleyd, gleid, glyd, <italic>pp.</italic> Squint-eyed.’ ‘<italic>Limus: obliquus, distortus. Strabo</italic>. A wronglokere.’ Medulla. <italic>Stroba</italic> is rendered in the Nominale ‘a woman glyande,’ and <italic>Strabo</italic> by ‘a gliere.’ See Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 225. In the <citation id="ref410" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>228</fpage></citation>, we are told that Jacob wished to have Rachel for his wife, and ‘þe eildir sister he for-sok, For sco <italic>gleied</italic>, als sais the bok.’ Cotton MS. l. 3861; where the Fairfax MS. reads,</p><p>'sþe elder suster he for-soke <italic>Gleande</italic> ho was for-soþ of loke.’</p><p>The word is wrongly explained in Halliwell; see <italic>s.v. Gliзed</italic>. Compare to-Glymer, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1016" symbol="page 158 note 4"><label><sup>page 158 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Glean</italic>, a sheaf of hemp.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. ‘<italic>Arista</italic>. An avene of corn or a glene. <italic>Conspico</italic>. To glenyn.’ Medulla. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Glane</italic>. A gleaning; also the corne thats gleaned or left for the gleaner. <italic>Glaner</italic>. To gleane; to picke up eares of corne after the reapers.’ ‘A glen: <italic>conspica</italic>.’ Nominale. Compare Gloy, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1017" symbol="page 158 note 5"><label><sup>page 158 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably a slip for <italic>glent</italic>, a glance or a stroke. See <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. 3863: ‘For <italic>glent</italic> of gloppynyng glade be they neuer.’ Or the word may be for <italic>glent</italic>, the <italic>p.p.</italic> of to <italic>glean</italic>, still in use in Lincolnshire. Mr. Peacock, in his Glossary of Manley, &c., also gives ‘To <italic>glent</italic>. To glimmer.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1018" symbol="page 158 note 6"><label><sup>page 158 note 6</sup></label><p>In Hampole's <citation id="ref411" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, l. <fpage>456</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sþar dwellid man in a myrk dungeon, Whar he had na other fode</p><p>And in a foul sted of corupcion, Bot wlatsom <italic>glet</italic> and loper blode.’</p><p>The Addit. MS. 11305, reads the last line as follows—</p><p>'sBot lothsom <italic>glette</italic> and filthede of blode.’</p><p>See also <italic>Alisaundre</italic>, 4491, and <citation id="ref412" citation-type="other"><italic>Alliterative Poems</italic>, ed. Morris, i. 1059, ii. <fpage>306</fpage></citation>, and iii. 269. O. Norse <italic>glœta</italic>, wet. Fr. <italic>glette</italic>. Scotch <italic>glit</italic>, pus. O. Eng. <italic>glat</italic>, moist, slippery, Wyclif, Wks. <citation id="ref413" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>32</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘vile <italic>glat</italic> þat stoppip breep.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1019" symbol="page 159 note 1"><label><sup>page 159 note 1</sup></label><p>Amongst the ‘seuerall disorders and degrees amongst our idle vagabonds,’ Harrison enumerates ‘Demanders for <italic>glimmar</italic> or fire.’ <citation id="ref414" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> i. <fpage>219</fpage></citation>. For a full account of this class of beggars see Harman on Vagabondes, ed. Furnivall, p. 61. ‘Glymring of lyght, <italic>luevr, escler</italic>.’ Palsgrave, ‘<italic>Lucubro</italic>. To wakyn or glomeryn. Medulla. ‘To <italic>glimmer</italic>. To blink, to wink. <italic>Glim</italic>. Blind. <italic>Glimmie</italic>. The person who is blindfolded in the sport of Blindman's Buff.’ Jamieson.</p></fn><fn id="fn1020" symbol="page 159 note 2"><label><sup>page 159 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo <italic>glime</italic>. To look askance or asquint.’ Jamieson. The Medulla renders <italic>luscus</italic> by one ‘þat hath but on eye, or purblynd.’ ‘<italic>Luscus</italic>. Poreblynde.’ Cooper. Cf. ‘<italic>Esblouir les yeux;</italic> to glimmer the eies, to dazell.’ Hollyband. See to Glee, and compare to Glome, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1021" symbol="page 159 note 3"><label><sup>page 159 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gloy</italic>. (1) The withered blades stripped off from straw. (2) Oaten straw. To <italic>gloy</italic>. To give grain a rough thrashing.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Glu de foarre</italic>. A bundle of straw.’ Cotgrave, Compare Gleue, above. ‘the chymmys calendar, Quhais ruffis laitly ful rouch thekit war With stra or <italic>gloy [culmo]</italic> by Romulus the wight.’</p><p><citation id="ref415" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, viii. p. <fpage>504</fpage></citation>, l. 29.</p></fn><fn id="fn1022" symbol="page 159 note 4"><label><sup>page 159 note 4</sup></label><p>To stare, to leer. Palsgrave, <italic>Acolastus</italic>, has ‘Why <italic>glore</italic> thyn eyes in thy heade ? Why waggest thou thy heed as though thou were very angry ?’ In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1074, we find—‘Thane glopnede the glotone and <italic>glorede</italic> vn-fair.’ In <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 849, the word occurs in the sense of looking terrified, staring in fright: ‘þe god man glyfte with þat glam & <italic>gloped</italic> for noyse,’ and the noun is used in the same sense in the <citation id="ref416" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>146</fpage></citation>: ‘O, my hart is rysand in a <italic>glope</italic>.’ Compare also <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 11611: ‘Quen iesus sau þaim <italic>glopend</italic> be.’ O. Icel. <italic>glapa</italic>, to stare. In the Northern Counties we still find to <italic>glop</italic>, or <italic>gloppen</italic> used for to be amazed.</p></fn><fn id="fn1023" symbol="page 159 note 5"><label><sup>page 159 note 5</sup></label><p>'sHys wyfe came to hym yn hye, And began to kysse hym and to <italic>glosye</italic>.’</p><p>MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, leaf 132.</p><p>'sSo faire þe cherl <italic>glosed</italic>, þat þe child com of þe caue, & Ms criynge stint.’</p><p><citation id="ref417" citation-type="other"><italic>Willitm of Palerne</italic>, <fpage>60</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Adulor</italic>. To glosyn.’ Medulla. See also note to Fage.</p></fn><fn id="fn1024" symbol="page 159 note 6"><label><sup>page 159 note 6</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us—</p><p>'sSome clerkes says, als þe <italic>glose</italic> telles, Bot þe host of onticrist.’</p><p>þat, Gog and Magog es noght elles <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 4473.</p><p>In the Sompnoure's Tale, the Friar says he has just preached a sermon</p><p>'sNought al after the text of holy wryt, <italic>Glosyng</italic> is a ful glorious thing certayn, For it is hard for зow as I suppose, For letter sleth, so as we clerkes sayn.’ And therfor wil I teche зow ay the <italic>glose</italic>.</p><p>'s<italic>Glosa</italic>, A glose of a book. <italic>Glossulo</italic>. To glosyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1025" symbol="page 159 note 7"><label><sup>page 159 note 7</sup></label><p>To look gloomy or sourly. Kennett has ‘to <italic>gloom</italic>, to frown, to be angry, to look sourly and severely.’ Compare Glymyr, above. Still in use in Yorkshire; see Capt. Harland's Gloss. of Swaledale, s. v. <italic>Glime</italic>. ‘To <italic>gloom, glowm</italic>. To look morose or sullen; to frown; to have a cloud on one's aspect.’ Jamieson. In the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, 4356, we find <italic>glombe</italic>, and Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. ‘<italic>Glommede</italic> als he war wraþe.’ ‘To gloume, froune, <italic>caperare frontem</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'sSir, I trow thai be dom som tyme were fulle melland,</p><p>Welle ye se how thai <italic>glom</italic>.’ Towneley Mysteries, p. 320.</p><p>'sI glome, I loke under the browes or make a louryng countenaunce. <italic>Je rechigne</italic>. It is a sower wyfe, she is ever glomyng: <italic>cest vne sure</italic>, or <italic>amere femme, elle rechigne toujours</italic>. Glumme a sowerloke, <italic>rechigne</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In Coverdale's Bible, Matth. xvi. 3 is rendered as follows: ‘In ye mornynge ye saye, ‘It wil be foule wedder to daye for the sзkye is reed and <italic>gloometh</italic>.’ Surrey in his <italic>Praise of Mean and Constant Estate</italic> speaks of ‘a den unclean …‥ whereat disdain may <italic>glome</italic>.’ In the form <italic>glum</italic> the word is still very common. ‘From Swedish dial, <italic>glomma</italic>, to stare.’ Skeat, Etymol. Dict. ‘Glumme, or be sowre of countenance. <italic>Vide</italic> in frowne and scowle. Glumminge, or sawre of countenance. <italic>Superciliosus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Owre syre syttes …. & <italic>gloumbes</italic> ful lytel.’ <citation id="ref418" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>94</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1026" symbol="page 160 note 1"><label><sup>page 160 note 1</sup></label><p>See Liber Albua, p. 600, where directions are given for burning all ‘<italic>falsœ cirotecœ</italic>’ (gloves). At p. 737 of the same work is mentioned a Guild of Glovemakers. In the Dictionarius of John de Garlande, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 124, the following curious derivation is given ‘<italic>cirothecarii:</italic> dicuntur a cirotheca, et illud a <italic>ciros</italic>, quod est manus, et <italic>tecon</italic>, quod est tributum, quia attribuitur manui,’ the true derivation, of course, being from χείρ, a hand and θήκη, a case or covering. ‘<italic>Hic seroticarius, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> glowere. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref418">ibid.</xref> p. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn1027" symbol="page 160 note 2"><label><sup>page 160 note 2</sup></label><p>At the top of the page in a later hand is written: <italic>hoc glutinum, Ae</italic>, glewe.</p></fn><fn id="fn1028" symbol="page 160 note 3"><label><sup>page 160 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Catilones</italic>. Lickedishes; gluttons. <italic>Lurco</italic>. A gulligutte.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1029" symbol="page 160 note 4"><label><sup>page 160 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>barco</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1030" symbol="page 160 note 5"><label><sup>page 160 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTo lurch, devoure, or eate greedily: <italic>ingurgito</italic>.’ Baret. See <citation id="ref419" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tusser</surname></name>, p. <fpage>178</fpage></citation>, stanza 7, and Bacon's <italic>Essays</italic>, xlv.</p></fn><fn id="fn1031" symbol="page 160 note 6"><label><sup>page 160 note 6</sup></label><p>Perhaps a mistake of the scribe for <italic>glutenus</italic>. But <italic>gluterrnesse</italic> occurs in Ormulum frequently, and Wyclif has, ‘þo sixte synne of þese seven is called <italic>glotorye …. Glotorye</italic> falles þen to mon, when he takes mete or drink more þen profites to his soule.’ Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 155. Icel. <italic>glutr</italic>, extravagance. Wyclif, <italic>Levit</italic>. xi. 30, speaks of the ‘mygal, that is a beeste born trecherows to bigile, and moost <italic>gloterous</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1032" symbol="page 160 note 7"><label><sup>page 160 note 7</sup></label><p>In Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, p. 128, we are told that ‘Quen Satenas sal Iowes quenen Sal euer be, with teth <italic>gnaisting</italic>.’ In ouer mirkenes, thar sare greting</p><p>See also P. of Conscience, 7338. ‘<italic>Frendeo</italic>. To gnastyn.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Isaiah v. 29, has ‘he shal <italic>gnasten</italic>’ as the translation of <italic>frendet</italic>. ‘I gnast with the tethe. I make a noyse by reason I thruste one tothe upon another. <italic>Je grinse des dens</italic>. He gnasted with the tethe that a man myght have herde him a stones caste. Gnastyng of the tethe, <italic>stridevr, grincement</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1033" symbol="page 160 note 8"><label><sup>page 160 note 8</sup></label><p>Gr. ὁμοούσιος, from ὁμὸς, the same, and οὔσια, essence, being: opposed to ὁμοιούσιος, or of like being or nature, a definition applied to our Lord by certain heretics in the 4th century.</p></fn><fn id="fn1034" symbol="page 161 note 1"><label><sup>page 161 note 1</sup></label><p>Representing Greek ω.</p></fn><fn id="fn1035" symbol="page 161 note 2"><label><sup>page 161 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Filiola</italic>. a goddoutere. <italic>Filiolus</italic>. A godsone.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1036" symbol="page 161 note 3"><label><sup>page 161 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThese thinges being thus, when he liketh hymselfe well, and weneth he jesteth as properly as a camel daunseth, in calling it my faith, and the Popes faith, and the diuels faith, eueri man I wene that wel marketh the matter, wyll be likely to cal his proper scoffe but a very cold conseeit of my <italic>goffe</italic>, that he found and tooke vp at <italic>sottes hoff</italic>.’ 1532. Sir T. More. ‘Confutacion of Tyndale.’ Works, 1557, fol. 711. col. 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn1037" symbol="page 161 note 4"><label><sup>page 161 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Goujon</italic>. A gudgeon-fish; alao the pin which the truckle of a pully runneth on; also the gudgeon of the spindle of a wheele; any Gudgeon.’ Cotgrave. ‘A Googen. <italic>Gobius, Gobio. Principium cœnœ gobius esse solet</italic>. Googeons are wont to be the beginning of supper. <italic>Inhio</italic>. To gape Googoen-like, which is as wide as his chappes will let him.’ Withals. ‘A gogeon-fish, <italic>gobio</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Gobio:</italic> a gujun.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 97.</p></fn><fn id="fn1038" symbol="page 161 note 5"><label><sup>page 161 note 5</sup></label><p>A <italic>Gowk</italic> is still the common name for the Cuckoo in the North. See Jamieson, s, v. ‘Thare galede the <italic>gowke</italic> one greueз fulle lowde.’ Morte Arthure, 927. A. S. <italic>зeac</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>gaukr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1039" symbol="page 161 note 6"><label><sup>page 161 note 6</sup></label><p>The glow-worm. Baret gives ‘Globerd or gloworme, <italic>cicindila, noctiluca</italic>,’ and Huloet ‘globerde or gloworme, <italic>lampyris.’ ‘Noctiluca est vermis lucens per noctem</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Cicíndela</italic>, se glisigenda wibba.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vocab. p. 23. ‘<italic>Hec incedula, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. glyde-worme.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref419">ibid.</xref> p. 190.</p></fn><fn id="fn1040" symbol="page 161 note 7"><label><sup>page 161 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Commere</italic>, f. A she-gossip, or godmother; a gomme.’ Cotgrave. In Dean Milles' Glossary occur ‘Gomman, <italic>paterfamilias:</italic> gommer, <italic>materfamilias.’ Gammer</italic> is not of unusual occurrence. ‘Gossype a man, <italic>compere</italic>. Gossype a woman, <italic>commere</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1041" symbol="page 161 note 8"><label><sup>page 161 note 8</sup></label><p>Chaucer, <citation id="ref420" citation-type="other"><italic>Parlement of Foules</italic>, <fpage>334</fpage></citation>, thus speaks of the Goshawk—</p><p>'sThere was the Tirant with his federys doune To byrdys for his outrageous Bauyne.’ And grey, I mene the <italic>goshawk</italic>, that doth pyne</p></fn><fn id="fn1042" symbol="page 161 note 9"><label><sup>page 161 note 9</sup></label><p>'sWhan Gabriel cam, the <italic>gospeleer</italic> seith the same, Brouht gladdest tydynges that evir was of pees.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 211.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref421" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. <fpage>47</fpage></citation>. Wyclif, <citation id="ref422" citation-type="other"><italic>Isaiah</italic> xli. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1043" symbol="page 162 note 1"><label><sup>page 162 note 1</sup></label><p>This disease is mentioned by Hampole, who says that in Purgatory—</p><p>'sSom sal haf in alle þair lymmes about, For sleuthe, als þe potagre and þe <italic>gout</italic>.’</p><p><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 2992.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref423" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>678</fpage></citation>, l. 11831, epilepsy is called ‘the falland <italic>gute</italic>.’ Cf. Knotty, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1044" symbol="page 162 note 2"><label><sup>page 162 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Grifte and Impe.</p></fn><fn id="fn1045" symbol="page 162 note 3"><label><sup>page 162 note 3</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>gr</italic><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline7"></inline-graphic><italic>ghund</italic>, from Icel. <italic>greyhundr</italic>.</p><p>'sPaynymes, turkes, and suriens, And hare fro <italic>grohound</italic> as for ther diffence.’</p><p>That as a larke fro a hauke doth fle, <italic>Romance of Partenay</italic>, ed. Skeat, 1389.</p><p>'sTristre is þer me sit mid þe <italic>greahundes</italic> forte kepen þe hearde.’ <citation id="ref424" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>332</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1046" symbol="page 162 note 4"><label><sup>page 162 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Graduel</italic>. A Masse-booke, or part of the Masse, invented by Pope Celestine in the year 430.’ Cotgrave. See Nares, <italic>s. v.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn1047" symbol="page 162 note 5"><label><sup>page 162 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Graine de Paradis:</italic> Graines of Paradise; or, the spice which we call <italic>Graines</italic>.’ Cotgrave. ‘Graynes, spices; <italic>cardimonium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1048" symbol="page 162 note 6"><label><sup>page 162 note 6</sup></label><p>'sCrye and bray and <italic>grane</italic> I myght wele.’ De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 134. ‘Here my trowthe or I be tane, Many of зour gestis salle <italic>grane</italic>.’ Thornton MS. leaf 133.</p><p>'sHe is ofte seke and ay <citation id="ref425" citation-type="other"><italic>granand.’ Pricke of Cons.</italic> <fpage>799</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref426" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Granen</italic> iþe eche grure of helle.’ <italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, <fpage>47</fpage></citation>. A.S. <italic>granian</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1049" symbol="page 162 note 7"><label><sup>page 162 note 7</sup></label><p>The grampus. In the Paston Letters, <citation id="ref427" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>347</fpage></citation>, we find—‘whalle, sales, sturgion, porpays or <italic>grapeys</italic>.’ See also the <citation id="ref428" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>45</fpage>,</citation></p><p>'sWith mynsud onyons and no more, To serve on fysshe day with <italic>grappays</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Phoca</italic>. Virgil. A sea-calfe; as some thynke a Seale, whiche is fish and breedeth on lande.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1050" symbol="page 162 note 8"><label><sup>page 162 note 8</sup></label><p>'sTo grape, <italic>palpare</italic>. Manip. Vocab. Amongst the pains of Hell, fourteen in number, specified by Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 6566, the sixth is ‘Swa mykel myrknes, pat it may be <italic>graped</italic>, swa thik it es.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref429">ibid.</xref> l. 6804, ‘se þicke is þrinne fe þosternesse þat me hire mei <citation id="ref429" citation-type="other"><italic>grapin.’ O. E. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>251</fpage></citation>. See also Wyclif, Exodus, x. 21; and cf. Milton's <citation id="ref430" citation-type="other">‘<italic>palpable</italic> darkness.’ <italic>Par. Lost</italic>, xii. <fpage>188</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþan answerd to him Peter and Jon, And said, “þarof es wonder none, Forwhi þou trowed noght, Thomas, þat oure lord Ihesus resin was, Untille þou saw his blody side, And <italic>graped</italic> within his wondes wide.
’</p><p>MS. Harl. 4196, leaf 173.</p><p>It was also used in the sense of examining into, testing; thus the Sompnour, Chaucer tells us, having picked up a ‘fewe termes’ of Latin, made a great show of his learning, ‘But who so couthe in other thing him <italic>grope</italic>, Thanne hadde he spent al his philosophie.’ Cant. Tales, Prologue, 644.</p><p>In Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, 912, the Confessor when with a penitent is to ‘freyne hym þus and <italic>grope</italic> hys sore, &c.’ A.S. <italic>grapian</italic>. Compare also <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 314—‘unneaðe, þuruh þen abbodes <italic>gropunge</italic>, he hit seide & deide sone þerefter.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Barthol. <citation id="ref431" citation-type="other"><italic>de Propriet. Rarum</italic>, iii. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>, says that of our senses ‘þe laste and þe moste boystous of all is <italic>gropynge’ [sensus tactus grossior est omnibus</italic>]; and again, xvii. 52, he speaks of ebony as ‘smoþe in <italic>gropynge’ [habens tactum leuem]</italic>. See also <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 1388; ‘þan <italic>gropede</italic> he euery wounde;’ and Chaucer, C. T. G. 1236.</p></fn><fn id="fn1051" symbol="page 163 note 1"><label><sup>page 163 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Una</italic>, winberge. <italic>Butros</italic> (read <italic>botrus</italic>), geclystre.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. See Bob of grapys. ‘<italic>Apianœ uvœ</italic>. Muscadel or muscadine grapes.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1052" symbol="page 163 note 2"><label><sup>page 163 note 2</sup></label><p>'sGraip, Grape. A dung fork, a three-pronged fork.’ Jamieson. In Wills & Inventories of the Northern Counties (Surtees Society) vol. ii. p. 171, are enumerated ‘two gads of yerne viijs, two lang wayne blayds, a howpe, a payr of old whells, thre temes, a skekkil, a kowter, a soke, a muk fowe, a <italic>graype</italic>, 2 yerne forks, 9 ashilltresse, and a plowe, xxvs.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1053" symbol="page 163 note 3"><label><sup>page 163 note 3</sup></label><p>In another hand at the top of the page.</p></fn><fn id="fn1054" symbol="page 163 note 4"><label><sup>page 163 note 4</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. xi. 67, we read—</p><p>'sþere a man were crystened, by kynde he shulde be buryed, Or where he were parisshene, riзt þere he shulde be <italic>grauen</italic>.’</p><p>'sThere amyddis his bretherin twelve They him <italic>be-groven</italic>, as he desired him-selve.’ See also Sir <citation id="ref432" citation-type="other"><italic>Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>512</fpage></citation>. Lonelich's <citation id="ref433" citation-type="other"><italic>Holy Grail</italic>, ed. Furnivall, li. <fpage>121</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1055" symbol="page 163 note 5"><label><sup>page 163 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI grave in stone or in any metall as a workeman dothe. <italic>Je graue</italic>. He graveth as well as any man dothe in all sortes of metall.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1056" symbol="page 163 note 6"><label><sup>page 163 note 6</sup></label><p>'sAgrandam. <italic>Avia</italic>.’ Withals. ‘A grandame. <italic>Auia</italic>. A gransier. <italic>Auus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Gudame and Gudsyre.</p></fn><fn id="fn1057" symbol="page 163 note 7"><label><sup>page 163 note 7</sup></label><p>See P. Plowman, B. xvii. 71, and Chaucer, <italic>Milleres Tale</italic>, 3668, where the Carpenter we are told was ‘Wont for tymber for to goo And dwellen at the <italic>Graunge</italic> a day or two:’</p><p>on which the editor notes—‘<italic>Grange</italic> is a French word, meaning properly a barn, and was applied to outlying farms belonging to the abbeys. The manual labour on these farms was performed by an inferior class of monks, called <italic>lay-brothers</italic>, who were excused from many of the requirements of the monastic <italic>rule</italic> (see <citation id="ref434" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fleury</surname></name>, <italic>Eccles. Hist</italic></citation>.), but they were superintended by the monks themselves, who were allowed occasionally to spend some days at the Grange for that purpose. See <italic>Schipmanne's Tale</italic>.’ At the Reformation many of the Monasteries were turned into Granges: thus in Skelton's <italic>Colin Clout</italic> we read—</p><p>'sHowe 30 brake the dedes wylles, Of an abbaye зe make a <italic>graunge</italic>.’</p><p>Turne monasteries into water-mills,</p><p>The same expression occurs in Early Eng. Miscellanies, from the Porlington MS. <citation id="ref435" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Halliwell</surname></name>, p. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>, l. 21—‘Nowe that abbay is torned to a <italic>grange</italic>.’</p><p>'sForbar he neyther tun, ne <italic>gronge</italic>, That he ne to-yede with his ware.’ <citation id="ref436" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>764</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1058" symbol="page 164 note 1"><label><sup>page 164 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Auxungia, vel Axungia, vel Auxungia, vel auxunga, vel auxunga</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1059" symbol="page 164 note 2"><label><sup>page 164 note 2</sup></label><p>In De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 127bk, we read—‘twa I sawe that clambe the <italic>grece</italic> of the dortour, and the tane of tham had on a iambison, and the to þere bare a staffe. Scho with the iambison was atte the <italic>grece</italic> and abade me.’ Harrison, Descript. of England, 1587, p. 33, has ‘ascending by steps and <italic>greeces</italic> westward.’ ‘Goand downe by a <italic>grese</italic> thurgh the gray thornes.’ <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, E. E. Text Soc. 13643; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref436">ibid.</xref> ll.369, 1664, &c, and <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, l. 1359. In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. 609, l. 10584, we are told that the Virgin Mary, when a child, climbed without assistance the steps of the temple, and that</p><p>'sAt þis temple that I of mene A <italic>greese</italic> þer was of steppes fiftene.’</p><p>'s<italic>Grises</italic> or steps made to go vp to the entrie.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Gradus</italic>. A grese.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Eschellette</italic>, a little ladder, or skale, a small step or greece.’ Cotgrave. ‘A greece, <italic>gradus</italic>. Stayre greece, <italic>gradus, ascensus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Greese, grice, steppe or stair, <italic>gradus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Disgradare</italic>. To descende from one step or gresse to another.’ Thomas, Italian Dict. 1550. <italic>Gree</italic> occurs in <citation id="ref437" citation-type="other"><italic>Pol. Rel. and Love Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>114</fpage></citation>, and Wyclif, 2 Esdras, viii. 4: ‘Esdra's scribe stood upon a treene <italic>gree</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1060" symbol="page 164 note 3"><label><sup>page 164 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Herbidus</italic>. Gresy. <italic>Herhositas</italic>. Gresyng. <italic>Hzrba</italic>. An erbe or a gres.’ Medulla. ‘As <italic>greses</italic> growen in a mede.’ Chaucer, <citation id="ref438" citation-type="other"><italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, ii. <fpage>263</fpage></citation>. ‘I had my horsse with hym at lyvery, and amonge alle one of them was putte to <italic>gresse</italic>.’ Paston Letters, iii. 280. See also Sir Perceval, ed. Halliwell, l. 1192, where the hero</p><p>'sMade the Saraзenes hede bones Abowtte one the <italic>gres</italic>.’ Hoppe, als dose hayle stones</p><p>The Medulla defines <italic>Gramen</italic> as <italic>herba que nascitur ex humano sanguine</italic>. ‘I grase, as a horse dothe. <italic>Je me pays a Iherbe</italic>. I grease, as a horse dothe.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1061" symbol="page 164 note 4"><label><sup>page 164 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cicada</italic>. A gresse hoppe.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Locusta</italic>, gærshoppe.’ MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. ‘Cicada, a <italic>grysope</italic>.’ Nominale MS. In Relig. Antiq, ii. 82, it is spelt <italic>greshop</italic>, and the Manip. Vocab. has ‘grashop, <italic>cicada</italic>.’ A.S. <italic>gœrshoppa</italic>.’ In the Ormulum, l. 9224, we are told of St. John that ‘Hiss claþ wass off ollfenntess hær, Hiss mete wass <italic>gress-hoppe</italic>.’</p><p>The Rushworth MS. of the Gospels has <italic>grœshoppa</italic> in the same passage, Matth. iii. 4.</p><p>'sMoyses siðen and aaron, Seiden biforen pharaon,</p><p>“To-morgen sulen <italic>gresseoppes</italic> cumen, And ðat ail ða bileaf, sal al ben numen.
’</p><p><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, ed. Morris, l. 3065.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref439" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. lxxvii. <fpage>46</fpage></citation>, we have—</p><p>'sTo lefe-worm þar fruit gaf he, And þar swynkes to <italic>gress-hope</italic> to be.’</p><p>Dame Juliana Barnes mentions as baits:—‘The bayte on the hawthorn and the codworme togyder & a grubbe that bredyth in a dunghyll: and a grete <italic>greshop</italic>. In Juyll the <italic>greshop</italic> and the humbylbee in the medow.’ Of Fyschynge wyth an Angle, p. 29. ‘<italic>Grissilloun</italic>, a greshoppe.’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 165. ‘<italic>Hec sicada, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. gryssoppe.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref439">ibid.</xref> p. 190. ‘Grashopper or greshop. <italic>Atheta</italic>. Greshops which be small, <italic>Tettigoniœ, et Tettrigometria, angl.</italic> the mother of greshops.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1062" symbol="page 165 note 1"><label><sup>page 165 note 1</sup></label><p>It seems curious to find the Latin equivalent for this term in the <italic>masculine</italic> gender.</p></fn><fn id="fn1063" symbol="page 165 note 2"><label><sup>page 165 note 2</sup></label><p>In <italic>Havelok</italic>, 164, when Athelwold is on his death-bed—</p><p>'sHe <italic>greten</italic> and gouleden, and gouen hem ille, And seyde, “þat <italic>greting</italic> helpeth nought:
’</p><p>And he bad hem alle ben stille;</p><p>And in the <citation id="ref440" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>803</fpage></citation>, l. 14007, we are told of Mary Magdalene that</p><p>'sBefore ihesus feet she felle þat with the teres she weashe his fete.’</p><p>þere she fel in suche a <italic>grete</italic>,</p><p>'sTo grete, weepe, <italic>lachrymari</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Satan was fallen grouelinge <italic>gretyng</italic> and cryenge with a lothely voys.’ Lydgate, <italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, Bk. ii. ch. 43.</p></fn><fn id="fn1064" symbol="page 165 note 3"><label><sup>page 165 note 3</sup></label><p>'sGrewel, <italic>ius</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Randle Holme says, ‘<italic>Grewel</italic> is a kind of Broth made only of Water, Grotes brused and Currans; some add Mace, sweet Herbs, Butter and Eggs and Sugar: some call it Pottage Gruel.’ See J. Russell's Boke of Nurture in Babees Boke, l. 519. See also Growelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1065" symbol="page 165 note 4"><label><sup>page 165 note 4</sup></label><p>The Medulla gives ‘<italic>Insero</italic>. To plantyn togeder; to brasyn togeder; or to gryffyn. <italic>Insitus</italic>. Plantyd or gryffed. <italic>Insitio</italic>. Impying or cuttyng.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1066" symbol="page 165 note 5"><label><sup>page 165 note 5</sup></label><p>'sEgelome is ‘edge loom,’ edged-tool: see P. ‘Loome, or instrument, <italic>Utensile, instrumentum</italic>.’ The Manip. Vocab. has ‘Edgelome, <italic>culter</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1067" symbol="page 165 note 6"><label><sup>page 165 note 6</sup></label><p>Harrison, Descript. of England, ii. 32, says, ‘Neither haue we the pygsergus or <italic>gripe</italic>, wherefore I have no occasion to treat further.’ Neckam, <citation id="ref441" citation-type="other"><italic>De Laudibus Divinœ Sapientice</italic>, ed. Wright, p. <fpage>488</fpage></citation>, writes—</p><p>'s<italic>Effodiunt aurum gryphes, ejusque nitore Mulcentur, visum fulva metalla juvant</italic>.’</p><p>'sþer ich isah <italic>gripes</italic> & grisliche fuзeles.’ Laзamon, 28063.</p><p>The Author of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic> says that in Paradise before the Fall,</p><p>'sBi þe deer þat now is wilde, þe <italic>gripe</italic> also biside þe bere As lomb lay þe lyoun mylde; No boest wolde to oþere dere.’ p. 49, l. 689.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref442" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Eglamour</italic>, ed. Halliwell, <fpage>841</fpage>, <fpage>851</fpage>, <fpage>870</fpage></citation>, <italic>Alisaunder</italic>, 5667, <citation id="ref443" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>572</fpage></citation>. &c. ‘<italic>Gripes</italic>. A grype.’ Medulla.’ A grype, <italic>gryps</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Gryps</italic>. A gripe or griffon.’ Cooper. Trevisa in his trans, of Barthol. <italic>de Prop, Rerum</italic> gives the following account of this bird: ‘The <italic>gripe</italic> is foure fotid, lycke þe egle in heed, and in wynges, and is licke to þe lyon in þe oþer del of þe body; and woneþ in þe hilles þut beþ clepid Yperborey, and beþ most enemy and greueb hors and man; and lyeþ in his neste a stone þat is calde “smaragdus,
aзens venimous bestes of þe mounteyne.’ ‘Grype, <italic>vulter</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 177.</p></fn><fn id="fn1068" symbol="page 166 note 1"><label><sup>page 166 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Romance of <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic> the convoy of provisions for the Saracens is said to have included ‘<italic>Grys</italic> and gees and capouns;’ l. 5069: and in P. Plowman, Prologue, B. 226, the London Cooks are described as inviting passengers with cries of ‘Hote pies, hote; Gode <italic>gris</italic> and gees, gowe, dyne, gowe.’</p><p>See also Passus, vi. 283, and <citation id="ref444" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren, Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>204</fpage>.</citation></p><p>According to Halliwell the word is still in use in Cumberland, &c. See Mr. Robinson's Whitby Gloss. E. D. Soc. ‘<italic>Porcellus</italic>. A gryse. <italic>Succulus</italic>. A lytyl grys.’ Medulla. O. Icel. <italic>griss. ‘Hic porcillus. Anglice</italic> gryse.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 204. Hence our <italic>griskin</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1069" symbol="page 166 note 2"><label><sup>page 166 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Gristelle, above. ‘<italic>Gartilago</italic>, gristle.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 476.</p></fn><fn id="fn1070" symbol="page 166 note 3"><label><sup>page 166 note 3</sup></label><p>See also Aghte halpens.</p></fn><fn id="fn1071" symbol="page 166 note 4"><label><sup>page 166 note 4</sup></label><p>See also Grewelle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1072" symbol="page 166 note 5"><label><sup>page 166 note 5</sup></label><p>According to Ray <italic>growte</italic> is wort of the last running, and Pegge adds that this is drunk only by poor people, who are on that account called <italic>grouters</italic>. In Dean Milles' Gloss, the following account of grout-ale is given:—‘a kind of ale different from white ale, known only to the people about Newton Bussel, who keep the method of preparing it a secret; it is of a brownish colour. However, I am informed by a physician, a native of that place, that the preparation is made of malt almost burnt in an iron pot, mixed with some of the barm which rises on the first working in the keeve, a small quantity of which invigorates the whole mass, and makes it very heady.’ ‘<italic>Hoc ydromellum. A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. growte.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 200.</p></fn><fn id="fn1073" symbol="page 166 note 6"><label><sup>page 166 note 6</sup></label><p>O. Fr. <italic>grouchier</italic>, whence our <italic>grudge</italic>.</p><p>'s<italic>Grucche</italic> nouзt þer-a-gayn, but godli, i rede, Graunte þis faire forward fulfillen in haste.’ <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 1450.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref445" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>300</fpage></citation>, the line ‘<italic>non crediderunt et murmuraverunt</italic>’ is rendered ‘þai trowed noght And <italic>groched</italic>, and was angred in thoght.’</p><p>'sWiþ grete desire & ioie & likynge, & not wiþ heuynesse & <italic>grucchynge</italic>.’ Wyclif, Select Works, <citation id="ref446" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Mathew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>199</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1074" symbol="page 166 note 7"><label><sup>page 166 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>murmurracio, sussuro:</italic> corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1075" symbol="page 166 note 8"><label><sup>page 166 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. grueher: corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1076" symbol="page 166 note 9"><label><sup>page 166 note 9</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘I sleepe groueling, or vpon my face, <italic>dormio pronus</italic>.’ See also Ogrufe, hereafter. In the <citation id="ref447" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>674</fpage></citation>, l. 11760, we are told that when our Lord entered a certain town, where the inhabitants were about to sacrifice to their idols,</p><p>'sAl þair idels in a stund, <italic>Groudings</italic> fel vnto þe grand.’</p><p>Andrew Boorde says in his <italic>Dyetary</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. 247, that ‘to slepe <italic>groudynge</italic> vpon the stomacke and belly is not good, oneles the stomacke be slow and tarde of digestion; but better it is to lay your hande, or your bed-felowes hande, ouer your stomacke, than to lye <italic>grouelyng</italic>.’ See also Anturs of Arthur, ed. Halliwell, xlvii. 9. ‘Grousling [read Groufling], <italic>pronus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Horman says, ‘Sum prayeth to god lyenge on the grounde grouelinge: <italic>Quidam ad conspectum numinis preces fundunt prostrati</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe slaid and stummerit on the sliddry ground, And fell at erd <italic>grufelingis</italic> amid the fen.’ G. Douglas, <citation id="ref448" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, p. <fpage>138</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also Bk. viii. Prol. l. 41. ‘<italic>Istrabocchenola</italic>, fallyng grouelynglie.’ Thomas, Ital. Dict. 1550. In Udall's <citation id="ref449" citation-type="other"><italic>Apophthegmes of Erasmus</italic>, p. <fpage>91</fpage></citation>, it is narrated of Diogenes that on being asked by Xeniades ‘howe his desire was to bee buried, “<italic>Grouelyng</italic>,
quoth he, “with my face toward the grounde.
’ Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 75, advises any who will sow Datea to ‘lay them all <italic>grouelynges</italic> toward the grounde.’ ‘Therfor <italic>groflynges</italic> thou shall be layde.’ <citation id="ref450" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst</italic>. p. <fpage>40</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1077" symbol="page 167 note 1"><label><sup>page 167 note 1</sup></label><p>According to the description of the Tower of Babel given in the <citation id="ref451" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>136</fpage></citation>, l. 2240,</p><p>'sTua and sexti fathum brad, Was þe <italic>grundwall</italic> þat þai made.’</p><p><citation id="ref452" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>207</fpage></citation>, says that he who desires to live well must begin by learning ‘to knaw what hymself es,</p><p>Swa may he tyttest come to mekenes,</p><p>pat as <italic>grund</italic> of al vertus to last.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref452">ibid.</xref> l. 7213.</p><p>'sLokeð þat te heouenlich lauerd beo <italic>grundwal</italic> of al þat зe wurcheð.’ <citation id="ref453" citation-type="other"><italic>Juliana</italic>, p. <fpage>72</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. lxxxvi. 1. is rendered—‘<italic>grounde-walles</italic>his in hali hilles,’ [<italic>fundamenta</italic>, Vulg. <italic>steaðelas</italic> A. S.]</p><p>'sSon he wan Berwik, a castelle he þouht to reise,</p><p>He cast þe <italic>groundwalle</italic> þik, his folk he fouht þer eise.’ R. de Brunne, p. 310.</p><p>'s<italic>Hoc fundum. Anglice</italic> ground-walle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 203. ‘The ground of a building, <italic>solum, fundamentum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Grunda</italic>. A ground off a hous.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1078" symbol="page 167 note 2"><label><sup>page 167 note 2</sup></label><p>The Whitby Glossary has ‘<italic>gruntle</italic>, to grunt as swine do.’ The word appears to be still in use in Yorkshire; see Mr. C. Robinson's Gloss. E. D. Soc. A young pig is known in the North as a <italic>gruntling</italic>. ‘Gruntill, Gruntle. The snout. To Gruntle. To grunt on a lower key, as denoting the sound emitted by pigs.’ Jamieson. ‘<italic>Gruiner</italic>. To gruntle or grunt like a hog. <italic>Faire le groin</italic>. To powt, lowre, gruntle, or grow sullen.’ Cotgrave. In Topsell's <citation id="ref454" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of Four-footed Beasts</italic>, p. <fpage>522</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘there is a fish in the river <italic>Achelous</italic> which <italic>gruntleth</italic> like a hog, whereof <italic>Juvenal</italic> speaketh, saying: <italic>Et quam remigibus grunnisse Elpenora porcis</italic>. And this voice of Swine is by <italic>Cœcilius</italic> attributed to drunken men.’ ‘To grunt or gruntle, <italic>gronder, grongner</italic>, &c.’ Sherwood.</p></fn><fn id="fn1079" symbol="page 167 note 3"><label><sup>page 167 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe groon of a swyn, <italic>probossis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Grystle or gronnye of a swyne, <italic>proboscis</italic>. ‘Gronny or snowte of a swyne. <italic>Probossis</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1080" symbol="page 167 note 4"><label><sup>page 167 note 4</sup></label><p>'sGrupe, groop. A hollow behind the stalls of horses or cattle, for receiving their dung or urine. Jamieson. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref452">ibid.</xref> s. v. Grip. See <citation id="ref455" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, ll. <year>1924</year></citation>, 2102. The word is still in common use in the form <italic>grip</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1081" symbol="page 167 note 5"><label><sup>page 167 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Runcio</italic>. A wedare or a gropare. <italic>Runco</italic>. To wedyn or gropyn.’ Medulla. Halliwell quotes from MS. Ashmole, 61,</p><p>'sThe <italic>groping-iren</italic> then spake he, “Compas, who hath grevyd thee?
’</p><p>Cooper defines <italic>Runcina</italic> as ‘A whipsaw wherwith tymber is sawed. A bush siethe or bill to cut bushes.’ ‘I growpe (Lydgate), sculpe or suche as coulde grave, groupe, or carve; this worde is nat used in comen spetohe.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1082" symbol="page 168 note 1"><label><sup>page 168 note 1</sup></label><p>Read probus, <italic>probulus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1083" symbol="page 168 note 2"><label><sup>page 168 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Parasceve</italic>, Sexta sabbati, seu feria sexta ultimæ hebdomadis Quadragesimæ, sic dicta, inquit Isidorus, quia in eo die Christus mysterium crucis explevit, propter quod venerat in hunc mundum; <italic>le Vendredi Saint</italic>’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn1084" symbol="page 168 note 3"><label><sup>page 168 note 3</sup></label><p>Halliwell explains this word as ‘gay, fine,’ giving the following quotation—</p><p>'sThe Jewes alle of that gate Wex all fulle <italic>gulle</italic> and grene.’</p><p>MS. Harl. 4196, leaf 206.</p><p>But the meaning as given above appears to be the correct explanation. Stratinann gives as the derivation, O. Icel. <italic>gulr, golr</italic>, A. S. <italic>geolo</italic>, yellow. Tusser, in his Five Hundred Points, &c. 46. 4, speaking of hop-plants, says, ‘the <italic>goeler</italic> and younger, the better 1 loue.’ See following note.</p></fn><fn id="fn1085" symbol="page 168 note 4"><label><sup>page 168 note 4</sup></label><p>The Jaundice. This word answers exactly to the Dutch <italic>geelzucht</italic>, from <italic>geel</italic>, yellow and <italic>zucht</italic>, sickness, in the popular language also called <italic>galzucht</italic>, from <italic>gal</italic> (Eng. <italic>gall</italic>) and <italic>zucht</italic>. In German it is <italic>gelbsucht</italic>, from <italic>gelb</italic>, yellow, and <italic>sucht</italic>, sickness. A. S. <italic>gealweseóc</italic>. In the Glossaries pr. by Eckhart in his <citation id="ref456" citation-type="other"><italic>Commentarii de Rebus Franciœ Orientalis</italic>, 1729, ii. <fpage>992</fpage></citation>, is given—‘<italic>aurugo</italic>, color in auro, sicut in pedibus accipitris, <italic>i. gelesouch</italic>.’ ‘Gelisuhtiger, <italic>ictericus, auruginosus</italic>.’ Graff, vol. vi. col. 142. In Mr. Cockayne's <italic>Leechdoms, aurugo</italic> is defined as ‘a tugging or drawing of the sinews.’ ‘<italic>Aurugo</italic>. The kynke or the Jaundys.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hec glaucoma;</italic> the gowyl sowght.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 229. The following prescription for the jaundice is given in MS. Sloane, 7, leaf 73;—‘For the <italic>зalowsouзt</italic>, that men callin the jaundys. Take hard Speynich sope and a litille stale ale in a coppe, and rubbe the sope aзens the coppe botum tylle the ale be qwyte, &c.’</p><p>'sEnvus man may lyknyd be Mene may se it in mans eene.’</p><p>To the <italic>golsoghl</italic>, that es a payne, Bobert de Brunne, quoted by Halliwell.</p><p>In the Complaynt of Scotlande, ed. Murray, p. 67, we are told that ‘sourakkis (sorrel) is gude for the blac <italic>gulset</italic>.’ ‘Gulschoch, Gulsach. The jaundice.’ Jamieson. See also Jawnes, and compare Swynsoghte, below. A. Boorde, <citation id="ref457" citation-type="other"><italic>Breuiary of Health</italic>, ch. 178, p. <fpage>63</fpage></citation>, says, ‘Hictericia is the latin worde …. in Englyshe it is named the jaunes, or the <italic>gulsuffe;</italic>’ and Lyte, Dodoens, p. 546, tells us that ‘Orache …‥ is good against the Jaundiзe or <italic>Guelsought;</italic>’ and Turner, <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 30, says that ‘Agarike is good for them that haue …. the <italic>guelsought</italic> or iaundesse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1086" symbol="page 168 note 5"><label><sup>page 168 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fundabalum</italic>. An engyne of batayl. <italic>Fundabalarius</italic>, a slyngare.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1087" symbol="page 168 note 6"><label><sup>page 168 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Aqualicium</italic>. A gotere. <italic>Aquaducatile</italic>. A gotere. <italic>Aquaductile</italic>. A conthwyte.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Gouttiére</italic>. A gutter; a channell.’ Cotgrave. In the Liber Albus, p. 584, is given a regulation that all <italic>gutters</italic> of houses shall be at least nine feet from the ground. ‘Le Pentis, <italic>Goters</italic>, et getez soyent sy hautz, qe gens puissent chivacher dessus, et a meyns ix pees haut.’ See also the Statute 33 Henry VIII., cap. 33, quoted in note to Clowe of flodeзete, above. ‘þe ryuer Danubius …… is i-lete in to dyuerse places of þe cite (Constantinople) by <italic>goteres</italic> under erþe [<italic>occultis sub terra canalibus</italic>]:’ Trevisa's Higden, i. p. 181. ‘As <italic>gotes</italic> out of <italic>guttars</italic> in golanand (?) wedors.’ <citation id="ref458" citation-type="other"><italic>K. Alexander</italic>, p. <fpage>163</fpage></citation>. ‘Gutter. <italic>Aqualitium</italic>. Gutter betwene two walles. <italic>Andron</italic>. Gutter of a house. <italic>Compluuium</italic>.’ Huloet. See <citation id="ref459" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Genesis</italic> vii. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>; viii. 2, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1088" symbol="page 169 note 1"><label><sup>page 169 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>cataduppla</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1089" symbol="page 169 note 2"><label><sup>page 169 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Abbett.</p></fn><fn id="fn1090" symbol="page 169 note 3"><label><sup>page 169 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Morus</italic>. An hound ffysch.’ Medulla. ‘A haddocke, fish, <italic>acellus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1091" symbol="page 169 note 4"><label><sup>page 169 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tucetum</italic>. Apuddyngoran hakeys. <italic>Tucetarius</italic>. A puddyng makere.’ Medulla. ‘A haggesse, <italic>tucetum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1092" symbol="page 169 note 5"><label><sup>page 169 note 5</sup></label><p>A latch to a door or gate. A <italic>haggaday</italic> is frequently put upon a cottage door, on the inside, without anything projecting outwards by which it may be lifted. A little slit is made in the door, and the latch can only be raised by inserting therein a nail or slip of metal. In the Louth (Line.) Church Accounts, 1610, iii. 196. we read: ‘To John Flower for hespes …. a sneck, a <italic>haggaday</italic>, a catch & a Ringe for the west gate, ijs vjd.’ The word is still in use in Lincolnshire. The Medulla renders <italic>vectes</italic> by ‘a barre of jryn or an hengyl.’ ‘<italic>Hoc manutentum. An<sup>ce</sup></italic> a haginday.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 261.</p></fn><fn id="fn1093" symbol="page 169 note 6"><label><sup>page 169 note 6</sup></label><p>The common viper. A. S. <italic>haga</italic>, hedge and <italic>wyrm</italic>, a creeping thing. Not uncommon in the North, but becoming obsolete. ‘<italic>Iaculus: quidam serpens</italic>.’ Medulla. Cooper gives ‘<italic>Iaculus</italic>. A serpente that lieth vnder trees, and sodenly spryngyng out with a ineruaylous violence, perseth any beast whiche happely passeth by.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1094" symbol="page 169 note 7"><label><sup>page 169 note 7</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘an haie house, or loft; an haie mowe, or ricke; a place where haie lieth, <italic>fertile</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1095" symbol="page 169 note 8"><label><sup>page 169 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hag</italic> in the North means soft broken ground, as in the description of the Castle of Love, <citation id="ref460" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>568</fpage></citation>, l. 9886—</p><p>'sIt es hei sett apon fe crag, Grai and hard, wit-vten <italic>hag</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1096" symbol="page 169 note 9"><label><sup>page 169 note 9</sup></label><p>χα<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline3"></inline-graphic>ρε</p></fn><fn id="fn1097" symbol="page 169 note 10"><label><sup>page 169 note 10</sup></label><p>'sHe rakit till the kyng all richt, And <italic>halsit</italic> hym apon his kne.’</p><p><citation id="ref461" citation-type="other"><italic>The Bruce</italic>, ed. Skeat, xiii. <fpage>524</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref462" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>623</fpage></citation>, l. 10848, Mary, we are told, ‘was in were,’ after Gabriel had spoken to her, and ‘To-quils sco hir vmbi-thoght Quat was þis <italic>hailsing</italic> he hir broght.’ See also P. Plowman, C. x. 309, and B. vii. 160—</p><p>'sJoseph mette merueillously how þe mone and þe soune</p><p>And þe elleuene sterres <italic>hailsed</italic> hym all.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>halsian;</italic> O. Icel. <italic>heilsa;</italic> Swedish <italic>helsa</italic>, to salute. It is quite a different word from the verb to <italic>halse</italic>, embrace; A. S. <italic>healsian</italic>, from <italic>heals</italic>, the neck, which see.</p></fn><fn id="fn1098" symbol="page 170 note 1"><label><sup>page 170 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Cok of hay, and Mughe. ‘An hey mowe, <italic>fœni acervus</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1099" symbol="page 170 note 2"><label><sup>page 170 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA cloath or garment made of heare, a heare-cloth, a strainer, <italic>cilicium</italic>.’ Baret. Harrison in his Description of Eng. i. 156, in giving an account of the manner of brewing of beer in his time, states that the malt, after being ‘turned so long vpon the flore, they do carie to a kill couered with <italic>haire cloth;</italic>’ and Tusser, in his <italic>Five Hundred Points</italic>, &c., 57. 51, speaking of the treatment of hops, says that they are to be covered with ‘soutage or <italic>haire</italic>.’ Wyclif, Genesis xxxvii. 34, describing the grief of Jacob at the supposed death of Joseph, says: ‘And the clothis to-rent, was clothid with an <italic>heyr</italic>, weilynge his sone myche tyme.’ Hair cloth is mentioned frequently in the <italic>Ancren Riwle:</italic> for instance, on pp. 126 and 130 we are told that Judith ‘ledde swuiðe herd lif, veste [fasted] and werede <italic>heare;</italic>’ and again on p. 10 that St. Sara, Sincletica and many others wore ‘herde <italic>heren</italic>’</p></fn><fn id="fn1100" symbol="page 170 note 3"><label><sup>page 170 note 3</sup></label><p>Sherwood has ‘hach, hachel, hachet;’ and the Manip. Vocab. gives, ‘an hack, mattock, <italic>bidens</italic>.’ ‘Agolafre com forþ wiþ ys <italic>hache.’ Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 4516.</p><p>'sFor-wroght wit his <italic>hak</italic> and spad Of himself he wex al sad.’ MS. Cott. Vespas. A. iii. lf. 8. Still in use. O. Fr. <italic>hache</italic>, M. H. Ger. <italic>hacke</italic>. A. S. <italic>haccian</italic>, to hew, hack. ‘<italic>Fossorium</italic>. A byl or a pykeys.’ Medulla. Trevisa in his translation of Higden, v. 9, says of Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, that he was ‘i-þrowe to wylde beates …. þanne after his deth his herte was <italic>i-hakked</italic> to small gobettes [<italic>minutatim divisum est</italic>].’ See also Hacc.</p></fn><fn id="fn1101" symbol="page 170 note 4"><label><sup>page 170 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAn hacknie horse, <italic>equus meritorius</italic>.’ Baret. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic> we read that Arthur took with him to France ‘Hukes and <italic>haknays</italic> and horseз of armes,’ l. 734; see also ll. 484 and 2284. In P. Plowman, B. Text, v. 318, we find ‘Hikke the <italic>hakeneyman</italic>,’ that is one who let out horses on hire. Fr. <italic>haquenée</italic>, Span, <italic>hacanea</italic>. In the Paston Letters, ii. 97, John Russe writes—‘I schal geve my maister youre sone v marke toward an <italic>haukeney</italic>.’ In the Household and Wardrobe Ordinances of Edward II. (Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 19, we are told that ‘the kinge shall have xxx serjants at armes sufficientli armed and mounted, that is to say eache of them one horse for armes, one <italic>hakeny</italic> & somter;’ and, on p. 43,—‘In the same [the king's] stable slial be an <italic>hackney</italic> man, who shal keepe the <italic>hakene</italic> of the house, & shal fetch every day at the garner the liveree of oates for the horses of the stable, & shal carry the houses of the horses that travel in the kinges compani for the same <italic>hakeney</italic>. He shal have jd. ob. a day wages, one robe yereli in cloth, or half a mark in mony; & iiijs viijd for shoes.’ Probably we should read <italic>baiulus</italic>, as in P., instead of <italic>badius</italic>, which only means ‘a hors off a bay coloure.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1102" symbol="page 170 note 5"><label><sup>page 170 note 5</sup></label><p>'sAnd <italic>halely</italic> reft the men thair liff.’ Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xv. 224.</p><p>'sFor at that tyme he thoucht all <italic>hale</italic> For till destroy so cleyn Scotland.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref462">ibid.</xref> xviii. 238.</p></fn><fn id="fn1103" symbol="page 170 note 6"><label><sup>page 170 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Calcus: quarta pars oboli</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1104" symbol="page 171 note 1"><label><sup>page 171 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Semipaganus</italic>. Half a rustick or clown.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1105" symbol="page 171 note 2"><label><sup>page 171 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThere is evidently some confusion here: apparently the scribe has repeated half bare in another form and omitted the English equivalent for <italic>semipondo</italic> and <italic>quadrans</italic>, which would be ‘half a halpenny:’ compare a Halpeny, below, where <italic>pondo</italic> is given as the Latin equivalent.</p></fn><fn id="fn1106" symbol="page 171 note 3"><label><sup>page 171 note 3</sup></label><p>Dr. Oliver, in his <citation id="ref463" citation-type="other"><italic>Monasticon Diœcesis Exoniensis</italic>, p. <fpage>260</fpage></citation>, says—‘<italic>Aquebajuli</italic> were persons who carried the vessel of the holy water in processions, and benedictions. Scholars in the minor orders were always to be preferred for this office (<italic>vide</italic> Synod. Exoniens. A.D. 1287, cap. 29). In small parishes the <italic>aquebajulus</italic> occasionally acted as sacristan and rang the bell.’ By a decree of Archbishop Boniface, the <italic>aquebajulus</italic> was to be a poor clerk, appointed to his office by the curate of the church, and maintained by the alms of the parishioners in all parishes in his province within ten miles of a city or castle. His duties were to serve the priest at the altar, to read the epistle, sing the gradual and the responses, read the lections, carry the holy-water vessel, and assist at the canonical hours and the ministration of the sacraments (see Lyndwode, lib. iii. pp. 142–3). He was in fact a poor scholar, and the office was given him to assist him in his studies—‘<italic>ut</italic> ibidem <italic>projiceret ut aptior et magis idoneus fieret ad majora</italic>.’ After the Reformation the office merged into that of parish clerk. Thus, in 1613, William Cotton, Bishop of Exeter, licensed John Randolph to the ‘<italic>officium aquebajuli sive clerici parochialis apud Gwennap, et docendi artem scribendi et legendi</italic>.’ (Hist. Cornwall, ii. p. 135). From the latter part of this extract he would seem to have officiated also as village schoolmaster. ‘<italic>Aquarius: serviens qui portat aguam</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hic aquebajulus</italic>. A holi water clerke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 218. Robert of Brunne complains that any</p><p>'s<italic>Holy watyr clerk</italic> of a tounne</p><p>þat lytyl haþ lernede yn hys lyue</p><p>He ys ordeynede a prest to shryue.’</p><p><citation id="ref464" citation-type="other"><italic>Handlyng of Synne</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>360</fpage></citation>, ll. 11591–4.</p><p>From this office being usually performed by some poor scholar, the term Holy-water clerk eventually came to be applied to such exclusively. Thus in the State Papers, ii. 141, we read—‘Anthony Knevet hath obteyned the Bisshoprik of Kildare to a symple Irish presfce, a vagabounde, without lernyng, maners, or good qualitye, not worthy to be a <italic>hally-water clerc</italic>.’ The term also occurs in Lydgate.</p></fn><fn id="fn1107" symbol="page 171 note 4"><label><sup>page 171 note 4</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref465" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, iii. <fpage>218</fpage></citation>, we find <italic>hales</italic> used in the sense of tents—</p><p>'sHe wondrid in his wittis, as he wel myзthe,</p><p>pat þe hie housinge, herborowe ne myghte</p><p>Halfdell þe houshold, but <italic>hales</italic> hem helped.’</p><p>'s<italic>Tabernaculum</italic>. A pavilion, tente, or hale.’ Elyot. See also Hawle. In a letter from Cecily, Marchioness of Dorset, to Thomas Cromwell, pr. in Ellis’ <citation id="ref466" citation-type="other"><italic>Original Letters</italic>, Ser. I. vol. i. p. <fpage>219</fpage></citation>, she desires him to ‘delyver all such tents, pavylyons, and <italic>hales</italic> as you haue of myne on to my soune Lenard,’ where the meaning is plainly tents.</p></fn><fn id="fn1108" symbol="page 172 note 1"><label><sup>page 172 note 1</sup></label><p>Among the cloths of arras and tapestry work belonging to Sir John Fastolfe, at Caistor, enumerated in the curious inventories taken about the year 1459, we find—‘Item, j blewe <italic>hallyng</italic>…. Item, j <italic>hallyng</italic> of blewe worsted, contaynyng in length xiij yerds and in bredthe iiij yerds. Item, j <italic>hallyng</italic> with men drawen in derke grene worsted.’ Paston Letters, i. 479. See <citation id="ref467" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills</italic>, &c., p. <fpage>115</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref468" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Peacock</surname></name>, <italic>Eng. Ch. Furniture</italic>, p. <fpage>94</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sOuer the hye desse … the best <italic>hallyng</italic> hanged, as reason was, Wherein was wrought the ix ord[r]es angelicale.’ <citation id="ref469" citation-type="other"><italic>Life of St. Werburge</italic>, <fpage>61</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Aulium</italic>. A curteyn in an halle.’ Medulla. See also Dorsur and Hawlynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn1109" symbol="page 172 note 2"><label><sup>page 172 note 2</sup></label><p>'sþe hunteres þay <italic>haulen</italic> by hurstes and by hoes.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. v. l. 5. In <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, ed. Halliwell, p. 187, l. 233, we read—</p><p>'sHe uncouplede his houndus Bothe the greene and the groundus</p><p>With inne the knyghtus boundus They <italic>halowede</italic> an hyght;’</p><p>and in Chaucer, Boke of the Duchesse, 378—</p><p>'sWithyime a while the herte founde ys, <italic>I-hallowed</italic> and rechased faste.’</p><p>'sHe clepid to hym the Sompnoure þat was his own discipill And stoden so <italic>holowing</italic>.’</p><p>The yeman & the Reve & eke þe mauncipill; <citation id="ref470" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, l. <fpage>417</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref471" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, iii. <fpage>228</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sHe was <italic>haloioid</italic> and y-huntid, and y-hote trusse.’</p><p>'sI halowe houndes with a krye. <italic>Je hue</italic>. Halowe the houndes if you fortune to spye the deere.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Haller</italic>. To hallow or encourage hounds with hallowing; also to hound or set them at.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1110" symbol="page 172 note 3"><label><sup>page 172 note 3</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, C. i. 185, the rat proposes to the mice that they should buy a bell ‘and honge [it] aboute þe cattys <italic>hals</italic>,’ and in the description of the dragon which appeared in a dream to Arthur we read—</p><p>'sBothe his hede and hys <italic>hals</italic> were halely alle ouer,</p><p>Oundyde of azure,-enamelde fulle faire.’ <citation id="ref472" citation-type="other"><italic>Horte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>764</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1111" symbol="page 172 note 4"><label><sup>page 172 note 4</sup></label><p>'sI halse one, I take hym aboute the necke. <italic>Je accolle</italic>. Halse me aboute the necke and kysse me.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Amplexor</italic>. To kyssyn or halsyn. <italic>Amplexus</italic>. Halsyd. <italic>Incomplexus</italic>. Vnhalsyd.’ Medulla. See also to Hailse. ‘Whenne þe Emperour hadde knowlich of hire, he ran for gladnesse, and <italic>halsid</italic> hire, and kist hire, and wepte right soore as a childe for gladnesse, and saide, “nowe blessid be god, for I haue founde þat I haue hiely desirid!
’ <citation id="ref473" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>319</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>heals, hals</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1112" symbol="page 172 note 5"><label><sup>page 172 note 5</sup></label><p>Pieces of wood on the collar of the horse to which the traces are attached. See Bargheame. ‘<italic>Attelles</italic>, the haumes of a draught horse's collar; the two flat sticks that encompass it.’ Cotgrave. ‘Hame of a horse, <italic>halcium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Les cous de chivaus portunt esteles</italic> (hames).’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 168.</p></fn><fn id="fn1113" symbol="page 172 note 6"><label><sup>page 172 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Puples</italic>, hamma.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76.</p></fn><fn id="fn1114" symbol="page 173 note 1"><label><sup>page 173 note 1</sup></label><p>'sIr pro <italic>Hir</italic>, Concavitas manus, idem est et vola, medietas palmæ, neutr. indeclin.’ Dueange. <italic>Pir</italic> is of course the Greek π<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline8"></inline-graphic>ρ. ‘<italic>Vola, vel tener, vel ir</italic>, middeweard hand. <italic>Pugillus</italic>, se gripe þæaare hand.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 43. ‘Hande. <italic>Ir.</italic>’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1115" symbol="page 173 note 2"><label><sup>page 173 note 2</sup></label><p>In Stowe's Survey of London, ed. 1720, p. 251, is mentioned a custom of playing at <italic>handball</italic> on Easter-day for a tansy-cake, the winning of which depended chiefly upon swiftness of foot. Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. leaf 7—‘And belyfe he gerte write a lettre, and sente it tille Alexander, and therwith he sent hym a <italic>handballc</italic> and other certane japeз in scorne.’ Earet has ‘to play at tennys or at the balle, <italic>pila ludere</italic>.’ <italic>Balpleowe</italic>, or ball-play, is mentioned in the <citation id="ref474" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>218</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1116" symbol="page 173 note 3"><label><sup>page 173 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Ormulum we are told of the Virgin that</p><p>'sзho wass <italic>hanndfasst</italic> an god mann patt Joscep wass зehatenn;’ l. 2389.</p><p>'sHandfast, <italic>desponsatus</italic>: to handfast, <italic>desponsare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Caxton, in <citation id="ref475" citation-type="other"><italic>The Chesse</italic>, p. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘A right fayr mayde which was assured and <italic>handfast</italic> vnto a noble yonge gentilman of cartage.’ Ihre, <italic>Glossar. Suio-Gothicum</italic>, gives ‘<italic>Handfæstning</italic>, promissio quæ fit stipulata manu, sive cives fidem suam principi spondeant, sive mutuam inter se, matrimonium inituri, a phrasi <italic>fæsta hand</italic>, quæ notat dextram dextræ jungere.’ The following passage occurs in <citation id="ref476" citation-type="other">‘The Christian State of Matrimony,’ 1543, p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation> back—‘Every man must esteme the parson to whom he is <italic>handfasted</italic>, none otherwyse than for his owne spouse, though as yet it be not done in the Church ner in the streate—After the <italic>Handfastynge</italic> and makyng of the contracte ye churchgoyng and weddyng shuld not be differred to longe, lest the wickedde sowe hys ungracious sede in the meane season—At the <italic>Handefasting</italic> ther is made a greate feaste and superfluous Bancket.’ See also Brand's <citation id="ref477" citation-type="other"><italic>Antiquities</italic>, ii. <fpage>20</fpage>, <fpage>46</fpage>–<lpage>54</lpage></citation>, Robertson's <citation id="ref478" citation-type="other"><italic>Historical Essays</italic>, <year>1872</year>, p. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, and Prof. Ward's note to his edition of Greene's <citation id="ref479" citation-type="other"><italic>Friar Bacon</italic>, vi. <fpage>140</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Vne fainsayles</italic> [<italic>fiancayles</italic>], an assuryng or handfastynge, of folks to be maryed.’ Palsgrave. ‘I handfaste, I trouthe plyght. <italic>Je fiance</italic>. Whan shall they be maryed, they be handfasted all redye.’ Ibid. ‘Contract or <italic>handfasting</italic>.’ Withals. ‘<italic>Accorder une fille</italic>, to handfast, affiance, betroth himselfe unto a maiden.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Desponso</italic>. To weddy<italic>n</italic>.’ Medulla. <italic>Subarrare</italic>, as will be seen below, is also used for to hanselle. See also to зfe Erls.</p></fn><fn id="fn1117" symbol="page 173 note 4"><label><sup>page 173 note 4</sup></label><p>See Flayle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1118" symbol="page 173 note 5"><label><sup>page 173 note 5</sup></label><p>A skein of thread or worsted. To <italic>hank</italic>, to make up thread, &c., in skeins. Still in common use. See <citation id="ref480" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>46</fpage></citation>, l. 5, where in the account of the death of Laocoon, the serpent having</p><p>'sTwis circulit his myddill round about… As he etlis thare <italic>hankis</italic> to haue rent, And with his handis thaym away haue draw His hede bendis and garlandis all war blaw Ful of vennum and rank poysoun attanis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1119" symbol="page 173 note 6"><label><sup>page 173 note 6</sup></label><p>See Halliwell, s. v. <italic>Hansel</italic>, and Brand's <citation id="ref481" citation-type="other"><italic>Popular Antiq</italic>. iii. <fpage>262</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Arra</italic>. Arnest or hansale. <italic>Strena</italic>. Hansale.’ Medulla. See also Erls. ‘In the way of good hansel, <italic>de bon erre</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sSendith ows to gode <italic>hans</italic> An c. thousand besans.’ <citation id="ref482" citation-type="other"><italic>Alisaunder</italic>, <fpage>2935</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In <citation id="ref483" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, p. <fpage>59</fpage></citation>, l. 1708, we find the phrase ‘ther by-gynneth luther <italic>haunsel</italic>.’ where the meaning is ‘this is a bad beginning.’ ‘I hansell one, I gyve him money in a mornyng for suche wares as he selleth. <italic>Je estrene</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1120" symbol="page 174 note 1"><label><sup>page 174 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Equicium</italic>, a hares.’ Nominale MS. In Guy of Warwike, p. 205, we read—</p><p>'sThan lopen about hem the Lombara As wicked Coltes out of <italic>haras</italic>.’</p><p>In Houshold, &c. Ordinances, Edward II., p. 43, it is directed that there shall be ‘a serjant, who shal be a sufficient mareschal gardein of the yonge horses drawne out of the kinges race,’ where these last words are in the original ‘hors de <italic>haraz</italic> le Roy.’ In the curious poem on ‘The Land of Cockaygne,’ printed in <italic>Marly Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref484" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>157</fpage></citation>, we are told that there</p><p>'sper n'is achepe, no swine, no gote, No non horwз-la, god it wot,</p><p>Nother <italic>harate</italic>, nother stode. Þe lond is ful of þer gode.’</p><p>'sзonder is a hous of <italic>haras</italic> that stant be the way, Among the bestes herboryd may зe be.’ Coventry Myst. p. 147.</p><p>A <italic>haras</italic> was the technical term for a stud of stallions aa appears from Lydgate's <italic>Hors, Shepe & Ghoos</italic>, Roxb. Club, repr. p. 31, where amongst other special phrases are given the following: ‘A <italic>hareys of hors</italic>, A stode of mares, A ragg of coltes.’ See also <citation id="ref485" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Strutt</surname></name>, <italic>Sports & Pastimes</italic>, <year>1810</year>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. In a ‘Balade’ by Chaucer, printed in the <citation id="ref486" citation-type="other"><italic>Athenœum</italic>, 18th <month>02</month>, <year>1871</year>, p. <fpage>210</fpage></citation>, the following lines occur—</p><p>'sI wol me venge on loue as doþe a breese On wylde horsse þat rennen in <italic>harras</italic>.’</p><p>Sir T. Elyot in his <citation id="ref487" citation-type="other"><italic>Image of Governaunce</italic>, 1549, p. <fpage>127</fpage></citation>, says: ‘Who setteth by a ragged, a restie or ill favoured colte, because that the <italic>harreise</italic>, wherof that kinde is comen, two hundred yeres passed wanne the price of rennyng at the game of Olympus?’ ‘<italic>Equirisia</italic>. A fflok off hors.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1121" symbol="page 174 note 2"><label><sup>page 174 note 2</sup></label><p>So our Lord says—‘I was <italic>herbarweles</italic>, and ye <italic>herboriden</italic> me.’ Matthew xxv. 36, Wyclif's Version.</p><p>'sIf Crist seie soth Him silf ne hadde noon <italic>harborow</italic>, To resten in his owne need And steken out the stormes.’</p><p>Wright's Pol. Poems, ii. 97.</p><p>In De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf B6, we read—‘to the ostry I wente firste thynkande to <italic>herberwe</italic> me far: thare I sawe Charitee that <italic>herberde</italic> pilgrimes, and ofte wente to the зate to fede pouer folke.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1122" symbol="page 174 note 3"><label><sup>page 174 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret in his Alvearie gives ‘to gather a brawne: to waxe hard, as the hands or feete do with labour, <italic>concalleo</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Callus</italic>. The hardnes off hand or Foot. <italic>Duricie manuum callus, callis via stricta</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1123" symbol="page 175 note 1"><label><sup>page 175 note 1</sup></label><p>Still in use in Lincoln, &c, in the sense of ‘coarse flax; the refuse of flax or hemp.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>grettes de lin</italic>, the hards or towe of flax,’ and Baret has ‘Hardes or Herdes of hemp, &c., <italic>stupa, estoupe de chanure</italic>.’ Mr. Robinson in his Whitby Gloss., E. D. Soc., also gives ‘<italic>Harden</italic>, a coarsely spun fabric of flax for wrapping purposes.’ ‘<italic>Stupa</italic>, towe or hirdes; the course parte of flaxe.’ Cooper. In the <citation id="ref488" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>368</fpage></citation>, amongst other ways of mortifying the flesh is recommended ‘<italic>herd</italic> weriunge,’ that is wearing of garments made of coarse material; and again, on p. 418, penitents are bidden to wear next their flesh ‘no linene cloþ, bute зif hit beo of <italic>herde</italic>, and of greate <italic>heorden</italic>.’ ‘And зoure strengthe schal be as a deed sparcle of bonys, ether <italic>of herdis of flex</italic>, and зoure werk schal be as a quyk sparcle; and euer either schal be brent togidere, and noon schal be that schal quenche.’ Isaiah i. 31, Purvey's Version. A. S. <italic>heordan, heordas</italic>, cloth made of tow. ‘<italic>Hardyn</italic> cotis,’ coats made of coarse flax, are mentioned in the <citation id="ref489" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>150</fpage></citation>. The Medulla gives ‘<italic>Stupa</italic>, Hyrdys off hempe. <italic>Stuposus</italic>. Ful off hyrdys. <italic>Stupo</italic>. To stoppyn with hyrdys. <italic>Stupula</italic>. Lytyl hyrdys.’ ‘<italic>Hec stupa</italic>, a hardes.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 217. ‘<italic>Stupa</italic>, hordy.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref489">ibid.</xref> p. 180. ‘<italic>Stuppa</italic>, æcumbe [oakum].’ Aelfric's Glossary, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref489">ibid.</xref> p. 40.</p></fn><fn id="fn1124" symbol="page 175 note 2"><label><sup>page 175 note 2</sup></label><p>See also to Burle clothe and to Shyfe.</p></fn><fn id="fn1125" symbol="page 175 note 3"><label><sup>page 175 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Thornton MS. leaf 283, we find the following recipe for pain in the ear—‘tak wormod, or <italic>harofe</italic>, or wodebynde, and stampe it, and wrynge out the jeuse, and do it lewke in thyne ere.’ See <italic>Hairrough</italic>. in Mr. Robinson's Whitby Gloss. E. D. Soc. Grains of <italic>hedgerife</italic> (hayreve, or hayreff), A. S. <italic>hegerifan corn</italic>, are prescribed in Cockayne's Leechdoms, ii. 345, for ‘a salve against the elfin race & nocturnal visitors, & for the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce:’ see also p. 79. It was formerly considered good for scorbutic diseases, when applied externally, and of late, in France, has been administered internally for epilepsy. ‘Madyr, herbe: <italic>Sandix, rubia major, et minor dicitur</italic> hayryf.’ P. ‘<italic>Rubia minor</italic>, Hayreff oþer aron [? Hayrenn] is like to woodruff, and the sed tuchid will honge in oneis cloþis.’ MS. Sloane, 5, leaf 29. ‘<italic>Rubia minor</italic>, cleuer heyrene.’ MS. Harl. 3388. In the Babees Book, p. 68, we find it mentioned as one of the herbs to be used in preparing a hot bath.</p></fn><fn id="fn1126" symbol="page 175 note 4"><label><sup>page 175 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer says of the Sompnour, Prol. 649—</p><p>'sHe was a gentil <italic>harlot</italic> and a kynde A bettre felaw schulde men nowher fynde.’</p><p>Among some old glosses in the Reliq. Antiq. i. 7, we find ‘<italic>scurra</italic>, a harlotte.’ In the Coventry Mystery of the Woman taken in Adultery (p. 217), it is the young man who is caught with the woman, and not the woman herself, who is stigmatised as a <italic>harlot</italic>. We find in Welsh, <italic>herlawd</italic> = a youth, and <italic>herlodes</italic> = a, hoyden (<italic>llodes</italic> = a girl, lass). In the <citation id="ref490" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, the false Emperor, speaks of Jovinian as ‘an <italic>harlotte</italic>,’ and again, p. 124, the Emperor's daughter while running a race addresses her male competitor—‘What, <italic>harlot</italic>, trowist thou to overcome me?’ ‘The x. day of Dessember, Satterday, was M. Cowlpeppur, and M. Duran, drawn fro the towr to Tiburn. Cowlpeppur was heddid, and Duran was hanggid and quartarid, both them for <italic>playing the harlottes</italic> wt with (<italic>sic</italic>) queen Kataryn that then was.’ London Chronicle during the reign of Henry VIII., Camden Miscellany, iv. 16. See also <citation id="ref491" citation-type="other"><italic>Knight of La Tour-Landry</italic>, p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, 1. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn1127" symbol="page 175 note 5"><label><sup>page 175 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Valator</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1128" symbol="page 176 note 1"><label><sup>page 176 note 1</sup></label><p>This is also given as the Lat. equivalent of a Gayhorse, <italic>q. v.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn1129" symbol="page 176 note 2"><label><sup>page 176 note 2</sup></label><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, vol. v. p. 37, says of the Emperor Commodus, ‘Þis Commodus was unprofitable to al þinges, and зaf hym al to leccherie and <italic>harlottrie</italic>,’ the original reading being <italic>luxuries et obscenitali deditus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1130" symbol="page 176 note 3"><label><sup>page 176 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Epiphia</italic>: ornatus equorum; the wrying off an hors. <italic>Fallera</italic>. Harneys.’ Medulla. The word was commonly used in the sense of armour, arms. Thus Palsgrave has ‘harnes-man, <italic>armigere</italic>;’ and in <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l. 1583, William is described as coming to court, ‘gayli in clþnes of gold, & oþer gode <italic>harneis</italic>.’ In the Prompt, it is used as synonymous with household furniture. ‘<italic>Harnois</italic>, armour, harnesse; also a teame, carte, or carriage, &c.’ Cotgrave. ‘Harnesse. <italic>Arma</italic>. To harnesse. <italic>Armare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1131" symbol="page 176 note 4"><label><sup>page 176 note 4</sup></label><p>When Havelok was attacked by the thieves we are told that with a ‘dore tre’</p><p><citation id="ref492" citation-type="other">‘at a dint he slow þemþre; Was non of hem þat his <italic>hernes</italic> Ne lay fer-ute ageyn þe sternes.’ l. <year>1807</year>.</citation></p><p>'sThe harne. <italic>Cerebrum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Herns. In the description of the cruelties practised in Stephen's reign as given in the A. S. Chronicle, p. 262, one item is thus given: ‘Me dide cnotted strenges abuton here hæued & uurythen to ðat it gæde to þe <italic>hærnes</italic>.’ For <italic>cerebru</italic>m the MS. has <italic>celebru</italic>m.</p></fn><fn id="fn1132" symbol="page 176 note 5"><label><sup>page 176 note 5</sup></label><p>Hampole, describing the wounds of Christ, speaks of ‘Þe croun of thornes þat was thrested On his heved fast, þat þe blode out rane, and in <citation id="ref493" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawain</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>291</fpage></citation>, l. 25, we read— When þe thornes hym prikked til þe <italic>harnpane</italic>.’ <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 5296;</p><p>'sAnd with a sownd smate Tagus but remede, Throw ather part of templis of his hede; In the <italic>harnepan</italic> the schaft he has affixt, Quhil blude and brane all togiddir mixt.’</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>hiarni</italic>, A. S. <italic>hærnes</italic>. ‘<italic>Herne-pon</italic>’ occurs in the <citation id="ref494" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, <fpage>8775</fpage></citation>; see also <citation id="ref495" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>2229</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref496" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <year>1991</year></citation>. ‘<italic>Cranium</italic>. The heed panne.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1133" symbol="page 176 note 6"><label><sup>page 176 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>erpitare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1134" symbol="page 176 note 7"><label><sup>page 176 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>liritus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1135" symbol="page 176 note 8"><label><sup>page 176 note 8</sup></label><p>A hinge. Icel. <italic>hjarri</italic>. It is denned incorrectly in the Nomenclator, 1580, as, ‘The back upright timber of a door or gate, by which it is hung to its post.’ Jamieson defines it as ‘the pivot on which a door or gate turns.’ Douglas uses the phrase ‘out of <italic>har</italic>’, that is ‘out of order:’</p><p>'sThe pyping wynd blaw vp the dure on char, And driue the leuis, and blaw thaym <italic>out of har</italic> and the same expression occurs in Gower, ii. 139— Intill the entre of the caue again.’ <citation id="ref497" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>83</fpage></citation>, l. 11;</p><p>'sSo may men knowe, how the florein Was moder first of malengin And bringer in of alle werre Wherof this world stant out of <italic>herre</italic>.’</p><p>'sThe endes of this line that is named <italic>Axis</italic>, be called <italic>Cardinales cœli</italic>, and be pight in the foresaid poles, and are called <italic>Cardinales</italic>, because they moue about ye hollownesse of the Poles, as the sharpe corners of a doore moue in the <italic>herre</italic>.’ Batman upon Barthol. <italic>de Propr. Rerum</italic>, lf. 123, col. 1. Chaucer, Prologue Cant. Tales, 550, describing the Miller, says—</p><p>'sHe was schort schuldred, brood, a thikke knarre,</p><p>Ther nas no dore that he nolde heve of <italic>harre</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref498" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>292</fpage></citation>, and Wright's Political Songs, p. 318:</p><p>'sWer never dogges there Hurled out of <italic>herre</italic> Fro coylthe ne cotte:’</p><p>and Skelton's <citation id="ref499" citation-type="other"><italic>Magnyfycence</italic>, <fpage>921</fpage></citation>: ‘All is out of <italic>harre</italic>, and out of trace.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1136" symbol="page 177 note 1"><label><sup>page 177 note 1</sup></label><p>'sGod preserve hem, we pray <italic>hertly</italic>, And Londoun, for thei ful diligently Kepten the peas in trowbel and adversite.’ Wright's Polit. Poems, ii. 255.</p></fn><fn id="fn1137" symbol="page 177 note 2"><label><sup>page 177 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘<italic>Harauld</italic>, vide <italic>Herhault</italic>; <italic>Herhault</italic> seemeth to be compounded of this dutch word, <italic>herault</italic>, Herus, <italic>i. e.</italic> Master, and of the french word <italic>Hault</italic>, Altus, <italic>i. e.</italic> High. For the herault of armes was an high officer among the Romanes, and of great authoritie.’ In the Lansdowne MS. 208, we find—</p><p>'sRyght sone were thay reddy on every syde,</p><p>For the <italic>harrotes</italic> betwyxte thame faste dyde ryde.’ leaf 20.</p></fn><fn id="fn1138" symbol="page 177 note 3"><label><sup>page 177 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Brumida: grece</italic>. The hertys horn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1139" symbol="page 177 note 4"><label><sup>page 177 note 4</sup></label><p>Ray in his Gloss, of N. Country Words gives ‘Heasy, <italic>raucus</italic>; Isl. <italic>hæse</italic>, raucitas.’ See Preface to E. D. Society's edit. p. 4, l. 47, and note in P. s. v. Hoose, p. 248. In <citation id="ref500" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvii. <fpage>324</fpage></citation>, occurs the proverb that ‘three things there are which drive a man out of his house, <italic>viz.</italic>, a bad wife, a leaky roof, and smoke.</p><p>For smoke and smolder smyteth in his eyen.</p><p>Til he be blere-nyed or blynde and <italic>hors</italic> in þe throte,’</p><p>where some MSS. read <italic>hoos</italic> and <italic>hos</italic>. See also Townley Mysteries, p. 109, and the Owl and Nightingale, 504, where we find ‘mid stefne <italic>hose</italic>.’ A.S. <italic>hâs</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>hâss</italic>. ‘<italic>Raucus</italic>. Hoos. <italic>Raucedo</italic>. Hooaness. <italic>Raucedulus</italic>. Sumdel hoos. <italic>Rauco</italic>. To makyn hoos.’ Medulla. In the Manip. Vocab. we find the form <italic>horsy</italic>, as well as <italic>horse</italic>.</p><p>'sQuha can not hald thare pece ar fre to flite,</p><p>Chide quhill thare hedis rifle, and hals worthe <italic>hace</italic>.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref500">ibid.</xref> p. 278, l. 38. <citation id="ref501" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>, l. 29.</p><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 11, says that after preceeding ‘noble spekers, þat sownede as trompes’ he feared to put forth his ‘bareyn speche, <italic>hosnes</italic> [<italic>hoose</italic> in Caxton's edition] an snodchynge.’ ‘Sche was wexyn alle <italic>horse</italic>.’ <citation id="ref502" citation-type="other"><italic>Eglamour</italic>, <fpage>927</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1140" symbol="page 178 note 1"><label><sup>page 178 note 1</sup></label><p>In Dan John Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS., E. E. Text Soc. ed. Perry, in the list of the seven deadly sins, we are told that <citation id="ref503" citation-type="other">‘Ane is <italic>hateredyne</italic> to speke, or here oghte be spokene, that may sowne unto gude to thaym that thay hate.’ p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, l. 3. So in <citation id="ref504" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>3363</fpage></citation>, we find ‘Pride, <italic>hatreden</italic> and envy.’ ‘<italic>Odium</italic> es .… als mekille atte saye as <italic>Hatredene</italic>, by whom es disioyned the anehede of bretherhede and the trewthe of unitee es sawene in sundir.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 89. ‘Unwraste men wat lacede зéu an alle mire rice þat зíe <italic>hatrede</italic> and widerwardnesse aзénes me зe win sæolde.’ Early Eng. Homilies, i. 233. See also <citation id="ref505" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Brunne</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, ed. Furnivall, <fpage>8992</fpage></citation>. ‘Wic <italic>hatreden</italic> = wicked hatred.’ Ps. xxiv. 19. reden was a common termination in Northern literature: <italic>lufreden</italic>, love; <italic>felawreden</italic>, fellowship; <italic>monreden</italic>, homage, are instances.</p></fn><fn id="fn1141" symbol="page 178 note 2"><label><sup>page 178 note 2</sup></label><p>Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 1492, has—</p><p>'sAls fra þe <italic>haterel</italic> oboven þe crown Es sene tyl þe sole of þe fot doun;’</p><p>and in the St. John's Coll. MS. of De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, leaf 48b, we are told of Memory that ‘hyr eyen ware sette behynde hire <italic>hatrelle</italic>, and byfore sawe I nathynge.’ See also Lonelich's <citation id="ref506" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of the Holy Grail</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xxiii. <fpage>570</fpage></citation>. In the Medulla we find ‘<italic>haterel</italic>’ as the English equivalent of <italic>vertex, occiput</italic> and <italic>imcon</italic>; and in the Glossary of Walt, de Bibelesworth, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocabularies, we have—‘<italic>Moun, haterel</italic> (my nape) <italic>ouweke les temples</italic> (ant thonewon ….). ’ See Hede. In Wyclif's version 2 Chronicles xviii. 33 is thus rendered: ‘It felle forsothe, that oon of the puple in to uncerteyn kast an arowe, and smote the kyng of Ysrael between the <italic>hatred</italic> and the schulders,’ where the Vulgate reads <italic>cervicem</italic>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref506">ibid.</xref> 1 Maccabees, i. 63. and <citation id="ref507" citation-type="other"><italic>Partonope of Blois</italic>, <fpage>3492</fpage></citation>. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Hatereau, Hastereau</italic>. The throat-piece or fore-part of the neck.’ See <citation id="ref508" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Haterelle</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>. ‘<italic>Hic vertex</italic>, a natrelle.’ Wright's Vocab. <fpage>244</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1142" symbol="page 178 note 3"><label><sup>page 178 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Baia</italic>. An haven toun.’ Medulla. See note on this word in N. & Q. 5th S. ix. 455.</p></fn><fn id="fn1143" symbol="page 178 note 4"><label><sup>page 178 note 4</sup></label><p>In Piers Plowman, Piers says—</p><p>'sI haue no peny …. poletes forto bigge,</p><p>Ne heyther gees ne grys but two grene cheses,</p><p>A fewe cruddes and creem and an <italic>hauer</italic> cake.’ B. Text, v. 282.</p><p>Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction of Knowledge, ed. <citation id="ref509" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>259</fpage></citation>, says, ‘Yf a man haue a lust or a sensuall appetyd (<italic>sic</italic>) to eate and Urynke of a grayne bysyde malte or barlye, let hym eate and drynke of it the whiche maye be made of otes; for <italic>hauer-cakes</italic> in Scotlande is many a good …. lordes dysshe; and yf it wyll make good <italic>hauer-cakes</italic>, consequently it wyll make goode drynke, &c.’ Gerarde states that <italic>haver</italic> is the common name for oats in Lancashire, and adds that it is ‘their chiefest bread come for Jannocks, <italic>Hauer-cakes</italic>, Tharife-cakes, &c.’ The <italic>festuca italica</italic> has, he says, commonly the name of ‘Hauer-grasse.’ ‘<italic>Avena</italic>. Ootes.’ Medulla. Cotgraye has ‘<italic>Aveneron</italic>, wild oats, haver or oat grass;’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘Haver, <italic>avena</italic>.’ See Bay's Glossary of North Country Words, and Otys, hereafter. ‘<italic>Panis avenacius, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> hafyr-bred.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 198.</p></fn><fn id="fn1144" symbol="page 179 note 1"><label><sup>page 179 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Alba spina</italic>, hag-þorn.’ Aelfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 33. ‘An hawe tre, <italic>sentis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Piers Plowman Wit says—</p><p>'sNoli mittere, man, margerye perlis Amanges hogges, þat han <italic>hawes</italic> at wille.’ B. Text, x. 10.</p><p>W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 162, speaks of the ‘<italic>Ceneler</italic> (awe-tre or hawethen) <italic>ke la cenele</italic> (awes) <italic>porte</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Cinus</italic>. An hawe-tre. <italic>Cornetum</italic>. A place <italic>þer</italic> hawys growyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hawes</italic>, hepus and hakernes.’ <citation id="ref510" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, <year>1811</year></citation>. A. S. <italic>haga</italic>. ‘<italic>Hec taxus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. haw-tre, hew-tre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 192.</p></fn><fn id="fn1145" symbol="page 179 note 2"><label><sup>page 179 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cassidule: genus rethis, reticule Aucupis</italic>. A ffoulare net.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1146" symbol="page 179 note 3"><label><sup>page 179 note 3</sup></label><p>See Halle and Hallynge, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1147" symbol="page 179 note 4"><label><sup>page 179 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Cursor Mundi, l. 15, 742, we are told that</p><p>'sJudas wel he knew the stude That Iheaus was <italic>hauntonde</italic>;’</p><p>and Hampole speaks of ‘Swilk degises and suilk maners, Als yhong men now <italic>hauntes</italic> and lers.’ <citation id="ref511" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <year>1524</year>.</citation></p><p>Amongst the charges brought by the King of France against Pope Boniface VIII., one was that he ‘<italic>haunted</italic> maumetrie.’ Langtoft, Chronicle, p. 320. Caxton, in his <citation id="ref512" citation-type="other"><italic>Myrrour of the World</italic>, Pt. I. ch. xiv. p. <fpage>47</fpage></citation>, says ‘it is good for to <italic>haunte</italic> amonge the vertuous men.’ ‘<italic>Harder</italic>. To haunt, frequent, resort unto; to be familiar with; to converse or commerce with.’ Cotgrave. See also Lonelich's <citation id="ref513" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of the Holy Grail</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xx. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref514" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>191</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Scortor</italic>, to haunt whores.’ Stanbridge <italic>Vocabula</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1148" symbol="page 179 note 5"><label><sup>page 179 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Decollo</italic>. To hedyn or heuedyn.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref515" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, where the author says he will tell ‘of Jonis baptizyng,</p><p>And how him <italic>hefdid</italic> heroud king.’</p><p>In the extract from the London Chronicle, &c., pr. in the note to Harlotte, the past part. <italic>heddid</italic> occurs. ‘I hedde a man, I cut of his heed, <italic>je decapite</italic>. He was needed at Tourehyll.’ Palsgrave. ‘To heade, <italic>decollare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Wright's Polit. Poems, ii. 85. ‘Headed or chopped of. <italic>Truncatus</italic>. Headynge or choppynge of, or clyppynge of any thynge. <italic>Truncatio</italic>’ Huloet. In a letter to his father, printed in the Paston Letters, ii. 120, John Paston writes, ‘Syr Wylliam Tunstall is tak with the garyson of Bamborowth, and is lyke to be <italic>hedyd</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1149" symbol="page 179 note 6"><label><sup>page 179 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThe haft, hilt or handle of any toole or weapon, <italic>manubrium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘An heft, <italic>manubrium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the Seven Sages, ed. <citation id="ref516" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Weber</surname></name>, <fpage>259</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sUnder <italic>heft</italic> and under hond;’</p><p>and in the Poem on the Times of Edward II. (Wright's Pol. Songs, p. 339) we are told that ‘Unnethe is nu eny many that can eny craft,</p><p>That he nis a party <italic>los in the haft</italic> [of bad principles],</p><p>For falsnesse is so fer forth over al the londe i-sprunge.’</p><p>'s<italic>Manubrium</italic>. An hefte. <italic>Manubriare</italic>. To heftyn.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>hœft</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>hepti</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1150" symbol="page 180 note 1"><label><sup>page 180 note 1</sup></label><p>The author of the Complaynt of Scotland says, <citation id="ref517" citation-type="other">‘til eschaip the euyl accidentis that succedis fra the onnatural dais sleip, as caterris, <italic>hede verkis</italic>, and indigestione, i thocht it necessair til excerse me vitht sum actyue recreatione:’ p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>; and Gawin Douglas in <citation id="ref518" citation-type="other"><italic>King Hart</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Small</surname></name>, i. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, l. 11, speaks of ‘<italic>heidwerk</italic>, Hoist, and Parlasy.’ ‘<italic>Cephalia</italic>. An heed werk.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Cephalia est humor capitis, Anglice</italic>, the hedde warke.’ Ortus. ‘<italic>Doleo</italic>. To sorowyn, to werkyn.’ Medulla. Compare ‘<italic>Tuth-wark</italic>, the tooth-ache,’ Capt. Harland's Glossary of Swaledale.</p></fn><fn id="fn1151" symbol="page 180 note 2"><label><sup>page 180 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>detruccat</italic>us.</p></fn><fn id="fn1152" symbol="page 180 note 3"><label><sup>page 180 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. garghe. A. S. <italic>hœg</italic>. Chaucer uses <italic>chirchehay</italic> in the sense of <italic>churchyard</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1153" symbol="page 180 note 4"><label><sup>page 180 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>hela</italic>, a heel.</p></fn><fn id="fn1154" symbol="page 180 note 5"><label><sup>page 180 note 5</sup></label><p>The verses run rather differently in A. They are as follow:—</p><p>'sEst coma cesaries c<italic>ri</italic>nis pilus atq<italic>ue</italic> capillus,</p><p>Sesaries ho<italic>min</italic>is <italic>sed</italic> c<italic>ri</italic>nes die mulieris:</p><p>Huj<italic>us</italic> et illi<italic>us</italic> b<italic>e</italic>n<italic>e</italic> d<italic>icitu</italic>r e<italic>ss</italic>e Capillus;</p><p>Est coma q<italic>ua</italic>dripedis Colubri juba siue leonis:’</p><p>part of which it will be seen also occurs under Horse mayne.</p><p>In Mediæval Latin we frequently find the penultimate of <italic>mulier</italic> in the oblique cases made long. Compare</p><p>'sVento quid levius? fulgur. Quid fulgure? flamma.</p><p>Flammâ quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nihil;’</p><p>and again— ‘Fallere, flere, nere, dedit Deus in muliere.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1155" symbol="page 180 note 6"><label><sup>page 180 note 6</sup></label><p>'sAure his sadulle gerut him to <italic>held</italic>.’ <citation id="ref519" citation-type="other"><italic>Avowynge of Arthur</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, xxi. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>. Amongst the signs of a man's approaching death Hampole tells us that</p><p>'swhen þe ded es nere, And his browes <italic>heldes</italic> doun wyth-alle.’</p><p>þan bygynnes his frount dounward falle, <citation id="ref520" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>815</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThan they <italic>heldede</italic> to hir heste alle holly at ones.’ <citation id="ref521" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>3368</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAlle <italic>helded</italic> þai samen, <italic>omnes declinaverunt simul</italic>.’ Ps. xiii 3; and again ‘<italic>Helde</italic> þin eere to me.’ Ps. xvi. 6.</p><p>'sAnd with ane swak, as that the schip gan <italic>heild</italic>,</p><p>Ouer burd him kest amyd the flowand see.’</p><p><citation id="ref522" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. v. p. <fpage>157</fpage>.</citation></p><p>So in MS. Harl. 4196, leaf 207—‘Þe hevedes halely gan <italic>helde</italic>, And did him honoure alle.’ ‘I <italic>hylde</italic>, I leane on the one syde as a bote pr shyp. Sytte fast, I rede you, for the bote begynneth to <italic>hylde</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Of horse he gart hym <italic>helde</italic>.’ <citation id="ref523" citation-type="other"><italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, <fpage>822</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref523">ibid.</xref> 499, 549. A. S. <italic>heldan, hyldan</italic>. We still keep up the word when we speak of a ship having <italic>heeled</italic> over.</p></fn><fn id="fn1156" symbol="page 181 note 1"><label><sup>page 181 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAn heck, hatohe, <italic>portella</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. ‘<italic>Hoc ostiolum</italic>; a hek. <italic>Hec antica</italic>; a hek.’ Wright's Vol. of Vooab. p. 236. The word, which ia not very common in this sense, occurs in the Townley Myateriea, p. 106—‘Good wyff, open the <italic>hek</italic>, seys thou not what I bryng?’</p></fn><fn id="fn1157" symbol="page 181 note 2"><label><sup>page 181 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vericulum</italic>. A net or a boot. <italic>Verriculum</italic>. A besnm: <italic>vel genus retis et nauis</italic>.’ Medulla. A <italic>heck</italic> was an instrument or engine for catching fish, made in the form of lattice-work, or a grating. It appears to have been peculiar to or principally used in the river Ouse in Yorkshire. So Ducange, ‘Heck, Retis genus, quo utuntur piscatores, fluvii Isidis Eboraceusis accolæ.’ These engines appear to have increased to such an extent as to become a source of danger and interruption to the traffic on the river. The Mayor and Corporation of York accordingly presented a petition on the subject, the result being that by the Stat. 23 Henry VIII. cap. 18, the Magistrates having jurisdiction over the river Ouse were empowered to cause ‘as much of the said fishgarthes, piles, stakes, <italic>heckes</italic> and other engines, which then by their discretions shall be thought expedient …‥ to be pulled up, that the said ships, keyles, cogges, boats and other vessels …‥ may have direct, liberall, and franke passage.’ A <italic>heckboat</italic>, or <italic>hekbett</italic>, would therefore appear to be a fishing boat using this particular engine for catching fish. In Ad. Smyth's <italic>Sailor's Word-Book</italic>, 1867, a <italic>Heckhoat</italic> is defined as ‘the old term for pinks. Latterly a clincher-built boat with covered fore-sheets and one mast with a trysail;’ and a <italic>Pink</italic> in ita turn is described as ‘a ship with a very narrow stern, having a small square part above.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1158" symbol="page 181 note 3"><label><sup>page 181 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAn heckle, <italic>pecten</italic>. To heckle, <italic>pectere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Brosse</italic>. A flax combe or hetchell.’ Cotgrave. ‘A hatchell or heach for flax. <italic>Seran, brosse</italic>.’ Sherwood. ‘<italic>Metaxa</italic>. An hekyl. <italic>Metaxo</italic>. To hekelyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hec metaxa</italic>, a hekylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 217. ‘And yet the same must be better kembed with <italic>hetchel-teeth</italic> of iron (<italic>pectitur ferreis hamis</italic>) until it be clensed from all the grosse bark and rind.’ Holland's Pliny, Bk. xix. c. 4. In an Inventory dated 1499 is mentioned ‘j hekyll j<sup>d</sup>.’ See also note to to Bray. Walter de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 144, has—</p><p>'s<italic>En la rue juvetz à toup</italic> (a top of tre).</p><p><italic>E serencez</italic> (hekele) <italic>du lyn le toup</italic> (a top of flax).’</p><p>'sTo hatch flax, à gal <italic>hacher</italic>, i.e. asciare, to hacke into small peeces. A Hatchell, the iron combe wherewith the flax is dressed, T. Hechel <italic>ab</italic> heckelen, <italic>ab</italic> ἑλκε<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline3"></inline-graphic>ν, i. e. trahere. <italic>Trahit linum hoc instrumentum</italic>.’ Minsheu. ‘I <italic>hekylle</italic> the towe, I kave and I keylle,’ <citation id="ref524" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. ii. <fpage>197</fpage></citation>. ‘It [flax] shold be sowen, weded, hulled, beten, braked, tawed, <italic>hekled</italic>.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Husbandry</italic>, fo. xlix.</p></fn><fn id="fn1159" symbol="page 181 note 4"><label><sup>page 181 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Trama</italic>. The woufe in weaving.’ Cooper. The Medulla explains it as ‘<italic>filum percurrens per telam</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1160" symbol="page 181 note 5"><label><sup>page 181 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>flix</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1161" symbol="page 181 note 6"><label><sup>page 181 note 6</sup></label><p>Apparently for Ἅιδης. A. reads <italic>Aden</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1162" symbol="page 181 note 7"><label><sup>page 181 note 7</sup></label><p><italic>Erebrum</italic> A.: read <italic>Erebum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1163" symbol="page 181 note 8"><label><sup>page 181 note 8</sup></label><p><italic>Cocytus</italic> and <italic>Phlegethon</italic>, rivers of Hades.</p></fn><fn id="fn1164" symbol="page 182 note 1"><label><sup>page 182 note 1</sup></label><p>In Pecock's Repressor, Rolls Series, ii. 323, we are told that ‘Whanne greet Constantyne the Emperour was baptisid of Siluester Pope, and hadde endewid Siluester Pope with greet plente of londis of the empire, a voice of an aungel was herd in the eir seiyng thus: “In this dai venom is <italic>hildid</italic> into the chirche of God
(<italic>hodie venenum ecclesiis Dei infusum est</italic>).’ In the Ancren Riwle, p. 428, we read—‘Me schal <italic>helden</italic> eoli and win beoðe ine wunden;’ and again, p. 246—‘Hwon me asaileð buruhwes oðer castles þeo þet beoð wiðinen <italic>heldeð</italic> schaldinde water ut.’ See also P. Plowman, A. x. 60. O. Icel. <italic>hella</italic>, to pour. ‘No man sendiþ newe wyn in to oolde botelis, (or wyne vesselis), ellis the wyn shal berste þe wyn vesselis, and þe wyn shal be <italic>held</italic> out, and þe wyne vesselis shulen perishe.’ Wyclif, Mark ii. 22; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref524">ibid.</xref> xiv, 3.</p><p>'sI toke the bacyn sone onane, And <italic>helt</italic> waper opon the stane.’ <italic>Ywaine</italic>, in Kitson, Early Eng. Romances, i. 16.</p><p>Trevisa in his trans, of <citation id="ref525" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Higden</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>347</fpage></citation>, says—‘Iosue, or he deide, <italic>helte</italic> water on þe erþe [<italic>effudit aquam in terram</italic>];’ and again ‘mysbyleued men vsede to <italic>helde oute</italic>, and schede blood of a sowe þat is i-slawe in tokene of couenant i-made,’</p></fn><fn id="fn1165" symbol="page 182 note 2"><label><sup>page 182 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>reuelame</italic>n.</p></fn><fn id="fn1166" symbol="page 182 note 3"><label><sup>page 182 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘an <italic>halter</italic>, anything that one is snarled or tied withall, a ginne, a snare.’ ‘<italic>Capistrum</italic>. A collare; a halter; a morwell; a bande to tie vines.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Capistrium</italic>. An haltyre.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hic capistrius, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> helterer.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn1167" symbol="page 182 note 4"><label><sup>page 182 note 4</sup></label><p>A. adds the verses—Aspirans hora<italic>m</italic> tempus tibi sig<italic>nifica</italic>bit,</p><p>Si no<italic>n</italic> aspires limbu<italic>m</italic> not<italic>a</italic>t aut regione<italic>m</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1168" symbol="page 182 note 5"><label><sup>page 182 note 5</sup></label><p>'sHenbane, herbe, <italic>hyoscyamus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Henbane, <italic>apollinaris</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Iusquiame</italic>. The weed Hogsbane or Henbane.’ Cotgrave. <italic>Iusquimanus</italic> should be <italic>Iusquiamus</italic> from the Greek ὑοσκύαμος, lit. hog's bean, but gradually corrupted into henbane, which Cotgrave also gives as ‘<italic>mort aux oisaus</italic>. Henbane, also Hemlocke.’ Neckham recommends the use of Henbane for the gout, influenza, toothache, and swollen testicles. ‘See also <citation id="ref526" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyte</surname></name>, <name><surname>Dodoens</surname></name>, p. <fpage>450</fpage></citation>. Another name was <italic>henne belle</italic>, from the bell-shaped capsules, from which it also derived its A.S. name <italic>belene, heolene, i. e.</italic> furnished with bells. The modern name of <italic>henbane</italic> is derived from the poisonous properties of the plant, as is also <italic>hennewol</italic>, another name with the same meaning.</p></fn><fn id="fn1169" symbol="page 183 note 1"><label><sup>page 183 note 1</sup></label><p>A hip or fruit of the dog-rose. ‘<italic>Cornus</italic>. A hepe tre.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 181. In the Royal MS. xii.B i. leaf 40, occurs ‘<italic>cornus</italic>, a hepe tre.’ See <citation id="ref527" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hood</surname><given-names>Robin</given-names></name> i. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref528" citation-type="other"><italic>Kyng Alisaunder</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Weber</surname></name>, <fpage>4983</fpage></citation>. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Senelles</italic>. Heps or hawthorn berries. <italic>Grate-cul</italic>. A hep; the fruit of the wild briar, &c.’ Cooper identifies the <italic>cornus</italic> with the <italic>cornel</italic>, and says it is a ‘tree whereof is the male and the female; the male is not in Englande, and may be called longe cherie tree. The female of some is called dogge tree, that bouchers makers prickes of. <italic>Cornum</italic>. The fruit of <italic>cornus</italic> which is not in England; the french men call it Cornoiles. <italic>Corneolus</italic>. A little cornoile tree.’ The Medulla, on the other hand, has ‘<italic>Cornus</italic>. A chestony tre.’ Lyte, Dodoens, p. 655, mentions as the seventh kind of rose ‘the Bryer bushe, the wilde Rose, or <italic>Hep-tree</italic>.’ Cockayne, Leechdoms, &c., iii. p. 331, gives ‘<italic>Heope</italic>; a Hip, Hep, seedvessel of the <italic>rosa canina</italic>; in French English, a button. <italic>Butunus</italic> gallice butun, anglice heuppe, Gloss. Sloane, 146,’ and Withals ‘A bryer tree, or a hippe tree. <italic>Rubus canis</italic>.’ Turner in his <citation id="ref529" citation-type="other"><italic>Serial</italic>, 1551, p. <fpage>131</fpage></citation>, says— ‘I heare say that ther is a <italic>cornel tree</italic> at Hampton courte here in Englande.’ Nekham calls the <italic>cornus</italic> the <citation id="ref530" citation-type="other"><italic>hostis apri</italic>; p. <fpage>482</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sOn cace thare stude ane lityl mote nere by, Quhare <italic>hepthorne</italic> bushis on the top grow hie.’</p><p><citation id="ref531" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, p. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>, l. 51.</p><p>See also Sohowpo tre. ‘Hawes, <italic>hepus</italic> and hakernes’ are mentioned in William of Palerne, 1811. ‘<italic>Eglenter</italic> (brere), <italic>qe le piperounges</italic> (hepen, hepes) <italic>porte</italic>.’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vocab. p. 163.</p></fn><fn id="fn1170" symbol="page 183 note 2"><label><sup>page 183 note 2</sup></label><p>Of this plant Andrew Boorde in his Breuiary, chapt. 119, on the Nightmare, says—‘I haue red, as many more hath done, that can tell yf I do wryte true or false, there is an herbe named <italic>fuga Demonum</italic>, or as the Grecians do name it <italic>Ipericon</italic>. In Englysshe it [is] named saynt Johns worte, the whiche herbe is of that vertue that it doth repell suche malyfycyousness or spirites.’ ‘<italic>Hyperion</italic>. An hearbe called sainct John's wort.’ Cooper. The Latin equivalent which in P. is given to this plant (see p. 140), viz. <italic>perforata</italic>, doubtless refers to a peculiarity of the leaves to which Lyte, p. 63, refers: he says ‘the leaues be long and narrow, or small …‥ the whiche if a man do holde betwixt the light and him they will shewe as though they were pricked thorough with the poyntes of needela.’ ‘<italic>Ypis</italic>, herbe Johan, velde-rude.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 140.</p></fn><fn id="fn1171" symbol="page 183 note 3"><label><sup>page 183 note 3</sup></label><p>According to Lyte, p. 48, Herb Robert, <italic>Geranium Robertianum</italic>, a kind of Crowfoot, ‘doth stanche the bloud of greene woundes, to be brused and layde thereto, as <italic>Dioscorides</italic> saith.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1172" symbol="page 183 note 4"><label><sup>page 183 note 4</sup></label><p>In Thomas of Erceldoune, ed. <citation id="ref532" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Murray</surname></name>, p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, is a description of a <italic>herbere</italic> in which grew pears, apples, dates, damsons and figs, where the meaning is evidently a garden of fruit trees. See Dr. Murray's note on l, 177. In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic> the French knights who are sent by Charles to Baian find him ‘Sittynge on a grene <italic>erber</italic>.’ ‘He sawe syttynge vnder an ympe in an <italic>herber</italic>, a wonder fayre damoysel, of passynge beaute.’ Lydgate, Pilgremage of the Sowle, p. 63, reprint of 1859. ‘<italic>Viretum, locus pascualis virens</italic>, a gresзerd or an herber.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Herbarium</italic>, an herber, <italic>ubi crescunt herbe, vel ubi habundant</italic>, or a gardyn.’ Ortus. In the <italic>Flower and the Leaf, herbere</italic> or <italic>herbir</italic> is distinctly used in the sense of an <italic>arbour</italic>, a bower of clipped foliage—</p><p>'sAnd shapin was this <italic>herbir</italic>, rofe and all As is a pretty parlour.’</p><p>As the <italic>arbour</italic> would commonly be an adjunct of a <italic>herbere</italic>, or pleasure-garden, the words might easily have got confounded. Italian, ‘<italic>arborata</italic>, an arbor or bowre of boughs or trees.’ Florio. O. Fr. ‘<italic>arboret, arbrière, arbreux</italic>, place planted with trees.’ Roquefort. ‘Greses broghte þat fre, þat godd sett in his awenn <italic>herbere</italic>.’ <citation id="ref533" citation-type="other"><italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, <fpage>994</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1173" symbol="page 184 note 1"><label><sup>page 184 note 1</sup></label><p>Hereford.</p></fn><fn id="fn1174" symbol="page 184 note 2"><label><sup>page 184 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tena</italic>. An herbond.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1175" symbol="page 184 note 3"><label><sup>page 184 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Allodium</italic>. Herytage; <italic>quod potest dari et vendi. Dicitur allodium fundus, fundum maris ymum</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1176" symbol="page 184 note 4"><label><sup>page 184 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Merista</italic>. An heretyke.’ Medulla. Gr. μερίστης from μερὸς, a part, portion.</p></fn><fn id="fn1177" symbol="page 184 note 5"><label><sup>page 184 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA herring, <italic>halec vel halex, harang</italic>; a red herring, <italic>halex infumata, harany soré</italic>.’ Baret. A. S. <italic>hœring</italic>. <citation id="ref534" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hering</italic> and þe makerel.’ Havelok, <fpage>758</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1178" symbol="page 184 note 6"><label><sup>page 184 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Reply of Friar Daw Topias, pr. in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 64, the following definition of a hermit is given:—</p><p>'sIn contemplation There ben many other That drawen hem to disert And drye myche peyne; By eerbis, rootes, and fruyte lyven, For her goddis love; And this manere of folk Men callen <italic>heremytes</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1179" symbol="page 184 note 7"><label><sup>page 184 note 7</sup></label><p>See also Harnes.‘Sum lay stareand on the sternes,</p><p>And sum lay knoked out thaire <italic>hernes</italic>.’</p><p>Wright's Polit. Poems, i. 64.</p></fn><fn id="fn1180" symbol="page 184 note 8"><label><sup>page 184 note 8</sup></label><p>The term <italic>heronsew</italic> is still known in Swaledale, Yorkshire, and in other parts of England is found as <italic>hernshaw</italic> or <italic>harnsa</italic>. Halliwell has, <italic>Hernshaw</italic>, a heron,’ and quotes ‘<italic>Ardeola</italic>, an hearnesew,’ from Elyot's Diet. 1559; and also notes the spelling <italic>Henmsew</italic> in Reliq. Antiq. i. 88. Spenser, Faerie Queene, vi. 7, 9, has <italic>hernshaw</italic>, and Cotgrave gives—‘<italic>Hairon</italic>, a heron, herne, herneshawe.’ Chaucer in the Squieres Tale, 67–8, says—</p><p>'sI wol nat tellen of her strange sewes, Ne of her swannes, ne of her <italic>heronsewes</italic>.’</p><p>The French form <italic>herouncel</italic> appears in Liber Custumarum, p. 304. ‘As lang and lanky as a <italic>herringsue</italic>’ is a Yorkshire proverb. <italic>Heronsew</italic> is generally thought to be the true reading in Hamlet, II. ii. 397: ‘I knowe a Hawke from a <italic>Handsaw</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1181" symbol="page 185 note 1"><label><sup>page 185 note 1</sup></label><p>In the account of the ‘blasynge sterre’ of 1471 in Warkworth's Chronicle, Camd. Soc. p. 22, we are told that ‘it kept his course rysinge west in the northe, and so every nyght it aperide lasse and lasse tylle it was lytelle as a <italic>hesylle</italic> styke.’ ‘<italic>Hec corolus, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> hesylletre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 192.</p><p>'sHoltis and hare woddes, with <italic>heslyne</italic> schawes.’ <citation id="ref535" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>2504</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A. S. <italic>hǽsl</italic>. ‘An hasil or hasle or hasle. <italic>Corylus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1182" symbol="page 185 note 2"><label><sup>page 185 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAn hapse, hasp or catch. <italic>Sera</italic>.’ Gouldman. In the Destruction of Troy, 11102, we read that in the fight between Pyrrhus and Penthesilea,</p><p>'sÞe <italic>haspis</italic> of hir helme hurlit in sonder.’</p><p>See also ll. 1270, 5254, 8593. ‘An haspe, <italic>vertibulum</italic>: to haspe, <italic>obserare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'s<italic>Agrapher</italic>. To buckle, grapple, hasp, clasp.’ Cotgrave. ‘“Be not aferde, sone,
she saide, “for I shalle <italic>haspe</italic> the dore, and pynne it with a pynne.
’ <citation id="ref536" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>409</fpage></citation>. See also Occleve, <italic>De Reg. Principum</italic>, p. 40—‘up is broke lok, <italic>haspe</italic>, barre and pynne:’ and P. Plowman, B. i. 195—‘So harde hath auarice <italic>yhasped</italic> hem togideres.’ ‘<italic>Hec grunda, hoc pesulum</italic>, a hespe.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 261. ‘<italic>Pensum</italic>. An hespe.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sAnd underneþe is an <italic>haspe</italic> Shet wiþ a stapil and a claspe.’ <citation id="ref537" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard Cceur de Lion</italic>, <fpage>4083</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1183" symbol="page 185 note 3"><label><sup>page 185 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref538" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren, Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>424</fpage></citation>, directions are given, ‘Inwid þe wanes ha muhe werie scapeloris hwan mantel ham <italic>heuegeð</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>hefigian</italic>, to oppress, weigh upon. ‘<italic>Molesto</italic>. To makyn hevy. <italic>Molestia</italic>. Hevynes or grevauns.’ Medulla. ‘I am in grete <italic>heuynesse</italic> & pouerte, for I haue lost all that I had.’ <citation id="ref539" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>. ‘The Emperour was <italic>hevy with</italic> this answere, & seid, “Sith my two doughters haue thus <italic>yhevid</italic> me, sothely I shal preve the thrid.
’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref539">Ibid.</xref> p. 51. Wyclif uses the word in St. Mark xiv. 33, ‘he takiþ Petre and James and John wiþ him and bigan for to drede, and to <italic>heuye</italic>,’ where the A. V. retains the expression.</p></fn><fn id="fn1184" symbol="page 186 note 1"><label><sup>page 186 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that ‘Helle es halden a full <italic>hidos</italic> stede</p><p>Þe whilke es full of endeles dede.’ <citation id="ref540" citation-type="other"><italic>Priche of Conscience</italic>, <year>1744</year>.</citation></p><p>And again he gives as one of the 15 signs before Doomsday,</p><p>'sÞe mast wondreful fisshes of þe se Sal cum to-gyder and mak swilk romyng Þat it sal be <italic>hydus</italic> til mans heryng.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref539">Ibid.</xref> 4771.</p><p>'sStubbes scharpe and <italic>hidous</italic> to byholde.’ Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1120.</p><p>And in MS. Harl. 1701, leaf 83, we read—</p><p>'sY wyst myself <italic>hydus</italic> and blak, And nothyng hath so moche lak.’</p><p>O. Fr. <italic>hide, hisde, hidour, hisdour</italic> = dread; <italic>hisdouse</italic> = dreadful. Hogsum; does not occur in its proper place: probably Hugsome is meant. See note to Hyrn, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1185" symbol="page 186 note 2"><label><sup>page 186 note 2</sup></label><p>Compare Þe Walde.</p></fn><fn id="fn1186" symbol="page 186 note 3"><label><sup>page 186 note 3</sup></label><p>See Angellis sete.</p></fn><fn id="fn1187" symbol="page 186 note 4"><label><sup>page 186 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Prologue to Piers Plowman, l. 39, B. Text, Langland says—</p><p>'sQui turpiloquium loquitur, is luciferes <italic>hyne</italic>.’</p><p>In ‘Sinners Beware,’ pr. in An Old Eng. Miscell. ed. <citation id="ref541" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>, l. 307, we are told that our lord will say at the day of Judgment to the wicked—</p><p>.… ‘Myne Poure vn-hole <italic>hyne</italic> To eure dore come, For chele hy gunne hwyne, For hunger hi hedde pyne; Ye nolden nyme gome.’</p><p>'sAn hine. <italic>Villicus</italic>. An hayne. <italic>Verna</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1188" symbol="page 186 note 5"><label><sup>page 186 note 5</sup></label><p>That is ‘<italic>Archimandrita</italic>, Abbas generalis, seu <italic>Princeps Monachorum …‥ pater spiritualiwm ovium</italic>.’ Ducange.</p></fn><fn id="fn1189" symbol="page 186 note 6"><label><sup>page 186 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Angulus</italic>. An herne or a cornere. <italic>Quinquangulus</italic>. Off v. hyrnes.’ Medulla. In William of Palerne, l. 688, William starting up in his dream that Lady Melior loved him,</p><p>'sLoked after þat ladi, for lelli he wende, That sche had hed in sum <italic>hurne</italic>;’</p><p>and at l. 3201, he and Melior having taken off their ‘hidous hidus .… in a <italic>hirne</italic> hem cast.’ See also <citation id="ref542" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. ii. <fpage>233</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sAlle flowen for fere, and fledden into <italic>hernes</italic>.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 313, says, ‘Laborintus is an hous wonderliche i-buld wiþ halkes and <italic>hernes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref543" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>257</fpage></citation>, l. 9, renders <italic>cavas latebras</italic>, by ‘hid <italic>hirnis</italic>.’ ‘Vsurers wyllen nought be hyghely renomed of theyr craft ne cryen it in the markett, but pryuely in <italic>hernes</italic> they spoylen the people by litel and by lytel.’ Lydgate, <italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, Bk. iii. If. 54. A. S. <italic>hyrne</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1190" symbol="page 187 note 1"><label><sup>page 187 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA Hobie, a Hobyhauke. <italic>Alaudarius</italic> [misprinted <italic>Alandarius</italic>].’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Hobyhauke, <italic>Alaudarius</italic>.’ Huloet. The Hobbie is mentioned by Harrison amongst the ‘hawkes and rauenous foules’ of England, ii. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn1191" symbol="page 187 note 2"><label><sup>page 187 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘a barrowe hog, a gilt or gelded hog, <italic>maialis</italic>.’ ‘Hog-pigs, castrates or barrow pigs.’ Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. See also Galte. ‘<italic>Maialis</italic>, bearg.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76.</p></fn><fn id="fn1192" symbol="page 187 note 3"><label><sup>page 187 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cavo</italic>, To holyn or deluyn.’ Medulla. In the <citation id="ref544" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>130</fpage></citation>, we ‘þe briddes þet tire Louerd spekeð of .… ne <italic>holieþ</italic> nout aduncward, ese doð þe uoxes.’ See also <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, 10736, ‘To hole, <italic>perforare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1193" symbol="page 187 note 4"><label><sup>page 187 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe park thai tuk, Wallace a place has seyn</p><p>Off gret <italic>holyns</italic>, that grew bathe heych and greyn.’ Wallace xi. 378.</p><p>The gloss on W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 163, explains <italic>hous</italic> by ‘holyn,’ and <italic>houce</italic> by ‘holin-leves’ or ‘holin-tre.’ In the <citation id="ref545" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>418</fpage></citation>, we find ‘mid <italic>holie</italic>, ne mid breres, &c,’ where one MS. reads <italic>holin</italic>. A. S. <italic>holen</italic>.</p><p>'sLyarde es ane olde horse, and may noght well drawe,</p><p>He salle be putt into the parke <italic>holyne</italic> for to gnawe.’ <citation id="ref546" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> ii. <fpage>280</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sIn his on honde he hade a <italic>holyn</italic> bobbe.’ <citation id="ref547" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <fpage>206</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1194" symbol="page 187 note 5"><label><sup>page 187 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Palo</italic>. To hedge or pale in: to proppe up with stakes.’ Cooper. Stratmann connects <italic>holken</italic> with Swedish <italic>holka</italic>, excavare, which is probably the meaning here. Thus in the <italic>Antitrs of Arthur</italic>, Camden Soc. ed. <citation id="ref548" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, ix. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, in the description of the apparition we are told— ‘Hyr enyn were <italic>holket</italic> and nolle, And gloet as the gledes.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>holc</italic>, hollow, which occurs in Early Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 251. In the A.-S. version of the Gospels, St. Matthew v. 29 is thus rendered: ‘Gyf þin swiðre eage þe aswikie, <italic>aholeke</italic> hit at [erne] & awerp hit fram þe.’</p><p>'sHis bludy bowellis toring with huge pane, Furth renting all his fude to fang full fane, Vnder his coist <italic>holkand</italic> in weill lawe.’ <citation id="ref549" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vi. p. <fpage>185</fpage></citation>, l. 23.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref549">ibid.</xref> p. 26, l. 21.</p><p>'sWith gaistly secht behold our heidis thre, Oure <italic>holkit</italic> eine, oure peilit powis bair.’</p><p><citation id="ref550" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Johnston</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <italic>The Three deid Powis</italic>, ab. <fpage>1500</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1195" symbol="page 187 note 6"><label><sup>page 187 note 6</sup></label><p>'sHollow wort,’ <italic>fumaria bulbosa</italic>. the <italic>radix cava</italic> of the old herbalists. <italic>Runde Hohlwurzel</italic>, Germ., <italic>Huulroed</italic>, Dan., <italic>Hällrot</italic>, Swed. See <citation id="ref551" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Botany</surname><given-names>English</given-names></name>, <fpage>1471</fpage></citation>. In the <italic>Dictionarius</italic> of John de Garlande (Wright's <citation id="ref552" citation-type="other"><italic>Vol. of Vocab.</italic> p. <fpage>136</fpage></citation>) we find—‘<italic>Hinnulus</italic>, fetus cerve; <italic>inula</italic> Gallice dicitur <italic>eschaloigne</italic>, unde versus—Hinnulus in silvis, inule queruntur in hortis.’ Turner in his <citation id="ref553" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, <year>1551</year>. p. <fpage>97</fpage></citation>, says: ‘The onyons that we call <italic>hollekes</italic>, ar of this nature, that if one be set alone that their wil a great sorte within a shorte space growe of that same roote.’ ‘<italic>Hinnula</italic>. Cepula; échalotte (chive, chalot) Vet. Gl.’ D'Arnis. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Ciboulet</italic> f. a chiboll or hollow Leek.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vooab. p. 225, we find ‘hollek. <italic>Ascalonia</italic>,’ which Latin term Cooper renders by ‘a little oynion or scalion.’ A. S. <italic>hol</italic>, hollow, <italic>leac</italic>, an onion. Compare P. Holrysche. ‘<italic>Duricorium</italic>, holleac’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76.</p></fn><fn id="fn1196" symbol="page 188 note 1"><label><sup>page 188 note 1</sup></label><p>See quotation from the Anturs of Arthur under Holke, above. ‘<italic>Cauus</italic>. Holle. <italic>Cauitas</italic>. Hallydhede.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>hol</italic>. In De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, MS. John's Coll. Camb. lf. 84bk. we read—‘Many a willowe is cladde with fayre leves that es <italic>hol</italic> with-in and fulle of wormys.’ See also <citation id="ref554" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, p. <fpage>130</fpage></citation>, l. 14. ‘<italic>Caualis</italic>. Holle as redys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1197" symbol="page 188 note 2"><label><sup>page 188 note 2</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref555" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, <fpage>1343</fpage></citation>, the messengers exclaim</p><p>'sSeþþe crist deide on þe croyce mankinde to saue,</p><p>зe ne herde neuer, y <italic>hope</italic>, of so hard a cunter;’</p><p>and again, 1. 1780— ‘Þei seie me nouзt, soþli I <italic>hope</italic>:’</p><p>in each of which instances the meaning of the word hope is <italic>expect, believe</italic>. So also in the Seven Sages, 2812— ‘Som <italic>hoped</italic> he war the fend of hell;’</p><p>and in <citation id="ref556" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. Text, xv. <fpage>592</fpage></citation>, &c. The use of the word in this sense has, says Mr. Halliwell, led some modern editors into many strange blunders. See Nares s. v. <italic>Hope</italic>, where the story is cited of the Tanner of Tamworth (from Puttenham's <italic>Arte of Poesie</italic>, iii. cap. 22, ed. <citation id="ref557" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Arber</surname></name>, p. <fpage>263</fpage></citation>), who said—‘I <italic>hope</italic> I shall be hanged tomorrow.’ ‘It signifies the mere expectation of a future event, whether good or evil, as ἐλπίζω in Greek, and <italic>spero</italic> in Latin. So in Shakespere, Ant. & Cleop. II. i. 38.’ Tyrwhitt's Note to Chaucer, C.T. 4027.</p></fn><fn id="fn1198" symbol="page 188 note 3"><label><sup>page 188 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vas cum quo seminatores seminant</italic>, a sedelepe or a hopere.’ MS. Gloss, pr. in Reliq. Antiq. i. 7. Hopper of a mill. <italic>Infundibulum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the Reeve's Tale, 4039, one of the young clerks as an excuse to prevent being swindled declares,</p><p>'sBy god, right by the <italic>hoper</italic> wol I stande, .… and se how that the corn gas in: Yet saw I nevere, by my fader kyn, How þat the <italic>hoper</italic> wagges til and fra.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1199" symbol="page 188 note 4"><label><sup>page 188 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAs I was in swich plyte and in swich torment I herde the <italic>orlage</italic> of the couent that rang for the matynes as it was wont.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, &c. ed. <citation id="ref558" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>207</fpage></citation>, l. 4. See also Overlokere. <citation id="ref559" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Parlement of Foules</italic>, <fpage>350</fpage></citation>, terms the cock ‘the <italic>orloge</italic> of thorpis lyte,’ and Lydgate in his <citation id="ref560" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage</italic>, Bk. v. ch. xiv. p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, of reprint 1853, has, ‘by this tyme the <italic>Horolage</italic> had fully performed half his nyghtes cours.’ See also <citation id="ref561" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, pp. <fpage>208</fpage></citation>, l. 8, and 404, l. 8. In <citation id="ref562" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, l. <fpage>1453</fpage></citation>, Myldore's chamber is described as having in it ‘an <italic>orrelegge</italic>, to rynge the ours at nyзth.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1200" symbol="page 188 note 5"><label><sup>page 188 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably one who made or blew horns. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Corneur</italic>. A Homer, a winder of a Horne;’ and Hollyband, ‘<italic>Corneur</italic>, a horner.’ In the preamble to the Stat. I Rich. III. c. xii. amongst the artificers who complained of being injured by the importation of foreign wares are mentioned ‘Weauers, <italic>Horners</italic>, Bottle makers, and Coppersmiths.’ In the Loseley MSS. p. 53 is an item dated 1552, of the ‘<italic>Horner</italic> for blowinge homes, turner for daggers, xlv<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ But in <citation id="ref563" citation-type="other"><italic>Cocke Lorell's Bote</italic>, p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, we find mentioned together: ‘Repers faners and <italic>horners</italic>,’ where it seems to refer to farm-labourers of some kind. ‘Horner a maker of homes, <italic>cornettier</italic>. Horneresse a woman, <italic>cornettiere</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1201" symbol="page 189 note 1"><label><sup>page 189 note 1</sup></label><p>Head <italic>Rheda</italic> or <italic>Reda</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1202" symbol="page 189 note 1"><label><sup>page 189 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Strigilis</italic>. An horse combe, &c.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Calamistrum</italic>. A horskame.’ Nominale. ‘<italic>Strigilis</italic>. An hors com.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1203" symbol="page 189 note 3"><label><sup>page 189 note 3</sup></label><p>The plant <italic>Campanula</italic>, elicampane. It is mentioned in the Line. Med. MS. leaf 281. Cooper explains <italic>Campanula</italic> as <citation id="ref564" citation-type="other">‘the flower called Canturbury belles.’ Lyte, Dodoens, p. <fpage>336</fpage></citation>, recommends the use of Elecampane for ‘inward burstinges,’ orrupttires, ‘toughfleme’ which it makes ‘easie to be shet out,’ and ‘blastinges of the inwarde partes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1204" symbol="page 189 note 4"><label><sup>page 189 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAn horse-leache, worme, <italic>sanguisuga</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘An horse-leach, or bloodsucker worme, <italic>hirudo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Sanguissuga</italic>. A watere leche.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1205" symbol="page 189 note 5"><label><sup>page 189 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Household & Wardrobe Ordinances of Edward II. (Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 43, it is directed that the haknyman (see note s. v. Haknay, p. 170), ‘shal carry the <italic>houses</italic> of the horses that travel in the kinges compani.’ ‘<italic>Sudaria</italic>. Stragulum, quo equus insternitur, ne ejus sudor equitem inficiat: <italic>couverture de cheval</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Housse</italic>. A short mantle of corse cloth (and all of a peece) worne in ill weather by countrey women about their head and sholders; also, a foot-cloth for a horse; also, a coverlet, or counter point for a bed (in which sence it is most used among Lepers, or in spittles for Lepers).’ Cotgrave. In the Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic> by Alexander Neckham, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 99, amongst other horse furniture we find directions that</p><p>canevaz dos cuvert huce idem panel</p><p>'s<italic>carentivillo tergum sit coopertum, postmodum sudario, vel suario, vel panello</italic>.’ See also Howse of a horse.</p></fn><fn id="fn1206" symbol="page 189 note 6"><label><sup>page 189 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. which reads Horse stalle, corrected by A. ‘<italic>Penis: cauda equina</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1207" symbol="page 189 note 7"><label><sup>page 189 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Caliga</italic>. An hose. <italic>Caligatus</italic>, Hosyd. <italic>Caligo</italic>. To hosyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Caliga</italic>. An hoase; a legge harnesse; greaue or buskin, that shouldiours (<italic>sic</italic>) used, full of nayles in the botom. <italic>Caliga spiculatoria</italic>. A stertup.’ Cooper. John Paston writing to his mother in 1465 says—‘Also, modyr, I beseche зow, that ther may be purveyd some meane that I myth have sent me home by the same mesenger ij. peyir <italic>hose</italic>, j. peyir blak and an othyr payir roset, whyche be redy made for me at the <italic>hosers</italic> with the crokyd bak, next to the Blak Fryers Gate, within Ludgate .… I beseche you that this ger be not forget, for I have not an hole <italic>hose</italic> for to doon; I trowe they sohall cost both payr viij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref565" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, ii. <fpage>232</fpage>–3</citation>. ‘I hose. <italic>Je chause</italic>. It costeth me monaye in the yere to hose and shoe my servauntes.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1208" symbol="page 190 note 1"><label><sup>page 190 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>xeutrophium</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1209" symbol="page 190 note 2"><label><sup>page 190 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHis ene was how, his voce wes hers <italic>hostand</italic>.’ Henrysone, Bannatyne Poems, p. 131, in Jamieson, who also quotes from Dunbar, Maitland Poems, p. 75,</p><p>'sAnd with that wourd he gave ane <italic>hoist</italic> anone.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1210" symbol="page 190 note 3"><label><sup>page 190 note 3</sup></label><p>The consecrated wafer in the sacrament.</p></fn><fn id="fn1211" symbol="page 190 note 4"><label><sup>page 190 note 4</sup></label><p><italic>Quotannis</italic> is of course properly an adverb, ‘year by year,’ or ‘yearly;’ but <italic>quot annos natus</italic> was used for ‘how old is he?’</p></fn><fn id="fn1212" symbol="page 190 note 5"><label><sup>page 190 note 5</sup></label><p>See also Horse howyse. In this case the MS. reads <italic>fandalum, fudaria</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1213" symbol="page 190 note 4"><label><sup>page 190 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThus I awaked & wrote what I had dremed,</p><p>And diзte me derely & dede me to cherche,</p><p>To here holy þe masse & to be <italic>houseled</italic> after.’ <citation id="ref566" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. Text, xix. <fpage>1</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Dr. Morris, Old Eng. Homilies, 2nd series, p. ix, notices an odd popular etymology of the word, viz. <italic>hu sel</italic> = how good (it is). See also Nares' Glossary and Peacock's edition of Myrc's Duties of a Parish Priest, p. 69. The author of the <citation id="ref567" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic> (p. <fpage>412</fpage>)</citation> recommends that the laity should not receive the Holy Communion oftener than 15 times a year at the most. He mentions as proper occasions, Mid-winter, Candlemas, Twelfth-day, the Sunday half-way between that and Easter (or Lady-day, if near the Sunday), Easter day, the 3rd Sunday after, Holy Thursday, Whit-sunday, Midsummer-day, St. Mary Magdalene's day, the Assumption, the Nativity of the Virgin, Michaelmas-day, All Saints' day, and St. Andrew's day. Chaucer says <italic>once</italic> a year at least—‘and certes ones a yere at the leste it is lawful to be <italic>houseled</italic>, for sothely ones a yere alle thinges in the erthe renouelen.’</p><p>Parson's Tale, at the end of <italic>Remedium Luxuriœ</italic>. Robert of Brunne says the same—</p><p>'sComaundement in the olde lawe was Ones yn þe зere to shewe þy trespas; Þe newe law ys of more onour, Ones to receyue þy creatoure.’ <italic>Handl. Synne</italic>, ll. 10298–10301.</p><p>Conscience in <citation id="ref568" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xix. <fpage>386</fpage></citation>, bids men to come ‘onys in a moneth.’ See also <citation id="ref569" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Myrc</surname></name>, <italic>Instruct, to P. Priests</italic>, p. <fpage>8</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1214" symbol="page 191 note 1"><label><sup>page 191 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Capitium</italic>, a hoode for the heade.’ Cooper, 1584. Chaucer, Prologue Cant. Tales, 195, describes the Monk as wearing a <italic>hood</italic>, to fasten which under his chin, ‘he hadde of gold y-wrought a curious pynue:’ and in the Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, ii. 5, Dame Gaynour's <italic>hud</italic> is described as</p><p>'sOf a haa hew, fat hur hede hidus, Of purpure and palle werke, and perre to pay.’</p><p>In Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, l. 883, the priest when about to hear a confession is told, ‘ouer þyn yen pulle þyn <italic>hod</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>hod</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1215" symbol="page 191 note 2"><label><sup>page 191 note 2</sup></label><p><italic>Repofocilium, Retrofocilium vel Retropostficilium, vel Repofocinium, illud quod tegit ignem in nocte, vel quod retro ponitur: quasi cilium foci, super quod a posteriori parte foci ligna ponuntur, quod vulgo</italic> Lander <italic>dicitur, et dicitur a repono et focus, et cilium</italic>. Gloss. Lat. Gall. <italic>Repofocilium, ce qui couvre le feu de nuit, ov, ce qui est mis derriere</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Landier</italic>. An Andiron.’ Cotgrave. See Halliwell <italic>s. v.</italic> Andiron. ‘<italic>Repofocilium, id est quod tegit ignem in nocte</italic> (a hudde or a sterne).’ Ortus. See P. Herthe Stok.</p></fn><fn id="fn1216" symbol="page 191 note 3"><label><sup>page 191 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe houfe of a horse, <italic>ungula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'s“Þe Dan,
he says, “sal þe nedder be Sitand in þe way als men may se; A. S. <italic>hôf</italic>. And sal byte the hors by þe <italic>hufe</italic> harde, And mak þe vpstegher fal bakwarde.
’ <citation id="ref570" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>4177</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1217" symbol="page 191 note 4"><label><sup>page 191 note 4</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I <italic>hugge</italic>, I shrinke me in my bed. It is goode sporte to see this little boy <italic>hugge</italic> in his bed for cold;’ and in Manip. Vocab. we have ‘to hugge, <italic>horrescere</italic>.’ Jamieson also gives ‘to <italic>hugger</italic>, to shudder.’ Skelton uses the form ‘<citation id="ref571" citation-type="other"><italic>howgy</italic>, ii. <fpage>24</fpage></citation>. Wyclif speaks of a man ‘<italic>uggynge</italic> for drede and wo.’ Select Eng. Works, iii. 34. See also to Ug, &c., below, and P. Vggone, or haue horrowre.</p></fn><fn id="fn1218" symbol="page 191 note 5"><label><sup>page 191 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTeзз turrndenn Godess hus Inntill <italic>huccsteress</italic> boþe.’ Ormulum, 15817. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, ii. 171, says of the English that they are ‘in etynge and in drynkynge glotouns, in gaderynge of catel <italic>hoksters [inquœstu caupones</italic>].’ ‘<italic>Aucionarius</italic>. Ahowstare (<italic>sic</italic>).’ Medulla. In the Liber Albus, p. 690, is an ordinance, ‘<italic>Qe nul</italic> Hukster <italic>estoise en certein lieu, mais voisent parmy la Ville</italic>,’ from which it is clear that they were wandering merchants, or pedlars. See also the ordinances <citation id="ref572" citation-type="other">‘<italic>de Brasiatoribus et</italic> Huksters <italic>cervisiam vendentibus</italic>’ at p. <fpage>698</fpage></citation> of the game volume, amongst which we read that no <italic>Hukster</italic> was to be allowed to sell ale. The oath to be taken by officers of the City of London is also given at pp. 526–7—by which they were forbidden to be ‘<italic>regratours ne</italic> huksters <italic>de nulle manere vitayle.’ ‘Maquignon</italic>. A hucster, broker, horse-courser.’ Cotgrave. ‘Hucster which selleth by retaile. Houkester. <italic>Caupo, propola: cauponor</italic>, to sell as they do. Houksters crafte, <italic>cauponaria</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A huckster, or houckster. a gueld.’ Minsheu. According to Prof. Skeat the word is properly the feminine form of <italic>hawker</italic>, and in the Liber Albus is generally applied to females, but see Wedgwood, s. vv. Hawker and Huckster. ‘I hucke as one dothe that wolde bye a thing good cheape. <italic>Je harcelle</italic>. I love nat to sell my ware to you, you hucke so sore.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Dardanier</italic>, an huckster, he that kepeth corne till it be deare.’ Hollyband.</p></fn><fn id="fn1219" symbol="page 191 note 6"><label><sup>page 191 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cicuta</italic>. An homelok.’ Medulla. In Wright's Songs & Carols from a MS. in the Sloane collection, 15th Century, p. 10, we find—</p><p>'sWhan brome wyll appelles bere, And <italic>humloke</italic> honi in feere, Than seek rest in lond.’</p><p>'sHumlok, Homelok. <italic>Cicuta</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 265 and 191. ‘<italic>Herbabenedicta</italic>, herbe beneit, hemeluo. Eeliq. A.ntiq. i. 37. A. S. <italic>hemleac</italic>. Cooper has ‘<italic>Intubus</italic>. Dioacorides maketh of it two kindes, <italic>Hortensem</italic> and <italic>Syluestrem</italic>, of that is of the garden he maketh also two sortes, one with a broad leafe, which is the common Endiue, an other with a narrower leafe. Of that he calleth wilde be also two sortes. One is the common succorie, and the other Dent de lyon.’ Sw. <italic>hund-loka</italic> (dog-leek), wild chervil, a plant of the same family as <italic>biörn-loka</italic> (bear-leek), cows-parsley.</p></fn><fn id="fn1220" symbol="page 192 note 1"><label><sup>page 192 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cinomia</italic>. An hound flye.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Cinomia, Ricinus</italic>, hundes-fleoge.’ Alfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 23. ‘<italic>Ricinus</italic>, hundes-wyrm.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref549">ibid.</xref> p. 24. Compare P. ‘Hownde Flye. <italic>Cinomia, vel cinifex, vel cinifes</italic>.’ ‘And he sente in to them an <italic>hound fleзe</italic> [fleisch flie P. <italic>cœnomyiam</italic> Vulg.], and it eet hem; and a frogge and it destroзede them.’ Wyclif, Psalms lxxvii. 45; see also civ. 31.</p></fn><fn id="fn1221" symbol="page 192 note 2"><label><sup>page 192 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ferula</italic>’, according to Cooper, is ‘an hearbe lyke bygge fenell, and may be called fenell giant, or hearbe sagapene.’ Mr. F. K. Robinson, in his Glossary of Whitby, E. D. Soc., gives ‘Dog-finkil, maithe weed. <italic>Anthemis cotula</italic>.’ Lyte, Dodoena. p. 186, identifies it with the wild Camomile, ‘called in English Mathers, Mayweede, Dogges Camomill, Stincking Camomill, and Dogge Fenell.’ For <italic>Fenkylle</italic> as a form of <italic>Fenelle</italic>, see Fenelle or Fenhelle. ‘<italic>Hec cimnicia</italic>, hund fynkylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 226.</p></fn><fn id="fn1222" symbol="page 192 note 3"><label><sup>page 192 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>canam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1223" symbol="page 192 note 4"><label><sup>page 192 note 4</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that after the Resurrection, the righteous will understand all knowledge,</p><p>'sWhi som er ryche here, and som pore, And whi som childer geten in <italic>hordom</italic>, Er baptized, and haa cristendom.’ <citation id="ref573" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>8259</fpage>.</citation></p><p>And in a treatise on the Commandments, &c., in MS. Harl. 1701, leaf 11, we read—</p><p>'sThe syxte comaundyth us also That we shul nonne <italic>hurdam</italic> do.’</p><p>'sAnd the womman was greuyd to the зonge man, and he refuside the <italic>hordom</italic> [forsook auoutrie P.].’ Wyclif, Genesis xxxix. 10. In Levit. xxi. 7 it is used for a prostitute: ‘A strompet, and fbule <italic>hordam</italic> зe shulen not take to wijf.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1224" symbol="page 192 note 5"><label><sup>page 192 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Giraculum</italic>. Illud cum quo pueri ludunt, quod in summitate cannæ vel baculi volvitur, et contra ventum cum impetu defertur; (Fr.) <italic>moulines que les enfants mettent an bout d'un bâton pour tourner contre le vent</italic>.’ (Vet. Glos.). D'Arnis. ‘<italic>Giraculum: quidam ludus puerorum</italic>. A spilquerene.’ Reliq. Antiq. i. 9. ‘<italic>Giraculum</italic>. A chyldys whyrle.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Giraculum, Anglice</italic> a chylde's whyrle, or a hurre, <italic>cum quo pueri ludunt</italic>.’ Ortus. Compare P. Spylkok, and Whyrlebone, and see Whorlebone, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1225" symbol="page 193 note 1"><label><sup>page 193 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Liber Albus, pp. 667 and 719, is an ordinance, ‘que nul Marche des potz, paielx, et autres <italic>hustilementz</italic> ne soit tenuz fors a Cornhulle.’ See also the Glossary to Liber Custumarum, s. vv. <italic>Ustilemenz</italic> and <italic>Hostel</italic>. In the Inventory of John Birnand taken in 1565, are mentioned ‘j old deske, j litle coffer, j litle bell, and j old chaire vj<sup>s</sup>, j Almon revet [Alinain-rivet annour], ij salletts, ij sculles, j paire splints, j shafe of arrowes, and other <italic>hustlements</italic>, xxv<sup>s</sup> viii<sup>d</sup>.’ <italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, &c., Surtees Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 179. John Baret in his Will, 1463, bequeathed to his niece ‘carteyne stuffe of <italic>ostilment</italic>.’ <italic>Bury Wills</italic>, &c., Camden Soc. p. 22. In the Paston Letters, ed. <citation id="ref574" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>418</fpage></citation>, we read—‘Hec sunt <italic>hostilmenta</italic> et utensilia domus, bona et catalla, que Willielmus Paston, in indentura presentibus annexa nominatus, tradidit et dimisit Willielmo Joye.’ Wyclif in his version of Exodus xxx. 27 speaks of ‘the bord with his vessels, and the candelstik, and the necessaryes’ (in some MSS. <italic>hustilmentis, utensilia</italic>, Vulg.). See also xxxix. 32.</p></fn><fn id="fn1226" symbol="page 193 note 2"><label><sup>page 193 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Vision of Wm. Stauntin, 1409 (MS. Reg. 17 B. xliii. leaf 133, quoted in Wright's edition of St. Patrick's Purgatory, p. 145) the author describes men and women in hell, and observes that he saw some there ‘with mo <italic>jagges</italic> on here clothis than hole cloth;’ and again in a later passage, p. 148, he observes that, instead of curiously cut clothes, many are surrounded by twining snakes and reptiles, and ‘thilk serpentes, snakes, todes, and other wormes ben here <italic>jaggis</italic> and <italic>daggis</italic>.’ See <citation id="ref575" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xx. <fpage>143</fpage></citation>—‘let <italic>dagge</italic> his clothes;’ <italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref576" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>193</fpage></citation>, Chaucer's <italic>Parson's Tale</italic>, &c., &c. Amongst the articles of dress enumerated in the inventories of the goods of Sir J. Fastolf, taken in 1459, we find ‘Item, j <italic>jagged</italic> hnke of blakke sengle, and di. of the same. Item, j hode of blakke felwet, with a typpet, halfe damask and halfe felwet, y-<italic>jaggyd</italic>. Item. j hode of depe grene felwet, <italic>jakgyd</italic> uppon the role. Item. a coveryng of a bedde of aras, withe hontyng of the bore, a man in blewe, with a <italic>jagged</italic> hoode, white and rede.’ <citation id="ref577" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>476</fpage>–<lpage>480</lpage></citation>. For a full account of the practice see <citation id="ref578" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fairholt</surname></name> <italic>History of Costume</italic>, pp. <fpage>108</fpage>, <fpage>434</fpage></citation>. ‘Jagge of a garmente. <italic>Lacinia</italic>. Jagged. <italic>Laciniosus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A Jag, garse or cut. <italic>Incisura, Lacinia</italic>. To iagge, pounse or cut. <italic>Incido</italic>. Leaues crompeled and ingged in the edges.’ Baret. Harrison in his <citation id="ref579" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of Eng.</italic> i. <fpage>272</fpage></citation>, says—‘Neither was it merrier in England than when an Englishman was known by bis owne cloth …‥ without such cuts and gawrish colours as are worn in these daies, and never brought in but by the consent of the French, who thinke themselves the gaiest men when they have most diversities of <italic>iagges</italic>, and change of colours about them.’ Turner in his Herbal, pt. ii. lf. 43, says that ‘Lupine hath one long stalke and a lefe, with v. or seuen’ <italic>iaggers</italic>, which altogether, when as they are growen out, haue the lykenes of a ruel of a spor or of a sterr.’ See Ryven chate, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1227" symbol="page 194 note 1"><label><sup>page 194 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThus the devil farith with men and wommen: first he stirith him to pappe and pampe her fleische, desyrynge delicious metis and drynkis, and so hoppe on the piler with her homes, lockis, garlondis of gold and of riche perlis, callis, filettis and wymplis, and rydelid [? ryuelid] gownes, and rokettis, colers, lacis, <italic>jackes</italic>, pattokis [? paltokis], with her longe crakowis, &c.’ Sermon on the Temptation in the Desert, <citation id="ref580" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>41</fpage></citation>. In the Paston Letters, No. 408, vol. ii. p. 36, John Paston, writing to Margaret Paston, says—‘The last eleccion was not peasibill, but the peple was <italic>jakkyd</italic> and saletted, and riotously disposed.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1228" symbol="page 194 note 2"><label><sup>page 194 note 2</sup></label><p>'sSom men in kirke slomers and slapes Som tentes to <italic>iangillyng</italic> and iapes.’ MS. Harl. 4196, leaf 185.</p><p>'sHit is a foule þing for a kyng to <italic>iangle</italic> moche at þe feste [d<italic>icacem fore</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, vi. 469. ‘Thou <italic>jangelist</italic> as a jay.’ Wright's <citation id="ref581" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>104</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1229" symbol="page 194 note 3"><label><sup>page 194 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘the Iaundis, <italic>morbus regius</italic>: a birde, which if a man see, being sicke of the <italic>iaundis</italic>, the man shall waxe hole, and the bird shall die, <italic>icterus</italic>, it is also called <italic>galgulus</italic>.’ See <citation id="ref582" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Pliny</surname></name>, xxx. <fpage>28</fpage></citation>. This bird appears to be the Yellow Thrush. In the <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, Harl. MS. 1701, leaf 27, we are told that</p><p>'sEnvyus man may lyknyd be To the <italic>iawnes</italic>, the whyche is a pyno That men mow se yn mennys yne;’</p><p>and amongst the various diseases to which men are subject Hampole enumerates ‘fevyr, dropsy and <italic>Iaunys</italic>.’ <citation id="ref583" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>700</fpage></citation>. Brockett given ‘<italic>Jaunis</italic>, the jaundice.’ Trevisa in his version of Higden's <citation id="ref584" citation-type="other"><italic>Polychronicon</italic>, ii. <fpage>113</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘a pestilence of þe зelowe yuel þat is i-cleped þe <italic>jaundys</italic> [<italic>ictericiam</italic>].’ ‘Jaundise sicknes. <italic>Arquatus morbus</italic>. Icteros, <italic>morbus arcuatus</italic>. Jaundise called the yelow iaundise, <italic>morbus regius</italic>.’ Huloet. Fr. <italic>jaunisse</italic> fr. <italic>jaune</italic>, yellow. See several recipes for the cure of the <italic>jaunes</italic> in <citation id="ref585" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>51</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Aurugo</italic>: the Kynke or the Jaundys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1230" symbol="page 194 note 4"><label><sup>page 194 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. Iapnade.</p></fn><fn id="fn1231" symbol="page 194 note 5"><label><sup>page 194 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA sargant sent he to <italic>Iaiole</italic>, And iohan hefd comanded to cole.’ <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 13174. ‘In helle is a deop <italic>gayhol</italic>, þar-vnder is a ful hot pol.’ Old Eng. Miscell. ed. <citation id="ref586" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>153</fpage></citation>, l. 219. O. Fr. <italic>gaole, geole</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1232" symbol="page 194 note 6"><label><sup>page 194 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>odiosus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1233" symbol="page 194 note 7"><label><sup>page 194 note 7</sup></label><p>See Prof. Skeat's note on <citation id="ref587" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. x. <fpage>118</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1234" symbol="page 194 note 8"><label><sup>page 194 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. Ireusalem.</p></fn><fn id="fn1235" symbol="page 195 note 1"><label><sup>page 195 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Villum</italic> for <italic>vinulum</italic>, dimin. of <italic>vinum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1236" symbol="page 195 note 2"><label><sup>page 195 note 2</sup></label><p>I can make nothing of this. <italic>Pannosus</italic> is of course ragged, or, as the Medulla renders it, ‘<italic>carens pannis</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1237" symbol="page 195 note 3"><label><sup>page 195 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Treatise on planting and grafting from the Porkington MS. pr. by Mr. Halliwell in Early Eng. Miscellanies (for the Warton Club, 1855), we are told—‘Iff thou wylt that thy appyllys be rede, take a graff of an appyltre, and <italic>ympe</italic> hit opone a stoke of an elme or an eldre, and hit schalbe rede appylles.’ ‘Springe or <italic>ympe</italic> that commeth out of the rote.’ Huloet. Baret gives ‘Impe, or a yong slip of a tree, <italic>surculus</italic>.’ In Piers Plowman, B. v. 137, Wrath says—</p><p>'sI was sum tyme a frere, And þe couentes gardyner for to graffe <italic>ympes</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe sawe syttyng vnder an <italic>ympe</italic> in an herber, a wonder fayre damoysel, of passynge beaute, that ful bitterly wept.’ <citation id="ref588" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lydgate</surname></name>, <italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, <fpage>1483</fpage></citation>, bk. iv. ch. xxxviii. ‘I shall telle the fro whens this appel tree come and how [who] hit <italic>ymped</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref588">ibid.</xref> b<sup>k</sup>. iv. ch. ii. The word was also applied to a child or offspring; thus Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>peton</italic>, the slender stalk of a leaf or fruit; <italic>mon peton</italic>, my pretty springall, my gentle imp.’ ‘Impe. <italic>Surculus</italic>. Imped or graffed, <italic>insertus</italic>.’ Huloet. See <citation id="ref589" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Biwle</italic>, pp. <fpage>360</fpage>, <fpage>378</fpage></citation>. Cf. Welsh, <italic>imp, impyn</italic>, a shoot, scion: Ger. <italic>impfen</italic>, to graft. ‘Ase land guod, and a grayþed, and wor .… yzet mid guode <italic>ympen</italic>.’ <citation id="ref590" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>73</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sOf feble trees ther cometh feble <italic>ympes</italic>.’ Chaucer, <italic>Monkes Tale</italic>, 15442. ‘<italic>Insitio</italic>: Impyng or cutty<italic>ng</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1238" symbol="page 195 note 4"><label><sup>page 195 note 4</sup></label><p>See Aposteme.</p></fn><fn id="fn1239" symbol="page 195 note 5"><label><sup>page 195 note 5</sup></label><p>See Endyte, &c., above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1240" symbol="page 195 note 6"><label><sup>page 195 note 6</sup></label><p>'sBacus þe bollore .… <italic>englaymed</italic> was in glotenye & glad to be drounke.’ <citation id="ref591" citation-type="other"><italic>Alexander & Dindimus</italic>, l. <fpage>675</fpage></citation>. ‘Hony is yuel to defye & <italic>englaymeth</italic> the mawe.’ <citation id="ref592" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xv, <fpage>63</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Vitscus</italic>, gleme or lyme.’ Ortus. ‘<italic>Visqueux</italic>, clammy, cleaving, bird-lime like.’ Cotgrave. Compare also in the Promptorium ‘Gleymows or lymows, <italic>limosus, viscosus, glutinosus</italic>: gleymyn or yngleymyn, <italic>visco, invisco</italic>.’ In Trevisa's trans, of Bartholomæus <citation id="ref593" citation-type="other"><italic>de Proprietatibus Rerum</italic>, <fpage>1398</fpage></citation>, bk iv. oh. ii. occurs the following: ‘Nothinge sweteþ nor comeþ oute of flewme for þe <italic>glaymnesse</italic> þerof,’ [<italic>de flegmate nihil resudat nec descendit propter</italic> viscositatem <italic>ejus</italic>], where the editions of 1535 and 1582 read, ‘for the <italic>clamminesse</italic> thereof.’ A. S. <italic>clám</italic>=clay, probably for <italic>gelám</italic>, from <italic>lám</italic>=clay (Skeat).</p></fn><fn id="fn1241" symbol="page 196 note 1"><label><sup>page 196 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAnd loo! the man that was clothid with lynnen, that hadde an <italic>enkhorn</italic> in his rigge, [a pennere in his bac, <italic>Purvey</italic>,] answerde a worde seiynge, Y haue don, as thou commandidist to me.’ <citation id="ref594" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Ezekiel</italic> ix. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. See Penner and a nynkehorne, hereafter. ‘An inkehorne or any other thyng that boldeth inke. <italic>Atramentarium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Attramentarium</italic>. An ynkhorn<italic>e</italic> or a blekpot.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1242" symbol="page 196 note 2"><label><sup>page 196 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThere he taryed tyll tliey had <italic>inned</italic> all their corne and vyntage.’ Berners' <citation id="ref595" citation-type="other"><italic>Froissart</italic>, vol. ii. ch. xxii. p. <fpage>55</fpage></citation>. ‘Those that are experienced desire that theire rye hange blacke out of the eare, and that theire wheate bee indifferent well hardened; for then they say that as soone as it is <italic>inned</italic>, it will grinde on a mill.’ <italic>Farming & Account Books</italic> of H. Best, of Elmswell, York, 1641 (Surtees Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 45). Palsgrave has ‘I inne, I put in to the berne. <italic>Je mets en granche</italic>. Have you inned your corne yet?’ In Robert of Gloucester, p. 336, the word is used in the sense of providing with an inn or lodging: ‘Þo þe day was ycome, so muche folc þer com, þat me nuste ware hem <italic>inny</italic>;’ and so also in <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 1638: ‘Whan þese pepul was <italic>inned</italic>, wel at here hese;’ and Wyclif, I Kings x. 22. See <citation id="ref596" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shakspere</surname></name>, <italic>Coriolanus</italic>, V. vi. <fpage>37</fpage></citation> and <citation id="ref597" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tusser</surname></name>, <italic>Husbandry</italic>, p. <fpage>64</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1243" symbol="page 196 note 3"><label><sup>page 196 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. Innocenly.</p></fn><fn id="fn1244" symbol="page 196 note 4"><label><sup>page 196 note 4</sup></label><p>In the York Bidding Prayer iii, pr. in the <italic>Lay Folks Mass-Book</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref598" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Simmons</surname></name>, p. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>, is a petition for fellow-parishioners travelling by land or sea ‘þat god almyghty saue þame fra all maner of parels & bring þam whar þai walde be <italic>inquart</italic> and heill both of body and of saule:’ and again, p. 70, ‘for all þe see farand þat god allmyghtty saue þame fra all maner of parels & brynge fame and þer gudes <italic>in quart</italic> whare þaie walde be.’</p><p>'sA, Laverd, sauf make þou me; A, Laverd, <italic>in quert</italic> to be.’ Early Eng. Psalter, ed. <citation id="ref599" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stevenson</surname></name>, Ps. cxvii. <fpage>25</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref600" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>113</fpage></citation>, l. 1803, we read—</p><p>'sBut thouзe that Noe was <italic>in quert</italic>, He was not al in ese of hert;’</p><p>and in Laud MS. 416, leaf 76, we are told, ‘Remembyr thy God while thou art <italic>quert</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref601" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. <fpage>6941</fpage></citation>, we have ‘in holl <italic>qwert</italic>’ = in perfect health. See also <citation id="ref602" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>582</fpage> and <fpage>3810</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref603" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>326</fpage></citation>; and compare Quarte, below. Fr. <italic>cœur, queor</italic>; cf. ‘<italic>hearty</italic>,’ ‘in good <italic>heart</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1245" symbol="page 196 note 5"><label><sup>page 196 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably a mere error of the scribe, intended to be corrected by ‘to Inserehe’ being written in the same hand at the end of the line as above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1246" symbol="page 197 note 1"><label><sup>page 197 note 1</sup></label><p>The scribe has evidently mixed up Invitatory and Inventory.</p></fn><fn id="fn1247" symbol="page 197 note 2"><label><sup>page 197 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Zelotypus</italic>, a iealous man; one in a iealousie.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Zelotopus</italic>: a cocold or a Jelous man.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1248" symbol="page 197 note 3"><label><sup>page 197 note 3</sup></label><p>See Pecock's <citation id="ref604" citation-type="other"><italic>Repressor</italic>, p. <fpage>121</fpage></citation>, where <italic>Iolite</italic> has the meaning of noisy mirth or dissipation. It occurs with the meaning of pleasure in the <citation id="ref605" citation-type="other"><italic>Knight of La Tour-Landry</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>41</fpage></citation>: ‘thought more on her <italic>iolytees</italic> and the worldes delite ‥ thanne thei dede on the seruice of God.’ In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 2259, it appears rather to mean pride or folly, being used to translate the French <italic>niceté</italic>:</p><p>'sþer-for in his <italic>iolyte</italic> he cam to make maystrye.’</p><p>The same appears to be the meaning in Chaucer's prologue, l. 680, where he says of the Pardoner that ‘hood, for <italic>jolitee</italic>, ne werede he noon.’ ‘Jolitie. <italic>Amœnitas, lasciuia</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1249" symbol="page 197 note 4"><label><sup>page 197 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Petulcus</italic>. Wanton, lascivious, butting.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1250" symbol="page 198 note 1"><label><sup>page 198 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA long wicker basket or weel for catching fish.’ Thoresby's Letter to Ray, E. D. Soc. ed. Skeat. In Wyclif's version of Exodus ii. 4, we read how the father of Moses ‘whanne he myзte hide hym no lenger, he tok a <italic>ionket</italic> of resshen, and glewide it withe glewishe cley, and with picche, and putte the litil faunt with ynne,’ where Purvey's version reads ‘a leep of segge.’ Wyclif uses the word again in his second prologue to Job, p. 671: ‘If forsothe a <italic>iunket</italic> with resshe I shulde make, &c.’ Maundeville describing the crown of thorns, says: <citation id="ref606" citation-type="other">‘And зif alle it be so that men seyn that this Croune is of Thornes, зee schuile undirstonde that it was of <italic>Jonkes</italic> of the See, that is to say, Rushes of the See, that prykken als scharpely as Thornes.’ p. <fpage>13</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1251" symbol="page 198 note 2"><label><sup>page 198 note 2</sup></label><p>'sI shal iangle to þis <italic>Iurdan</italic>.’ <citation id="ref607" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. Text, xiii. <fpage>83</fpage></citation>; on which see Prof. Skeat's note. ‘<italic>Hec madula</italic>; anglice, jurdan.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 199. See also Pissepot, hereafter. ‘<italic>Pot à pisser</italic>. A Jurdan, Chamber-pot, Pisse-pot,’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1252" symbol="page 198 note 3"><label><sup>page 198 note 3</sup></label><p>Cooper under <italic>Glaucus</italic> says, ‘It is commonly taken for blewe or gray like the skie with speckes as <italic>Cœsius</italic> is, but I thinke it rather reddie with a brightnesse, as in the eyes of a Lion, and of an Owle, or yong wheethie braunches, and so is also <italic>Cœsius</italic> color. In horses it is a baye. <italic>Glauci oculi</italic>. Eyes with firie ruddinesse, or, as some will, graye eyes.’ This definition is copied word for word by Gouldman. Baret renders <italic>glaucus color</italic> by ‘Azure colour, or like the water,’ though he also gives ‘Graie of colour. <italic>Cœsius glaucus, Leucophœus</italic>.’ The Medulla renders <italic>glaucus</italic> by ‘зelow.’ ‘<italic>Glaucus</italic>, græg.’ Aelfric's Gloss.</p><p>'sWith aborne heyr, crispyng for thicknesse, With eyen <italic>glawke</italic>, large, stepe, and great.’ Lydgate, <italic>Chron. of Troy</italic>, Bk. ii. ch. 15.</p></fn><fn id="fn1253" symbol="page 198 note 4"><label><sup>page 198 note 4</sup></label><p>'sI yrke, I waxe werye, or displeasaunte of a thyng. <italic>Je me ennuys</italic>. I yrke me more wth his servyce than of anythyng that ever I dyd. I yrke, I waxe werye by occupyeng of my mynde aboute a thynge that displeaseth me. <italic>Il me tenne</italic>. It yrketh me to here hym boste thus.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1254" symbol="page 198 note 5"><label><sup>page 198 note 5</sup></label><p>'sIckles, <italic>stiriœ</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A drop of Ise, or Ise hanging at the eaues of houses. <italic>Stiria</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Droppe of yse called an isikle, whych hangeth on a house eaues or pentisse. <italic>Stiria</italic>.’ Huloet. <italic>Ice-can'les</italic> (ice-candles), Lincolnshire,and <italic>Ice-shogglings</italic>,Whitby, are other provincial forms.</p></fn><fn id="fn1255" symbol="page 198 note 6"><label><sup>page 198 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Reprehendo me et ago penitenciam in fauillo et cinere</italic>. Ich haue syneged and gabbe me suluen þeroffe, and pine me seluen on asshen and on <italic>iselen</italic>.’ Old Eng. Homilies, ed. <citation id="ref608" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>65</fpage></citation>. Gawain Douglas in his trans, of Virgil, <italic>Eneados</italic>, x. 135, has—</p><p>'sTroianis has socht tyll Italy, tyll upset New Troyis wallys, to be agane doun bet. Had not bene better thame in thare natyue hald Haue sittin styll amang the assis cald, And lattir <italic>isillis</italic> of thare kynd cuntre?’</p><p>See the account of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1010, where we are told— ‘Askeз vpe in þe ayre & <italic>vselleз</italic> þer flowen,</p><p>As a fornes ful of flot þat vpon fyr boyles.’</p><p>At l. 747 Abraham while pleading for the two cities says—</p><p>'sI am bot erþe ful euel & <italic>vsel</italic> so blake.’</p><p>'sJosephus was ifounde y-hid among <italic>useles</italic> [<italic>favillas</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, iv. 431. O. Icel. <italic>usli</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1256" symbol="page 199 note 1"><label><sup>page 199 note 1</sup></label><p>See Flende, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1257" symbol="page 199 note 2"><label><sup>page 199 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Harleian MS. version of Higden's <italic>Polychronicon</italic>, ii. 425 is a curious account of how certain women of Italy used to give ‘chese at was bywicched’ to travellers, which had the property of turning all who ate it into beasts of burden: ‘Whiche women turned in a season a <italic>ioculer</italic> other mynstrelle [<italic>quemdam histrionem</italic>] in to the similitude of a ryalle asae, whom thei solde for a grete summe of money.’ The same writer says of the English that <citation id="ref609" citation-type="other">‘thei be as <italic>ioculers</italic> in behauor [<italic>in gestu sunt histriones</italic>];’ ii. <fpage>171</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1258" symbol="page 199 note 3"><label><sup>page 199 note 3</sup></label><p>This form is still in use in the North; see Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham; Robinson's Gloss, of Whitby, &c. In the <citation id="ref610" citation-type="other"><italic>Sevyn Sages</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, 1. <fpage>181</fpage></citation>, the ‘clerks’ are represented as placing under the bed of the Emperor's son ‘four <italic>yven</italic> leves togydir knyt,’ in order to test Kis wonderful learning. The boy however on waking at once detects some alteration in his bed, and declares that ‘the rofe hys sonkon to nyght, or the flore his resyn on bye.’ O. Dutch, <italic>ieven</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1259" symbol="page 199 note 4"><label><sup>page 199 note 4</sup></label><p>'sJournall, a boke whiche may be easely caried in iourney. <italic>Hodœporicum</italic>. Itenerary booke wherein is wrytten the dystaunce from place to place, or wherin thexpenses in iourney be written, or called other wyse a iournall. <italic>Hodœporicum, vel sine aspiratione ut aliqui dicunt, sic Odœporicum, Visumque tomen inepte, nam Hodœportium rectius scribendum</italic>.’ Huloet. This, it will be noticed, suggests a different derivation for the word ‘journal’ to that generally accepted.</p></fn><fn id="fn1260" symbol="page 199 note 5"><label><sup>page 199 note 5</sup></label><p>'spis honger was strong in every place of Siria, and in the <italic>Iewerie</italic> moste.’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. iv. p. 373. ‘Nero sende that tyme a noble man to the <italic>Iewery</italic>, Vespasian by name, to make the Iewes subiecte.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref610">ibid.</xref> p. 413. Mr. Riley in hia edition of the <citation id="ref611" citation-type="other"><italic>Ziber Albas</italic>, Introd. p. <fpage>1</fpage>.</citation>, quotes from the <italic>Liber Horn</italic> an ordinance by which previous to the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 it was declared illegal for any landlord to let his house to a Jew, unless it were ‘within Jewry’ [<italic>infra Judaismum</italic>]. Wyclif in his Prologue to <citation id="ref612" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luke</surname><given-names>St.</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>, says, that ‘the Gospels weren writun, by Matheu forsothe in <italic>Jewerie</italic>, by Mark sothli in Ytalie, &c.’ <italic>Jewry</italic>= Judaism, i.e. the stata of a disciple of the Jewish faith, occurs in Pecock's Repressor, p. 69. See Liber Custumarum, pp. 329 and 230 and Glossary, and also Stow's Survey, ed. <citation id="ref613" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Thorns</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>104</fpage>–<lpage>106</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1261" symbol="page 200 note 1"><label><sup>page 200 note 1</sup></label><p>Iusting, at the tilt or randoune, <italic>ludus hasticas</italic>.' Baret. ‘Justes or iustynges as at the randon or tilt. <italic>Decursio, Hippomachia. Torniamen, ludi</italic>. Justinge place. <italic>Amphitheatrum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1262" symbol="page 200 note 2"><label><sup>page 200 note 2</sup></label><p>In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 188, we find ‘Kaa, <italic>monedula</italic>.’ The chough or jackdaw was called in the eastern counties, a <italic>caddow</italic>. ‘Koo, a byrde.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Nodulus</italic>, a kaa.’ Ortus Voo. ‘<italic>Monedula</italic>, coo.’ Harl. MS. 1587. See also P. Cadaw. A. S. <italic>ceo</italic>, cornix: O. Dutch <italic>ka, kae</italic>: O. H. Ger. <italic>kaka</italic>. ‘<italic>Monedula</italic>, a Koo.’ Medulla. Gawain Douglas in his translation of Virgil, Æneid, bk. vii. Prol. 1. 13, has—</p><p>'sSa fast declynnys Cynthia the mone, And <italic>kayis</italic> keklys on the rufe abone:’ and Stewart, <italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic> (Rolls Series), vol. iii. p. 398, says that according to some the ‘greit kirk’ of St. Andrew was burnt ‘with ane fyre brand ane <italic>ka</italic> buir till hir nest.’ This word probably explains <italic>cow</italic> in Chaucer, C. T. 5814.</p></fn><fn id="fn1263" symbol="page 200 note 3"><label><sup>page 200 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAs a hene that has leyde ane egge cries and <italic>cakils</italic> onane, so, &c.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lif of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Cantab, leaf 79. Horman says, ‘When the brode henne hath layed an egge, or wyll sytte, or hath hatched, she cakelth. <italic>Matrix cum ovum edidit, vel ouis incubatura est, vel exclusit, glocit siue glocitat</italic>.’ ‘I kakell, as a henne dothe afore she layeth egges. <italic>Je caquette</italic>. This henne kakylleth fast, I wene she wyll laye: <italic>ceste gelinecacquetle fort, je croy quelle veult pondre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Harrison, Descript. of Eng. ii. 15, uses the form ‘gagling.’ ‘þe hen hwon heo haueð ileid ne con buten <italic>kahelen</italic>.’ <citation id="ref614" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic> p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>. In the same page the author speaks of ‘<italic>kakelinde</italic> ancren,’ where the meaning is evidently chattering. See also to Cloyke as a hen. Douglas uses <italic>keklit</italic> for ‘laughed’ in Æneid, v. p. 133.</p></fn><fn id="fn1264" symbol="page 200 note 4"><label><sup>page 200 note 4</sup></label><p>Amongst the various articles necessary for a scribe Neckham in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic>, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 116, mentions <italic>pluteum sive asserem</italic>, the former being glossed ‘carole.’ In the first quotation given by Ducange s. v. <italic>Carola</italic> the meaning appears to be as here a desk: ‘<italic>Porro in claustro</italic> Carolæ <italic>vel hujusmodi scriptoria aut cistœ cum clavibus in dormitorio, nisi de Abbatis licentia nullatenus habeantur</italic>. Statuta Ord. Præmonstrat. dist. i. cap. 9.’ See also Deske, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1265" symbol="page 200 note 5"><label><sup>page 200 note 5</sup></label><p>'spa fouwer [walmes] weren ideled a twelue. for þa twelf kunredan sculden þar mide heore þurst <italic>kelen</italic>.’ Old Eng. Homilies, ed. <citation id="ref615" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, i. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>. In Wyclif's version of the parable of Dives and Lazarus, the former is described as saying ‘Fadir Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he dippa the leste part of his fyngur in watir, and <italic>kele</italic> my tunge; for I am turmentid in this flawme.’ Luke xvi. 24. ‘Bot eftyrwarde when it cesses, and the herte <italic>kelis</italic> of love of Ihesu, thanne entyrs in vayne glorie.’ Thurnton MS. leaf 221. In the <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref616" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, iv. <fpage>6</fpage></citation> we read—</p><p>'sThay kest of hor cowpullus, in cliffes so cold, Cumfordun hor kenettes, to <italic>kele</italic> hom of care;’ see also xvi. 6.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref617" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. <year>1838</year></citation>, Sir Cador, after killing the King of Lebe, says—</p><p>'s<italic>kele</italic> the nowe in the claye, and comforthe thi selfene.’</p><p>'sQuinta essencia is not hoot and drie as fier …‥ for hoot þingis it <italic>keliþ</italic>, and hoot sijknessis it doiþ awey.’ The Book of Quinte essence, ed. <citation id="ref618" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>2</fpage></citation>. <italic>Akale</italic> = cold occurs in the <citation id="ref619" citation-type="other"><italic>Secen Sages</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Weber</surname></name></citation>, 1. 1512—</p><p>'sThat night he sat wel sore <italic>akale</italic> And his wif lai warme a-bedde;’ See also <citation id="ref620" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xviii. <fpage>392</fpage></citation>, and <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 1. 12541. A. S. <italic>acêlan</italic>, originally transitive, <italic>acolian</italic> being the intransitive form. O. Fris. <italic>kêia</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1266" symbol="page 201 note 1"><label><sup>page 201 note 1</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Merlus</italic>, a Melwall or keeling, a kind of small cod, whereof stockfish is made.’ The <italic>kelyng</italic> appears in the first course of Archb. Nevil's Feast, 6th Edw. IV. See Warner's Antiq. Cul. In Havelok, amongst the fish caught by Grim are mentioned, <citation id="ref621" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Keling</italic> … and tumberel Hering, and þe makerel.’ 1. <fpage>757</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe <italic>kelynge</italic> and the thornbake, and the gretwhalle.’ <citation id="ref622" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. i. <fpage>85</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref623" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holme</surname><given-names>Randle</given-names></name>, xxiv. p. <fpage>334</fpage></citation>, col. 1, has, ‘He beareth Gules a Cod Fish argent by the name of Codling. Of others termed a Stockfish or an Haberdine; in the North part of this kingdome it is called a <italic>Keling</italic>. In the Southerne parts a Cod, and in the Western parts a Welwell.’ <italic>Myllewelle</italic> occurs in J. Russell's Boke of Nurture, in Babees Boke, p. 38, 1. 555. See Jamieson a. v. <italic>Keling</italic>. ‘Kelyng a fysshe, <italic>aunon</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1267" symbol="page 201 note 2"><label><sup>page 201 note 2</sup></label><p>The roe or milt. In the <citation id="ref624" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Coeorum</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, we have a recipe for ‘Mortrews of fysshe,’ which runs as follows—</p><p>'sTake <italic>þo kelkes</italic> of fysshe anon, And temper þo brothe fulle welle þou schalle, And þo lyver of þo fysshe, sethe hom alon; And welle hit together and serve hit þenne pen take brede and peper and ale And set in sale before good mene.’</p><p>Moffet & Bennet in their <citation id="ref625" citation-type="other"><italic>Health's Improvement</italic>, 1655, p. <fpage>238</fpage></citation>, say, ‘Cods have a B'adder in them full of Eggs or Spawn, which the northern men call the <italic>Kelk</italic>, and esteem it a very dainty meat.’ Still in use in the North.</p></fn><fn id="fn1268" symbol="page 201 note 3"><label><sup>page 201 note 3</sup></label><p>Elyot translates <italic>reticulum</italic> by ‘a coyfe or <italic>calle</italic>, which men or Women used to weare on theyr heads.’ In Arthur's dream, recorded in the <citation id="ref626" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, we are told, 1. <fpage>3258</fpage></citation>, that a duchess descended from the clouds ‘with <italic>kelle</italic> and with corenalle clenliche arrayede:’ and in Wright's Pol. Songs, p. 158, we read ‘uncomely under <italic>calle</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘a caule to couer the heare as maydens doe, <italic>reticulum, une coiffe</italic>; a caule for the head, <italic>crobylon, retz de soye, une coiffe</italic>’ Horman says, ‘Maydens were sylken <italic>callis</italic>, with the whiche they kepe in ordre theyr heare made Belowe with lye. <italic>Puellœ reticulis bombacinis utuntur</italic>, &c.’ ‘<italic>Corocalla</italic>, kalle.’ <citation id="ref627" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Neckam</surname></name>, <italic>De Utens</italic>. in Wright's Vocab. p. <fpage>101</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe hare was of this damycell Knit with ane buttoun in ane goldyn <italic>hell</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref628" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, vii. p. <fpage>237b</fpage></citation>. 1. 41.</p><p>Caxton, <italic>Boke for Travellers</italic>, says: ‘Maulde the huuve or <italic>calle</italic> maker (<italic>huuetier</italic>) maynteneth her wisely; she selleth dere her <italic>calles</italic> or huues, she soweth them with two semes.’ See also Reliq. Antiq. i. 41. By the Statute 19 Henry VII., c. 21, it was forbidden to import into England ‘any maner silke wrought by it selfe, or with any other stuffe in any place out of this Realm in Ribbands, Laces, Girdles, Corses, <italic>Calles</italic>, Corses of Tissues, or Points, vpon pain of forfeiture.’ Although the caul or <italic>Kelle</italic> was chiefly used with reference to the ornamental network worn by ladies over their hair, we find it occasionally used for a man's skull-cap. Thus in P. Plowman, B. xv. 223, Charity is described as ‘<italic>ycalled</italic> and ycrimiled, and his crowne shaue;’ and in <citation id="ref629" citation-type="other"><italic>Troilus & Cressida</italic>, iii. <fpage>727</fpage></citation>: ‘maken hym a howue aboue a <italic>calle</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1269" symbol="page 201 note 4"><label><sup>page 201 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Kembe your heer that it may sytte backwarde. Come tibi capellum vt sit relicius</italic>.’ Horman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1270" symbol="page 202 note 1"><label><sup>page 202 note 1</sup></label><p>'sSeinte Beneit, and Seinte Antonie, and te oðre wel зe wuten hu heo weren itented, and þuruh þe tentaciuns ipreoued to treowe champiuns: and so mid rihte ofserueden <italic>kempene</italic> crune.’ <citation id="ref630" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>236</fpage></citation>: see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref630">ibid.</xref> p. 196, Dan Michel's <citation id="ref631" citation-type="other"><italic>Aymbite of Inwyt</italic>, pp. <fpage>45</fpage>, <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref632" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. v. p. <fpage>139</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref633" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, ll. <fpage>3746</fpage>, <fpage>4029</fpage></citation>, &c.</p><p><citation id="ref634" citation-type="other">‘He Beduer eleopede, balde his <italic>Kempe</italic>.’ Laзamon, iii. <fpage>37</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In <citation id="ref635" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, 1. <fpage>1036</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘he was for a <italic>kempe</italic> told.’ Compare</p><p>'sThere is no kynge vndire Criste may <italic>Kempe</italic> with hym one.’ <citation id="ref636" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>2633</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sI slue ten thowsand upon a day Of <italic>kempes</italic> in their best aray.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>eempa</italic>, Icel. <italic>kempa</italic>. <citation id="ref637" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plays</surname><given-names>Chester</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>259</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1271" symbol="page 202 note 2"><label><sup>page 202 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hec pectrix</italic>, Kemster.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 194. ‘A scolding of <italic>kempsters</italic>, a fighting of beggers.’ <citation id="ref638" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lydgate</surname></name>, <italic>Hors, Shepe & Ghoos</italic>, p. <fpage>32</fpage></citation>. ‘Kempster, <italic>linière</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1272" symbol="page 202 note 3"><label><sup>page 202 note 3</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref639" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. <fpage>122</fpage></citation>, we are told that the Romans</p><p>'sCowchide as <italic>kencteз</italic> before the kynge seluyne;’</p><p>and in the <citation id="ref640" citation-type="other"><italic>Sevyn Sages</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, 1. <year>1762</year></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sMi lorde had.de a <italic>kenet</italic> fel . That he loved swyth wel.’</p><p>'s<italic>Kenettes</italic> questede to quelle,’ <citation id="ref641" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. ii. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>. See also <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. iv., &c.</p><p>'s<italic>Hic caniculus</italic>, a kenet.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 219.</p></fn><fn id="fn1273" symbol="page 202 note 4"><label><sup>page 202 note 4</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I kerve as a kerver dothe an ymage, <italic>je taille</italic>;’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘to.kerue, graue, <italic>sculpere</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1274" symbol="page 202 note 5"><label><sup>page 202 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Kyds</italic> are mentioned in the Whitby Abbey Rolls, 1396. ‘Kydde, a fagotte, <italic>faloorde</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Foüace</italic> …. a great kid, Bauen, or faggot of small sticks. <italic>Foüées, f</italic>. The smallest sort of Bauens, Kids.’ Cotgrave. Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xliii<sup>bk</sup>. recommends the farmer ‘to sell the toppes as they lye a great, or els dresse them and sell the great woode by it selfe, and the <italic>kydde</italic> woode by it selfe;’ and G. Markham in his <citation id="ref642" citation-type="other"><italic>Country Contentments</italic>, <year>1649</year>, p. <fpage>99</fpage></citation>, says, ‘for as much as this fowle [the Heron] is a great destruction unto the young spawne or frie of fish, it shall be good for the preservation thereof to stake down into the bottome of your ponds good long <italic>kids</italic> or faggots of brushwood.’ Still in use in the North; see Mr. Peacock's Glossary of Manley & Corringham, and Mr. Robinson's Glossary of Whitby.</p></fn><fn id="fn1275" symbol="page 202 note 6"><label><sup>page 202 note 6</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic> we are told that amongst the other pains of Purgatory ‘Som, for envy, sal haf in þair lyms, Als <italic>kylles</italic> and felouns and apostyms.’ 1. 2994. Halliwell quotes a recipe from Line. Med. MS. leaf 283, for the cure of ‘<italic>kiles</italic> in the eres.’ ‘Mak it righte hate, and bynde it on a clathe, and bynde it to the sare, and it sal do it away or garre it togedir to a <italic>kile</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref642">Ibid.</xref> leaf 300. ‘A kyle, <italic>bills</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also <citation id="ref643" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. i. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, and Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 207, 224. O.Icel. <italic>kŷli</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn1276" symbol="page 203 note 1"><label><sup>page 203 note 1</sup></label><p>Ray's Glossary gives ‘<italic>Kilps</italic>, pot-hooks,’ and also ‘pot-cleps, pot-hooks.’ ‘One brasse pot with <italic>kilpes</italic>’ is mentioned in the Inventory of John Nevil of Faldingworth, 1590; and in Ripon, Fab. Eoll, 1425–6, we find ‘Item, pro uno <italic>kylpe</italic> de ferro j<sup>d</sup> d.’ A. S. <italic>clyppan</italic>, to clasp, grasp. In the Will of Matt. Witham, 1545, pr. in <italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, &c, Surteea Soc. xxvi. p. 56, the testator bequeaths ‘to the said hares of Bretanby on challes, bukes, and vestyments, and all other ornaments belonging to the chapell, also a mellay pott with a <italic>kylp</italic>, a chaffer, a brewyng leyyd. with all vessell belonging to the same; and my wyffe to have the chaffer during her lyffe.’ See also p. 31, where are mentioned <citation id="ref644" citation-type="other">‘iij rekyngs, ij pare of pot <italic>kylpes</italic>, and a pare of tanges;’ and p. <fpage>249</fpage></citation>: ‘iron <italic>kilpes</italic>, xvi<sup>d</sup>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1277" symbol="page 203 note 2"><label><sup>page 203 note 2</sup></label><p>To tuck up clothes, &c. Danish <italic>Kilte</italic>, to truss, tuck up. Gawain Douglas gives the following rendering of Virgil, Æneid i. 320—</p><p>'sWith wind waffing hir haris lowsit of trace, Hir skirt <italic>kiltit</italic> till hir bare knee,’ p. 23, ed. 1710, the original Latin being— ‘<italic>Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1278" symbol="page 203 note 3"><label><sup>page 203 note 3</sup></label><p>The same as P. Kymlyne. A large tub made of upright staves hooped together in the manner of a cask. They are used for salting meat in, for brewing, and such like purposes. Littleton in his Lat. Dict. 1735, has ‘Kimling in Lincolnshire, or a kimnel, as they term it in Worcestershire, <italic>vas coquendœ cereviciœ</italic>’. ‘One mashfatt, tow wort vessells, one longe <italic>kymmell</italic>, one round <italic>kymnell</italic>, one steepfatt, one clensing sive I<sup>ll</sup>,’ occur in Inventory of Edmond Waring of Wolverhampton, in Proceed. Soc. Antiq., April 29, 1875: and in the Inventory of Richard Allele of Sealthorp, 1551, we find, ‘on led and <italic>kemnel</italic> & a pair of mustard werns, vj<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘Kymnell, <italic>quevue, quevuette</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Holland in his trans, of Pliny, Bk. xv. c. 6, speaks of ‘pans and panchions of earth, or els vessels or <italic>kimnels</italic> of lead,’ and the word also occurs in Beaumont & Fletcher, <italic>The Coxcomb</italic>, Act iv. s. 8—</p><p>'sShe's somewhat simple, Indeed; she knew not what a <italic>kimnel</italic> was.’</p><p>'sA <italic>kimnel</italic> or <italic>kemlin</italic>: a poudering Tub.’ Ray's North Country Words. The term is still in use.</p></fn><fn id="fn1279" symbol="page 203 note 4"><label><sup>page 203 note 4</sup></label><p>See note to Hatreden, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1280" symbol="page 204 note 1"><label><sup>page 204 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hoc semitorium, atrium</italic>, a kirkзerd. <italic>Hoc atrium</italic>, a kyrkoзerde.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 231, 273.</p><p>'sTo birrзenn зuw i <italic>Kirrkegærd</italic>, To bidden forr þe sawle.’ <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 15254. In the Life of Beket, 1. 2117, we find—</p><p>'sHe has worthe to beon ibured in churche ne in <italic>churchзerd</italic>.’</p><p>'sIn <italic>kyrkeзarde</italic> men wolde hym nout delve.’ <citation id="ref645" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, 1. <fpage>2482</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A. S. <italic>cyrceiærd</italic>, which occurs in the Chronicles, anno 1137, ‘nouther circe ne <italic>circeiæd</italic>,’ ed. <citation id="ref646" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Earle</surname></name>, p. <fpage>262</fpage></citation>. <italic>Cemetery</italic> first occurs in Capgrave's <citation id="ref647" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>67</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1281" symbol="page 204 note 2"><label><sup>page 204 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hec antipera</italic>, kyrne.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 202. ‘<italic>Hoc valatorium</italic>, a scharne. <italic>Hoc coagulatorium</italic>, a scharnestafe.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref647">ibid.</xref> p. 268. A. S. <italic>ceren, cyrn</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1282" symbol="page 204 note 3"><label><sup>page 204 note 3</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North; see Mr. Robinson's Gloss, of Whitby, &c. Gawin Douglas has— ‘Quhen new curage <italic>kytlye</italic> all gentill hartis.’ Prologue of xii. Bk. of Eneid, 229; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref647">ibid.</xref> Bk. v. p. 156. A. S. <italic>citelian</italic>, Icel. <italic>kitla</italic>. ‘She taryed a space of tyme and felt hym and <italic>ketild</italic> hym and wolde haue drawen hym to her entente.’ Caxton, <italic>Golden Legende</italic>, fo. 265. ‘Kitelung, titillatio.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 289. See <citation id="ref648" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Halliwell</surname></name>, p. <fpage>496</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1283" symbol="page 204 note 4"><label><sup>page 204 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. Kythynge. ‘<italic>Hic catellus</italic>, a cytlyng.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 251. ‘Hic catulus, catellus, a ky tylyng;’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref648">ibid.</xref> The word, as will be seen from the examples below, was applied to the young of various animals. In the Early Eng. Psalter, ed. Stevenson, in Ps. lvi. 5, occurs ‘fra þe <italic>kitelinges</italic> of liouns,’ and in Ps. xvi. 12, ‘Als lioun <italic>kitelinge</italic>’ [<italic>catulus leonĭs</italic>], ‘Thenne saide the sarpent, “I am a beste and I have here in myn hole <italic>kytlingis</italic> that I have browt forthe,
’ <citation id="ref649" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>243</fpage></citation>. ‘For the podagra. Take an oulde fat Goose, præpare her as if you would roast her: the take a <italic>kitlinne</italic> or yong catt, flea it, cast away the neade and entralles therof, & contund the flesh therof in a morter.’ A. M. <citation id="ref650" citation-type="other"><italic>The Boock of Physicke of Doct<sup>r</sup> Oswaldm Gubelhour</italic>, <year>1599</year>, p. <fpage>192</fpage></citation>. ‘Kytlyng, <italic>chatton</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Mr. Peacock in his <italic>Glossary of Manley</italic>, &c, gives as still in use, ‘<italic>Kittie</italic>, to bring forth young; said of cats:’ and ‘<italic>Kittlin</italic>, a kitten.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1284" symbol="page 204 note 5"><label><sup>page 204 note 5</sup></label><p>Used for a crag, as well as a stud or peg for hanging anything on. Thus in <citation id="ref651" citation-type="other"><italic>Syr Gowghter</italic>, 1. <fpage>194</fpage></citation>— ‘He made prestes and clerkes, to lepe on cragges, Monkes and freres to hong on <italic>knagges</italic>;’</p><p>and in <citation id="ref652" citation-type="other"><italic>Le Bone Florence</italic>, 1. <year>1795</year>—</citation></p><p>'sTake here the golde in a bagg, At the sohypp borde ende.’</p><p>I schall hyt hynge a <italic>knagg</italic>,</p><p><italic>Knaged</italic> with the meaning of studded occurs in <citation id="ref653" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 1. <fpage>577</fpage></citation>— ‘Polayneз <italic>knaged</italic> wyth knoteз of golde.’ See also <citation id="ref654" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, <fpage>4972</fpage></citation>. Huloet has ‘Knagge, <italic>Scopulus</italic>. Knaggye, or full of knagges. <italic>Scopulosus</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1285" symbol="page 205 note 1"><label><sup>page 205 note 1</sup></label><p>See P. Be A. knowe a-geyne wylle, or be constreynynge, where the same distinction is drawn between <italic>fateor</italic> and <italic>confiteor</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1286" symbol="page 205 note 2"><label><sup>page 205 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘a kneading-trough, also a rundle, or rolling pinne, that they vse to knead withall, <italic>magis, pollux</italic>, &c. <italic>un may a pestrir pain, e'est aussi vne table rounde, on, vne rondeau de pastissier</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1287" symbol="page 205 note 3"><label><sup>page 205 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Artavns</italic>. Cultellus acuendis calamis scriptoriis.’ Ducange. ‘A Barbar's Baser. <italic>Nouaeula</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1288" symbol="page 205 note 4"><label><sup>page 205 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fasciculus</italic>. A gripe, or handfull bounde together. <italic>Librorum fasciculus</italic>. Hor. A fardell or little packe of bookes.’ Cooper.</p><p>'sByndeþ hem in <italic>knucchenus</italic> for þi To brenne lyk to licchi.’</p><p>The XI Pains of Helle, printed in <citation id="ref655" citation-type="other"><italic>An Old Eng. Miscell</italic>. ed. <name><surname>Morris</surname></name>, p. <fpage>215</fpage></citation>. 1. 77. O. Eng. <italic>knicche, knysche</italic> (in Wyclif), <italic>knoche, knucche, cnucche</italic>. The A. S. (which would probably have been <italic>cnysce</italic>) does not occur so far as I am aware, though we find other words of the same stem. In Middle German it is <italic>knucke, knocke</italic>; Mod. Ger. <italic>knocke</italic>. In the Romance of <italic>Richard Coer de Lion</italic>, pr. in Weber's Metr. Bom. ii. 1. 2985, the Saracens, in order to cross a dyke to get at the Christians,</p><p>'sKast in <italic>knohches</italic> off hay, To make horsmen a redy way.’</p><p>Wyclif, Works, ed. <citation id="ref656" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, i. <fpage>97</fpage></citation>, has, ‘Gidere зe first þes tares togidere and bynde þem in <italic>knytchis</italic> … þes good angels shal bynde Cristes enemyes in <italic>knytchis</italic>.’ So too in his version of St. Matthew xiii. 30: ‘First gedre зee to gedre dernels (or cockilis) and byndeth hem togidre in <italic>knytchis</italic> (or small bundelis,) for to be brent.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1289" symbol="page 205 note 5"><label><sup>page 205 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Coventry Mysteries, p. 245, ‘ij doctorys’ are represented as wearing ‘on here hedys a furryd cappe, with a gret <italic>knop</italic> in the crowne,’ and in a recipe for ‘Custanes,’ given in the <citation id="ref657" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>, is a direction to lay on the top a ‘yolke of eyge … that hard is soþun … As hit were a gyldene <italic>knop</italic>.’ See also <citation id="ref658" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. ix. <fpage>293</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref659" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, 1. <fpage>1494</fpage></citation>, Wyclif, Exodus xxvi. 11, &c. In <citation id="ref660" citation-type="other"><italic>Pierce the Ploughman's Crede</italic>, 1. <fpage>424</fpage></citation>, the Ploughman is described as wearing ‘<italic>knopped</italic> schon, clouted full þkke.’ ‘<italic>Hoc internodium</italic>, the knope of the kne.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 208.</p></fn><fn id="fn1290" symbol="page 206 note 1"><label><sup>page 206 note 1</sup></label><p>That is, afflicted with the gout. Ducange gives ‘<italic>Condilus</italic>, Papiæ in MS. Bituric. est <italic>Nodus. Inde Condilogmatica passio, id est, nodositas manuum</italic>, & <italic>Condilo, as, Puguis cædo: Condilomata, id est, glandulæ</italic>. Hæc a græco κύνδυλος, Digiti articulus et junctura.’ Cooper renders <italic>Condylus</italic> by ‘The roundnesse or knots of the bones in the knee, ancle, elbow, knuckles, &c.,’ with which Baret agrees. ‘<italic>Condilomatica passio, i. nodositas, infirmitas. Condilomaticas</italic>, a knokkyd. <italic>Nodositas</italic>, Knottyhede.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1291" symbol="page 206 note 2"><label><sup>page 206 note 2</sup></label><p>Chaucer in the <italic>Canon's Yeoman's Prologue</italic>, 574, has— ‘His hat heng at his bak doun by a <italic>laas</italic>.’ See also <citation id="ref661" citation-type="other"><italic>Knighte's Tale</italic>, <fpage>1093</fpage> and <fpage>1646</fpage></citation>. The word was also used for the cord which held a mantle. Thus in <citation id="ref662" citation-type="other"><italic>Ipomydon</italic>, <fpage>326</fpage></citation>, the knight is represented as loosening his mantle by drawing the cord—</p><p>'sHe toke the cuppe of the botelere, And drew a <italic>lace</italic> of sylke full clere,</p><p>Adowne than felle hys mantylle by.’</p><p>In the Romance of <citation id="ref663" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 1. <fpage>9163</fpage></citation>, we read of Gwenelon—</p><p>'sYs helm on is hed sone he caste, And let him <italic>lacye</italic> wel and faste.’</p><p>'sA lace, <italic>fibula</italic>’ Manip. Vocab. O. Fr. <italic>las, laz</italic> from Lat. <italic>laqueus</italic>, a noose. From the Spanish form of the same word comes our <italic>lasso</italic>. See Lase. In the Inventory of the property of Sir J. Fastolf, already referred to, we find— ‘Item, j clothe arras, with a gentlewoman holding j <italic>lace</italic> of silke, and j gentlewoman a hauke.’ Paston Letters, i. 479; and again, ‘j hode of damaske russet, with j typpet fastyd with a <italic>lase</italic> of silke.’ See the quotation from Trerisa's Higden, s. v. Lanзer, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1292" symbol="page 206 note 3"><label><sup>page 206 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA lade, <italic>onus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Hampole, <citation id="ref664" citation-type="other"><italic>Priche of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>3418</fpage></citation>, has—</p><p>'sDe minimis granis fit Als of many smale cornes es made Maxima summa caballo. Til a hors bak a mykel <italic>lade</italic>.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>hlad, hladan</italic>, to load. O. Icel. <italic>hlaða</italic>, to heap.</p></fn><fn id="fn1293" symbol="page 206 note 4"><label><sup>page 206 note 4</sup></label><p>A saddle for a horse carrying a load or burthen on its back.</p></fn><fn id="fn1294" symbol="page 206 note 5"><label><sup>page 206 note 5</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>hlædel</italic> (?), the handle of a windlass for drawing water; from <italic>hladan</italic>, to load, draw. In the Prologue to the <italic>Manciple's Tale</italic>, Chaucer says, ‘Alas! henadde holde him by his <italic>ladel</italic>;’ i. e. why did he not stick to his business ? ‘<italic>Metorium</italic>, ladylle.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 178. ‘<italic>Ligula</italic>. A scummer or ladell.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1295" symbol="page 206 note 6"><label><sup>page 206 note 6</sup></label><p>See зett, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1296" symbol="page 206 note 7"><label><sup>page 206 note 7</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref665" citation-type="other"><italic>Prike of Conscience</italic>, 1. <fpage>1092</fpage></citation>, we are told that it is dangerous for a man to love the world— ‘For þe world <italic>laghes</italic> on man and smyles, But at þe last it him bygyles.’ for other examples see Stratmann. A. S. <italic>hlehhan</italic>, Gothic <italic>hlahjan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1297" symbol="page 207 note 1"><label><sup>page 207 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref666" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. <fpage>419</fpage></citation>, Arthur bids the messenger</p><p>'sGret wele Lucius, thi lorde, and <italic>layne</italic> noghte thise wordes:’ and again, 1. 2593, Sir Gawayne asks the strange knight to tell his name, and ‘<italic>layne</italic> noghte the sothe.’ See also <citation id="ref667" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 11. <fpage>906</fpage>, <fpage>918</fpage>, and <fpage>1309</fpage></citation>, &c. The p. p. occurs in the <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 5999— ‘Whar nathyng sal be hid ne <italic>laynd</italic>.’ O. Icel. <italic>leyna</italic>. Ray (Gloss, of North Country Words) gives ‘<italic>Lean</italic>, vb. “to <italic>lean</italic> nothing,
to conceal nothing;’ and ‘<italic>Laneing</italic>, sb. “they will give it no <italic>laneing</italic>
, i. e. they will divulge it.’ A common expression in the old romances is ‘the sothe is not to <italic>layne</italic>,’ i. e. ‘the truth is not to be hid.’ In the <italic>Avowynqe of Kyng Arthur</italic>, st. lxx. appears the proverbial expression, ‘mete <italic>laynes</italic> mony lakke.’ ‘Wil i noght <italic>leyne</italic> mi priuite.’ <citation id="ref668" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <fpage>2738</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1298" symbol="page 207 note 2"><label><sup>page 207 note 2</sup></label><p>Amongst the other signs of approaching death Hampole says that a man</p><p>'sLoves men þat in aid time has bene, He <italic>lakkes</italic> þa men þat now are sene.’</p><p><citation id="ref669" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>797</fpage>;</citation></p><p>and Robert of Brunne says that</p><p>'sEver behynde a manys bake With ille thai fynde to hym a <italic>lake</italic>.’</p><p>Dutch <italic>laecken</italic>, to be wanting, blame, accuse, from <italic>lack, laecke</italic>, want, fault, blame. Swedish <italic>lak</italic>, blame, vice. In the ‘Lytylle Children's lytil boke’ (Harl. MS. 541) pr. in the Babees Boke, ed. <citation id="ref670" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>269</fpage></citation>, children are told to</p><p>'sDrynk behynde no marines bakke, For yf þou do, thow art to <italic>lakke</italic>’</p></fn><fn id="fn1299" symbol="page 207 note 3"><label><sup>page 207 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref671" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>25</fpage></citation>, will be found receipts for ‘<italic>lamprayes</italic> in browet,’ and ‘<italic>lamprayes</italic> in galentine;’ the first of which is as follows—</p><p>'sTake <italic>lamprayes</italic> and scalde hom by kynde, Peper and safrone; welle hit with alle, Sythyn, rost hom on gredyl, and grynde Do þo lampreyes and serve hit in sale;’ and on p. 38 is another receipt for ‘<italic>lamprayes</italic> bakun.’ In the Hengrave Household Accounts is this entry, ‘for presenting a <italic>lamprey</italic> pye vj<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘Item, the xiiij day of January [1503] to a servant of the Pryour of Lanthony in reward for bryngyng of two bakyn <italic>laumpreys</italic> to the Quene, v<sup>a</sup>.’ Nicholas' Eliz. of York and Glossary. Wyclif in his Prologue to Job, p. 671, says: ‘Also forsothe al the boc aneut the Ebrues is seid derc and slidery, and that the cheef spekeris of Grekis clepen defaute of comun maner of speche, whil other thing is spoken and other thing is don; as if thou woldest an eel or a <italic>laumprun</italic> holde with streite hondis, how myche strengerli thou thristis, so myche the sunnere it shal gliden away.’ ‘Lampurne. <italic>Gallaria</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A lampron, <italic>murena</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Baret gives ‘a lampurne, <italic>gallaria, lampetra, lamprillon</italic>.’ Under <citation id="ref672" citation-type="other">‘How several sorts of Fish are named, according to their Age or Growth,’ p. <fpage>324</fpage>–5</citation>, Randle Holmes gives– ‘A <italic>Lamprey</italic>, first a <italic>Lampron</italic> Grigg, then a Lampret, then a Lamprell, then a Lamprey. A <italic>Lampron</italic>, first a Barle, then a Barling, then a Lamprell, and then a <italic>Lamprey</italic> or <italic>Lampron</italic>.’ <citation id="ref673" citation-type="other">‘Lamprons and <italic>Lampreys</italic> differ in bigness only and in goodness; they are both a very sweet and nourishing meat … The little ones called <italic>Lamprons</italic> are best broil'd, but the great ones called <italic>Lampreys</italic> are best baked.’ Muffett, pp. <fpage>181</fpage>, <fpage>3</fpage></citation>. See also Household Ord. p. 449 and Babees Book, ed. Furuivall, Gloss, s. v. <italic>Lampurn. ‘Hec muprena</italic>. <italic>A</italic><sup>e</sup>. lamprune. <italic>Hec lampada</italic>. <italic>A</italic><sup>e</sup>, lampray. <italic>Hec merula</italic>. <italic>A</italic><sup>e</sup>, lamprone.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 189. This and the following word are repeated in the MS., see p. a 10, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1300" symbol="page 207 note 4"><label><sup>page 207 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Landlouper</italic>, an adventurer; one who gains the confidence of the community, and then elopes without paying his debts. A vendor of nostrums; a quack. In a book three centuries old, <italic>Landleaper</italic> signifies a landmeasurer; but the commoner meaning was a vagabond and wanderer.’ Robinson's Gloss, of Whitby. The word was also used for a pilgrim, as in <citation id="ref674" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xv. <fpage>208</fpage></citation>: ‘He ne is nouзte in lolleres, ne in <italic>lande-leperes nermytes</italic>:’ see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref674">ibid.</xref> C. vii. 329. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Villotier</italic>, a vagabond, landloper, earth-planet, continual gadder from town to town.’ Howell in his Instructions for <citation id="ref675" citation-type="other"><italic>Forraine Travell</italic>, <year>1642</year>, repr. 1869, p. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>, says of the Munchausen-like travellers of his time that ‘such <italic>Travellers</italic> as these may bee termed <italic>Land-lopers</italic>, as the <italic>Dutchman</italic> saith, rather than <italic>Travellers</italic>.’ See Jamieson, s. v. <italic>Landlouper</italic>, and Dr. Morris on the Survival of Early Eng. Words in our Present Dialects, E. D. Soc. p. 11. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 348, speaking of the use of White Hellebore or Nesewurt in medicine, says that it must be taken ‘with good heede and great aduisement. For such people as be either to yong or to old, or feeble, or spit blood, or be greeued in their stomackes, whose breastes are straight and narrowe, and their neckes long, suche feeble people may by no meanes deale with it, without ieobardie and danger. Wherfore these <italic>landleapers</italic>, Roges,. and ignorant Asses, which take vpon them without learning and practise do very euill.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1301" symbol="page 208 note 1"><label><sup>page 208 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ligulas</italic>, Gallice <italic>lasnieres</italic>.’ Diet. J. de Garlande in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 124. Compare þwong, below. ‘Lanyer of lether, <italic>lasniere</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, v. 369, says that the Lombards ‘usede large cloþes and longe, and specialliche lynnen cloþes, as Englisshe Saxons were i-woned to use, i-hiзt with brood laces i-weve with dyvers coloures þey used hiзe schone unto þe kne i-slitte to fore, and i-laced wiþ þwonges, hire hosen tilled to. the hamme, i-teyed wiþ <italic>layners</italic> al aboute [<italic>corrigiati</italic>].’</p></fn><fn id="fn1302" symbol="page 208 note 2"><label><sup>page 208 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref676" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>103</fpage></citation>, we find, ‘I am a thef <italic>lappid</italic> with swiche a synne and swiche acryme;’ the Lat. being <italic>involutus</italic>, and the Addit.MS. 9066 reading ‘<italic>wrappid</italic>.’ So also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref676">ibid.</xref> p. 129 and Lonelich's <citation id="ref677" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of the Holy Grail</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xlv. <fpage>690</fpage></citation>. ‘I lappe in clothes. <italic>Jenueloppe</italic> and <italic>jaffuble</italic>. Lappe this chylde well, for the weather is colde. I lappe a garment about me. <italic>Je me affuble de cest habit</italic>. Lappe this hoode aboute your heed.’ Palsgrave. ‘And whanne the bodi was takun, Joseph <italic>lappide</italic> it in a clene sendel, and leide it in his nevye biriel.’ Wyclif, <italic>Matth</italic>. xxvii. 59. ‘Lappe about. <italic>Voluo</italic>. Lappe vp. <italic>Plico</italic>. Lapped,- <italic>Plicatus; plicatilis</italic>, that which may be lapped or folden.’ Huloet. ‘Voluo, to turne or lappyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1303" symbol="page 208 note 3"><label><sup>page 208 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘laps of the lites or lunges, <italic>fibre pulmonis</italic>.’ ‘Lappe of the eare, <italic>lobus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Lap of the ere, <italic>legia</italic>.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 183. ‘Lappe of the Ear. <italic>Auricula</italic>. The lug of the Ear. <italic>Auris lobus, auricula infima</italic>.’ Coles.</p></fn><fn id="fn1304" symbol="page 208 note 4"><label><sup>page 208 note 4</sup></label><p><citation id="ref678" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>6468</fpage></citation>, declares the pains of hell to be such that no man ‘þat ever was, or fat lyfes зhitt, Could noght telle ne shew thurgh <italic>lare</italic>’</p><p>A. S. <italic>láre</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1305" symbol="page 208 note 5"><label><sup>page 208 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Ampla</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1306" symbol="page 209 note 1"><label><sup>page 209 note 1</sup></label><p>'sLo, alle thise folk i-caught were in hire <italic>las</italic>.’ Chaucer, Knighte's Tale, 1093. ‘Here after þou schalte wit it wele when þou sehalle be hidden in hir <italic>laces</italic>.’ Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 128 bk. See also Laoe. ‘þat man … <italic>enlaceþ</italic> hym in þe cheyne wiþ whiche he may be drawen.’ <citation id="ref679" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Boethius</italic>, p. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>; see also p. 80. Caxton in his <italic>Golden Legende</italic>, fo. 99, says: ‘In thende she had counseyl of a Jewe whyche gaaf to hir a rynge wyth a stone, and that she shold bynde this rynge with a <italic>laas</italic> to her baar flesshe.’ ‘Lace. <italic>Fibula, laqueus</italic>. Lace of a cappe or hatte. <italic>Spira</italic>.’ Huloet. The word is used by Spenaer, <citation id="ref680" citation-type="other"><italic>Muiopotmos</italic>, <fpage>427</fpage></citation>, in the original sense of snare.</p></fn><fn id="fn1307" symbol="page 209 note 2"><label><sup>page 209 note 2</sup></label><p>'sBallesse or lastage for shipper, <italic>saburra</italic>. Lastaged or <italic>balased, saburratus</italic>.’ Huloet. See <citation id="ref681" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fraghte</surname></name>, above, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>, and Liber Albus, pp. 130, 659. In Arnold's Chronicle, 1384, p. 17, ed. 1811, the following is given: ‘¶ The xi. ar. This also we haue grauntyd that alle the citezens of London be quyt off toll and <italic>lastage</italic> and of all oder custume by alle our landis of this half the see and beyonde.’ Span, <italic>lastre</italic>, ballast.</p></fn><fn id="fn1308" symbol="page 209 note 3"><label><sup>page 209 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA shoemaker's last. <italic>Mustricula</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Last for shoes. <italic>Galla, formula</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Laste for a shoo, <italic>fovrme</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Hail be зe sutlers wiþ зour niani <italic>lestes</italic>’ Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, xxxiv. 13.</p></fn><fn id="fn1309" symbol="page 209 note 4"><label><sup>page 209 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. seve.</p></fn><fn id="fn1310" symbol="page 209 note 5"><label><sup>page 209 note 5</sup></label><p>This word probably meant something more than we at present understand by a <italic>lath</italic>; the latin <italic>asser</italic> meaning a plank. In the Nominale of 15th Cent. (pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab.) we find ‘a latt, <italic>asser</italic>’ According to Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary the word <italic>lat</italic> is still used in Lancashire and Cheshire to signify a lath. See also Peacock's Glossary of Manley and Corringham. ‘Lathe. <italic>Asserculi, assiculi</italic>’ Huloet. A.S. <italic>lætta</italic> or <italic>latta</italic> (Aelfric's Glossary in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 26). Cf. Burde, above. See <citation id="ref682" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>'s <italic>farming</italic>, &c. Book, pp. <fpage>16</fpage>, <fpage>148</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1311" symbol="page 209 note 6"><label><sup>page 209 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>cordua</italic>; corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1312" symbol="page 209 note 7"><label><sup>page 209 note 7</sup></label><p>Chaucer in the <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, 4008, has ‘Why ne hadst thou put the capell in the <italic>lathe</italic>?’ and again, in the <citation id="ref683" citation-type="other"><italic>Hons of Fame</italic>, ii. <fpage>1050</fpage></citation>, ‘alle the sheves in the <italic>lathe</italic>.’ ‘Horreum, locus ubi reponitur annona, a barne, a lathe.’ Ortus Vocab. Huloet gives ‘Lathes berne or graunge. <italic>Horreum</italic>. Lathes without the walles of a citie. <italic>Suburbanum</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref684" citation-type="other"><italic>Story of Genesis and Exodus</italic>, 1. <fpage>2134</fpage></citation>, Joseph addressing Pharaoh says—</p><p>'sIc rede ðe king, nu her bi-foren, To maken <italic>laðes</italic> and gaderen coren;’ and in the 14th Cent. <citation id="ref685" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>146</fpage></citation>, the ‘hosband’ orders his servants–</p><p>'sGaderes the darnel first in bande, And brennes it opon the land, And scheres sithen the come rathe, And bringes it unto my <italic>lathe</italic>’</p><p>H. Best in his <citation id="ref686" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, <year>1641</year>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, uses the form ‘hay-leath;’ see also <citation id="ref687" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c</italic> pp. <fpage>101</fpage>, <fpage>247</fpage></citation>, &c</p></fn><fn id="fn1313" symbol="page 210 note 1"><label><sup>page 210 note 1</sup></label><p>Amongst the articles enumerated in the Inventory of the property of Sir J. Fastolf, we find ‘Item, j chafern of <italic>laten</italic> … Item, j hangyng candystyk of <italic>laton</italic>;’ and again, in the <italic>Bottre</italic> ‘xiij candylstykkys of <italic>laton</italic>.’ Pastou Letters, i. pp. 486, 488. Shakspere speaks of a ‘<italic>latten</italic> bilbo.’ <italic>Merry Wives</italic>, I. i.</p></fn><fn id="fn1314" symbol="page 210 note 2"><label><sup>page 210 note 2</sup></label><p>'sLaver to washe at, <italic>lavoyr</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sAnd fulle glad, certys, thou schalt bee, To holde me a <italic>lavour</italic> and bason to my honde.’</p><p>Yff that y wylle suffur the MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, leaf 144.</p><p>'s<italic>Hoc lavatorium</italic>, <italic>A</italic><sup>e</sup>, laworre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 197. ‘A laver or an ewer out of which water is poured upon the hands to wash them, <italic>guttus, esquiere</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A lauer, <italic>lauacrum, imlyrex</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In John Russell's Boke of Nurture (pr. in the Babees Book, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 16, 1. 232, instructions are given to provide ‘þy Ewry borde with basons and <italic>lauour</italic>, water hoot and colde, eche oþer to alay.’ See Cotgrave, s. v. <italic>esquiere</italic>, and Eeliq. Antiq. i. 7.</p></fn><fn id="fn1315" symbol="page 210 note 3"><label><sup>page 210 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>deorcretista</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1316" symbol="page 210 note 4"><label><sup>page 210 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>piridicus</italic>: correctly in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1317" symbol="page 210 note 5"><label><sup>page 210 note 5</sup></label><p>In the margin.</p></fn><fn id="fn1318" symbol="page 210 note 6"><label><sup>page 210 note 6</sup></label><p>An open space in the middle of a wood. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. 1517, we read–</p><p>'sO-lawe in the <italic>launde</italic> thane, by the lythe standeз, Sir Lucius lygge-mene loste are fore euer:’ and in 1.1768 occurs ‘<italic>laundune</italic>,’ which is explained in the Gloss, as ‘field,’ with a reference to Roquefort— ‘<italic>Landon</italic>,… petite lande, pâturage; terres remplies de broussailles.’ Dan Michel in the <citation id="ref688" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>216</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘pe fole wyfmen þat guoji mid stondinde nhicke ase hert ine <italic>launde</italic>.’</p><p>'sAlle lyst on hir lik þat arn on <italic>launde</italic> beste.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1000.</p><p>'sHe lokid ouer a <italic>lawnd</italic>.’ <citation id="ref689" citation-type="other"><italic>Song of Roland</italic>, <fpage>99</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic> (Camden Soc. ed. Halliwell), 1. 239 we have—</p><p>'sOne a <italic>launde</italic> by a ley, These lordus dounne lyght.’</p><p>Baret gives ‘a lawnd in woodes, <italic>saltus nemorum</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1319" symbol="page 210 note 7"><label><sup>page 210 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lauandaia</italic>, a launder that wassheth clothes.’ Thomas, Ital. Diet. 1550. ‘Launder, or woman washer. <italic>Lotrix</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hie candidarias</italic>, <italic>A</italic><sup>e</sup> lawnder.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn1320" symbol="page 211 note 1"><label><sup>page 211 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lé</italic>. A scythe. North E. <italic>ley, lea</italic>: Dan. <italic>lee</italic>: Swed. <italic>lia</italic>.’ Cleasby's Icelandic Diet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1321" symbol="page 211 note 2"><label><sup>page 211 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe spirit of the Lord vp on me, for that enoyntede me the Lord; to tellen out to debonere men he sente me, that I shulde <italic>leche</italic> the contrit men in herte.’ <citation id="ref690" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Isaiah</italic> lxi. <fpage>1</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1322" symbol="page 211 note 3"><label><sup>page 211 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref691" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, is given a Recipe for ‘<italic>Leche</italic> lardes,’ the components of which are eggs, new milk, and pork lard, boiled till they become thick, and then baked on a ‘gredel’ or griddle, and served up in small slices or pieces. Handle Holme, p. 83, makes ‘Leach’ to be ‘a kind of Jelly made of Cream, Isinglas, Sugar, Almonds, &c.’ The term is constantly used in old cookery, and means generally those dishes which were served up in slices. See Hous. Ord. & Reg. pp. 439, 449 and 472. In Pegge's <citation id="ref692" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, is given a recipe for ‘<italic>Leche</italic> Lumbard,’ as to which see his Glossary. Cotgrave renders <italic>lesche</italic> by ‘a long slice, or shive of bread.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1323" symbol="page 211 note 4"><label><sup>page 211 note 4</sup></label><p>Lechery was one of the deadly sins, each of which is represented in the <italic>Aneren Riwle</italic>, by some animal: thus (1) Pride is represented by a Lion; (2) Envy by an Adder; (3) Wrath by an Unicorn; (4) <italic>Lechery</italic> by a Scorpion; (5) Avarice by a Fox; (6) Gluttony by a Sow; and (7) Sloth by a Bear. See Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. vii. 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn1324" symbol="page 211 note 5"><label><sup>page 211 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Arelio</italic>: corrected by A. ‘<italic>ArdAio</italic>: leccator, qui ardens est in leccacitate vel leccatione. Occurrit apud Martialem et alios.’ Ducange. The Catholicon explains <italic>Ardelio</italic> as follows: ‘<italic>Ab ardeo dicitur hic ardelio, i. leccator, quia ardens in leccacitate</italic>;’ and the Ortus Vocab. ‘<italic>Ardelus, inquietus: qui mittit se omnibus negociis</italic>, a medler of mnny matters.’ ‘<italic>Ardelio</italic>, one full of gesture, a busie man, a medler in all matters, a smatterer in all things.’ Morel. <italic>Ardulio</italic> occurs in the Prompt, as the Latin equivalent for ‘Lowmis man or woman.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1325" symbol="page 211 note 6"><label><sup>page 211 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>intestuosns</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1326" symbol="page 211 note 7"><label><sup>page 211 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. wyde, corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1327" symbol="page 211 note 8"><label><sup>page 211 note 8</sup></label><p>Compare Stee staffe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1328" symbol="page 211 note 9"><label><sup>page 211 note 9</sup></label><p>Still used in the North in the sense of lazy, idle, slothful. See Ray's Glossary of North Country Words. Baret gives ‘lithernesse, <italic>laboris inertia</italic>: idlenesse; lithernesse; lack of sprite to do anything, <italic>languor</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Lentus</italic>, slowe and febull or lethy, moyste.’ Medulla, MS. Cant. ‘<italic>Lentesco</italic>, to waxe slowe or lethy <italic>i. tardum esse</italic>.’ Ortus Vocab. Cf. P. Lethy. Jamieson gives ‘to <italic>leath</italic>, to loiter.’ A. S. <italic>lyðer</italic>, bad, wicked. Mr. Way prints Lyder, unnecessarily altering the MS. which reads Leder. G. Douglas in his trans, of Virgil, <citation id="ref693" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, xi. p. <fpage>391</fpage></citation>, has— ‘зe war not wount to be sa <italic>liddir</italic> ilk ane;’ the latin being <italic>segnes</italic>. <citation id="ref694" citation-type="other">‘Now wille I hy me and no thyng be <italic>leder</italic>.’ Towneley Myst. p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>. ‘Thou art a <italic>ledyr</italic> hyne;’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref694">ibid.</xref> p. 101.</p></fn><fn id="fn1329" symbol="page 212 note 1"><label><sup>page 212 note 1</sup></label><p>To <italic>leave</italic> commonly in M. E. meant to remain. See to Leue ouer, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1330" symbol="page 212 note 2"><label><sup>page 212 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>leuorosum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1331" symbol="page 212 note 3"><label><sup>page 212 note 3</sup></label><p>'sLegge harneys. <italic>Caliga, Tibialia</italic>.’ Huloet. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, iv. 363, says of Caligula that ‘he hadde þe name of a knyзt his <italic>leg harneys</italic>, þat hatte Caligula.’ ‘Stelyn <italic>leg harneis</italic> [bootis of bras P.] he hadde in the hipis.’ Wyclif, 1 Kings xvii. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn1332" symbol="page 212 note 4"><label><sup>page 212 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA Juggler, he that deceiveth, or deludeth by Legier de main, <italic>prædigitator, impostor</italic>. Baret. ‘Legerdemayne, <italic>præstigium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Huloet gives ‘Legier du mane. <italic>Præstigia, præstigium, Vaframentum, Præstigiæ, pancratium</italic>; and <italic>Pancratior, anglice</italic> to play legier du mane. ¶ <italic>Ciroulatores</italic> be called suche as do playe legier du mane, but rather they be popin players, and tomblers, &c.’ See <citation id="ref695" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Spenser</surname></name>, <italic>F. Queen</italic>, V. ix. <fpage>13</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1333" symbol="page 212 note 5"><label><sup>page 212 note 5</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref696" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, 1. <fpage>239</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sThus the forest they fray, One alaunde by a <italic>ley</italic> Hertus bade at abey; These lordus dounne lyght.’</p><p>'s<italic>Notale</italic>, a leylonde.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref697" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>'s <italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, pp. <fpage>14</fpage>, <fpage>48</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1334" symbol="page 212 note 6"><label><sup>page 212 note 6</sup></label><p>'sA leekegarth, <italic>poretum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1335" symbol="page 212 note 7"><label><sup>page 212 note 7</sup></label><p>In the account of the misfortunes which befell Job as given in the <italic>Ormulum</italic> we are told that ‘Hiss bodiз toc & cnes & fet & shannkess, To rotun bufenn eorþe & <italic>lende</italic>, & lesske, & shulldre, & bacc, All samenn, brest & wambe & þes, & side, & halls, & hæfedd.’ 11. 4772–4777; and again, 1. 3210, John the Baptist is described as wearing a ‘girrdell off shepess skinn Abutenn hise <italic>lendess</italic>.’ See also 1. 9230. In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 179, <italic>lumbus</italic> is glossed by ‘lyndy.’ In the <citation id="ref698" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Somanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>126</fpage></citation>, we have ‘gurdithe youre <italic>lendys</italic>;’ and in <citation id="ref699" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. <fpage>1047</fpage></citation>, Arthur finds the Giant lying by a fire, picking the thigh of a man— ‘His bakke, and Ms bewschers, and his brode <italic>lendeз</italic>, He bekeз by the bale-fyre, and breklesse hyme semede.’</p><p>'sGrow, and be thow multiplied, folke of kynde and peplis of naciouns of thee shulen ben, kyngis of thi <italic>leendes</italic> shulen goon oute.’ Wyclif, Genesis xxxv. 11, See also <citation id="ref700" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matth</surname></name>. iii. <fpage>4</fpage></citation>, Luke xii. 35, &c. See also B. of Gloucester, p. 377, where William is described as ‘Styf man in harmes, in ssoldren, and in <italic>lende</italic>.’</p><p>In the translation of Palladius <citation id="ref701" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>129</fpage></citation>, 1. 683, amongst other directions for judging cattle it is said— ‘If shuldred wyde is goode, an huge brest, No litel wombe, and wel oute raught the side, The <italic>leendes</italic> broode, playne bak and streght, &c’</p><p>'s<italic>Lumbrifactus</italic>, brokyn in the [1]endys.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref702" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shoreham</surname></name>, ed. Wright, pp. <fpage>43</fpage>–<lpage>44</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1336" symbol="page 213 note 1"><label><sup>page 213 note 1</sup></label><p>Wyclif (Select Works, ed. Matthew), p. 73, says: ‘Whi may not we haue <italic>lemmannus</italic> siþ þe bischop haþ so manye ?’</p><p>'sHe said, “mi <italic>lemman</italic> es sa gent, Sco smelles better þen piment.’
<citation id="ref703" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <fpage>9355</fpage></citation>. ‘Alemman, or a married man's concubine, <italic>pellex</italic>. <italic>Arnica and Concubina</italic> are moregenerall wordes for Lemmans.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1337" symbol="page 213 note 2"><label><sup>page 213 note 2</sup></label><p>This word occurs in a poem of the reign of Henry III . against the abusea amongst the clergy— ‘<italic>Presbiter quæ mortui quce dant vivi, quceque Befert ad</italic> focariam, <italic>cui dat sua seque</italic>.’ Wright's <citation id="ref704" citation-type="other"><italic>Pol. Songs</italic>, p. <fpage>33</fpage>.</citation></p><p>It appears to mean, says Mr. Wright, a fire-side woman, one who shared another's fireside, from Lat. <italic>focus</italic>, a hearth, fireside, and is explained in an old gloss by <italic>mereirix foco assidens</italic>. See Ducange. The following article is in the <italic>Decreta</italic> of Pope Alexander: ‘<italic>Ne clerici in sacris ordinibus constituti</italic> focarias <italic>habeant</italic>;’ and there is also a chapter in the statutes of Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, MS. Cott. Julius D. ii. leaf 167, ‘<italic>De</italic> focariis <italic>amovendis</italic>.’ Other instances will be found in Mr. Wright's note to the passage quoted above. ‘<italic>Focaria. i. coquinaria</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Focaria</italic>. A fire panne: a concubine that one keepeth in his house as his wife.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1338" symbol="page 213 note 3"><label><sup>page 213 note 3</sup></label><p>'sMoyses thabbot, desirede to comme and iugge a broker culpable, toke a <italic>lepe</italic> fulle [<italic>sportam</italic>] of gravelle on his backe, seyenge, “These be my synnes folowynge me, and considrenge not þeym goenge to iugge other peple.
’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. v. p. 195. ‘Constantyne toke also a mattoke in his honde firste to repaire the churche of Seynte Petyr, and bare x. <italic>leepes</italic> fulle of erthe to hit on his schulders.’ Harl. MS. trans, of Higden, v. 131. ‘And thei eeten and ben fulfild; and thei token vp that lefte of relyf [or small gobatis], senene <italic>leepis</italic>.’ Wyclif, Mark viii. 8. ‘<italic>Fiscella</italic>, a leep or a cheB-fat.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1339" symbol="page 213 note 4"><label><sup>page 213 note 4</sup></label><p>The feminine <italic>leperesse</italic> occurs in Wyclif, Ecclus. ix. 4.</p></fn><fn id="fn1340" symbol="page 214 note 1"><label><sup>page 214 note 1</sup></label><p>Baret says ‘The <italic>Leprie</italic> proceeding of melancholie, choler, or flegme exceedingly adust, and maketh the skinne rough of colour like an Oliphant, with biacke wannish spottes, and drie parched scales & scurfe.’ In the Liber Albus, p. 273, is a Regulation that no leper is to be found in the city, night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were, however, to be collected for them on Sundays. Again, on p. 590 are further regulations that Jews, lepers and swine are to be driven from the city. See Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. x. 179 and xix. 273.</p></fn><fn id="fn1341" symbol="page 214 note 2"><label><sup>page 214 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAs glad as grelnmd y-lete of <italic>lese</italic> Florent was than.’ <citation id="ref705" citation-type="other"><italic>Octouian</italic>, 1. <fpage>767</fpage></citation>. Chaucer says of Creseid that she was ‘right yong, and untied in lustie <italic>lease</italic>.’ Troilus, ii. 752. Halliwell quotes from MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, If. 121—</p><p>'sLo! wher my grayhundes breke ther <italic>lesshe</italic>, My rackes breke their coupuls in thre.’</p><p>'s<italic>Laisse</italic>. A lease of hounds, &c.’ Cotgvave.</p><p>'sHe that the <italic>lesche</italic> and lyame in sounder draue.’ <citation id="ref706" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>145</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1342" symbol="page 214 note 3"><label><sup>page 214 note 3</sup></label><p>See quotation from the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, s. v. Lende, above. In the description of the Giant, with whom Arthur has the encounter, given in the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, we are told, 1. 1097, that he had ‘lynie and <italic>le-kes</italic> fulle lothyne;’ and again, 1. 3279, the last of the kings on the Wheel of Fortune, which appeared to Arthur in his dream</p><p>'sWas a litylle man that laide was be-nethe, His <italic>leskes</italic> laye alle lene and latheliche to schewe.’</p><p>According to Halliweil ‘the word is in very common use in Lincolnshire, and frequently implies also the <italic>pudendum</italic>, and is perhaps the only term for that part that could be used without offence in the presence of ladies.’ It does not, however, appear in Mr. Peacock's Glossary of Manley ami Corringham. ‘Runne the edge of the botte downe the neare <italic>liske</italic>.’ <citation id="ref707" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>. O. Swed. <italic>liuske</italic>, Dan. <italic>lyske</italic>, O. Dutch, <italic>liesche</italic>.</p><p>'sThe grundyn.hede the ilk thraw At his left flank or <italic>lisle</italic> perfyt tyte.’</p><p><citation id="ref708" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>339</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1343" symbol="page 214 note 4"><label><sup>page 214 note 4</sup></label><p>Gawin Douglas, in the Prologue to the <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vii. 1. 143, describes how in his dream he saw ‘Virgill on ane <italic>letteron</italic> stand.’ ‘<italic>Ambo</italic>. Aletrune.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 193.</p></fn><fn id="fn1344" symbol="page 215 note 1"><label><sup>page 215 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAlso for þe goute, hoot or cold, þe pacient schal drynke oure 5. essence wiþ a litil quantite at oonys of þe <italic>letuarie</italic> de succo rosarum.’ <citation id="ref709" citation-type="other"><italic>Book of Quinte Essence</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. ‘He haucð so monie bustes ful of his <italic>letuaries</italic>’ <citation id="ref710" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>226</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1345" symbol="page 215 note 2"><label><sup>page 215 note 2</sup></label><p>'sþe quint essencia … зe schal drawe out by sublymacioun. And þanne schal þer <italic>leue</italic> in þe ground of þe vessel þe 4 elementis.’ <italic>The Book of Quinte. Essence</italic>, p. 4. ‘pat þat <italic>leeueþ</italic> bihynde, putte it to þe fier.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref710">ibid.</xref> p. 5. ‘Two зeer it ys that hungur began to be in the loond, зit fyue зeers <italic>leeuen</italic> in the whiche it may not be eerid ne ropun.’ Wyclif, Genesis xlv. 6. ‘Tho that <italic>laften</italic> flowen to the hil.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref710">ibid.</xref> xiv. 10.</p></fn><fn id="fn1346" symbol="page 215 note 3"><label><sup>page 215 note 3</sup></label><p>'sLeuel or lyne called a plomblyne. <italic>Perpendiculum</italic>.’ Huloet. A plemmett is written as a gloss over <italic>perpendiculum</italic> in the MS.</p></fn><fn id="fn1347" symbol="page 215 note 4"><label><sup>page 215 note 4</sup></label><p>'sHis Ene <italic>leuenand</italic> with light as a low fyr.’ <citation id="ref711" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 1. <fpage>7723</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sA <italic>leuenyng</italic> light as a low fyre.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref711">ibid.</xref> 1988. ‘<italic>Fulgur</italic>, levene þ<sup>t</sup> brennyth.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1348" symbol="page 215 note 5"><label><sup>page 215 note 5</sup></label><p>'sCertys also hyt fareth That himself hath beshrewed: By a prest that is <italic>lewed</italic> Gode Englysh he speketh As by a jay in a cage, . But he not never what.’ Wright's <citation id="ref712" citation-type="other"><italic>Pol. Songs</italic>, p. <fpage>328</fpage></citation>. In the Paston Letters, i. 497, Friar Brackley writes to John Paston that ‘A <italic>lewde</italic> doctor of Ludgate prechid on Soneday fowrtenyte at Powlys, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1349" symbol="page 215 note 6"><label><sup>page 215 note 6</sup></label><p>The pains of this world, as compared to those of hell, are described in the <citation id="ref713" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 1. <fpage>7481</fpage></citation>, only ‘Als a <italic>leuke</italic> bathe nouther hate ne calde.’ Dunbar has ‘<italic>luik</italic> hartit,’ and in the <citation id="ref714" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite of Inwyt</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, we have <italic>lheue</italic> and <italic>lheucliche</italic>. In Laзamon, iii 98, when Beduer was wounded we read that when ‘opened wes his breoste, þa blod com forð <italic>luke</italic>,’ and Wyclif in his version of the Apocalypse, iii. 16, has— ‘I wolde thou were coold or hoot, but for thou art <italic>lew</italic> and nether coold nether hoot, I shal bigynne for to caste thee out of my mouth.’ ‘Leuke warme or blodde warme, <italic>tiede</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Tepefacio</italic>, to make lewk. <italic>Tepeo</italic>, to lewkyn. <italic>Tepidus</italic>, lewke. <italic>Tepeditas</italic>, lewkeness. <italic>Tepedulus</italic>, sumdel lewke.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sBesyde the altare blude sched, and skalit new, Beand <italic>lew</italic> warme thare ful fast did reik.’ <citation id="ref715" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneadas</italic>, Bk. viii. p. <fpage>243</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1350" symbol="page 215 note 7"><label><sup>page 215 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. Kewke.</p></fn><fn id="fn1351" symbol="page 215 note 8"><label><sup>page 215 note 8</sup></label><p><italic>Lib</italic>, to castrate. <italic>Libber</italic>, a castrator. “Pro libbyng porcorum 10<sup>d</sup>.‘Whitby Abbey Rolls, 1396.’ Robinson's Gloss, of Whitby. Florio has ‘<italic>Accaponare</italic>, to capon, to geld, to <italic>lib</italic>, to splaic.’ See also Capt. Harland's Swaledale Glossary, and Jamieson, s. vv. <italic>Lib</italic> and <italic>Lyky</italic>; see also note to Gilte, above. ‘<italic>Hic castrator, Anglice</italic> lybbere.’ MS. Reg. 17 c. xvii. If. 43 bk. ‘That now, who pares his nails or <italic>libs</italic> his swine, But he must first take counsel of the signe.’ Hall's Satires, ii. 7.</p><p>'sTo libbe, gelde, <italic>castrare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>We libbed</italic> our lambes this 6th of June.’ <citation id="ref716" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> of H. Best, <year>1641</year>, p. <fpage>97</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Libbers</italic> have for <italic>libbinge</italic> of pigges, pennies a piece for the giltes, &c.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref716">ibid.</xref> p. 141. Cognate with Dutch <italic>lubben</italic>, to castrate.</p></fn><fn id="fn1352" symbol="page 215 note 9"><label><sup>page 215 note 9</sup></label><p><citation id="ref717" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>1227</fpage></citation>, tells us the world is like a wilderness</p><p>'sþat ful of wild bestes es sene, Als lyons, <italic>libardes</italic> and wolwes kene.’</p><p>In the Queen of Palermo's dream appeared</p><p>'sA lyon and a <italic>lybard</italic>, þat lederes were of alle.’ <citation id="ref718" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, <fpage>2896</fpage></citation>. See also 11. 2874 and 2935. ‘A libard, <italic>pardus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Libarde. <italic>Leopardus, pardus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1353" symbol="page 216 note 1"><label><sup>page 216 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref719" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>88</fpage></citation>, this word appears to mean a bible or book—</p><p>'sWe xal lerne зow the <italic>lyberary</italic> of oure Lordys lawe lyght.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1354" symbol="page 216 note 2"><label><sup>page 216 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘Liqueres, <italic>glycyrrhiza, radix dulcis, rigolisse</italic>.’ ‘Here is pepyr, pyan, and swete <italic>lycorys</italic>.’ <citation id="ref720" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>22</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1355" symbol="page 216 note 3"><label><sup>page 216 note 3</sup></label><p>'sLycorouse or daynty mouthed, <italic>friant, friande</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sF[r]om women light, and <italic>lickorous</italic>, good fortune still deliver us.’ Cotgrave, s. v. <italic>Femme</italic>. ‘<italic>Friolet</italic>. A lickorous boy. <italic>Friand</italic>. Saucie, lickorous, dainty-mouthed, sweet-toothed, &c.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref720">Ibid.</xref> ‘Licourousnesse, <italic>liguritio</italic>.’ Baret. In Hollyband's Diet. 1593, we find— ‘To cocker, to make <italic>likerish</italic>, to pamper.’ See also <citation id="ref721" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction, of Troy</italic>, 11. <fpage>444</fpage> and <fpage>2977</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref722" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. Prol. <fpage>28</fpage>–</citation></p><p>'sAs ancres and heremites that holden hem in here selles, And coueiten nought in contre to kairen aboute, for no <italic>likerous</italic> liflode, her lykam to plese.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1356" symbol="page 216 note 4"><label><sup>page 216 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>venia</italic>; corrected by A. A funeral dirge. See Way's note in Prompt, s. v. Lyche, p. 302. This does not occur in O. Eng. (at least it is not in Stratmann), though the word <italic>lie</italic> is pretty frequent, and we have the forms <italic>l^crest, l^chwake</italic>, &c. In A. S. however, the word is not rare. Thus in the glosses published by Boulerwek, 1853. in Haupt's <citation id="ref723" citation-type="other"><italic>Zeitsehrift</italic>, we find, p. <fpage>488</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref724" citation-type="other">‘tragoedia, miseria, luctus, <italic>birisang, licsang</italic>,’ and on p. <fpage>427</fpage></citation> ‘epitapliion (carmen super tumulum), <italic>byriensang</italic> marg. <italic>l^cleoð</italic>, [<italic>lîc</italic>]<italic>sang</italic>.’ I know of no instance where it occurs in a passage. The Dutch <italic>lijksang</italic>, or <italic>lijkzang</italic> is common. ‘<italic>Nenia: cantus funebris, luctuosus</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1357" symbol="page 217 note 1"><label><sup>page 217 note 1</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I lyme twygges with birde lyme to catche birdes with. <italic>Jenglue</italic>. I have lymed twenty twygges this mornyng, and I had an owle there shulde no lytell byrde scape me.’ ‘Lime twygges. <italic>Aucupatorij</italic>. Limed with byrdlyme, or taken wyth byrdelime. <italic>Viscatus</italic>. Lyme fingred, whyche wyll touche and take or carye awaye anye thynge they handle. <italic>limax</italic>, by circumlocution it is applied to suche as wyll fynde a thynge or it be loste.’ Huloet. Compare with this the line in the <citation id="ref725" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>63</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sYf thin handys <italic>lymyd</italic> be, Thou art but shent, thi name is lore.’</p><p>See also Chaucer, C. T., 6516. ‘I likne it to a <italic>lym-зerde</italic> to drawen men to hell.’ <citation id="ref726" citation-type="other"><italic>Pierce the Ploughman's Crede</italic>, <fpage>564</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Gluten</italic>, lim to fugele.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 47.</p></fn><fn id="fn1358" symbol="page 217 note 2"><label><sup>page 217 note 2</sup></label><p>Properly the lime-tree, but often used for trees in general. In <citation id="ref727" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. i. <fpage>154</fpage></citation>, we read— ‘Was neuere leef vpon <italic>lynde</italic> liзter þer-after;’</p><p>on which see Prof. Skeat's note.</p><p>'sThe watter lynnys rowtis, and euery <italic>lynd</italic> Quhielit and brayit of the souchand wynd.’</p><p><citation id="ref728" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Ek. vii. Prol. 1. <fpage>73</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. If. 95, says: ‘Sum take y<sup>e</sup> <italic>lynd</italic> tre … for Platano (or Playn tre);’ and again, If. 153: ‘Ther is no cole … that serueth better to make gun pouder of then the coles of the <italic>Linde tre</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Seno vel tilia</italic>, lind.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 32. See also <citation id="ref729" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Myst.</surname><given-names>Towneley</given-names></name> p. <fpage>80</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþe knyзt kacheз his caple, & com to þe lawe, þe rayne.’</p><p>Liзteз doun luflyly & at a <italic>lynde</italic> tacheз <citation id="ref730" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <fpage>2176</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1359" symbol="page 217 note 3"><label><sup>page 217 note 3</sup></label><p>'sI haue sene flax or <italic>lynt</italic> growyng wilde in Sommerset shyre.’ <citation id="ref731" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Turner</surname></name>, <italic>Herbal</italic>, Pt. ii. If. <fpage>39</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1360" symbol="page 217 note 4"><label><sup>page 217 note 4</sup></label><p>See a Bete of lyne, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1361" symbol="page 217 note 5"><label><sup>page 217 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1. 2674, are mentioned ‘larkes and <italic>lynhwhytteз</italic> that lufflyche songene.’ Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Lyntquhit, lintwhite</italic>, a linnet, corrupted into <italic>lintie</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>Linetwige</italic> which is used by Aelfric in his Gloss. (Wright's Vocab. p. 29) to translate the latin <italic>carduelis</italic>. G. Douglas speaks of the <citation id="ref732" citation-type="other">‘goldspink and <italic>lintquhite</italic> fordynnand the lyft.’ Prol. Bk. xii. p. <fpage>403</fpage></citation>. ‘The <italic>lyntquhit</italic> sang counterpoint quhen the osil зelpit.’ Compl. of Scotland, p. 39.</p></fn><fn id="fn1362" symbol="page 217 note 6"><label><sup>page 217 note 6</sup></label><p>Andrew Boorde in his Dyetary recommends us ‘in sommer to were a scarlet petycote made of stamele or <italic>lynsye-woolsye</italic>;’ ed. <citation id="ref733" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>249</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1363" symbol="page 217 note 7"><label><sup>page 217 note 7</sup></label><p>'sStreek of flaxe, <italic>linipulus</italic>.’ Prompt. Palsgrave has ‘Stryke of flaxe, <italic>poupee de filace</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Liniculus</italic>. A strick of flax.’ Littleton. ‘<italic>Hic linipolits</italic>, a stric of lyne.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 217. See a Stryke of lyne, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn1364" symbol="page 218 note 1"><label><sup>page 218 note 1</sup></label><p>Apparently a linen sock. Gouldman so renders <italic>linipidium</italic>, and Coles gives ‘<italic>Linipidium</italic> and <italic>linipes</italic>, a Linnen sock’ ‘<italic>Linipedium</italic>, hose or scho.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Linipedium</italic>. Lineum calceamentum. Chaucement de lin.’ Ducange. Another form was <italic>lintepium</italic>. Compare Patafi, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1365" symbol="page 218 note 2"><label><sup>page 218 note 2</sup></label><p>The thrum i.e. the threads of the old web, to which those of the new piece are fastened. ‘<italic>Licium</italic>. The woof about the beam, or the threads of the shuttle; thread which silk women weave in lintels or stools.’ Littleton. ‘Silke thred, which silke women do weaue in lintles, or stooles. <italic>Licium</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1366" symbol="page 218 note 3"><label><sup>page 218 note 3</sup></label><p>In <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1687, in an account of how Nebuchadnezzar became as a beast we read– ‘He countes hym a kow, þat watз a kyng ryche, Quyle seuen syþeз were ouer-seyed someres I trawe. By þat mony þik þyзe þryзt vmbe his <italic>lyre</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe cryde: “Boy, ley on with yre, Strokes as ys woned thy syre! He ne fond neuer boon ne <italic>lyre</italic> Hys ax withstent.’ <citation id="ref734" citation-type="other"><italic>Octouian</italic>, <fpage>1119</fpage></citation>.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref735" citation-type="other"><italic>Isumbras</italic>, <fpage>262</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref736" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>55</fpage></citation>. In Charlemagne's dream related in the <citation id="ref737" citation-type="other"><italic>Song of Roland</italic>, <fpage>97</fpage></citation>, the king is attacked by a wild boar which ‘tok hym by the right arm and hent it of clene from the braun, the flesche, & the <italic>lier</italic>.’ In the Household Ord. and Kegul. p. 442, we find ‘Swynes <italic>lire</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Pulpa</italic>, brawne.’ Medulla. The word is still in use in the neighbourhood of Whitby; see Mr. Robinson's Glossary, E. D. Soc. and Jamieson. A.S. <italic>lira</italic>. ‘Sum into tailzeis schare, Syne brocht flickerand sum gobbetis of <italic>lyre</italic>.’ <citation id="ref738" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. i. p. <fpage>19</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1367" symbol="page 218 note 4"><label><sup>page 218 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Blesus</italic>, wlisp.’ Aelfric's Glossary, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 45.</p></fn><fn id="fn1368" symbol="page 218 note 5"><label><sup>page 218 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Forigo</italic>, a lystynge.’ Norn. MS. ‘Liste of cloth, <italic>fimbria</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Anything edged or bordered was formerly said to be <italic>listed</italic>: thus in the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 1. 10669, the outskirts of an army are termed <italic>listes</italic>. In the Liber Albus, p. 725, it is ordered that ‘<italic>drops de ray soyent de la longeure de xxviij alnes, mcsurez par la</italic> lyst.’ In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 1900, <italic>luste</italic> is used in the sense of the end of the ear:</p><p>'sWith ys hond a wolde þe зyue a such on on þ<sup>e</sup> <italic>luste</italic>, þat al þy breyn scholde clyue al aboute ys fuste.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref739" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Wife's Preamble</italic>, 1. <fpage>634</fpage></citation>. ‘By god he smot me onys on the <italic>lyst</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Le mol de l'oreille</italic>. The lug, or list of th'eare’ Cotgrave. A. S. <italic>list</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1369" symbol="page 218 note 6"><label><sup>page 218 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Household and Wardrobe Ordinances of Ed. II. (Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 14, we are told that the king's confessor and his companion were to have every day ‘iij candels, one tortis, & <italic>litere</italic> for their bedes al the yere.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1370" symbol="page 218 note 7"><label><sup>page 218 note 7</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>liðuwac</italic>. O. H. Ger. <italic>lidoweicher</italic>. Cf. Out of lithe, below. In a hymn to the Holy Ghost, pr. in <italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. i. 229, the following line occurs—</p><p>'sTher oure body is <italic>leothe-wok</italic>, зyf strengthe vrom above.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1371" symbol="page 219 note 1"><label><sup>page 219 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref740" citation-type="other"><italic>Anacren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>268</fpage></citation>, Anchoresses are warned against one deceit of the devil that ‘he <italic>liteð</italic> cruelte mid heowe of rihtwisnesse;’ and again, p. 392, the author says, ‘Ine schelde beoð þreo þinges, þet treo, and þet leðer, & þe <italic>litinge.’ Lyttesters</italic> occurs in the York Records, p. 235. Halliwell quotes from the Line. Med. MS. leaf 313: ‘Tak the greia of the wyne that mene fyndis in the tounnes, that <italic>litsters</italic> and goldsmythes uses.’ In <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, Joseph's brethren steeped his coat in the blood of a kid, so that ‘ðo was ðor-on an rewli <italic>lit</italic>.’ ‘Lyttle colours. <italic>Vide</italic> in Dye, &c. Lyttle of coloures. <italic>Tinctor</italic>.’ Huloet. In the <citation id="ref741" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. <fpage>3988</fpage></citation>, Andromache is described as having</p><p>'sEne flamyng fresshe, as any fyne stones, Hir lippes were louely <italic>littid</italic> with rede:’</p><p>Ryd as þa Roose wikede in hir chekes,</p><p>and at l. 7374 of the same work the Greeks prepare to take the field,</p><p>'sWhen the light vp launchit, <italic>littid</italic> the erthe.’</p><p>G. Douglas also uses the word in his trans, of the Æneid, vii. p. 226—</p><p>'sAls sone as was the grete melle begun, The erthe <italic>littit</italic> with blude and all ouer run.’</p><p>In the Early Metrical Version Ps. lxvii. 24 runs—</p><p>'sþat þi fote be <italic>lited</italic> in blode o lim, þe tunge of þi hundes fra faas of him;’</p><p>and in <citation id="ref742" citation-type="other"><italic>St. Katherine</italic>, l. <fpage>1432</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sAh wið se swiðe lufsume leores Ha leien, se rudie & se reade <italic>i-litet</italic>.’</p><p>See also Halliwell, s. v. <italic>Lit. ‘Hic tinctor</italic>, a lytster.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 212. O. Icel. <italic>lita</italic>.</p><p>See the <citation id="ref743" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, Introduct. p. <fpage>xiii</fpage></citation>, note.</p></fn><fn id="fn1372" symbol="page 219 note 2"><label><sup>page 219 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lyueray</italic> he hase of mete of drynke, And settis with hym who so hym thynke.’</p><p>The Boke of Curtasye, in Babees Boke, p. 188, l. 371.</p><p>In Do Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyff of the Manhode, Roxburgh Club, ed. Wright, p. 148, l. 21, we read—‘faile me nouht that j haue a gowne of the <italic>lguerey</italic> of зoure abbeye.’ ‘Lyveray gyven of a gentylman, <italic>liueree</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See also Gloss, to Ed. II., Household and Wardrobe Ord. ed. <citation id="ref744" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, and <name><surname>Romances</surname><given-names>Thornton</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>219</fpage></citation>. ‘Liverye or bowge of meat and drynke. <italic>Sportella</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1373" symbol="page 219 note 3"><label><sup>page 219 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>eptatis</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1374" symbol="page 219 note 4"><label><sup>page 219 note 4</sup></label><p>In a burlesque poem from the Porkington MS. printed in <citation id="ref745" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>85</fpage></citation>, are mentioned ‘borboltus and the stykylbakys, the flondyre and the <italic>loche</italic>,’ and in a ‘Servise on fysshe day,’ pr. in the <italic>Liber Care Cocorum</italic>, p. 54, occur ‘trouзte, sperlynges and menwus, And <italic>loches</italic> to hom sawce versauce shal.’ ‘<italic>Alosa</italic>. A fishe that for desire of a vayne, in a Tunies iawes killeth him. Of ye Spaniards called <italic>Sanalus;</italic> of the Venetians <italic>Culpea;</italic> of ye Grekes <italic>Thrissa</italic>.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Fundulus</italic>. A gudgeon.’ Coles. ‘<italic>Hec alosa</italic>, a loch.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 222. ‘<italic>Loche</italic>. The Loach, a small fish.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1375" symbol="page 219 note 5"><label><sup>page 219 note 5</sup></label><p>Chaucer in the Prol. to the C. T. l. 120, speaking of the Prioress says: ‘Hire gretteste ooth nas but by seint <italic>Loy</italic>,’ that is, by Saint Eligius, whose name in French became Eloi or Eloy. in which form we find it in Lyndesay's <italic>Monarche</italic>, 2299—</p><p>'sSanct <italic>Eloy</italic> he doith straitly stand, Ane new hors sehoo in tyll his hand.’</p><p>Saint Eligius, who is said to have constructed a saddle of extraordinary qualities for king Dagobert, was the patron saint of farriers: thus in Sir T. More's <citation id="ref746" citation-type="other"><italic>A Dialogue, &c</italic>. bk. II. c. x, p. <fpage>194</fpage></citation> (ed. 1577), we read: ‘Saint <italic>Loy</italic> we make an horseleche, and must let our horse rather renne vnshod and marre his hoofe, than to shooe him on his daye, which we must for that point more religiously kepe high and holy than Ester day.’ So, too, Chaucer in the <citation id="ref747" citation-type="other"><italic>Freres Tale</italic>, l. <year>1564</year></citation>, makes the carter pray to ‘God and seint <italic>Loy</italic>,’ and Lyndesay says again, l. 2367, ‘Sum makis offrande to sanct <italic>Eloye</italic>, That he thare hors may weill conuoye.’ Beside the famers, goldsmiths also looked up to Saint Loy as their patron: thus Barnaby Googe (quoted in Brande, <italic>Pop. Antiq.</italic>) says—</p><p>'sAnd Loye the smith doth looke to horse, and smithes of all degree, If they with iron meddle here, or if they goldsmithes bee.’</p><p>The life of this Saint will be found in Butler's <italic>Lives of the Saints</italic>, under December 1st. See the <italic>Academy</italic>, May 29th, June 12th and 19th, 1880.</p></fn><fn id="fn1376" symbol="page 220 note 1"><label><sup>page 220 note 1</sup></label><p>Evidently a mistake of the scribe for Lofe = Lufe, which see below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1377" symbol="page 220 note 2"><label><sup>page 220 note 2</sup></label><p>To entangle, mat or curl. A. S. <italic>locc</italic>, Icel. <italic>lokkr</italic>, a lock of hair.</p><p>'sThe grete Herminius wounder big of cors, …</p><p>Quhois hede and sohulderis nakit war and bare,</p><p>And on his croun bot <italic>lokkerand</italic> зallow hare.’</p><p><citation id="ref748" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. xi. p. <fpage>387</fpage></citation>, l. 18.</p><p>See also Bk. viii. p. 247, l. 1, and Bk. xii. 1. 18, where Turnus is described as</p><p>'sFers as an wyld lioun зond in Trace …. Fore ire the <italic>lokkeris</italic> of his neck vpcastis.’</p><p>Quhen the smart straik in his brest al fast ia,</p><p>In the <citation id="ref749" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>779</fpage></citation>, a bear is described as</p><p>'sAlle with lutterde legges, <italic>lokerde</italic> vnfaire.’</p><p>'s<italic>Cincinnaculus</italic>, heryd or lokky.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1378" symbol="page 220 note 3"><label><sup>page 220 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole says (<citation id="ref750" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, l. <fpage>459</fpage></citation>) that man before he was born—</p><p>'sDwellid in a myrk dungeon Whar he had na other fode</p><p>And in a foul stede of corupcion, But wlatsom glet, and <italic>loper</italic> blode;’</p><p>where the Harl. MS. 4196 reads ‘<italic>lopyrde:</italic>’ and in <citation id="ref751" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Ænead.</italic>, Bk. x. p. <fpage>328</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sOf his mouth a petuus thing to se The <italic>lopprit</italic> blude in ded thraw voydis he.’</p><p>Ray in his Glossary gives ‘<italic>Lopperd</italic> milk, such as stands so long till it sours and curdles of itself. Hence “a <italic>lopperd</italic> slut.
’ Still in use in the North. See Jamieson, s. v. Lapper. Prov. Dan. <italic>lubber</italic>, anything coagulated. O. Icel. <italic>laupa</italic>, to run, congeal. O. H. Ger. <italic>leberen</italic>, to congulate. ‘Lopper'd-milk. <italic>Lac exoletum et vetustate coagulatum</italic>.’ Coles.</p></fn><fn id="fn1379" symbol="page 220 note 4"><label><sup>page 220 note 4</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North. Loppard is also used in the sense of <italic>flea-bitten</italic>. ‘A lop (flea). <italic>Pulex</italic>.’ Coles. Caxton in his <citation id="ref752" citation-type="other"><italic>Cron. of Englond</italic>, p. <fpage>60</fpage></citation>, ch. 75, says: ‘after this bore shal come a lambe that shal haue feet of lede, an hede of bras an hert of a <italic>loppe</italic>, a swynes skyn, and an harde.’ ‘Grete <italic>loppys</italic> over alle this land thay fly.’ <citation id="ref753" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Myst.</surname><given-names>Towneley</given-names></name> p. <fpage>62</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1380" symbol="page 220 note 5"><label><sup>page 220 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA lopster, fish, <italic>carabus, locusta marina</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A lopster, <italic>gammarus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Harrison in his Descript. of Eng ii. 21, says—‘Finallie of the legged kinde we have not anie, neither haue I seene anie more of this sort than the <italic>Polypus</italic>, called in English the <italic>lobstar</italic>, crafish or creuis, and the crab. Carolus Stephanus in his <italic>maison rustique</italic>, doubted whether these lobstars be fish or not; and in the end concludeth them to grow of the purgation of the water as dooth the frog, and these also not to be eaten, for that they be strong and verie hard of digestion.’ ‘<italic>Polypus</italic>, loppestre.’ Aelfric's Glossary, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 56. ‘Lopstar, a fysshe, <italic>chancre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Lopster vermyn. Lopster of the sea, whiche is a fyshe lyke a creues. <italic>Astacus, carabus</italic>, &c.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1381" symbol="page 221 note 1"><label><sup>page 221 note 1</sup></label><p>In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 182, <italic>ciliarcha</italic> is glossed by ‘lord of thousond knyзtis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1382" symbol="page 221 note 2"><label><sup>page 221 note 2</sup></label><p>A maker of lorimery or metal work for the trappings of horses. The representatives of this ancient trade are now called ‘Loriners’ or ‘Lorimers.’ In one MS. of the <citation id="ref754" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Biwle</italic>, p. <fpage>184</fpage></citation>, the Anchoress is bidden ‘hwose euer mis-seið þe, oðer mis-deð þe, nim зeme and understand þat he is þi file þat <italic>lorimers</italic> habben.’ ‘Lorenge, iron; Fr. <italic>lormier</italic>, a maker of small iron trinkets, as nails, spurs, &c. In the parish of North St. Michaels, in Oxford, was an alley or lane, called the “Lormery,
it being the place where such sort of iron wares were sold for all Oxford.’ Hearne's Gloss, to R. de Brunne's Translation of Langtoft's Chronicle, p. 613. Palsgrave translates ‘<italic>Loremar</italic>’ by ‘one that maketh byttes;’ and again by ‘maker of bosses of bridelles.’ ‘<italic>Lorale</italic>, a lorayne, a brydell.’ Ortus. ‘Lorimarii quam plurimum diliguntur a nobilibus militibus Francie, propter calcaria argentata et aurata, et propter pectoralia resonancia et frena bene fabricata. Lorimarii dicuntur a loris (seu loralibusi quæ faciunt.’ Dict, of John de Garlande, Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 123.</p></fn><fn id="fn1383" symbol="page 221 note 3"><label><sup>page 221 note 3</sup></label><p>Of William of Palerne we are told that ‘Lieres ne <italic>losengeres</italic> loued he neuer none, but tok to him tidely trewe cunsayl euere.’ l. 5841. The word also occurs in <citation id="ref755" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>4196</fpage></citation>, where Charles having at the instigation of traitors given orders for a retreat into France, ‘þan waxe sory þe gode barouns, þat þay scholde don op hure pauillouns;</p><p>By þe conseil of <italic>losengers</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref756" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Nonne Prestes Tale</italic>, <fpage>505</fpage></citation>, and <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 170. ‘<italic>Losengier</italic>. A flatterer, cogger, foister, pickthanke, prater, cousener, guller, beguiler, deceiver.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1384" symbol="page 221 note 4"><label><sup>page 221 note 4</sup></label><p>'sI love, as a chapman loveth his ware that he wyll sell. <italic>Je fais</italic>. Come, of howe moche love you it at: <italic>sus combien le faictez vous</italic> ? I love you it nat so dere as it coste me: I wolde be gladde to bye some ware of you, but you love all thynges to dere.’ ‘þe sullere <italic>loveð</italic> his þing dere.’ <citation id="ref757" citation-type="other"><italic>Old Eng. Homilies</italic>, ii. <fpage>213</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>lofian</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>lofa</italic>, to praise.</p><p>'sOf mouth of childer and soukand Made þou <italic>lof</italic> in ilka land.’ Psalms viii. 3. See also <citation id="ref758" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Coms</italic>, <fpage>321</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref759" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>285</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref760" citation-type="other"><italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, l. <fpage>662</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref761" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>177</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1385" symbol="page 221 note 5"><label><sup>page 221 note 5</sup></label><p>'sSwa þatt teзз alle þrenngdenn ut All alls it wære all oferr hemm Off all þatt miccle temmple, O <italic>loзhe</italic> and all tofelle.’ <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 16185.</p><p>'sSo com a <italic>lau</italic> oute of a loghe, in lede is noзt to layne.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. vii.</p></fn><fn id="fn1386" symbol="page 221 note 6"><label><sup>page 221 note 6</sup></label><p>This word is still in use in the North; see Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. Ray gives in his Glossary of North Country Words ‘<italic>lowk</italic>, to weed corn, to look out weeds, so in other countries [i.e. counties] to <italic>look</italic> one's head, i.e. to look out fleas or lice there.’ ‘<italic>Hic runcator, Hic circulator</italic>, lowker.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 218. ‘To lowke. <italic>Averruneo, exherbo</italic>.’ Coles. ‘1623, July 20. Pd. for his mowing and his wife <italic>lowkinge</italic> and hay makinge 12<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref762" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic> of H, Best, p. <fpage>156</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Lookers</italic> have 3<sup>d</sup>. a day.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref762">ibid.</xref> p. 142.</p></fn><fn id="fn1387" symbol="page 222 note 1"><label><sup>page 222 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Luke Cruke, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1388" symbol="page 222 note 2"><label><sup>page 222 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Amentum</italic>. A thonge, or that which is bounden to the middes of a darte to throwe it: a stroope or loope.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1389" symbol="page 222 note 3"><label><sup>page 222 note 3</sup></label><p>There are evidently two words here mixed up: <italic>lousy</italic> and <italic>loose</italic>. ‘I lowse a person or a garment, I take lyce or vermyn out of it. <italic>Je pouille</italic>. Beggers have a goodly lyfe in the sommer tyme to lye and lowse them under the hedge.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1390" symbol="page 222 note 4"><label><sup>page 222 note 4</sup></label><p>Randle Holme, under ‘How several sorts of Fish are named, according to their Age or Growth,’ p. 345, gives—‘A Pike, first a Hurling pick, then a Pickerel, then a Pike, then a <italic>Luce</italic> or <italic>Lucie</italic>.’ Harrison, Descript. of Eng. ii. 18, tells us that ‘the pike as he ageth receiueth diverse names, as from a pie to a gilthed, from a gilthed to a pod, from a pod to a iacke, from a iacke to a pickerell, from a pickerell to a pike, and last of all to a <italic>luce</italic>.’ ‘Luonus, a <italic>lewse</italic>.’ Nom. MS. The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘a lnce, fish, <italic>lupus fluvialis</italic>.’ ‘Luce a fysshe, <italic>lus</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Grete <italic>luces</italic> y-nowe, He gat home wold.’ <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, 503.</p></fn><fn id="fn1391" symbol="page 222 note 5"><label><sup>page 222 note 5</sup></label><p>See a recipe ‘For Sirup’ in the <citation id="ref763" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>43</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sTake befe and sklioe it fayre and thynne, Of þo <italic>luddock</italic> with owte or ellis with in, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1392" symbol="page 222 note 6"><label><sup>page 222 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThe flat or palm of the hand; slahs <italic>lofin</italic>, a buffet, Gospel of St. John, xviii. 22, xix. 3; <italic>lofam</italic> slahan, to strike with the palms of the hands, St. Mat. xxvi. 27; St. Mark xiv. 65.’ Skeat's Mœso-Goth. Gloss. See also Ray's Gloss, s. v. <italic>Luve</italic>. ‘I may toweh with my <italic>lufe</italic> the ground evyn here.’ <citation id="ref764" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst</italic>. p. <fpage>32</fpage></citation>. O. Icel. <italic>lofi</italic>.</p><p>'sWyth Iyзt <italic>loueз</italic> vp-lyfte Jay loued hym swyþe.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 987.</p><p>'sThe licor in his awen <italic>loove</italic>, the letter in the tothire.’ <citation id="ref765" citation-type="other"><italic>King Alexander</italic>, <fpage>2569</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Still in use; see Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. Turner in his Herbal, pt. ii. lf. 108, says ‘they [certain pears] be as big as a man can grype in the palm or <italic>loofe</italic> of his hande.’ Gawain Douglas in his trans, of the Virgil, <citation id="ref766" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic> viii. p. <fpage>242</fpage></citation>, describing how Æneas made his libation and prayer to the nymphs, says—</p><p>'sIn the holl <italic>luffis</italic> of his hand, quhare he stude, Dewly the wattir hynt he fra the flude.’</p><p>'sNa laubour list thay luke tyl, thare <italic>luffis</italic> are bierd lyme.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref766">Ibid.</xref> Bk. viii. Prol. l. 81.</p><p>'s<italic>Hec palma. hoc ir:</italic> the loue [printed lone] of the hande.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 207.</p></fn><fn id="fn1393" symbol="page 222 note 7"><label><sup>page 222 note 7</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic> the author of the Addit. MS. translation mistook the Latin term <italic>Amasius</italic> for a proper name: ‘whan the other knyght, <italic>Amasius</italic>, that the lady loved, perseived that, he came on a nyght to her house, &c.’ p. 174. The same mistake also occurs, p. 182, where the Addit. and Cambridge MSS. give the name of the woman as ‘Amasie,’ the Latin being <italic>amasia</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1394" symbol="page 223 note 1"><label><sup>page 223 note 1</sup></label><p>The modern pronunciation of Lieutenant is found in the ballad of Chevy Chase, l. 122:</p><p>'sThat dougheti duglas, <italic>lyff-tenant</italic> of the marches, he lay slean chyviat within;’ and again in the <italic>Boke of Noblesse</italic>, 1475 (repr. 1860, p. 35), we have, ‘whiche townes and forteresses after was delivered ayen to the king Edwarde by the moyen of Edmonde erle of Kent, hie <italic>liefetenaunt</italic>.’ Heywood in his <italic>Foure Premises</italic>, 1615, I. iii., spells the word <italic>liefetenant</italic>, and Purchas in his <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, 1613, vol. i. bk. iv. c. ii. has <italic>lieftenant</italic>. Caxton, I believe, invariably uses the form <italic>lieutenaunt</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1395" symbol="page 223 note 2"><label><sup>page 223 note 2</sup></label><p>'sAnd for theire luf a <italic>luge</italic> is diзt Fulle hye upon an hille.’ MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, lf. 49. ‘<italic>Lapicidinarius:</italic> Qui lapides a lapicædia [locus ubi lapides eruuntur] eruit; Fr. carrieu (Vet. Grlos.).’ D'Arnis. <italic>Loge</italic> is used frequently in the <italic>Destr. of Troy</italic> for a tent as in 1. 813— ‘Enon lurkys to his <italic>loge</italic>, & laide hym to slepe;’</p><p>and in l. 6026 it is applied to temporary shelters of boughs and leaves—</p><p>'sFor the prise kynges <italic>Logges</italic> to las men with leuys of wode.’</p><p>Grete tenttes to graide, as þaire degre askit,</p><p>In De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 126, we find—‘þow muste entyr thiddyr in and <italic>luge</italic> the in ane of the castellys,’ and Gawain Douglas, in his <citation id="ref767" citation-type="other"><italic>King Hart</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Small</surname></name>, p. <fpage>109</fpage></citation>, l. 16, has: ‘Quhat wedder is thairout vnder the <italic>luge</italic> ?’ and again <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. 224—</p><p>'sAnd at euin tide returne hame the strecht way, Till his <italic>lugeing</italic> wele bekend fute hait.’ See also <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 784, 807, &c. and cf. P. Masonys Loge.</p></fn><fn id="fn1396" symbol="page 223 note 3"><label><sup>page 223 note 3</sup></label><p>In the Dispute between Mary and the Cross, pr. in <citation id="ref768" citation-type="other"><italic>Legends of the Holy Rood</italic>, p. <fpage>133</fpage></citation>, the Virgin says— ‘Feet and fayre hondes</p><p>þat nou ben croised I custe hem ofte, I <italic>lulled</italic> hem, I leid hem softe:</p><p>and in Chaucer's <citation id="ref769" citation-type="other"><italic>Clerk's Tale</italic>, <fpage>553</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sIn her barme þis litel childe she leide, And <italic>lulled</italic> it, and after gan it kisse.’</p><p>Wiþ ful sadde face and gan þe childe to blisse,</p><p>'sI lulle in myne armes, as a nouryce dothe her chylde to bringe it aslepe. <italic>Je beree enlre mrs bras</italic>. She can lulle a childe as hansomly aslepe as it were a woman of thurty yere olde.’ Palsgrave. ‘To lull. <italic>Delinio, demulceo</italic>.’ To lull asleep. <italic>Sopio</italic>. Lullaby. <italic>Lullus, nœnia soporifera</italic>.’ Coles. ‘<italic>Bercé</italic>, lulled.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 143. O. Icel. <italic>lulla</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1397" symbol="page 223 note 4"><label><sup>page 223 note 4</sup></label><p>A very common burden in nursery songs. See one printed by Mr. Halliwell in his edition of the <citation id="ref770" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>414</fpage></citation>, which begins—</p><p>'sLully, lulla, thow litell tine child: By, by, lully, lullay, thow littell tyne child:</p><p>By, by, lully, lullay, &c.’</p><p>'sffayr chylde, lullay, sone must she syng.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref770">ibid.</xref> p. 137.</p></fn><fn id="fn1398" symbol="page 224 note 1"><label><sup>page 224 note 1</sup></label><p>Gawain Douglas in his prologue to the <citation id="ref771" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. viii. l. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, uses lurdanry—</p><p>'sFrendschip flemyt is in France, and fayth has the flicht;</p><p>Leyis, <italic>lurdanry</italic> and lust ar oure laid sterne.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1399" symbol="page 224 note 2"><label><sup>page 224 note 2</sup></label><p>Wyclif in his version of Joshua x. 27 has, ‘the whiche doon doun thei threwen hem into the spelonk, in the which thei <italic>lorkiden’ [in qua latuerant]</italic>; and in I. Paralip. xii. 8, ‘of Gaddi ouerflowen to Dauid, whanne he <italic>lurkide [cum lateret]</italic> in desert, most stronge men, and best fiзters.’ See the <citation id="ref772" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. <fpage>1167</fpage></citation>, where the Greeks are described as having ‘<italic>lurkyt</italic> vnder lefesals loget with vines.’</p><p>In l. 13106 of the same poem it is used with the meaning of departing stealthily, stealing away— ‘Vlyxes the Lord, that <italic>lurkyd</italic> by nyght ffro the Cite to the see.’</p><p>'sI <italic>Iurke</italic> and dare.’ <citation id="ref773" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Myst.</italic> <fpage>137</fpage></citation>. See also <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 277, where Jonah having inspected ‘vche a nok’ of the whale's belly ‘þenne <italic>lurhkes</italic> & laytes where watз le best.’ ‘To lurk or lie hid. <italic>Lateo, latito</italic>. To lurk privily upon the ground. <italic>Latibulo</italic>. A lurking hole. <italic>Latebra</italic>, &c.’ Gouldman. ‘I lurke, I hyde my selfe. <italic>Je me musse</italic>. Whan I come to the house, you lurke ever in some corner.’ Palsgrave. The MS. repeats <italic>delitere, -tescere</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1400" symbol="page 224 note 3"><label><sup>page 224 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘a loouer, or tunnell in the roofe, or top of a great hall to auoid smoke, <italic>fumarium</italic>.’ In his directions for the proper arrangement of a house Neckham says— luvers ordine</p><p>'s<italic>specularia autem competenter sint disposita in domo orientates partes respiciencia;</italic> where the meaning seems to be a side-window in the hall.’ <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 109. ‘Lovir or fomerill. <italic>Fumarium et infumibulum</italic>.’ Withals. ‘<italic>Fumarium</italic>, a chymney or a ffomeral.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref774" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. xxi. <fpage>288</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref775" citation-type="other"><italic>Romans of Partenay</italic>, <fpage>1175</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1401" symbol="page 224 note 4"><label><sup>page 224 note 4</sup></label><p>'sMace, spice; <italic>macer</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Mace, spice, <italic>macis</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1402" symbol="page 224 note 5"><label><sup>page 224 note 5</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘A mace or anything that is borne, <italic>gestamen;</italic> a mace roiall, <italic>sceptrum;</italic>’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘Mace, scepter, <italic>sceptrum</italic>.’ ‘And anone one of hem that was in montaguys companye vp with a <italic>mace</italic> and smote the same hugh vpon the hede that the brayn brest out.’ <citation id="ref776" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Cron. of England</italic>, p. <fpage>216</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1403" symbol="page 224 note 6"><label><sup>page 224 note 6</sup></label><p>The scribe of Lord Monson's MS. has here completely muddled the two words <italic>mad</italic> and <italic>made;</italic> he has copied as follows:—</p><p>'sto be Madde; <italic>fieri, dementare</italic>, & cetera: to be fonde, & cetera, <italic>ut supra</italic>.’</p><p>In Wyclif's version of the New Testament John x. 20 is rendered ‘And so dissencioun was maad among the Jewis for thes wordis. Forsothe manye of hem seiden, He hath a deuel, and <italic>maddith</italic> [or wexith wood]; what heeren зe him.’ See also Deeds viii. 11 and xii. 15. The word occurs with a transitive meaning in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 359—</p><p>'sFor marre oþer <italic>madde</italic>, morne and myþe, Al lys in him to dyзt and deme:’ and the noun <italic>maddyng</italic>, folly, is found at l. 1153,and also in <citation id="ref777" citation-type="other"><italic>King Alisaunder</italic>, p. <fpage>121</fpage></citation>. ‘I madde, I waxe or become mad. <italic>Je enraige</italic>. I holde my lyfe on it the felowe maddelh.’ Palsgrave. ‘For grete aege olde men doot and <italic>madde</italic>.’ <citation id="ref778" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Glanvil</surname></name>, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. I. ch. i, p. <fpage>187</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1404" symbol="page 224 note 7"><label><sup>page 224 note 7</sup></label><p>'sMadder, herbe to die or colour with, <italic>rubia, garance</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Madder, <italic>rubea linetorium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Garance</italic> f. the herbe madder; with whose root Dyers make cloth Orange tawny, or, for a need, Red; and joyning it with woad, black.’ Cooper in his Thesaurus, 1584, explains <italic>Sandix</italic> by ‘a colour made of ceruse and ruddle burned together.’ ‘I madder clothe to be dyed. <italic>Je garence</italic>. Your vyolet hath not his full dye but he his maddered.’ Palsgrave. See Cockayne's <citation id="ref779" citation-type="other"><italic>Leechdoms</italic>, iii. <fpage>337</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1405" symbol="page 225 note 1"><label><sup>page 225 note 1</sup></label><p>The term <italic>maiden</italic> and its derivatives, as <italic>maidenhood, maiden-clean</italic>, &c, were not uncommonly applied to persons of both sexes. Thus, besides the passage in <citation id="ref780" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. xi. <fpage>281</fpage></citation>, where Wit advises marriage between ‘maydenes and maydenes,’ that is between bachelors and spinsters, in the <citation id="ref781" citation-type="other"><italic>Poem of Anticrist</italic>, l. <fpage>105</fpage></citation>, we find—</p><p>'sCrist him-selven chese</p><p>Be born in bethleem for ur ese</p><p>and in <italic>Havelok</italic>, l. 995, we read of</p><p>and in Lonelich's <citation id="ref782" citation-type="other"><italic>Holy Grail</italic>, xvi. <fpage>680</fpage>—</citation></p><p>His <italic>maidenhede</italic> for to bring in place,</p><p>þat he took for us wit his grace:’</p><p>that ‘Of bodi was he <italic>mayden clene</italic>.:’</p><p>'sOn of hem my Cosin was, And a clene <italic>Maiden</italic> and ful of gras.’</p><p>So, too, in Trevisa's trans, of Higden, v. 69, where the writer speaking of Siriacus says, ‘he was clene <italic>mayde</italic> i-martred wiþ þe same maydenes’ [<italic>ipse virgo existens</italic>]. ‘Man beyng a mayde, <italic>puceau</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1406" symbol="page 225 note 2"><label><sup>page 225 note 2</sup></label><p>According to Lyte, Dodoens, p. 41, the Meadowsweet; ‘Medesweete or Medewurte … called of some after the Latine name Goates bearde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1407" symbol="page 225 note 3"><label><sup>page 225 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hamus</italic>. An hoke or An hole off net or A mayl of An haburjone.’ Medulla. Plate armour was, as its name implies, formed of <italic>plates</italic> of steel or iron, while <italic>mail</italic> armour was composed of small rings or links. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Maille</italic>, maile, or a linke of maile (whereof coats of mail be made); also a Hauther, or any little ring of mettal resembling a linke of maile.’ In the duel between Oliver and Sir Ferumbras the latter deals a blow on Oliver's helmet and ‘of ys auantaile wyþ þat stroke carf wel many a <citation id="ref783" citation-type="other"><italic>maylle</italic></citation>.’ <citation id="ref784" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>624</fpage></citation>; and again, l. 876, when Oliver was surrounded by the Saracens he ‘gan hym sturie about, & for-hewþ hem plate & <italic>maille</italic>.’ ‘Mayle of a halburjon, <italic>maille</italic>.’</p><p>Palsgrave. See the description of the habergeon which the pilgrim receives from ‘Grace Dieu’ in De Deguileville's <citation id="ref785" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>61</fpage></citation>, where she says: ‘for no wepene y-grounden ther was neuere <italic>mayl</italic> y-broken. For with the nailes with whiche was nayled the sone of the smith and ryven the <italic>mailes</italic> were enclosed and rivetted.’ ‘<italic>Squamœ</italic>, mayles or lytle plates in an haberieon, or coate of fense: <italic>duplici squama lorica</italic>. Virgil.’ Cooper, 1584. Cotgrave notes as a proverb ‘<italic>Maille à maille on fait les haubergeons;</italic> linke after linke the coat is made at length; peece after peece things come to perfection.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1408" symbol="page 225 note 4"><label><sup>page 225 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Mutulo</italic>, to maymyn.’ Medulla. Palsgrave has, ‘He hath mayned me and now is fledde his waye: <italic>il ma affollé</italic> or <italic>mutillé</italic>, or <italic>mehaigné</italic>.’ In Robert de Brunne's trans, of Langtoft, p. 305, we read—‘Was no man lnglis <italic>maynhed</italic> ne dede fat day.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1409" symbol="page 225 note 5"><label><sup>page 225 note 5</sup></label><p>'sThe Maior, or chiefe and principall officer in a Cite: <italic>prœfectus urbis, optimas, primas, prœtor urbanus</italic>. His Maioraltie, or the time of his office being Maior, <italic>prœfectura</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Prefectus</italic>, a Meyre, a Justyce.’ Medulla. See Liber Custumarum, Gloss, s. v. Major. ‘A Meyre, <italic>prases</italic>.’ MS. Egerton, 829, leaf 78.</p></fn><fn id="fn1410" symbol="page 225 note 6"><label><sup>page 225 note 6</sup></label><p>See Prof. Skeat's note to <citation id="ref786" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. Text, xi. <fpage>9</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1411" symbol="page 225 note 7"><label><sup>page 225 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA maise of hering, <italic>quingenta</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A mease of herring. <italic>Alestrigium</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1412" symbol="page 226 note 1"><label><sup>page 226 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Palare</italic> has already been used as the Latin equivalent of to Holke.</p></fn><fn id="fn1413" symbol="page 226 note 2"><label><sup>page 226 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>confestor</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1414" symbol="page 226 note 3"><label><sup>page 226 note 3</sup></label><p>Cooper, 1584, gives ‘<italic>Arthetica passio</italic>, the joynte sioknes, the goute.’ ‘<italic>Artesis</italic>. The Gout in the Joynts.’ Coles. See Knotty, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1415" symbol="page 226 note 4"><label><sup>page 226 note 4</sup></label><p>See P. Megar.</p></fn><fn id="fn1416" symbol="page 226 note 5"><label><sup>page 226 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA male or budget; <italic>male, valise</italic>. A little male, <italic>bougette, malette</italic>.’ Sherwood. ‘<italic>Portemanteau</italic>, m. a Port-mantue, cloak-bag, male.’ Cotgrave. ‘A male, <italic>mantica</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A male or bowget, <italic>hyppopera, mantica</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Undo my male or boget. <italic>Retexe bulgam</italic>.’ Horman. ‘Item. I shalle telle you a tale, Pampyng and I have picked your <italic>male</italic>, and taken out pesis v.’ Paston Letters, ii. 237. ‘Ich þe wulle bi-tache a <italic>male</italic> riche; peniзes þer buod an funda, to iwisse an hundrad punda.’ <citation id="ref787" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Laзamon</surname></name>, i. <fpage>150</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþay busken vp bilyue,blonkkeз to sadel, Tyffen her takles, trussen her <italic>males</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref788" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawaine</italic>, <fpage>1129</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Tusser in his Five Hundred Points, ch. cii. p. 191, suggests as a ‘Posie for the gests chamber: Foule <italic>male</italic> some cast on faire boord, be carpet nere so cleene, What maners careles maister hath, by knave his man is seene.’</p><p>'sMale to put stuffe in, <italic>masle</italic>. Male or wallet to putte geare in, <italic>malle</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1417" symbol="page 226 note 6"><label><sup>page 226 note 6</sup></label><p>See Diet, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1418" symbol="page 226 note 7"><label><sup>page 226 note 7</sup></label><p>Probably we should read Malky<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline2"></inline-graphic>. Cotgrave has ‘A maulkin (to make cleane an oven) <italic>patrouille, fourbalet, escouillon</italic>. To make cleane with a maulkin, <italic>patrouiller. Escouillon</italic>, a wispe or dishclout, a maulkin, or drag to cleanse or sweepe an oven.’ Manip. Vocab. gives ‘A malkin, <italic>panniculus</italic>,’ and Baret ‘a maulkin, a drag wherewith the floore of an oven is made clean, <italic>peniculus, pennicillus’ ‘Mercedero</italic>, a maulkin, <italic>Peniculum</italic>.’ <citation id="ref789" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Percyuall</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <italic>Span. Dict.</italic> <year>1591</year></citation>. ‘<italic>Mercedéro, m.</italic> a maulkin to make cleane an oven with.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref789">Ib.</xref> ed. <citation id="ref790" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Minsheu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <year>1623</year></citation>. <italic>Mawkin</italic> in Lincolnshire signifies a scarecrow (see Mr. Peacock's Gloss.), but about Whitby, according to Mr. F. K. Robinson, still preserves its meaning of ‘a mop for cleaning a baker's oven.’ See also Thoresby's Letter to Ray, E. Dial. Soc. and Miss Jackson's Shropshire Glossary. ‘A Scovell, Dragge, or Malkin wherewith the floor of the oven is cleaned. <italic>Penicules</italic>.’ Withals. In Wright's Vocab. p. 276, under the head of <italic>Pistor cum suis Instrumentis</italic> we find ‘<italic>Hoc tersorium, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. a malkyn.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1419" symbol="page 226 note 8"><label><sup>page 226 note 8</sup></label><p>Baret says, ‘Mallowes, this herb groweth in gardens, and in vntilled places, they be temperate in heat and moisture; <italic>malua</italic>.’ Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 45, says, ‘It [the mallow] that is called Malache of the Grecianes … is called in Englishe <italic>holy ok</italic>.’</p><p>'sFlee the butterflie That in the <italic>malves</italic> flouring wol abounde.’</p><p>Palladius on <citation id="ref791" citation-type="other"><italic>Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>147</fpage></citation>, l. 206.</p></fn><fn id="fn1420" symbol="page 226 note 9"><label><sup>page 226 note 9</sup></label><p>'sManicles, to bind the hands, also gauntlets and splents, <italic>manicœ</italic>.’ Baret. ‘I manakyll a suspecte person to make hym to confesse thynges. <italic>Je riue en aigneaux</italic>. And he wyll nat confesse it manakyll hym, for undoubted he is gylty.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1421" symbol="page 227 note 1"><label><sup>page 227 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1383, we read that Sir Feltemour ‘<italic>manacede</italic> fulle faste.’ ‘<italic>Mine sunt</italic> Manasse.’ Medulla. Baret gives; ‘All things manace present death, <italic>intentant omnia mortem</italic>. Virg,’ Hampole tells us that Antichrist shall torment the saints</p><p>'sThurgh grete tourmentes and <citation id="ref792" citation-type="other"><italic>manace.’ P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>4350</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s“Sarsyn,
quaþ Olyuer, “let now ben þy prude & þy <italic>manace</italic>.
’ <citation id="ref793" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, <fpage>432</fpage></citation>. Wyclif's version of Mark iii. 12 runs—‘And gretely he <italic>manasside</italic> hem, that thei shulder nat make hym opyn [or knowen]:’ see also ch. iv. v. 39. Fr. <italic>menacer</italic> from Lat. <italic>minœ, minacia</italic>, threats. ‘Manace. <italic>Intento, Interminor</italic>. Manace and manacynge, Idem.’ Huloet. ‘I manace, I thretten a person. <italic>Je menace</italic>. Doest thou manace me, I defye the and thy malyce to.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1422" symbol="page 227 note 2"><label><sup>page 227 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA manour, or house without the walles of the citie, <italic>suhurbanum;</italic> a manour, a farme; a place in the country with ground lieng to it; <italic>pradium;</italic> a manour, farme or piece of grounde fallen by heritage, <italic>hœredium;</italic> a little house, farme, or manour in the countrie, <italic>prœdiolum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Syr Robert Knolles, knyght, dyed at his <italic>maner</italic> in Norfolk.’ <citation id="ref794" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Cronicle of England</italic>, ch. 343, p. <fpage>289</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1423" symbol="page 227 note 3"><label><sup>page 227 note 3</sup></label><p>Turner, in his Herbal, 1551, pt. ii. lf. 45, says—‘There are two kindes of <italic>mandray</italic>, the black which is the female, …. the white …. called ye male.’ In <citation id="ref795" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, ll. <fpage>1386</fpage>, <fpage>87</fpage></citation>, Floripas makes of mandrake for Oliver,</p><p>'sA drench þat noble was & mad him drynk it warm,</p><p>& Olyuer wax hole soue þas, and felede no maner harm.’</p><p>'sMandrake herbe. <italic>Mardragora [sic]</italic>, whereof there be he and she, and of two natures.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1424" symbol="page 227 note 4"><label><sup>page 227 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Manuel</italic>, a manuel, a (portable) prayer book.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1425" symbol="page 227 note 5"><label><sup>page 227 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref796" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <year>1534</year></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sFore-maglede in the <italic>marras</italic> with meruailous knyghteз;’</p><p>and again, l. 2505—</p><p>'sThorowe <italic>marasse</italic> and mosse and montes so heghe.’</p><p>See also l. 2014. The account of Pharaoh's dream as given in Wyclif's version of Genesis xli. 2 says, ‘He gesside that he stood on a flood, fro which seuene kyn and ful fatte stieden, and weren fed in the places of <italic>mareis [in locis palustribus]</italic>.’ ‘Marrice, <italic>palus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Marais</italic>, a marsh or fenne.’ Cotgrave. ‘A moore or <italic>marris; vide</italic> Fen. A fenne or marise, a moore often drowned with water, <italic>palus, Vng marez</italic>.’ Baret. Maundeville, p. 130, says of Tartary, that ‘no man may passe be that Weye godely, but in tyme of Wyntir, for the perilous Watres, and wykkede <italic>Mareyes</italic> that ben in tho Contrees,’ where the word is wrongly explained in the Glossary as ‘meres, boundaries.’ Caxton in his <citation id="ref797" citation-type="other"><italic>Myrrour of the Worlde</italic>, pt. ii. p. <fpage>102</fpage></citation>, says: ‘The huppe or lapwynehe is a byrde crested, whiche is moche in <italic>mareys</italic> and fylthes.’ In Turner's <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 93, it is stated that ‘Spourge gyant …. groweth only in <italic>merrish</italic> and watery groundes.’ ‘Marysshe grounde, <italic>marescaige</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1426" symbol="page 228 note 1"><label><sup>page 228 note 1</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘Marches, borders, or bounds of, &c. <italic>confinium;</italic> souldiers appointed to keepe and defende the marches, <italic>limitanei milites</italic>, Theod.; the frontiers, bounds, or marches of the empire, <italic>margines imperil;</italic>’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Marche</italic>, f. a region, coast, or quarter, also a march, frontire, or border of a countrey.’ In <citation id="ref798" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. xi. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>, Dowel is called ‘duk of þes <italic>marches</italic>.’ See also <citation id="ref799" citation-type="other"><italic>Alexander & Dindimus</italic>, l. <fpage>382</fpage></citation>. ‘I marche, as one countray marcheth upon an other. <italic>Je marchys</italic>. Their countrays marched the one upon the other.’ Palsgrave. ‘Marches or borders of a country. <italic>Fines</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Judee is put out of her termes (or <italic>marchis</italic>) of the Caldeis.’ Wyclif, 3 Esdras iv. 45.</p></fn><fn id="fn1427" symbol="page 228 note 2"><label><sup>page 228 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA goldene erering and a <italic>margarite</italic> shynende, that vndernemeth a wis man, and an ere obedient.’ Wyclif, Proverbs xxv. 11. ‘Wo! wo! the ilke greet citee, that was clothid with bijce and purpur, and cocke, and was goldid with gold and precious stoon, and <italic>margaritis</italic>.’ Apocal. xviii. 16. In De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode</italic>, ed. Wright, p. 55, Grace Dieu declares the scrip which she gives to the pilgrim to be ‘mickel more woorth than a <italic>margerye</italic> and more preciows.’ In the description of the heavenly city in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 1036, each ‘pane’ is described as having 3 gates,</p><p>'sþe portaleз pyked of rych plateз, A parfyt perle þat neuer fateз.’</p><p>& vch зate of a <italic>margyrye</italic>.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref799">ibid.</xref> B. 556. <citation id="ref800" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Descript. of Britain</italic>, <fpage>1480</fpage></citation>, says that round England are caught dolphins, ‘sea calues and balaynes, grete fysshe of whales kynde, and diuerse shelfysshe, amonge whiche shelfysshe ben muskles that within hem haue <italic>margeri peerles</italic> of all maner of colour, and hewe, of rody and red, purpure, and of blewe, and specially and most of whyte.’ ‘Margery perle, <italic>nacle</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See also Stubbes, <citation id="ref801" citation-type="other"><italic>Anatomie of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>70</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1428" symbol="page 228 note 3"><label><sup>page 228 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe <italic>merghe</italic> of a fresche calfe’ is mentioned in the Lincoln Med. MS. leaf 283, and ‘the <italic>merghe</italic> of a gose-wenge’ on leaf 285. ‘The marrow with the bone, <italic>medulla</italic>.’ Baret. ‘His bowelis ben ful of talз; and the bones of hym ben moistid with <italic>marз</italic>.’ Wyclif, Job xxi. 24. Caxton in the Myrrour of the Worlde, pt. iii. p. 146, says: ‘in lyke wise it happeth on alle bestes, ffor they haue thenne [whan the mone is fulle] their heedes and other membres more garnysshid of <italic>margh</italic> and of humeurs.’ Whitinton in his <citation id="ref802" citation-type="other"><italic>Vulgaria</italic>, <year>1527</year></citation>, lf. 27<sup>bk</sup>. says: ‘A man myghte as soone pyke <italic>mary</italic> out of a mattock, as dryue thre good latyn wordes out of your foretoppe.’ A. Boorde in his <italic>Breuiary</italic> of Health, ch. clvii. p. 57, recommends for chaps in the lips ‘the pouder of the rynes of pome garnades, the <italic>mary</italic> of a calfe, or of a hart, &c.’ A. S. <italic>mearg, mearh. ‘Medulla</italic>. The mary.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1429" symbol="page 228 note 4"><label><sup>page 228 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe margent of a booke, <italic>margo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A margent, <italic>margo</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1430" symbol="page 228 note 5"><label><sup>page 228 note 5</sup></label><p>Huloet speaks of the ‘Marigolde or ruddes herbe. <italic>Calendula, heliocrisos, heliotroplum, Leontopodium, Lysimachium, Scorpiuros, Solsequium</italic>.’ The oldest name for the plant was <italic>ymhglidegold</italic>, that which moves round with the sun. In MS. Harl. 3388 occurs ‘<italic>Calendula, solsequium, sponsa solis</italic>, solsecle, goldewort idem, ruddis holygold.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1431" symbol="page 229 note 1"><label><sup>page 229 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Marjolaine</italic>, f. Marierome, sweet Marierome, &c.’ Cotgrave. ‘Maioram, gentle, or sweete Maioram, herbe, <italic>Amaracus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Margerome gentyll, an herbe, <italic>marjolayne, margelyne</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Turner in his <citation id="ref803" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, p. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>, says: ‘Some call thys herbe in englysh <italic>merierum gentle</italic>, to put a difference betwene an other herbe called merierum, which is but a bastard kynde, and this is ye true kynde. <italic>Merierum</italic> is a thicke and busshy herbe creping by the ground, with leues lyke small calaminte roughe and rounde.’ The form <italic>Maierom</italic>, which is strictly correct, being from the Ital. <italic>majorana</italic> (for the change of n to <italic>m</italic> compare <italic>holm, lime</italic>, &c.) occurs in Tusser.ch. xlii., where the plant is mentioned amongst ‘strowing herbes of all sortes.’ I have inserted the <italic>r</italic> in the text, as the alphabetical position of the word requires it.</p></fn><fn id="fn1432" symbol="page 229 note 2"><label><sup>page 229 note 2</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, A. v. 31, Conscience</p><p>'sWarnede Walte his wyf was to blame,</p><p>þat hire hed was worþ a <italic>Mark</italic>, & his hod worþ a Grote.’</p><p>The Mark in weight was equal to 8 ounces or two-thirds of a pound troy, and the gold coin was in early times equal to six pounds, or nine marks of silver; but in the reign of King Johu it was worth ten marks of silver. See <citation id="ref804" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Madox</surname></name>, <italic>Hist. Excheq.</italic> i. pp. <fpage>277</fpage>, <fpage>487</fpage></citation>. In <italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, &c. ed. <citation id="ref805" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, viii. <fpage>149</fpage></citation>, we have ‘for <italic>marke</italic> ne for punde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1433" symbol="page 229 note 3"><label><sup>page 229 note 3</sup></label><p>The author of the <italic>Story of Genesis & Exodus</italic> tells us, l. 439, of Cain after he became an outlaw, that ‘Met of corn, and wigte of fe, And <italic>merke</italic> of felde, first fond he.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1434" symbol="page 229 note 4"><label><sup>page 229 note 4</sup></label><p>Mr. Peacock in his Gloss, of Manley & Corringham, E. D. Soc. says that on the wolds <italic>marl</italic> is used as equivalent to <italic>chalk;</italic> in other districts it is equivalent to <italic>hard clay</italic>. Cooper gives ‘<italic>glis</italic>, potter's clay.’ ‘Marle, or chaulky claye. <italic>Marga</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Glitosus</italic>. Marly.’ Medulla. ‘Merle grounde, <italic>marle</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1435" symbol="page 229 note 5"><label><sup>page 229 note 5</sup></label><p>This appears from Cotgrave to be a water-mill, but I have been unable to find any instance of the word, ‘<italic>Martinet</italic>. A martlet or martin (bird); also, a water-mill for an yron forge,’ that is, a forge hammer driven by water power. Ducange defines <italic>martinetus</italic> as a ‘forge, a <italic>martellis</italic> seu malleis sic dicta.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1436" symbol="page 229 note 6"><label><sup>page 229 note 6</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref806" citation-type="other"><italic>Old Eng. Homilies</italic>, ii. <fpage>163</fpage></citation>, the author, while inveighing against the abuses amongst the clergy, complains that they neglect their churches for their ‘daie,’ and that while ‘ðe caliz is of tin, hire nap [is] of <italic>mazere.’ ‘Cantarus</italic>, a masere.’ Medulla. In the Harl. MS. trans, of Higden, vi. 471, we read, ‘Kynge Edgare made nayles to be fixede in his <italic>masers</italic> and peces’ [<italic>in crateris</italic>]. ‘A mazer, or broad piece to drinke in, <italic>patera</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A mazer, <italic>Jate, jatte, gobeau, jadeau</italic>.’ Cotgrave. Cooper gives ‘<italic>Trulla</italic>, a great cuppe, brode and deepe, suche as great masers were wont to bee.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 181, ‘masere’ is used as a gloss for <italic>mirra</italic>. The maser-tree is the <italic>acer campestre</italic> L. In 1381 Lord Latymer bequeathed ‘les <italic>mazers</italic> et le grant almesdych d'argent.’ <citation id="ref807" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Eborac</italic>. i. <fpage>114</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1437" symbol="page 229 note 7"><label><sup>page 229 note 7</sup></label><p>See Mace, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1438" symbol="page 229 note 8"><label><sup>page 229 note 8</sup></label><p>For <italic>maison de dieu</italic>, house of God. In <citation id="ref808" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. vii. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>, Truth bids all who are really penitent to save their ‘wynnynge & amende <italic>mesondieux</italic> þere-myde, and myseyse folke helpe,’ and in the <citation id="ref809" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthare</italic>, l. <fpage>3038</fpage></citation>, we are told that after the capture by Arthur of a city, his men ‘Mynsteris and <italic>masondewes</italic> malle to the erthe.’</p><p>The word also occurs in the <citation id="ref810" citation-type="other"><italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, <fpage>5621</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sMen shull him berne in hast…‥ To some <italic>maisondewe</italic> beside;’</p><p>and in Bale's <citation id="ref811" citation-type="other"><italic>Kynge Johan</italic>, p. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>, ‘Never prynce was there that made to poore peoples use so many <italic>masondewes</italic>, hospytals & spyttle houses, as your grace hath done.’ ‘<italic>Measondue</italic> is an appellation of divers Hospitalls in this kingdome, and it comes of the French (<italic>Maison de Dieu</italic>) and is no more but God's house in English.’ <citation id="ref812" citation-type="other"><italic>Les Termes de la Ley</italic>, <year>1641</year></citation>, fo. 202<sup>bk</sup>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1439" symbol="page 230 note 1"><label><sup>page 230 note 1</sup></label><p>See P. ‘Maske of a nette. <italic>Macula</italic>,’ Cotgrave has ‘The mash or mesh (or holes), of a net; <italic>macle, mache, ou macque d'un rets</italic>.’ Huloet has ‘Mash of a nette, and Masher. Idem. Masher of a nette. <italic>Hamus, macula</italic>.’ ‘A mash of a net. <italic>Macula</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Hamus</italic>. An hoke or An hole off net.’ Medulla. From A. S. ‘max, <italic>retia</italic>.’ Aelfric's <italic>Colloquy</italic> in Wright's Vocab. p. 5, by the common interchange of <italic>x</italic> and <italic>sc</italic> (Skeat).</p></fn><fn id="fn1440" symbol="page 230 note 2"><label><sup>page 230 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe rosine of ye lentiske tree called <italic>mastick</italic> deserueth praise.’ <citation id="ref813" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Turner</surname></name>, <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>. ‘Som vse to conterfit <italic>mastic</italic> wyth frankincense & wyth the mixture of the rosin of a pinaple.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref813">ibid.</xref> lf. 34.</p></fn><fn id="fn1441" symbol="page 230 note 3"><label><sup>page 230 note 3</sup></label><p>A mixture of wheat and rye. ‘Medylde corne, <italic>mixtilio</italic>.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 178. The term is used also for a kind of mixed metal [? bronze] as in <citation id="ref814" citation-type="other"><italic>Aacren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>284</fpage></citation>, where are mentioned ‘golt, seluer, stel. iron, copper, <italic>mestling</italic>, breas.’ See also the description of the chamber of Floripas in <citation id="ref815" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>1327</fpage></citation>—</p><p>'sþe wyndowes wern y-mad of iaspre & of oþre stones fyne,</p><p>Y-poudred wyþ perree of polastre, þe leues were <italic>masalyne</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref816" citation-type="other"><italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, and Robert of Gloucester, p. 87. Stratmann gives the term <italic>mœstlingsmiþ</italic>, a worker in mixed metal as occurring in a poem of the 12th century. A. Boorde in his <citation id="ref817" citation-type="other"><italic>Dyetary</italic>, ch. xi. p. <fpage>258</fpage></citation>, says—‘<italic>Mestlyng</italic> breade is made, halfe of whete, and halfe of Rye.’ ‘White wheat <italic>massledine</italic> will outsell dodde-read-massledine 6d. in a quarter.’ <citation id="ref818" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>99</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1442" symbol="page 230 note 4"><label><sup>page 230 note 4</sup></label><p>The Ortus explains <italic>liciscus</italic> as ‘<italic>animal gentium inter Canem et lupum</italic>,’ and adds ‘<italic>est optimus canis contra lupos.’ ‘Liciscus</italic>, a howne, <italic>animal genitum inter canem et lupum</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Lycisca</italic>. A mungrell.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabida</italic>.</p><p>'sThe cur or <italic>mastis</italic> he haldis at smale auale,</p><p>And culзeis spanзeartis, to chace partick or quale.’ G. Doug'as, <citation id="ref819" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic> iv. Prol. <fpage>56</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref820" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Fayt of Armes</italic>, p. ii. p. <fpage>158</fpage></citation>, says that ‘in aide tyme was an usage to norrysshe grete <italic>mastyuys</italic> and sare bytynge dogges in the lytell houses upon the walles to thende that by thein shulde be knowen the comynge of theyre enemyes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1443" symbol="page 230 note 5"><label><sup>page 230 note 5</sup></label><p>According to Ducange ‘<italic>iacea</italic>’ is mint. Halliwell explains ‘matefelon’ by ‘knapweed.’ ‘<italic>Iacea nigra</italic>. The herb Scabious, Materfilon, or Knapweed.’ Gouldman. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 109, says of Scabious—‘The fourth is now called in Shoppes <italic>Jacea nigra</italic>, and <italic>Materfilon:</italic> and it hath none other name knowen vnto vs.’ In <citation id="ref821" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>. are printed some curious recipes ‘for the rancle and bolning,’ one of which runs: ‘tak avaunce, <italic>matfelon</italic>, yarow and sanygill, and stamp tham, and temper tham with stale ale, and drynk hit morn and at even.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref821">ibid.</xref> p. 55, where is given a recipe for a ‘drynke to wounde, amongst the ingredients being ‘marigolde, <italic>matfelon</italic> mylfoyle, &c.’ In an old work printed in <citation id="ref822" citation-type="other"><italic>Archœologia</italic> xxx. p. <fpage>409</fpage></citation>, occurs ‘Hyrne hard = Bolleweed = <italic>Jasia nigra</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1444" symbol="page 231 note 1"><label><sup>page 231 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA mattres, or flocke bed; <italic>culcitra lanea vel tomentitia</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A matteresse (or quilt to lie on), <italic>materas, matelas</italic>, mattras, a course mattresse, <italic>balosse</italic>.’ Cotgrave. Cooper explains <italic>Cento</italic> by ‘a facion of rough and heary couerynges, which poore men used, and wherewith tents were couered when it rayned. Some haue taken it for a quilt, or other lyke thynge stuffed with linnen or floxe.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1445" symbol="page 231 note 2"><label><sup>page 231 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Natte</italic>, f. a mat.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1446" symbol="page 231 note 3"><label><sup>page 231 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA mattock, or pickax, <italic>bipalium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Mattocke. <italic>Bidens</italic>. Mattocke or turnespade. <italic>Ligo</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hoc bidens</italic>, a mattok.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 234.</p></fn><fn id="fn1447" symbol="page 231 note 4"><label><sup>page 231 note 4</sup></label><p>See P. Magry. ‘For зour iuggiment out of cours haue зe muche <italic>maugree</italic>.’ <citation id="ref823" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, <fpage>315</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1448" symbol="page 231 note 5"><label><sup>page 231 note 5</sup></label><p>Apparently the meaning is to have demerit, to earn ill will: see Adylle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1449" symbol="page 231 note 6"><label><sup>page 231 note 6</sup></label><p>See Prompt, s. vv. Make and Maye. Mr. C. Robinson in his <italic>Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire</italic> gives ‘<italic>Mawk</italic>, a maggot’ as still in common use. See also Mr. Peacock's <italic>Gloss, of Manley & Corringham</italic>. Icel. <italic>maðkr</italic>, maggot, grub. ‘<italic>Tinea</italic>, a moke.’ Nominale MS. Hampole, <citation id="ref824" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, l. <fpage>5572</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘wormes and <italic>moghes</italic>.’ In Caxton's <italic>Reynard the Fox</italic> (Arber repr. p. 69), the rook exclaims—‘alas my wyf is deed/yonder lyeth a dede hare full of <italic>mathes</italic> and wormes/and there she ete so moche therof that the wormes haue byten a two her throte.’ ‘<italic>Hic cimex, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. mawke.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 190. ‘<italic>Hic tinea, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. moke.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref824">ibid.</xref> ‘Foldynge of shepe …. bredeth <italic>mathes</italic>.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Husbandry</italic>, fo. cvij<sup>b</sup>. H. Best in his <citation id="ref825" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, p. <fpage>6</fpage></citation>, has the form <citation id="ref826" citation-type="other"><italic>madde</italic>, and p. <fpage>99</fpage></citation>, <italic>malke</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1450" symbol="page 231 note 7"><label><sup>page 231 note 7</sup></label><p>'sMallard, or wild drake, <italic>anas masculus palustris</italic>.’ Baret. The forms <italic>mawdelare</italic> and <italic>mawarde</italic> occur in the Liber Cure Cocorum.</p></fn><fn id="fn1451" symbol="page 231 note 8"><label><sup>page 231 note 8</sup></label><p>'sþer stoden in þere temple …. Apolin wes ihaten.’</p><p>bi foren heore <citation id="ref827" citation-type="other"><italic>mahun</italic>, Laзamon, i. <fpage>345</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sGurmund makede senne tur …. þa he heold for his god.’</p><p>þer inne he hafde his <italic>maumet</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref827">ibid.</xref> iii. 170.</p><p>Trevisa in his version of Higden, i. 33, says—‘<italic>mametrie</italic> bygan in Nynus tyme [<italic>sub Nino orta est idolatria</italic>];’ and again p. 215—‘Pantheon þe temple of all <italic>mawmetrie</italic> was, is now a chirche of al halwen [<italic>templum Pantheon, quod fuit omnium deorum, modo est ecclesia omnium sanctorum]</italic>.’ At p. 193 he also has, ‘Cecrops axede counsaille of Appolyn Delphicus þat <italic>maumet</italic>.’ In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 2286, we are told that Nimrod</p><p>'sWas þe formast kyng, þat in <italic>mawmet</italic> fande mistrawynge,</p><p>Lange regnet in þat lande, and <italic>mawmetry</italic> first he fande.’</p><p>Chaucer in the <italic>Persones Tale (De Avaritia</italic>) says—‘an idolastre peraventure ne hath not but o <italic>maumet</italic> or two, and the avaricious man hath many; for certes, every florein in his coffre is his <italic>maumet</italic>.’ In <citation id="ref828" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, ll. <fpage>2534</fpage>, <fpage>4938</fpage></citation>, occurs the word <italic>maumerye</italic>, with the meaning of a shrine or temple of idols. ‘Jeu the kynge of Israeli dyd calle to gydre al the prestes of the false <italic>mawmet</italic> Baall.’ <citation id="ref829" citation-type="other"><italic>Dives and Pauper</italic>, <name><surname>de Worde</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, 1496, p. <fpage>325</fpage></citation>. ‘Maumentry, <italic>baguenavlde</italic>.’ Palsgrave. <italic>Maumet</italic> is used for a doll in Lydgate's <italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, lf. 54, ed. 1483, and also in Turner's <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 46, where he says that ‘The rootes [of Mandrag] are conterfited & made like litle puppettes & <italic>mammettes</italic>, which come to be sold in England in boxes.’ See also Stubbes' <citation id="ref830" citation-type="other"><italic>Anatomie of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>75</fpage></citation>, where, inveighing against the excess in dress to which women had come, he declares that they are ‘not Women of flesh & blod but rather puppits or <italic>mawmets</italic> of rags & clowts compact together.’ Cf. <italic>Romeo & Juliet</italic>, III. v. 186. ‘<italic>Simulacrum</italic>. A mawment.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1452" symbol="page 232 note 1"><label><sup>page 232 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper, 1584, explains <italic>Molucrum</italic> by ‘asquare piece of timber whereon Painims did sacrifice; the trendill of a mille; a swellyng of the bealy in women.’ ‘<italic>Molucrum;</italic> a Whernstaff <italic>et tumor ventris</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Molucrum</italic>. A swelling in the belly of a woman. “<italic>Fermè virgini tanquam gravidœ mulieri crescit uterus</italic>, Molucrum <italic>vocatur; transit sine doloribus</italic>.
Afranius.’ Littleton. Ducange gives ‘<italic>Molucrum; illud cum quo mola vertitur</italic>.’ In the Medulla <italic>Molucrum</italic> is rendered by ‘a whernestaff <italic>et tumor ventris</italic>.’ Which is the meaning here intended it is impossible to say, but most probably the latter.</p></fn><fn id="fn1453" symbol="page 232 note 2"><label><sup>page 232 note 2</sup></label><p>In Awdeley's <italic>Fraternitye of Vacabondes</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. 14, we find as the 16th order of knaves ‘A <italic>mounch present</italic>. Mounch present is he that is a great gentleman, for when his mayster sendeth him with a present, he will take a tast thereof by the waye. This is a bold knaue, that sometyme will eate the best and leaue the worst for his mayster.’ Palsgrave gives, ‘I manche, I eate gredylye. <italic>Je briffe</italic>. Are you nat a shamed to nianche your meate thus lyke a carter;’ and again, ‘I monche I eate meate gredyly in a corner. <italic>Je loppine</italic>. It is no good fellowes tricke to stande monching in a cornar whan he hath a good morcell.’ Cotgrave explains <italic>briffaux</italic> by ‘Ravenous feeders, hasty devourers.’ ‘A manch-present, <italic>Dorophagus</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1454" symbol="page 232 note 3"><label><sup>page 232 note 3</sup></label><p>Mand, maund, still in use in the sense of a basket; see Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham. ‘<italic>Corbeille</italic>, f. a wicker basket or maund. <italic>Manequin</italic>, a little open, widemouthed and narrow-bottomed Panier or Maund, used for the carrying both of victualls and of earth.’ Cotgrave. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods, at Caistor, 1459, we find, <citation id="ref831" citation-type="other">‘Item ij <italic>maundys</italic>.’ Paston Letters, i. <fpage>481</fpage></citation>. In the Decree of the Star Chamber, printed in Arber's reprint of Milton's <citation id="ref832" citation-type="other"><italic>Areopagitica</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, is an order ‘That no Merchant shall presume to open any Dry-fats, Bales, Packs, <italic>Maunds</italic>, or other Fardals of books.’ ‘Maund or basket. <italic>Calathus…‥ et sportula</italic>, a lyttle basket.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Escalo</italic>. A mawnde.’ Medulla. ‘We leave him out a <italic>maunde</italic> and a cloath.’ Best, <citation id="ref833" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>106</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1455" symbol="page 232 note 4"><label><sup>page 232 note 4</sup></label><p>In the marginal note to Purvey's version of 2 Kings xxii. 29 ‘<italic>meedeful</italic> werkes’ are mentioned as being ‘quenchid bi dedly synne.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1456" symbol="page 232 note 5"><label><sup>page 232 note 5</sup></label><p>Still in use in Lincolnshire; see Mr. Peacock's Glossary. ‘A meere stone, <italic>terminalis lapis;</italic> to set up limites, meeres, or boundes in the ground, <italic>humum signare limite</italic>.’ Baret. See also Mere stane, below. ‘<italic>Bifinium</italic>. A mere or an hedlonde.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1457" symbol="page 232 note 6"><label><sup>page 232 note 6</sup></label><p>Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Metz</italic>, a messuage, a tenement, or plowland; <italic>mas de terre</italic>, an oxe-gang, plow-land or hide of land, containing about 20 acres (and having a house belonging to it):’ and in the Liber Custumarum, p. 215, we find <italic>Myes</italic> used in the same sense.</p></fn><fn id="fn1458" symbol="page 233 note 1"><label><sup>page 233 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 13950, the author says—</p><p>'sAll forr nohht uss haffde Crist зiff þatt we nolldenn <italic>mekenn</italic> uss</p><p>Utlesedd fra þe defell, To follзhenn Cristess lare.’ See also l. 9385.</p><p><citation id="ref834" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, says that there is no excuse for the man</p><p>'sþat his wittes uses noght in leryng, þat might <italic>meke</italic> his herte and make it law.’</p><p>Namly, of þat at hym fel to knaw,</p><p>In the <citation id="ref835" citation-type="other"><italic>Destr. of Troy</italic>, l. <fpage>952</fpage></citation>, the verb is used intransitively: ‘he <italic>mekyt</italic> to þat mighty.’ ‘Forsothe he that shal hie hym self shal be <italic>mekid;</italic> and he that shal <italic>meeke</italic> hym self, slial ben enhaunsid.’ <citation id="ref836" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Mutth</italic>. xxiii. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>. ‘I mekyn, I make meke or lowlye, <italic>Je humylie</italic>. Thou waxest prowde, doest thou, I shall meken the well ynoughe.’ Palsgrave. ‘They saiden apertely that they nold neuer hem <italic>meke</italic> to hym.’ <citation id="ref837" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Cron. of Englond</italic>, p. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>. ‘Meken. <italic>Humilio, mansuefacio</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1459" symbol="page 233 note 2"><label><sup>page 233 note 2</sup></label><p>'sI medyll, I myxt thynges togyther. <italic>Je mesle</italic>. Medyll them not togyther, for we shall have moche a do to parte them than.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Mesler</italic>, to mingle, mix, blend, mash, mell, briddle, shuffle, jumble.’ Cotgrave. Hampole tells us that in Hell the throats of the damned will be filled with ‘Lowe and reke with stonnes <citation id="ref838" citation-type="other"><italic>melled.’ P. of Consc.</italic> l. <fpage>9431</fpage></citation>. In the Romance of <citation id="ref839" citation-type="other"><italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, l. <fpage>1254</fpage></citation>, Clariel the Saracen mocking Charles says he is too old to fight, and adds, ‘A nobill suerde the burde not wolde Now for the <italic>Mellyde</italic> hare,’ where the meaning is ‘mingled with white.’ See also <citation id="ref840" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>3290</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1460" symbol="page 233 note 3"><label><sup>page 233 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Serain</italic>, the mildew, or harmefull dew of some Summer evening.’ Cotgrave. ‘Meldewe, <italic>melligo</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>meledeáw</italic>. The Medulla explains <italic>aurugo</italic> as ‘the kynke or the Jaundys.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1461" symbol="page 233 note 4"><label><sup>page 233 note 4</sup></label><p>'sI malle with a hammer or a mall. <italic>Je maille</italic>. If he mall you on the heed I wyll nat gyve a peny for your lyfe. I mall cloddes. <italic>Je maillotte</italic>. Nowe that he hath done with plowynge of our grounde go mall the cloddes.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Mail</italic>. A mall, mallet, or beetle.’ Cotgrave. ‘A mall, <italic>malleus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See <citation id="ref841" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>3038</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sMynsteris and masondewes they <italic>malle</italic> to the erthe;’</p><p>and compare Clott-mell, above. ‘Two or three men with clottinge <italic>melles</italic>.’ <citation id="ref842" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname></name>, <italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>138</fpage></citation>. ‘Then euery man had a <italic>mall</italic>, Hyngyng apon their backe.’</p><p>Syche as thei betyn clottys withall, <citation id="ref843" citation-type="other"><italic>The Hunttyng of the Hare</italic>, l. <fpage>91</fpage></citation>, in Weber's <italic>Metr. Romances</italic>, in. 283. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref843">ibid.</xref> l. 140. In Trevisa's Higden, vi. 43, Saladin is called ‘the grete <italic>malle</italic> of Cristen peple.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1462" symbol="page 233 note 5"><label><sup>page 233 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. a Melle. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, Arthur says he will engage the giant alone—</p><p><citation id="ref844" citation-type="other">‘And <italic>melle</italic> with this mayster mane, that this monte зemeз.’ l. <fpage>938</fpage></citation>;</p><p>and in <citation id="ref845" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Skeat</surname></name>, l. <year>1709</year></citation>, Alexandrine</p><p>'sManly <italic>melled</italic> hire þo men for to help;’</p><p>and again— <citation id="ref846" citation-type="other">‘Sche <italic>melled</italic> hire meliors ferst to greiþe.’ l. <year>1719</year>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Se mesler de</italic>…. to meddle, to intermeddle.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1463" symbol="page 233 note 6"><label><sup>page 233 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. ertermet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1464" symbol="page 234 note 1"><label><sup>page 234 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref847" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>. l. <fpage>4173</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sNow mellys oure medille-warde and <italic>mengene</italic> to-gedire;’</p><p>and again, l. 3632, the king wears a crown ‘<italic>Menyede</italic> with a mawncelet of maylis of siluer.’ <citation id="ref848" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampoie</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> l. <fpage>6738</fpage></citation>, tells us that at the end of the world the wicked</p><p>'sþe flaume of fire sal drynk <italic>Menged</italic> with brunstan þat foul sal stynk.’</p><p>In <citation id="ref849" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, <fpage>468</fpage></citation>, we are told of Tubal that he was ‘A sellic smið;</p><p>Of irin, of golde, siluer, and bras, To sundren and <italic>mengen</italic> wis he was.’</p><p>In Palladius <citation id="ref850" citation-type="other"><italic>On, Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>, l. 376, we are told, when making concrete,</p><p>'sTweyne of lyme in oon A thriddendele wol sadde it wonder wel.’</p><p>Of gravel <italic>mynge</italic>, and marl in floode gravel</p><p>Tamer in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 30, says: ‘The roote (of Laser) …. maketh the mouthsmell well, if it be <italic>menged</italic> with salt or with meat.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1465" symbol="page 234 note 2"><label><sup>page 234 note 2</sup></label><p>Robert of Gloucester, p. 568, tells us that at the siege of ‘Keningwurþe’</p><p>'sIn siknesse hii wiþinne velle atte laste Of <italic>menison</italic>, & oþer vuel, þat hii feblede vaste;’ and in P. Plowman, B. xvi. 111 we read how Piers healed ‘bothe meseles & mute ami in þe <italic>menysoun</italic> blody.’ See also <citation id="ref851" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, <fpage>1132</fpage></citation> (Weber), where we are told that God</p><p>'sSent Ypocras, for his tresoun, For al that heuer he mighte do,</p><p>Sone thereafter, the <italic>menesoun</italic>…. His <italic>menesoun</italic> might nowt staunche tho.’</p><p>Cooper, 1584, renders <italic>lientaria</italic> by ‘a kinde of fluxe of the stomake, when the meate and drinke renneth from a man, as he toke it, utterly without concoction or alteration. It riseth of great weaknesse of the stomake, and especially in the power retentiue not kepynge the meate till nature in full time may concocte it;’ and also gives ‘<italic>Lientericus</italic> (Pliny). He that is sicke of the fluxe of the stomake.’ ‘The Bloody Menson. <italic>Dysenteria</italic>.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn1466" symbol="page 234 note 3"><label><sup>page 234 note 3</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Veron</italic>. The little fish called a Mennow,’ and, as a proverb, ‘<italic>Il faut perdre vn veron pour pescher un Saulmon</italic>’ that is—one must throw a minnow to catch a salmon, or, as we now say—one must throw a sprat to catch a whale. ‘A mennow (fish). <italic>Freguereul, veron, sanguineral</italic>.’ Sherwood. ‘A menowe, fish, <italic>mena</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See P. Menuce. In the Boke of Keruynge (pr. in Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall), p. 166, l. 6, we read of ‘<italic>menowes</italic> in sewe or porpas or of samon.’ See also pp. 104 and 167, l. 35. ‘<italic>Hic solimicus</italic>, a menawe.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 222. ‘<italic>Menas et capitonen</italic>, mynas and ǽlepútan.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref851">ibid.</xref> p. 6; see also pp. 55 and 253. ‘Menewea fysshe, <italic>mevnier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘The pekerel and the perche, the <italic>mennous</italic> and the roche.’ <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. 85.</p></fn><fn id="fn1467" symbol="page 234 note 4"><label><sup>page 234 note 4</sup></label><p>'s& þu þenne seli meiden þat art ilobe to him wið meidenhades <italic>menske.’ Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. 11, l. 13. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, Sir Gawaine begins his message with</p><p>'sThe myghte and the maiestee that <italic>menskes</italic> vs alle,’ l. 1303;</p><p>and in l. 2871, those in distress are recommended to cry to Mary</p><p>'sthat mylde qweue, that <italic>menskes</italic> vs alle.’</p><p>In <citation id="ref852" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l. <fpage>4815</fpage></citation>, William asks the Emperor to come to Palermo ‘to <italic>mensk</italic> the mariage of meliors his douзter;’ see also ll. 4834, 5132, &c. The adjective ‘menskful’ occurs several times in the same poem, as for instance at l. 202, where we are told that the Emperor rode out to hunt ‘wiþ alle his <italic>menskful</italic> meyne.’ See also ll. 242, 405, 431, &c.; <citation id="ref853" citation-type="other"><italic>Pierce Plowman's Crede</italic>, l. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 162, 782, B. 121, 522, and Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. iv. 230. O. Icel. <italic>menska (humanitas, virtus, honor)</italic>, O. L. Ger. <italic>menniski. Mense</italic> and <italic>mensful</italic> are still used in the Northern Counties in the senses of <italic>decency</italic> and <italic>decent, becoming</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1468" symbol="page 235 note 1"><label><sup>page 235 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hec muliebria. In plurali hec menstrua sunt infirmitates mulierum</italic>.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 224. ‘The menstrue; <italic>menstrua</italic>.’ Cotgrave. ‘Menstrew, <italic>menstruum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Palladius <citation id="ref854" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>32</fpage></citation>, l. 860. A. reads ‘Menyson; <italic>menstrua i. muliebrina, est fluxus, &c</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1469" symbol="page 235 note 2"><label><sup>page 235 note 2</sup></label><p>Purvey in his version of Wyclif, 2 Kings xvi. 2, has, ‘the assis ben to the <italic>meyneals</italic> of the kynge’ [<italic>domesticis regis</italic>], and in Romans xvi. 5 one MS. has ‘Greete зe wel hir <italic>meynyal</italic> chirche’ [<italic>domesticam ecclesiam eorum</italic>].</p></fn><fn id="fn1470" symbol="page 235 note 3"><label><sup>page 235 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo amerse (sconce, or set a fine upon) <italic>condemner à l'amende pecuniaire, multer</italic>.’ Sherwood.</p></fn><fn id="fn1471" symbol="page 235 note 4"><label><sup>page 235 note 4</sup></label><p>'sþilke men destingeþ nouзt noþer To sette her feeldes by boundes, noþer by <italic>meres</italic>.’</p><p>Trevisa's Higden, i. 137.</p><p>'sHe taught us hom tylle our halle A wey by another <italic>mere</italic>.’ <citation id="ref855" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>171</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 778 and C. 320. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Sangle</italic>, an ancient meere, or bound, whereby land from land, and house from house, have been divided.’ Cooper renders <italic>Cippus</italic> by ‘crosses or other markes shewynge the right way;’ and <italic>limes</italic> by ‘a bound or buttynge in tieldes.’ ‘Meere stones in medowes, &c, <italic>cippi</italic>.’ Baret. See Meyre stane, above. O. Icel. <italic>mœri</italic>, a boundary.</p></fn><fn id="fn1472" symbol="page 235 note 5"><label><sup>page 235 note 5</sup></label><p>Cooper explains <italic>Petaurum</italic> as ‘A cord: a staffe: a bourde or other thing wheron light persons doe daunce or trie maistries…‥ A kinde of game wherein men by rolling of wheeles were cast vp aloft,’ and Gouldman also defines it as ‘an hoop or wheel which tumblers used.’ The latter also gives ‘<italic>Petaurista</italic>. A tumbler: a runner upon lines. Those that by the device of a wheel were hoisted up to a rope, &c., to shew tricks in the air. <italic>Petaurus, genus ludi quum homines a tapetibus mittuntur in auras, dict. qu. petens auras</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘A tumbler which danseth through a hoope, <italic>petaurista</italic>.’ According to Halliwell, <italic>Merrytrotter</italic> in the North signifies a swing. ‘I totter to and fro, as chylder do whan they play, or suche like. <italic>Je ballance</italic>. Totter nat to moche leste you fall: <italic>ne ballancez pas trap de paour que vous ne cheez</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Huloet renders <italic>oscillum</italic> by a ‘Poppyn,’ and also gives ‘Totter playe. betwene two bell ropes to tottre to and fro. <italic>Petaurum.’ ‘Osillum: genus ludi</italic>, a totyre.’ Medulla. See also under Totyr, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn1473" symbol="page 236 note 1"><label><sup>page 236 note 1</sup></label><p>Mr. Way in his note s. v. Market daschare, p. 326, quotes this word and explains it as one who swaggers about and elbows his way through the crowd, but Cooper gives ‘<italic>Circumforaneus</italic>, an idle wayter in markets to tell or heare news: one that goeth aboute to markets to sell as pedlars,’ from which the meaning seems rather to be a lazy, gossiping loiterer. The Reeve in Chaucer describes the Miller of Trumpington as ‘a <italic>market betere</italic> atte fulle.’ C. T. 3936. ‘He is a loyterer and a wanderer: <italic>circumforaneus est</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Market man, or haunter of markets. <italic>Agorasus</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref855">ibid.</xref> In Wyclif's Tract On Servants and Lords, ed. <citation id="ref856" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>242</fpage></citation>, he complains that bad priests are encouraged and supported by gentlemen, ‘so þat þis worldly curat makiþ hem grete festis & wastiþ pore mennus almes in зiftis of wyn & vanytes; зe, þouз he be a <italic>market betere</italic>, a marchaunt, a meyntenour of wrongis at louedaies, a fals suerere, a manquellere & irreguler;’ and again, p. 172, he complains that ‘þei ben coraeris & makers of malt, & bien schep & neet & sellen hem for wynnynge, & <italic>beten marketis</italic>, & entermeten hem of louedaies.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1474" symbol="page 236 note 2"><label><sup>page 236 note 2</sup></label><p>Harrison in his Description of England, ii. 30, enumerates amongst the hawks of this country ‘the lanner and the lanneret: the torsell and the gosehawke; the musket and the sparhawke; the iacke and the hobbie: and finallie some (though verie few) <italic>marlions</italic>.’ ‘Merlyn, hawke. <italic>Melenetus</italic>.’ Huloet. In ‘A Song of Merci’ in <italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref857" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, xxv. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, we find ‘A <italic>merlyon</italic>, a brid hedde hent.’ Chaucer also has the spelling <italic>merlion</italic>, and Palsgrave gives ‘Marlyon a hawke, <italic>esmerillon</italic>.’ ‘I am neither gerfaucon ne faucon ne sperhauk ne a <italic>merlyoun</italic> ne noon oother faucowners brid thus for to be bownde with gessis.’ De Deguileville's <citation id="ref858" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>W. A.</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>. Cockeram has in his list of ‘Long winged Hawks,’ the ‘<italic>Merlion</italic>, the male is called a lack.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1475" symbol="page 236 note 3"><label><sup>page 236 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Siren</italic>. A mermayden, <italic>et serpis cum aliis et piscis</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘A mermaide, <italic>siren</italic>.’ Baret. See Babees Boke, ed. <citation id="ref859" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hec sirena</italic>, a mermaydyn.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 222. In the Harl. MS. trans, of Higden, v. 397, we are told that ‘<italic>meremaydes</italic> were seene …. in the similitude of men and also of women’ in the Nile by the Roman army; Trevisa's version being, ‘þe oost of Rome siз <italic>mermyns</italic> in liknes of men and of wommen.’ In the account of the voyage of the Trojans under Brutus, it is said that when they reached the Pillars of Hercules</p><p>'sþer heo funden þe <italic>merminnen</italic>,</p><p>þat beoð deor of muchele ginnen:</p><p>wifmen hit Junchet fuliwis,</p><p>bi-neoðe bon gurdle hit Jrancheð fisc.</p><p>þeos habbeð swa murie song,</p><p>ne beo þa dai na swa long</p><p>ne bið na man weri</p><p>heora songes to heræn,</p><p>Hit is half mon and half fisc’</p><p><citation id="ref860" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Laзamon</surname></name>, i. <fpage>56</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1476" symbol="page 236 note 4"><label><sup>page 236 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>naturam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1477" symbol="page 237 note 1"><label><sup>page 237 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>leuem</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1478" symbol="page 237 note 2"><label><sup>page 237 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 764, Abraham when pleading for Sodom says—</p><p>'sIf ten trysty in toune be tan in þi werkkeз</p><p>Wylt þou <italic>mese</italic> þy mode and menddyng abyde ?’</p><p>So also in the <citation id="ref861" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>175</fpage></citation>—‘<italic>mese</italic> youre hart, and mend youre mode.’ Compare <citation id="ref862" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, ii. p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>: ‘зe <italic>mesit</italic> the wyndis;’ and i. p. 14—</p><p>'sKing Eolus set heich apoun his chare,</p><p>With scepture in hand, thare mude to <italic>meis</italic> and still.’</p><p>See also Barbour's <citation id="ref863" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xvi. <fpage>134</fpage></citation> (note), Wyntoun, V. iii. 49, and <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 400.</p></fn><fn id="fn1479" symbol="page 237 note 3"><label><sup>page 237 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA messe or dish of meate borne to the table, <italic>ferculum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Mets</italic>, a messe, course or service of meat.’ Cotgrave. In <citation id="ref864" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, l. <fpage>1202</fpage></citation>, we read that he rode</p><p>'sup to the des, As thei were servid of here <italic>mes;</italic>’</p><p>and in <citation id="ref865" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xv. <fpage>52</fpage></citation>—‘þanne he brouзt vs forth a <italic>mees</italic> of other mete.’ See also <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 637.</p></fn><fn id="fn1480" symbol="page 237 note 4"><label><sup>page 237 note 4</sup></label><p>'sYe Maysilles, <italic>variolœ</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Prof. Skeat has shown that this word is quite distinct from the M. E. <italic>mesel, meselrie</italic>, which mean a leper or leprosy, as in the following: ‘Wiþ-oute eny dowte, for what cause it evere were þat he was i-smyte wiþ <italic>meselrie</italic>, hit ia sooþ þat Silvester heled hym of his <italic>meselrie [lepra]</italic>.’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. v. p. 125. ‘Whan (Jesus) wente into a castel ten <italic>meselis</italic> comen aзens him…. But whan Crist siз þes leprous men cryinge þas, &c.’ Wyclif, Works, ed. <citation id="ref866" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, i. <fpage>34</fpage></citation>. Coles renders <italic>serpedo</italic> by ‘a rednes in the skin with wheales.’ ‘<italic>Hec lepra</italic>, a mesylery. <italic>Hec serpedo</italic>, a mesylle.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 224. ‘<italic>Lepra</italic>. A meselrye.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1481" symbol="page 237 note 5"><label><sup>page 237 note 5</sup></label><p>The term <italic>Missal</italic> is comparatively modern: the older name being the <italic>messe-boc</italic>, massbook. See Canon Simmons' <citation id="ref867" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay Folks Mass Book</italic>, p. <fpage>155</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hoc missale, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. mesbok.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 193.</p></fn><fn id="fn1482" symbol="page 237 note 6"><label><sup>page 237 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Bria</italic> according to Ducange is a vessel, or a gourd. See Mawndrelle, before.</p></fn><fn id="fn1483" symbol="page 238 note 1"><label><sup>page 238 note 1</sup></label><p>'sI mete clothe or sylke by theyerde. <italic>Jeaulne</italic>. Who mette this clothe, you have skante mesure.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1484" symbol="page 238 note 2"><label><sup>page 238 note 2</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref868" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Laзamon</surname></name>, i. <fpage>154</fpage></citation>, at the feast given by Cordelia to Lear,</p><p>'sAl weren þe hallen bi-hongen mid pellen, Alle þai <italic>mete-burdes</italic> ibrusted mid golde.’</p><p>'sAnd thow shalt make a <italic>meet bord</italic> of the trees of Sichym, hauynge two cubitis of lengthe, and in brede o cubiyt, and in heiзt o cubijt and an half.’ Wyclif, <citation id="ref869" citation-type="other"><italic>Exodus</italic> xxv. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>. See also xxxv. 13, where is mentioned ‘the <italic>meet bord</italic> with berynge staues.’ See also Trevisa's Higden, iii. 67, where he speaks of the ‘goldene <italic>metebord</italic> þat was in Appolyn Delphicus his temple;’ and again, iv. 115, he says, that Antiochus took away ‘þe <italic>mete borde’ [nientam]</italic> from the temple at Jerusalem. ‘<italic>Hec escaria</italic>, a met-tabylle.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 235.</p></fn><fn id="fn1485" symbol="page 238 note 3"><label><sup>page 238 note 3</sup></label><p>'sHe earneð him ouerfullet ful and ouereorninde <italic>met</italic> of heuenliche mede.’ <citation id="ref870" citation-type="other"><italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. The author of <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic> says of Cain, l. 439, that</p><p>'s<italic>Met</italic> of corn & wigte of fe, And merke of felde first fond he;’</p><p>and at l. 3333 we are told that the Israelites gathered the manna in a ‘<italic>met…</italic> het gornor.’ See also <citation id="ref871" citation-type="other"><italic>Legends of the, Holy Rood</italic>, p. <fpage>79</fpage></citation>, l. 621, where the carpenters are described as seeking for a large beam for the temple, but</p><p>'sNowre-whare might þai find a tre, þat wald acorde vnto þaire <italic>met</italic>.’</p><p>'sA <italic>mette</italic> or an hoope of oote mele at foure pens.’ Whitinton, <italic>Vulgaria</italic>, fo. 12<sup>b</sup>. H. Best in his <citation id="ref872" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>103</fpage></citation>, has <italic>mette-poake</italic> = a, measure of two bushels.</p></fn><fn id="fn1486" symbol="page 238 note 4"><label><sup>page 238 note 4</sup></label><p>A cage for moulting hawks, Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Reservoir</italic>, a coop or mue for fowle; a stue or pond for fish;’ and ‘<italic>Mue</italic>, f. any casting of the coat or skinne, as the mewing of a Hawke; also a Hawke's mue; and a mue or coope wherein fowle is fattened.’ ‘<italic>Muta</italic>, accipitrum morbus et domuncula in qua includuntur falcones, cum plumas mutant; <italic>maladie des oiseaux appelée</italic> mue, <italic>et volière où lon enferme les oiseaux de chasse tant que dure cette maladie</italic>.’ Ducange, Tusser in his <italic>Five Hundred Pointes</italic>, chap. 36, st. 76, amongst other directions for February, says—</p><p>'sGood flight who loues, Bid hawking adew,</p><p>Must feed their doues, Cast hauke into <italic>mew</italic>.’</p><p>'sA mue for haukes, <italic>cauea, vel cauceola accipitrum;</italic> to mue an hauke, <italic>in caueam</italic>, &c., <italic>compingere aceipitrem</italic>.’ Baret. In Palladius <citation id="ref873" citation-type="other"><italic>on Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>, l. 526, we read—</p><p>'sThis hous aboute also make up thi <italic>mewes</italic>,</p><p>For dounge of foules is ful necessarie To lond tillynge.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1487" symbol="page 238 note 5"><label><sup>page 238 note 5</sup></label><p>?Mewle. ‘To meaw or meawle (as a cat), <italic>miauler, mioler</italic>. A meawing, or meawling, <italic>miaulement, miault;</italic> a meawer or meawler, <italic>miauleur</italic>.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Chat mynowe</italic> (meutet) <italic>serpent ciphele</italic> (scisset).’ W. de Bibelsworth, in Wright's Vocab. p. 152.</p></fn><fn id="fn1488" symbol="page 238 note 6"><label><sup>page 238 note 6</sup></label><p>A common expression for the earth or world, which occurs under the various forms, middelærd, middilerþe, midelarde, midden-erde, &c. In <citation id="ref874" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>2244</fpage></citation>, we are told of the hero that—‘In þis <italic>middelerd</italic> [was] no knith Half so strong, ne half so with.’ So in St. Jerome's xv Tokens before Doomsday we read that fire sball ‘brenne al þe <italic>middelerd</italic>,’ on the 14th day, and on ‘þe xv dai schollen, iiij, Aungels comen a.iiij. half <italic>mydlerde</italic>.’ ed. <citation id="ref875" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>92</fpage></citation>, ll. 18, 19. ‘<italic>Hemisperium</italic>. A medyl erthe.’ Medulla. For other instances see Stratmann, and Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 2302 and 6850.</p></fn><fn id="fn1489" symbol="page 239 note 1"><label><sup>page 239 note 1</sup></label><p>See Mr. Way's note s. v. Myddyl. Hampole tells us in the <citation id="ref876" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, 1. <fpage>628</fpage></citation>, that ‘A fouler <italic>myddyng</italic> saw þow never nane þan a man es with flesche and bane;’ and at 1. 8770, he says that as compared with heaven</p><p>'sAlle þis world þare we won yhit War noght bot als a <italic>myddyng-pytt</italic>.’</p><p>In Palladius <citation id="ref877" citation-type="other"><italic>on Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>28</fpage></citation>, l. 750, we are cautioned that ‘The <italic>myddyng</italic>’ shall be ‘sette oute of sight.’ See also <citation id="ref878" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>. In Dunbar's Deadly Sins (ed. Laing) we read—,</p><p>'sSyne sweirnes at the secound bidding Ful slep was hes grunyie.’ Come lyke a sow out of a <italic>midding</italic></p><p>Dan. <italic>mögding</italic>, a dunghill; O. Icel. <italic>moddyngia</italic>.’ ‘A myddin, <italic>fimarium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A dunghill; a mixen; <italic>sterquilinium</italic>.’ Baret. In Poetic Remains of The Scottish Kings, ed. <citation id="ref879" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chalmers</surname></name>, p. <fpage>112</fpage></citation>, we read how the party who had gone to the play</p><p>'sLay, three and thirty some Thrumland in a <italic>middin</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1490" symbol="page 239 note 2"><label><sup>page 239 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe middle or middest, <italic>medium, media pars</italic>, that is in the middeut, <italic>medius</italic>.’ Baret ‘In <italic>myddes</italic> þe temple make his se.’ <citation id="ref880" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Consc.</italic> <fpage>4220</fpage></citation>. ‘The middle or middest, <italic>le milieu</italic>.’ Cotgrave. The form <italic>a middes</italic> occurs in <citation id="ref881" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xiii. <fpage>82</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1491" symbol="page 239 note 3"><label><sup>page 239 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe midriffe which diuideth the heart and lightes of man, or bestes from the other bowels, <italic>phrenes, diaphragma</italic>.’ Baret. A. S. <italic>midhriðe</italic>, O. Frig, <italic>midrede</italic>. ‘The midridde, <italic>diaphragma</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Midrife [of] a beest, <italic>entrailles</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Hec diafragma</italic>, a mydrede. <italic>Hec omomestra</italic>, a medryn.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 208. ‘Middryfe wythin the bodye, deuidynge the bowels from the vmbles. <italic>Phrene</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1492" symbol="page 239 note 4"><label><sup>page 239 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Prompt, we find, p. 106, to ‘Crumme brede or oþer lyke (Crummyn K. H.). <italic>Mico</italic>.’ Cotgrave gives ‘A erumme, <italic>mie, miette, moche</italic>; to crumme, <italic>effrouer, esmier, frouer</italic>; the crumme of bread, <italic>mie de pain</italic>.’ ‘A crumme of bread, <italic>mica panis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hoc micatorium. A<sup>ee</sup></italic> myowre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 199. See a recipe ‘For to make Apulmos’ in Pegge's <italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. 103, where ‘bred <italic>ymyed</italic>’ is one of the ingredients; and again, p. 97, ‘nym eyryn wyth al the wytys and <italic>mice</italic> bred.’ In the <citation id="ref882" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>, we find mentioned <citation id="ref883" citation-type="other">‘<italic>myed</italic> bred,’ and p. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>myed</italic> wastelle.’ D'Arnis gives ‘<italic>micatorium</italic>, instrumentum quo <italic>micœ</italic> seu fragmenta minutissima fiunt; <italic>instrument qui reduit en miettes</italic>; O. Fr. <italic>esmieure</italic>.’ Compare to Mulbrede, below. Myoure occurs again below, see p. 240.</p></fn><fn id="fn1493" symbol="page 239 note 5"><label><sup>page 239 note 5</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>mycg</italic>, O. H, Ger. <italic>mucca</italic>. ‘<italic>Culus</italic>, micge.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 24.</p></fn><fn id="fn1494" symbol="page 239 note 6"><label><sup>page 239 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThat disease in the head which is called the Meagram. <italic>Hemicranium</italic>.’ Withals. Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt, ii. If. 32, says that ‘The oyle of Barberries is good for the <italic>migram</italic> or ach of the one syde of the brain.’ ‘Migrym of the heede, <italic>chagrin, maigre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See the <citation id="ref884" citation-type="other"><italic>Play of the Sacrament</italic>, <fpage>613</fpage></citation>, where Colle recommends ‘all manar of men þ<sup>t</sup> haue any syknes’ to repair to ‘master brentberecly,’ who can cure</p><p>'sThe tercyan y<sup>e</sup> quartane or y<sup>e</sup> brynnyng axs,</p><p>For wormys, for gnawyng, gryndyng in ye wombe or in y<sup>e</sup> boldyro,</p><p>Alle maner red eyne, bleryd eyn & y<sup>e</sup> <italic>myegrym</italic> also, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1495" symbol="page 239 note 7"><label><sup>page 239 note 7</sup></label><p>The white hellebore: also called <italic>neezing wort</italic> in Baret. See Mr. Way's note ta Nesynge, p. 354.</p></fn><fn id="fn1496" symbol="page 239 note 8"><label><sup>page 239 note 8</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>gaba</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1497" symbol="page 240 note 1"><label><sup>page 240 note 1</sup></label><p>Halliwell quotes from the Nominale MS. ‘<italic>Multrale</italic>, a mylk sele.’ Baret gives ‘A milke paile, <italic>mulctrale</italic>.’ <italic>Skele</italic> or <italic>skeel</italic> is still in use in the North in the sense of a dairy vessel, containing some 5 or 6 gallons. It is of a conical shape, with an upright handle; though sometimes two-handled. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Paelle</italic>, a footlesse Posnet or Skellet.’ See Skele, hereafter. ‘<italic>Multrale</italic>. A chesfat or A deyes payle.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1498" symbol="page 240 note 2"><label><sup>page 240 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘White meates, <italic>lactaria, lacticinia</italic>.’ The expression means butter, eggs, milk, cheese, &c., and under the form <italic>white meats</italic> occurs several times in Tusser; as in ch. xlvii. 20, ‘Slut Cisly vntaught, Hath <italic>whitemeat</italic> naught.’ ‘Milkye meates, or meates made of milke. <italic>Lactaria, et Lactarius</italic>, he that maketh suche meates.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1499" symbol="page 240 note 3"><label><sup>page 240 note 3</sup></label><p>See Clappe of a Mille, above. ‘Janglynge is whan a man speketh to muche biforn folk & <italic>clappeth as a melle &</italic> taketh no kepe what he seith.’ Chaucer, <italic>Persone's Tale</italic>, 1.406 (6-Text ed.).</p></fn><fn id="fn1500" symbol="page 240 note 4"><label><sup>page 240 note 4</sup></label><p>See above, p. 239.</p></fn><fn id="fn1501" symbol="page 240 note 5"><label><sup>page 240 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI myar, I beraye with myar. <italic>Je crotte</italic>. Get hym a fyre at ones, the poore man is myred up to the knees.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1502" symbol="page 240 note 6"><label><sup>page 240 note 6</sup></label><p>See note to Buttir, above, p. 50. Jamieson gives <italic>Mire-bumper</italic> as a synonym for the bittern. ‘Myr drommell. <italic>Anactoculus</italic>.’ Huloet. Glanvil in his trans, of Barthol. <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic> says: ‘The <italic>myredromble</italic> hyghte Onacrocalus and is a byrde that makyth noyse in water and is enmye namly to eles;’ bk. xii. ch. 29, p. 430: and again, p. 436— ‘Ulula is a byrde of the quantyte of a crowe sprong wyth speckes and pytchyth hys bylle in to a myre place and makyth a grete sowne and noyse, and herby it semyth that vlula is a myre dromble.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1503" symbol="page 240 note 7"><label><sup>page 240 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Muria</italic>, brine.’ Cooper. ‘Meer sauce or brine. <italic>Salsum, salsamentum</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1504" symbol="page 240 note 8"><label><sup>page 240 note 8</sup></label><p>'sMirke, darke, <italic>obscurus, tenebrosa</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Hampole tells us, <citation id="ref885" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>456</fpage></citation>, that man before his birth ‘duellid in a <italic>myrk</italic> dungeon;’ and again, 1.193, says that it is no wonder if men go wrong,</p><p>'sFor in <italic>myrknes</italic> of unknawyng þai gang, Withouten lyght of understandyng;’ and at 1.6114 calls the day of judgment ‘a day of merryng (lowring) and <italic>myrknes</italic>.’ O. Icel. <italic>myrkr</italic>. ‘I myrke, I darke or make darke (Lydgat). <italic>Je obscureys</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1505" symbol="page 241 note 1"><label><sup>page 241 note 1</sup></label><p>'sWhar-to þan es man here swa <italic>myry</italic>, And swa tendre of his vile body?’ <citation id="ref886" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Consc</italic>. <fpage>904</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1506" symbol="page 241 note 2"><label><sup>page 241 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo mischeefe, <italic>destruere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Sherwood gives ‘to mischieve, <italic>malheurer, offendre</italic>; mischieves, <italic>maulx</italic>.’ The author of the trans, of Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, Bk. i. l. 614, used the verb intransitively—</p><p>'sUp thai wol atte eve Into a tree, lest thai by nyglit <italic>myschevs</italic>.’ Tusser, ch. x. st. 36, speaks of a ‘<italic>mischieued</italic> man,’ i.e. unfortunate. ‘Mi lauerd þat is meister of alle <italic>mixschipes</italic>.’ <italic>St. Juliana</italic>, p. 47. ‘They gauen the moste parte of thayre good vnto pore peple that were in necessite and <italic>mischeef</italic>.’ Caxton, Knight of La Tour Landry, p. 152.</p></fn><fn id="fn1507" symbol="page 241 note 3"><label><sup>page 241 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo misle, <italic>gresiller; voyez</italic> to Drizzle,’ Sherwood. ‘My doctrine droppe as doeth y<sup>e</sup> rayne, and my spech flow as doeth the dew, and as the <italic>myselyng</italic> vpon the herbes, and as the droppes vpon the grasse.’ Bible, 1551, Deut. xxxii. 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn1508" symbol="page 241 note 4"><label><sup>page 241 note 4</sup></label><p><citation id="ref887" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons</italic>. <fpage>3476</fpage></citation>, tells us that it is sinful</p><p>'sWhen þou prayses any man mare Thurgh flateryug, than <italic>mister</italic> ware;’ see also 1. 7373. The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Mister, <italic>egestas, inopia</italic>;’ and <citation id="ref888" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lydgate</surname></name>, <italic>Pylg. of the Sowle</italic>, Bk. i. If. <fpage>1</fpage></citation>, ‘no doute I had ful huge <italic>mestier</italic> ther of.’ ‘The yren parte of the feete 1 clepe alle tho <italic>mystres</italic>, whiche that apperteyne to the body without, as clothyng howsynge and defense ageyne dynerse perylles.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref888">Ibid.</xref> Bk. iv. ch. 37. ‘We <italic>myster</italic> no sponys, Here, at oure mangyng.’ <citation id="ref889" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>90</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref890" citation-type="other"><italic>Sege off Melayne</italic>, <fpage>1446</fpage></citation>, the Duke of Britany comes to help Charles, because ‘he herde telle’ he ‘hade <italic>mystere</italic> of powere;’ and in the <citation id="ref891" citation-type="other"><italic>Song of Roland</italic>, <fpage>321</fpage></citation>, Roland promises to support Gauter ‘yf we þink <italic>myster</italic>.’ See also the <citation id="ref892" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, pp. <fpage>36</fpage>, <fpage>125</fpage> and <fpage>161</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref893" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. <fpage>15</fpage>, <fpage>661</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1509" symbol="page 242 note 1"><label><sup>page 242 note 1</sup></label><p>'sMittaines or mittens, <italic>mitaines, mouffle</italic>.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Mantus</italic>, a myteyn or a mantell.’ Ortus. See the description of the Ploughman in <citation id="ref894" citation-type="other"><italic>Pierce the Ploughman's Crede</italic>, l. <fpage>428</fpage>,</citation></p><p>'sHis hod was ful of holes & his heer oute.…</p><p>His hosen ouerhongen his hokshynes, on eueriche a side,</p><p>All beslombred in fen as he þe plow folwede,</p><p>Twa <italic>myteynes</italic>, as mete, maad all of cloutes:</p><p>þe fyngers weren for-werd & ful of fen honged.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1510" symbol="page 242 note 2"><label><sup>page 242 note 2</sup></label><p>Cotgrave has ‘Mite (the smallest of weights or of coine). <italic>Minute</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1511" symbol="page 242 note 3"><label><sup>page 242 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe whiche as rotenesse am to be wastid, and as clothing that is eten of a <italic>mowзhe</italic>.’ Wyclif, Job xiii. 28. ‘As a <italic>moзhe</italic> [<italic>mouзte</italic> P.] to the cloth, and a werm to the tree, so sorewe of a man noзeth to the herte.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref894">Ibid.</xref> Proverbs xxv. 20. See a Mawke, above, p. 231.</p></fn><fn id="fn1512" symbol="page 242 note 4"><label><sup>page 242 note 4</sup></label><p>Jamieson has ‘a Mollet-brydyl, s. a bridle having a curb.’ In the description of the Green Knight we read, ‘His <italic>molaynes</italic>, & alle þe metail anamayld was þenne.’ <citation id="ref895" citation-type="other"><label>8</label><italic>Gawayne</italic>, 1. <fpage>169</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Chamus, genus freni i. capistrum, et pars freni</italic>, moleyne.’ Medulla. See also Mulan.</p></fn><fn id="fn1513" symbol="page 242 note 5"><label><sup>page 242 note 5</sup></label><p>The gloss on W. de Biblesworth pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 166, explains <italic>taupes</italic> by ‘moldewarpes.’ In the Wyclifite version Isaiah ii. 20 is thus rendered: ‘In that day shal a man throwe awey the maumetes of his siluer and the symulacris of his gold, that he hadde mad to hym, that he shulde honoure <italic>moldewerpes</italic> and reremees;’ and Levit. xi. 30: ‘A camelion, that is a beeste varyed in to diuerse colours, after diuerse lokingis, and a stellioun, that is a werme depeyntid as with sterris, and a lacert, that is a serpent that is clepid a liserd, and a <italic>moldwerp</italic>.’ Caxton in his <citation id="ref896" citation-type="other"><italic>Chron. of England</italic>, pt. v. p. <fpage>48</fpage></citation>, says— ‘then shall aryse up a dragon of the north that shall be full fyers, and shall meve warre agaynste the <italic>moldwarpe</italic>. and the <italic>moldwarp</italic> shal have no maner of power save onely a shyp wherto he may wende.’ The word is still in use in the North; see Peacock's <italic>Gloss. of Manley & Corringham, &c.</italic> ‘A mole or want, <italic>talpa</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A molwart, <italic>talpa</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Taulpe</italic>, f. the little beast called a mole or moldewarpe.’ Cotgrave. That which warps or turns up the mould or ground. In <citation id="ref897" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, pp. <fpage>229</fpage>, <fpage>231</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘<italic>moldwarppe</italic>’ hats, i.e. made of moles skins. See Best's <citation id="ref898" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>140</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1514" symbol="page 242 note 6"><label><sup>page 242 note 6</sup></label><p>In Gower's <citation id="ref899" citation-type="other"><italic>Confessio Amantis</italic>, ii. <fpage>204</fpage></citation>, is given a version of the tale which, forms the basis of the incident of the Three Caskets in Shakspere's <italic>Merchant of Venice</italic>. In Gower's version only two coffers are used, the first being filled with gold and precious stones, and the second with ‘strawe and <italic>mull</italic>, with stones meind.’ So also in the <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 382, ‘I am bot <italic>mol</italic> & marereз mysse;’ and again A. 904, ‘I am bot mokke & <italic>mul</italic> among.’ <italic>A.S.myl</italic>, M. H. G. <italic>mul</italic>, dust. ‘<italic>Mollocke</italic>, Durt.’ Cockeram. Compare to Mulbrede, below. ‘The Ethiopians gather together .… a great deale of rubbeshe and <italic>mullocke</italic>, apte for firyng.’ <citation id="ref900" citation-type="other"><italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, <year>1555</year>, ch. vi. p. <fpage>97</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1515" symbol="page 242 note 7"><label><sup>page 242 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>monentam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1516" symbol="page 243 note 1"><label><sup>page 243 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cremena</italic>. A. pautener or siluer.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn1517" symbol="page 243 note 2"><label><sup>page 243 note 2</sup></label><p>Wyclif in his prologue to Joshua, p. 554, says: ‘We <italic>moneishen</italic> the reder that the wode of Ebrew names and distyncciouns bi membris dyuydid the bisy wryter keep wel;’ and in Judges i. 14–‘the which goynge in the weie, hir man <italic>monyschid</italic>, that she shulde axe hir fader a feeld.’ ‘I monysshe, or warne. <italic>Je admoneste</italic>. I monysshed you herof two monethes ago: If you be monysshed to come to the spyritual court, you must nedes apere.’ Palsgrave. ‘Monyshe. <italic>Moneo</italic>. Monyshe before or fyrst. <italic>Premoneo</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1518" symbol="page 243 note 3"><label><sup>page 243 note 3</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Morelle</italic>, f. the herb morell, petty morell, garden nightshade.’ <italic>Solatrum</italic> is probably only an error for <italic>solanum</italic>. <citation id="ref901" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyte</surname></name>, <name><surname>Dodoens</surname></name>, p. <fpage>443</fpage></citation>, in his chapter on ‘Nightshade or Morelle,’ says that it is called ‘in Englishe Nightshade, Petimorel, and Morel,’ and recommends a preparation of it pounded with parched barley as a remedy for ‘St. Antonie's fire’ and other complaints.</p></fn><fn id="fn1519" symbol="page 243 note 4"><label><sup>page 243 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe morphewe, <italic>vitiligo, morphea</italic>;’ Baret, who adds— ‘the roote of daffodill with vinegar and nettle-seede taketh away the spots and <italic>morphewe</italic> in the face.’ Elyot, s. v. <italic>Alphos</italic>, gives— ‘a <italic>morpheu</italic> or staynyng of the skynne; and Cotgrave ‘Morphew, <italic>morphéc, morfée, bran de Judas</italic>.’ ‘Morphye, a staynynge of the skynne wyth spottes. <italic>Alphos</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1520" symbol="page 243 note 5"><label><sup>page 243 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA morsell, a gobbet, or lumpe cut from something, <italic>bolus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Morsell by morsell, or in morselles. <italic>Offatim</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1521" symbol="page 243 note 6"><label><sup>page 243 note 6</sup></label><p>The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘a mortesse, <italic>cumphus, incastratura</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Adent, m</italic>. a mortaise, notch, or indented hole in wood.’ Cotgrave. ‘Mortyse. <italic>Cumphus, Incastrura</italic>. Mortised, <italic>Impetritus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1522" symbol="page 243 note 7"><label><sup>page 243 note 7</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘Morter, or clay mixed with straw, wherwith walles are dawbed, <italic>aceratum</italic>: morter, parget, rubbish, or a ragged stone not polished, <italic>cœmentum</italic>,’ ‘Or helpe make <italic>morter</italic> or bere mukke a-felde.’ <citation id="ref902" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. vi. <fpage>144</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1523" symbol="page 243 note 8"><label><sup>page 243 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Mortier</italic>, m. a morter to bray things in.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1524" symbol="page 243 note 9"><label><sup>page 243 note 9</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref903" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xiii. <fpage>41</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sAc þei ete mete of more coste, <italic>mortrewes</italic> and potages;’</p><p>on which see Prof. Skeat's note. See also Babees Boke, pp. 55, 1. 520; 54, 1. 805, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1525" symbol="page 244 note 1"><label><sup>page 244 note 1</sup></label><p>'sWel may that Lond be called delytable and a fructuous Lond, that was bebledd and <italic>moysted</italic> with the precyouse Blode of oure Lord Jesu Crist.’ <citation id="ref904" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maundeville</surname></name>, p. <fpage>3</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1526" symbol="page 244 note 2"><label><sup>page 244 note 2</sup></label><p>See P. Festu.</p></fn><fn id="fn1527" symbol="page 244 note 3"><label><sup>page 244 note 3</sup></label><p>See P. Moote of an home blowynge. In <citation id="ref905" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <fpage>1141</fpage></citation>, the knight having prepared for hunting goes for his hounds and ‘Vnclosed þe kenel dore, & calde hem þer-oute, Blwe bvgly in bugleз þre bare <italic>mote</italic>;’ and again, 1. 1364–</p><p>'sBaldely þay blw prys, bayed þayr rachcheз, Strakande ful stoutly mony stif <italic>moteз</italic>.’ Syþen fonge þay her flesche folden to home,</p></fn><fn id="fn1528" symbol="page 244 note 4"><label><sup>page 244 note 4</sup></label><p>Cooper, Thesaurus, 1584, explains <italic>polimitus</italic> as ‘of twinde or twisted threade of diuers colours; <italic>vestis polymita</italic>, agarment of twisted silke of diuers colours, a garment embrodered.’ Cf. P. Motte, coloure. Compare <italic>examita</italic>=samite, ani <italic>dimity</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1529" symbol="page 244 note 5"><label><sup>page 244 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably an error for Mote.</p></fn><fn id="fn1530" symbol="page 244 note 6"><label><sup>page 244 note 6</sup></label><p>Lydgate has ‘What do I than but laugh and make a <italic>mowe</italic>?’ So also Chaucer—</p><p>'sTheir sowne was so ful of japes As ever <italic>mowis</italic> were in apes.’</p><p>'sTo mowe, <italic>mouere labia</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Baret gives ‘to make a moe like an ape, <italic>distorquere os</italic>.’ See also to Girne, ante, p. 156. In Ascham's <italic>Scholemaster</italic> we read—‘if som Smithfeild Ruffian take vp som strange going; som new <italic>mowing</italic> with the mouth, &c.’ See also Shakspere, <italic>Cymbeline</italic>, Act i. Sc. 7. Wyclif renders Psalms xxxiv. 16 as follows: ‘thei tempteden me, thei <italic>vndermouwiden</italic> me with <italic>vndermouwing</italic> [thei scornyden me with <italic>mowying</italic> P. <italic>subsannaverunt me subsannatione</italic>. Vulg.],’ and Psalms xliii. 14: ‘Tbou hast put vs repref to oure neзhebores, <italic>vndermouwing</italic> [<italic>mouwyng</italic> P.] and scorn to hem that ben in oure enuyroun.’ ‘Mocke wyth the mouthe by mowynge. <italic>Os distorquere, vel ducere</italic>. Mockynge or mouynge wyth the lyppes or mouth. <italic>Valgulatio</italic>.’ Huloet. Stubbes in his <citation id="ref906" citation-type="other"><italic>Anatomie of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>145</fpage></citation>, while inveighing against the evils and dangers of plays, declares that nothing is learnt from them but wickedness, as, for instance, ‘to iest, laugh, and fleer, to grin, to nodd, and <italic>mow</italic>.’ ‘To mow or mock with the mouth like an Ape. <italic>Distorquere os, rictum diducere</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘Canutus at a feste made open <italic>mowes</italic> and scornede seint Edithe’ [<italic>cachinnos effunderit</italic>]. Trevisa's Higden, vi.477. See also v. 75.</p></fn><fn id="fn1531" symbol="page 244 note 7"><label><sup>page 244 note 7</sup></label><p>Hampole says, <citation id="ref907" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>5570</fpage></citation>, that as for the rich who hoard up money</p><p>'sþe rust of þat <italic>moweld</italic> moné Agayne þam þan sal wittnes be.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref908" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>344</fpage></citation>, we find ‘oðer leten þinges <italic>muwlen</italic> oðer rusten.’ Wyclif in his Works, ed. <citation id="ref909" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>153</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘a loof’ as being ‘<italic>mowlid</italic>.’ See <italic>Christ's own Complaint</italic> in <italic>Polit., Relig., & Love Poems</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref910" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>181</fpage></citation>, where he says to the rich ‘þe moþþis þat þi clothis ete, And þou letist poore men go bare,</p><p>þi drinkis þat sowren, & þi <italic>mowlid</italic> mete .… þei crien vppon þee veniaunce greete.’</p><p>'sTher whas rosty de bakon, <italic>moullyde</italic> bred, nw sowre alle.’ <citation id="ref911" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>85</fpage></citation>. ‘I molde, as breed dothe for stalenesse. <italic>Je moisis</italic>. I do some good in the house, I keep breed from moldyng and drinke from sowryng. I mowlde, or fust, as corne clothe. <italic>Je moisis</italic>. It is tyme to eate this breed, for it begynneth to mowlde.’ Palsgrave. ‘Moulde. <italic>Mucidus</italic>, <italic>Racidus</italic>. Mouldy and moulde. Idem.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Muco</italic>. To mowlyn. <italic>Mucidus</italic>. Moyst or mowlyd. Mucor. Mowlyng of wyne.’ Medulla. Horman has ‘This bredde is <italic>moulled</italic>or hore for long kepyng.’ ‘<italic>Panis muscidus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. mowlde-bred. <italic>Hic mucor, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. mowlde.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 198. ‘<italic>Muceo</italic>. To be filthie, vinewed, or hoare; to be palled or dead, as wine y<sup>t</sup> hath lost the verdure. <italic>Mucesco</italic>. To waxe vinewed or hoare. <italic>Mucor</italic>. Filth; venewing; hoarenesse, such as is on breade or meate long kept. <italic>Mucidus</italic>. Filthie; venewed; hoarie; palled. <italic>Mucidum vinum</italic>. A palled wine or deade.’ Cooper. In <citation id="ref912" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>108</fpage></citation> are given recipes ‘to done away <italic>mool</italic> or spoot from clothe,’ one of which runs ‘ley upon the <italic>moole</italic> of thy clothe blake soape medeled with otis, and bowke well the clothe afturwarde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1532" symbol="page 245 note 1"><label><sup>page 245 note 1</sup></label><p>See Felle for myse, above, p. 1.26. ‘<italic>Musticula</italic>. A mous falle.’ Medulla. Ger. <italic>mausfalle</italic>. ‘Of cat, nor of <italic>fal-trap</italic> I haue no dread,</p><p>I grant (quod shee), and on together they зeed.’</p><p><citation id="ref913" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Henryson</surname></name>, <italic>Moral Fables</italic>, p. <fpage>11</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1533" symbol="page 245 note 2"><label><sup>page 245 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHu sal ani man ðe <italic>mugen</italic> deren?’ <citation id="ref914" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis and Exodus</italic>, <year>1818</year>.</citation></p><p>'sDrihhtin me зifeþ witt & mihht þatt I shall cunnenn cwemenn Godd To forþenn wel min wille, & wel itt <italic>mughenn</italic> forþenn.’ <citation id="ref915" citation-type="other"><italic>Ormulum</italic>, <fpage>2959</fpage>,</citation></p><p>'sYhit som men wille noght understande, þat þat <italic>mught</italic> mak þam dredande.’ <citation id="ref916" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>268</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See again, 1. 2285, where Hampole says that devils appear to dying men</p><p>'sSen haly men þat here liffed right <italic>Mught</italic> noght dygh with-outen þat sight.’</p><p>Antichrist, too, will feign holiness ‘þat he <italic>mught</italic> lightlyer men bygile.’ 1. 4241. ‘<italic>Queo</italic>. To mown.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1534" symbol="page 245 note 3"><label><sup>page 245 note 3</sup></label><p>See Laзamon, iii. 173—‘þa sparwen heore flut nomen,</p><p>I þan eouesen he grupen,</p><p>Swa heo duden in þen <italic>muзen</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Arconius</italic>, locus ubi fenum congeritur et asservatur; <italic>fenil</italic>.’ Ducange. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>fenil</italic>, m. a hay loft, hay mowe, hay house, a Reek or stacke of hay,’ &c, and Baret ‘an hey mowe, <italic>fœni aceruus, strues, congeries</italic>.’ The distinction between a <italic>mow</italic> and a <italic>stack</italic> is shown by W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 154–</p><p>'s<italic>Une moye</italic> (a mowe) <italic>est dite en graunge, E taas</italic> (stake) <italic>hors de la graunge</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref917" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 1. <fpage>6760</fpage></citation>, Exodus xxii. 6 is thus paraphrased—</p><p>'sIf fire be kyndeld and ouertak He þat kindeld fire in þat feild,</p><p>Thoru feld, or corn, <italic>mou</italic>, or stak, He aght <italic>þe</italic> harmes for to yeild.’</p><p>'sMowe of whete or haye, <italic>mulon de foyn</italic>.’ Palsgrave. The word is common in the Eastern Counties, and occurs frequently in Tusser's <italic>Five Hundred Pointes of Oood Husbandrye</italic>. In Wyclif's version of Ruth iii. 7, one MS. reads, ‘whanne Booz hadde ete and drunke, and was maad more glad, and hadde go to slepe bisidis the <italic>mowe</italic> of sheeues, &c.’ See also <citation id="ref918" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. vi. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Archonius</italic>. An heep or a stak of corne.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>muga</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>mugr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1535" symbol="page 245 note 4"><label><sup>page 245 note 4</sup></label><p>Naogeorgus in his <italic>Popish Kingdom</italic>, repr. in Stubbes’ <citation id="ref919" citation-type="other"><italic>Anat. of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>339</fpage></citation>, tells us that on the feast of St. John the Baptist</p><p>'sthe maides doe daunce in euery streete,</p><p>With garlands wrought of <italic>motherwort</italic>, or else with Veruain sweete.’</p><p>'s<italic>Artemisia, vel matrum herba</italic>, mug-wyrt.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vocab. p. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn1536" symbol="page 246 note 1"><label><sup>page 246 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper, 1584, renders <italic>eruderare</italic> by ‘to throw or carry out rubbell, as morter and broken stones of olde buildyng, <italic>vt, eruderare solum</italic>, to rid a ground from rubbell and other filth;’ and in this sense it occurs in Best's <italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> (Surtees Soc), p. 102: ‘when they come backe they fall to <italic>muckinge</italic> of the stables.’ ‘I mucke lande. <italic>Je fiente</italic>. If this land be well mucked, it wyll beare corne ynough the nexte yere’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1537" symbol="page 246 note 2"><label><sup>page 246 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA muckhil, <italic>fimarium</italic>.’ Mahip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Portez les cendres an femyer</italic> (the mochil).’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vocab. p. 170. ‘þou erte nowe vylere þane any <italic>mukke</italic>.’ Relig. Pieces from Thornton MS. p. 16. ‘As <italic>muk</italic> upon mold, I widder away.’ Towneley Myst. p. 21. Frequently used by Wyclif; see his <italic>Works</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref920" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>5</fpage>, <fpage>147</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1538" symbol="page 246 note 3"><label><sup>page 246 note 3</sup></label><p>In De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. St. John's Coll. Camb. If. 127<sup>bk</sup>, the pilgrim sees a sister ‘that wente by the cloyster, and as me thought scho bare meet <italic>muled</italic> apon parchemyn;’ where the Trinity MS. reads ‘mete croumed up on parchemyn.’ See to Myebrede, above, and compare Molle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1539" symbol="page 246 note 4"><label><sup>page 246 note 4</sup></label><p>A Moulding board; the board upon which bread was kneaded and moulded into loaves. In the Liber Albus, iii. 416, we read of a charge against Johannes Brid, a baker, of stealing dough by making holes in the moulding-boards, ‘<italic>quoddam foramen super quamdam tabulam suam, quae vocatur</italic> moldingborde, <italic>ad pistrinam pertinentem, pendentes artificioseque fieri fecit, ad modum muscipulœ in qua mures capiuntur, cum quodam wyketto caute proviso ad foramen illud obturandum et aperiendum</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Rotabula</italic>: a moldynge borde.’ Ortus. ‘Moldyng borde, <italic>ais a pestrier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Tabula</italic>. A moulding board.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabula</italic>. ‘One wood <italic>moldynge bord</italic>’ is mentioned in the Invent, of W. Knyvett, 1557. <citation id="ref921" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, &c. p. <fpage>101</fpage></citation>; see also <citation id="ref922" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>159</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1540" symbol="page 246 note 5"><label><sup>page 246 note 5</sup></label><p>To multe is the word applied to the taking of the <italic>multura</italic> or toll for grinding corn. The word is still in use in the North. Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Mouter</italic>, to take multure for grinding corn; <italic>multure</italic>, the fee for grinding corn, Fr. <italic>mouture</italic>; Lat. <italic>molitura. Multurer</italic>, the tacksman of a mill.’ Ducange says ‘<italic>Molitura</italic>, præstatio pro molitura,’ and Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Moulage</italic>, m. grist, grinding; also Multure, the fee or toll that's due for grinding.’ Cooper, 1584, says of <italic>Metreta</italic> ‘as Dioscorides sayeth, it conteyneth ten congios that is, of our measure .10. gallons and .10. pintes, which is .II. gallons and a quarte. <italic>Georgius Agricola</italic> sayth it conteyneth .12. congios that is .72. <italic>sextarios</italic>, and then is it a greater measure, onlesse ye will take <italic>sextarius</italic> as phisitions doo for .18. ownces, & not for .24. as Budey doth whose accompt I folow.’ ‘Then doe wee .… have for every bushell of corne very neare sixe peckes of meale, if the come bee dry; or else the fault is in the miller that taketh more <italic>mowter</italic> than is his due.’ <citation id="ref923" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>103</fpage></citation>. The <italic>Multer dische</italic> would appear to be the Miller's measure for calculating his toll, and the <italic>Multer arke</italic> the vessel in which the toll was deposited.</p><p>'sThe myllare mythis the <italic>multure</italic> wyth ane mettskant,</p><p>For drouth had drunkin vp his dam in the dry зere.’ <citation id="ref924" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Enead</italic>. Bk. viii. Prol. 1. <fpage>48</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1541" symbol="page 247 note 1"><label><sup>page 247 note 1</sup></label><p>'sMurrayne, <italic>lues, contagio</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Murrein among cattell, pestilence among men, great death or destruction, <italic>lues</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1542" symbol="page 247 note 2"><label><sup>page 247 note 2</sup></label><p>Ducange defines <italic>Murdrum</italic> as ‘<italic>homicidium, sed furtivum et non per infortunium factum</italic>.’ See Gloss, to Liber Custumarum, ed. <citation id="ref925" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Riley</surname></name>, p. <fpage>816</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1543" symbol="page 247 note 3"><label><sup>page 247 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Capus</italic>, ayis prædatoria; falco, <italic>faucon</italic>.’ Ducangé. Baret has s. v. Hauke, ‘<italic>nisus masculus</italic>, a musket,’ and Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Mousquet, m</italic>. a musket (Hawke, or Peece). <italic>Mouchet, m</italic>. a musket; the tassell of a Sparhawke,’ and ‘<italic>Sabech</italic>, m. the little Hawke tearmed a Musket.’ Harrison in his <citation id="ref926" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of England</italic>, pt. ii. p. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>, mentions amongst the ‘Haukes and Ravenous fowles’ of England ‘the <italic>musket</italic> and the Sparhauke.’ ‘<italic>Hic capus. A<sup>ce</sup></italic> a Muskett.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 220. ‘A musket. <italic>Fringillarius, humipeta, musculus</italic>.’ Gouldman. Cockeram in his list of ‘short-winged Hawks’ mentions ‘A Sparrow Hawk, the male is a <italic>Musket</italic>.’ ‘Some men mene that Alietus is a lytyll byrde and assaylyth oonly feble byrdes and vnmyghty and herby it semyth that Alietus and a lytyl sperhawke is al one, that is callyd a <italic>muskete</italic> in frensshe.’ <citation id="ref927" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Glanvil</surname></name>, <italic>De Propr, Rerum</italic>, Bk. xii. ch. 4, p. <fpage>412</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1544" symbol="page 247 note 4"><label><sup>page 247 note 4</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref928" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. x. <fpage>94</fpage></citation> and Prof, Skeat's note thereon, and the quotation from Caxton's Trevisa, s. v. Margaryte stone, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1545" symbol="page 247 note 5"><label><sup>page 247 note 5</sup></label><p>'sLo! my wombe as <italic>must</italic> withoute venting, that breketh newe litle win vesselys.’ Wyclif, Job xxxii. 19. So in Deeds ii. 13, ‘Forsoth othere scornyden, seyinge, For thei ben ful of <italic>must</italic>.’ With this last compare the passage in the <citation id="ref929" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>382</fpage></citation>, referring to the same incident—‘<italic>Primus Judœus. Muste</italic> in here brayn so schyly dothe creppe,</p><p>That thei cheteryn and chateryn as they jays were.’</p><p>'sMust newe wyne, <italic>moost</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1546" symbol="page 247 note 6"><label><sup>page 247 note 6</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘to Moot, or canues a case of the law for exercise.’ Ben Jonson, in his Discoveries, says ‘There is a difference betweeing <italic>mooting</italic> and pleading.’ ‘To moote, <italic>arguere, mouere dubia</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘To moote, <italic>disputer, ou plaidoyer une cause de loy, par manière d'exercise; et les jeunes estudiants, qui font cet exercise sont nommez</italic> mootzmen.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Mota</italic>, curia placitum, conventus: <italic>motatio</italic>, lis controversia, <italic>dispute</italic>.’ Ducange. The word is still kept up in the <italic>Wardmotes</italic>, or meetings of the Wards in the City of London, and in the phrase ‘a <italic>moot</italic> point.’ In Wright's Political Songs, Camden Soc. p. 336, we are told— ‘Justises, shirreves, meires, baillifs .…</p><p>Hii gon out of the heie way, ne leven hii for no sklandre,</p><p>And maken the <italic>mot-halle</italic> at home in here chaumbre wid wouk.’</p><p>Wyclif in his version of Matt, xxvii. 27 has: ‘Thanne kniзtis of the president takynge Jhesu in the <italic>mote halle</italic> gedriden to hym alle the cumpanye of kniзtis,’ and in John xviii. 28: ‘Therfore thei leden Jhesu to Cayfas, in to the <italic>moot halle</italic>’ [<italic>prœtorium</italic>]. See Wyclif, Works, ed. <citation id="ref930" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>395</fpage></citation>. In the <italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. 298, Pilate is represented as sitting in his ‘skaffald’ when the messenger from Caiphas addresses him—</p><p>'sMy lord busshop Cayphas comawndyd hym to the,</p><p>And prayd the to be at the <italic>mot-halle</italic> by the day dawe.’</p><p>In Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lif of the Manhode, Roxburgh Club, ed. <citation id="ref931" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>W. A.</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>185</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘for oure <italic>mootiere</italic> thou art and oure sergeantesse.’ The author of the <citation id="ref932" citation-type="other"><italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, 1555, p. <fpage>182</fpage></citation>, says of the Brahmins, ‘thei haue neither <italic>moote halles</italic>, ne vniuersities.’ ‘Moote halle. <italic>Aula declamatoria</italic>. Mootynge or proposynge argumentes. <italic>Declamatio</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Capitolium</italic>. A mote hous.’ Medulla. See Harrison's account of <italic>Motelagh</italic> in his <citation id="ref933" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of England</italic>, i. <fpage>100</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1547" symbol="page 248 note 1"><label><sup>page 248 note 1</sup></label><p>The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Naffe of a wheele, <italic>umbo, centrum</italic>.’ ‘The naue of a cartwheele, <italic>aspis, modiolus</italic>.’ Baret. See Prompt, s. v. Naue.</p></fn><fn id="fn1548" symbol="page 248 note 2"><label><sup>page 248 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA nag, a little horse, a colt, <italic>equulus</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1549" symbol="page 248 note 3"><label><sup>page 248 note 3</sup></label><p>'s“Ye, sir,
quod she, “for this man Raveshid me, and hathe taken from me my virginitie; and now he wolde sle me, & he hathe thus <italic>nakid</italic> me, for to smyte of myn hede.
’ <citation id="ref934" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>220</fpage></citation>. ‘Thenne saide the Empresse, “Do of and <italic>nakyn</italic> þe of all þi Clothing, or ellis I shall make þe, in malgre of þi tethe.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref934">Ibid.</xref> p. 277; see also p. 313. In Wyclif's version of Genesis xxxvii. 23, in the account of Joseph and his brethren, we read: ‘anoon as he cam to his britheren, thei <italic>nakiden</italic> hym the side coote to the hele, and of mahye colours, and puttiden into an olde sisterne, that hadde no watyr.’ See also Job xx. 19. ‘A nu <italic>nacnes</italic> mon mi lef.’ <citation id="ref935" citation-type="other"><italic>Old Eng. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>283</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1550" symbol="page 248 note 4"><label><sup>page 248 note 4</sup></label><p>This is the original meaning of <italic>namely</italic> in Middle English, and its use is frequent. Thus Hampole tells us, <citation id="ref936" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic>, <fpage>171</fpage></citation>, that a man should learn</p><p>'s<italic>Namly</italic> of þat at hym fel to knaw, þat myght meke his hert and make it law:’ and so in Trevisa's Higden, vi. 257: ‘Charles hadde greet lykynge in Austyn his bookes; and <italic>nameliche</italic> [<italic>potissime</italic>] in his bookes de Civitate Dei.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1551" symbol="page 248 note 5"><label><sup>page 248 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA napkin, or handkerchiefe, <italic>cœsitium, sudarium vel sudariolum</italic>; a table napkin, <italic>mantile, a manu et tela, a manibus tergendis</italic>; but <italic>mantelum</italic> is vsed most commonly for a towell.’ Baret. ‘A napkin, <italic>mantile</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1552" symbol="page 248 note 6"><label><sup>page 248 note 6</sup></label><p>The author of the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic> in warning his readers to be watchful and vigilant, says, <citation id="ref937" citation-type="other">‘þe þet <italic>nappeð</italic> upon helle brerde, he torpleð ofte in er he leste wene.’ p. <fpage>324</fpage></citation>. In the <italic>Song of Roland</italic>, 1. 70, when the French had drunk of the wine sent to them by the Saracens, ‘it swymyd in ther hedis, and mad hem to <italic>nap</italic>.’ ‘He slombred and a <italic>nappe</italic> he toke.’ <citation id="ref938" citation-type="other"><italic>Rom. of Rose</italic>, 1. <fpage>4005</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref939" citation-type="other"><italic>Romance of Duke Rowlande and Sir Ottuell</italic>, 1. <fpage>288</fpage></citation>, Otuel mocking at Naymes calls him ‘a nolde <italic>nappere</italic>.’ ‘So he [go]n <italic>nappi</italic>.’ <citation id="ref940" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Laзamon</surname></name>, i. <fpage>52</fpage></citation>. ‘Lo! he shal not <italic>nappen</italic>, ne slepen; that kepeth Israel.’ Wyclif, Ps. cxx. 4. A. S. <italic>hnappian, hnœppian</italic>. ‘It is tyme to nappe for hym that slept nat these thre nyghtes: <italic>il est temps quon se assomme qui na poynt dormy de ces troys nuycts</italic>. It is holsome for olde men to nappe in a chayre after dyner.’ Palsgrave. ‘To nap, to slumber, <italic>dormiturio, dormito</italic>. To sleepe out one's sleepe, to take a nap.’ Baret. ‘A nappe, <italic>dormitatiuncula</italic>: to nappe, <italic>dormitare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Dormir sur le jour</italic>, to take a nap at dinner time.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Dormito</italic>: to nappyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1553" symbol="page 249 note 1"><label><sup>page 249 note 1</sup></label><p>One of the words in which the initial <italic>n</italic> has now been lost: compare <italic>adder</italic>. In the Prologue to the <citation id="ref941" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, 1. <fpage>33</fpage></citation>, we read of the tapster's ‘<italic>napron feir</italic> and white i-wassh.’ In the Will of Jeanne Lewen, 1569, pr. in <citation id="ref942" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Inventories</italic> (Surtees Soc), vol. ii. p. <fpage>305</fpage></citation>, the testatrix bequeaths ‘to Alles Barnes a gowne of worsted and a <italic>napron</italic> of worsted.’ In the <italic>Ordinances for Moyal Households</italic> (<italic>Liber Niger</italic> Ed. IV.), p. 52, it is directed that the sergeant of the ‘vestiary’ is to have ‘at eueryche of the iiij festes in the зere <italic>naprons</italic> of the grete spycery, two elles of lynnen clothe, price ij<sup>s</sup>.’ ‘Item all nappery ware, as kyrcherys, <italic>appurnys</italic>, blankytts, shetys, coverlets, and sych other, xxviij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref943" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, &c. 1542 (Surtees Soc. vol. xxvi.), p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hic limas, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> naprune.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 199.</p></fn><fn id="fn1554" symbol="page 249 note 2"><label><sup>page 249 note 2</sup></label><p>A mat. ‘Hauing nothing to wrap in thy head,</p><p>Saue a brode hat, rent out of <italic>nattes</italic> olde.’ Lydgate, <italic>Bochas</italic>, ed. 1554, fo. 69. ‘It<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline9"></inline-graphic>. paid for <italic>natts</italic> for the Rayles at ye Co<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline9"></inline-graphic>union table. I<sup>s</sup>. 2<sup>d</sup>. It<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline9"></inline-graphic>. paid to John Scatcliard for two <italic>natts</italic>. 2<sup>d</sup>.’ <italic>Ecclesfield Church Warden's Accounts</italic>, 1640. In the Fabric Rolls of York Minster, ed. <citation id="ref944" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Raine</surname></name>, p. <fpage>348</fpage></citation>, under the date 1669, occurs the item: ‘For covering the seates with <italic>natting</italic> in the Deans closet, I<sup>s</sup>.’ ‘<italic>Storeator</italic>. A mat-maker’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Storium</italic>, anything spreade on the grounde, a matte.’ Cooper. The poem alluded to by Mr. Way in his note in the Prompt, is Lydgate's metrical version of De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage of the Life of Man</italic>, to which I have frequently referred in these pages, a prose version of which was edited for the Boxburgh Club in 1869 by Dr. Aldis Wright from a MS. in Trin. Coll. Camb., and another from a MS. in John's Coll. Camb. is now being edited by me for the Early E. Text Society. ‘Any couering spredde on the ground, a mat, <italic>storea</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1555" symbol="page 249 note 3"><label><sup>page 249 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo neie like an horse, <italic>hinnio;</italic> a neieng, <italic>hinnitus?</italic> Baret. ‘I nye, as a horse dothe. <italic>Je hannys, hannyr</italic>. Thou nyest for an other otes; wiche we expresse by these wordes, “thou lokest after deed mens shoes;
<italic>tu te hannys pour lauoyne dautruy:</italic> it is an adage in the frenche tonge.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1556" symbol="page 249 note 4"><label><sup>page 249 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA nebbe, beake, <italic>rostrum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Hoc rustrum, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nebbe.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 189. ‘A neb, <italic>bec</italic>.’ Cotgrave. See Awdeley & Harman, ed. <citation id="ref945" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, pp. <fpage>82</fpage>, <fpage>86</fpage></citation>. A.S. <italic>neb</italic>. In the <citation id="ref946" citation-type="other"><italic>O. E. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>121</fpage></citation>, it is said of Christ: ‘summe þer weren þet his eзan bundan and bine on þet <italic>neb</italic> mid heore hondan stercliche beoten.’ ‘Leccherie ananricht greiðeð hire wið þat to weorren oþi meidenhad & secheð earst upon hire <italic>nebbe to nebbe</italic>.’ <citation id="ref947" citation-type="other"><italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. <fpage>17</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref947">ibid.</xref> p. 35. Coverdale in his version of Genesis viii. 11 has: ‘Then he abode yet seuen dayes mo & sent out the Doue agayne out of the arke & she returned vnto him aboute the euen tyde: and beholde she had broken of a leaf of an olyue tre & bare ii in hir <italic>nebb</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref948" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>98</fpage></citation>, <italic>ostende mihi faciem tuam</italic> is rendered ‘scheau to me þi leoue <italic>neb</italic> & ti lufsume leor.’ See the ‘Sarmun’ in <italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, &c, ed. <citation id="ref949" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, l. <fpage>57</fpage></citation>, where amongst the joys of heaven it is said that</p><p>'swe sul se oure leuedi briзte</p><p>so fulle of loue ioi and blisse</p><p>þat of hir <italic>neb</italic> sal spring þe liзte</p><p>in to oure hert þat ioi iwisse.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref950" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>72</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1557" symbol="page 250 note 1"><label><sup>page 250 note 1</sup></label><p>This is probably the latest instance of this, the true form of this word. The loss of the initial <italic>n</italic>, arising from a mistaken dividing of a <italic>nadder</italic> as <italic>an adder</italic>, first began in the South in 1300: thus in <citation id="ref951" citation-type="other"><italic>K. Alisaunder</italic>, l. <fpage>5262</fpage></citation>, we have ‘grete <italic>addren</italic>,’ and in the <citation id="ref952" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>61</fpage></citation>, ‘hi resembleþ an <italic>eddre</italic> þet hatte serayn.’ In the North the true form was preserved much later. The Promptorium gives both forms, ‘ Eddyr or neddyr, wyrme. <italic>Serpens</italic>.’ <italic>Nedder</italic> is still in use as a dialectal form in parts of the North. ‘<italic>Serpent et colure</italic> (neddere ant snake).’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vocab. p. 159. In the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 9265, <italic>progenies viperarum</italic> is rendered by ‘<italic>neddre</italic> streon.’</p><p>'sþe buk says þus, “þbat when a man</p><p>Sal dighe he sal enherite þan</p><p>Wormes and <italic>nedders</italic>, ugly in sight.
’</p><p><citation id="ref953" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>868</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sWhare-fore þe wyese mane byddes in his buke als fra þe face of þe <italic>neddyre</italic> fande to flee syne.’ Dan Jon Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse from Thornton MS. E. E. T. Soc. ed. <citation id="ref954" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Perry</surname></name>, p. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. ‘þe <italic>neddre</italic>, seið Salomon, stingeð al stilliche.’ <citation id="ref955" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>nedder</italic>, Goth, <italic>nadrs</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>naðr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1558" symbol="page 250 note 2"><label><sup>page 250 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. pouree.</p></fn><fn id="fn1559" symbol="page 250 note 3"><label><sup>page 250 note 3</sup></label><p>That is, a case or receptacle for needles. ‘<italic>Acuarium</italic>. A needle case.’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Hec aquaria</italic> [<italic>acuaria</italic>], <italic>A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nedyl hows.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 199.</p></fn><fn id="fn1560" symbol="page 250 note 4"><label><sup>page 250 note 4</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref956" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>2405</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sHwan godarde herde þat þer þrette, With þe <italic>neue</italic> he robert sette</p><p>Beforn the teth a dint ful strong.’</p><p>In <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1537, we are told that when at Belshazzar's Feast the handwriting appeared on the wall,</p><p>'sþat bolde-Baltaзar blusched to þat <italic>neue</italic>, Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert.’ Barbour, xvi. 129, tells us how Robert Bruce knocks Sir Colin Campbell down ‘with ane trunsioune intill his <italic>nave</italic>,’ where one MS. reads <italic>neefe:</italic> and again, xx. 257, describing the grief of the Scottish knights at the death of Bruce, he says</p><p>'sCumly knychtis gret full sar, And thair <italic>nevis</italic> oft sammyn driff.’</p><p>See also iii. 581: ‘<italic>newys</italic> that stalwart war & square.’</p><p>'sThe geant gan the clobe, And to Percevelle a dynt he зefe</p><p>In the nekk with his <italic>nefe</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref957" citation-type="other"><italic>Syr Percyvelle</italic>, <fpage>2087</fpage>.</citation></p><p>And in the <citation id="ref958" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>201</fpage></citation>, the 2nd executioner says: ‘ther is noght in thy <italic>nefe</italic>, or els thy hart falys.’ In the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 13889, when the guarda try to keep back Telegonus, ‘he nolpit on with his <italic>neue</italic> in the neoke hole,</p><p>þat the bon al to-brast, & the buerne deghit.’</p><p>In ‘<italic>The Christ's Kirk</italic>’ of James V. pr. in <italic>Poetic Remains of the Scottish Kings</italic>, ed. Chalmers, p. 150, we are told how Robin Eoy and Jock ‘partit their plai [stopped the fun] with a <italic>nevell</italic>;’ i. e. a boxing match. Gawin Douglas describing the grief in the Court of Dido at her desertion by Æneas, says—</p><p>'sHer sister An, sprettes almaist for drede,…</p><p>With nalis rywand reuthfully hir face,</p><p>And smytand with <italic>neiffis</italic> hir breist.’</p><p><citation id="ref959" citation-type="other"><italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. iv. p. <fpage>123</fpage></citation>, l. 45.</p><p>See also p. 396, l. 37. O. Icel. <italic>hnefi</italic>. Shakspere twice uses the word, see <citation id="ref960" citation-type="other"><italic>Midsummer N. Dream</italic>, iv. <fpage>1</fpage></citation>. and <citation id="ref961" citation-type="other"><italic>2nd Henry IV</italic>. ii. <fpage>4</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1561" symbol="page 251 note 1"><label><sup>page 251 note 1</sup></label><p>'sO þou world, he says, unclene,</p><p>Whyn mught bou swa unclen be,</p><p>þat suld never mare <italic>neghe</italic> me?’</p><p><citation id="ref962" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic>, <fpage>1205</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A. S. <italic>neah</italic>, near, <italic>nehwan</italic>, to approach.</p></fn><fn id="fn1562" symbol="page 251 note 2"><label><sup>page 251 note 2</sup></label><p>This spelling occurs several times in the St. John's Camb. MS. of W. de Degnileville's Pilgrimage of the Life of the Manhode. Thus we read: ‘This helme [Temperaunee] stoppeth the eres, that to the herte ne to the thought na darte may mysdo, alle be it that the wikked <italic>neghtbore</italic> can harde Schote his arowes & his Springaldys.’ leaf 41<sup>a</sup>. Jamieson says: ‘it is frequently written <italic>nichtbour, nychtbour;</italic> but, as would seem, corruptly.’ ‘Gif it be a man that awe the hows, and birnis it reklesly, or his wyfe, or his awin bairnis, quhether his <italic>nychtbouris</italic> takis skaith or nane, attoure the skaith & schame that he tholis, he or thay salbe banist that towne for thre yeiris.’ Acts, James I. of Scotland, 1426, c. 85, ed. 1566, c. 75. Wyclif frequently uses the form, as for instance in his Controversial Tracts (Works, ed. <citation id="ref963" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>368</fpage></citation>), ‘love hor <italic>neghtbors</italic> as homself; and, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref963">ibid.</xref> p. 153, ‘to spoyle hor tenauntes and hor <italic>neyghtbors</italic>.’ See also the <citation id="ref964" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, pp. <fpage>25</fpage>, <fpage>168</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþo þyrd luf is with-owte dowte,</p><p>To luf yche <italic>neghtbur</italic> all abowte.’</p><p>Lay-Folks Mass-Book, E. 541.</p><p>'sLuf syn thy <italic>nychtbouris</italic> and wirk thame na vnricht.’</p><p><citation id="ref965" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Prol. Bk. iv. l. <fpage>137</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1563" symbol="page 251 note 3"><label><sup>page 251 note 3</sup></label><p>This is apparently a blow given on the back of the neck, especially in making a knight. Meyrick, in his Ancient Armour, Glossary, s. v. <italic>Alapa</italic>, says: ‘The military blow given on making a knight by striking him three times on the shoulders with the blade of a sword, by which he was, as it were, manumitted from the prohibition of bearing arms. In the <italic>Ceremoniale Romanum</italic>, lib. i. s. 7, which relates to the knights made by the sovereign pontiff, we read: “<italic>Tum accipiens illias ensem nudum ter militem percutit plane super spatulas, dicens, ‘Esto miles pacificus, strenuus, fidelis, et Deo devotus</italic>.’
Lambertus Ardensis says “<italic>Eidem comiti in signum militiœ gladium lateri, et calcaria sui militis aptavit, et</italic> alapam <italic>collo ejus inflixit</italic>.
It was also termed <italic>colaphus</italic>, from <italic>collum</italic>, the neck; whence Norman <italic>colées</italic>.’ Compare a Boffet, above, and see Ducange, s. vv. <italic>Alapa</italic> and <italic>Colaphus</italic>. The following is the only instance of the word which I have been able to meet with— ‘Then with an shout the Cadgear thus can say,</p><p>Abide and thou ane <italic>necke Herring</italic> shalt haue</p><p>Is woorth my Capill, creilles, and all the laue.’ Henryson's <italic>Mor. Fables</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1564" symbol="page 251 note 4"><label><sup>page 251 note 4</sup></label><p>In the account of ‘How þe Hali Cros was fundin be seint Elaine,’ pr. in <citation id="ref966" citation-type="other"><italic>Legends of the Holy Rood</italic>, p. <fpage>113</fpage></citation>, we are told how the Jew when threatened with loss of his eyes if he did not discover the place of the Cross, ‘his Claþis he kest, al bot his serke to make him <italic>nemil</italic> vn-to his werke.’ See the <citation id="ref967" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. <fpage>21</fpage>, <fpage>528</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sNow were tyme for a man, that lakkys what he wold,</p><p>To stalk prively unto a fold,</p><p>And <italic>neemly</italic> to wyrk than, and be not to bold,</p><p>For he myght aby the bargan, if it were told</p><p>At the endyng.’</p><p><citation id="ref968" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>105</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAn hungry huntor that houndithe on a biche, <italic>Nemel</italic> of mowthe for to murtheran hare.’ Lydgate's Minor Poems (Percy Soc), p. 168.</p><p>'sNymble, delyuer or quycke of ones lymmes, <italic>souple</italic>.’ Palsgrave. A. S. <italic>nemol</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1565" symbol="page 252 note 1"><label><sup>page 252 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Nepe</italic>. ‘Nep, common Cat-mint. Dronken with honied water is good for them that haue fallen from a lofte, and haue some bruse or squat, and bursting, for it digesteth the eongeled and clotted bloud, and is good for the payne of the bowels, the shortnesse of breath, the oppillation or stopping of the breast, and against the Jaundice.’ <citation id="ref969" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyte</surname></name>, p. <fpage>148</fpage></citation>. See also Gerarde's Herbal, 1633. ‘Nep, <italic>herbe au chat, herbe de chat</italic>.’ Cotgrave. ‘Neppe or cattisment, herbe, <italic>calaminta</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Neppe, herbe, <italic>nepeta</italic>.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘<italic>Rapa:</italic> a nepe.’ Medulla. See Cockayne's <citation id="ref970" citation-type="other"><italic>Leechdoms</italic>, i. <fpage>208</fpage></citation>, where ‘þas wyrte ðe we nepitamon nemdun’ is recommended for the bite of a snake. ‘<italic>Nepitamon</italic>. Nepte.’ Durham Gloss. ‘<italic>Hoc bacar</italic>, A<sup>ce</sup>. nepe.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 191. ‘<italic>Nepta</italic>, nepte, kattes minte.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref970">ibid.</xref> p. 140.</p></fn><fn id="fn1566" symbol="page 252 note 2"><label><sup>page 252 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, about 1315, Psalms lxxii. 21 is thus rendered—</p><p>For in-lowed es my hert, And mi <italic>neres</italic> are torned for un-quert.’</p><p>Wyclif's reading being <italic>reenys</italic>. In Archæologia, vol. xxx. p. 365 is printed a medical recipe, about 1350, in which the following occurs—</p><p>'sAnd mad a drynke per of clenlyke— þ<sup>t</sup> purgyth þ<sup>e</sup> <italic>neris</italic> mythylyke.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref971" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>52</fpage></citation>, amongst the necessary ingredients for a <italic>hagesse</italic> are mentioned—‘ þe hert of schepe, the <italic>nere</italic> þou take,</p><p>'s<italic>Hoc ren, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nere.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 186.</p><p>'sI trow <italic>Sanctam Ecclesiam</italic></p><p>Bot nocht in thir Eischops nor freirs,</p><p>þo bowel noзt þou shalle forsake.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref972" citation-type="other"><italic>Compl. of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>67</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Quhilk will, for purging of thir <italic>neirs</italic>,</p><p>Sard up the ta raw and down the uther.’</p><p>Lindsay's S. P. Rep. ii. 234, in Jamieson.</p><p>See the Poem against the Friars in Wright's <citation id="ref973" citation-type="other"><italic>Political Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>264</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sI have lyued now fourty зers</p><p>And fatter men about the <italic>neres</italic></p><p>зit sawe I neuer then are thes frers</p><p>In contreys ther thai rayke.’</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>nyra</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1567" symbol="page 252 note 3"><label><sup>page 252 note 3</sup></label><p>This is one of the numerous instances in which the <italic>n</italic> of the article has been joined on to the following vowel: compare <italic>a nawl, a nother, atte nale</italic>, &c, and see A Newt, below. The opposite process has taken place in the case of Apron; see Napron, above.</p><p>'sHelde þi <italic>nere</italic> to me, and liþe;</p><p>þat þou outake me, high þe swife.</p><p>In God for-hiler be to me nou,</p><p>And hous of to-flighte, þat me saufe þou.’</p><p><citation id="ref974" citation-type="other"><italic>Early English Psalter</italic>, Psalm xxx. <fpage>3</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>IIec Auris, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nere.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 185.</p></fn><fn id="fn1568" symbol="page 252 note 4"><label><sup>page 252 note 4</sup></label><p>'sNeshe, <italic>tener</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In <italic>Havelok</italic> we read that Godrieh wounded Havelok ‘rith in þe flesh þat tendre was, and swiþe <italic>nesh</italic>.’ l. 2743.</p><p>Hampole tells us in <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 3110, that</p><p>'sþe saule es mare tender and <italic>nesshe</italic> þan es þe body with þe flesshe.’</p><p>See also ll. 614, 4949. So, too, in Metrical Homilies, ed. <citation id="ref975" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Small</surname></name>, p. <fpage>154</fpage></citation>, we find—</p><p>'sFleys es brokel als wax and <italic>neys</italic>.’</p><p>The verb <italic>nesche</italic> = to grow soft occurs in the following passage from the Thornton MS. pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse, p. 31, l. 23—‘now es na herte sa herde þat it na moghte <italic>nesche</italic> and lufe swylke a Godd witn all his myghte.’ See also <citation id="ref976" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, pp. <fpage>134</fpage>, <fpage>192</fpage>, <fpage>272</fpage></citation>, &c. Wyclif's version of Proverbs xy. 1 is as follows: ‘A <italic>nesshe</italic> answere breketh wrathe: an hard woord rereth woodnesse.’ The phrase <italic>at nessche & hard, at hard & neychs</italic>, occurs in <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, ll. 3499, 5787 with the meaning of in every way, altogether. So also in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 605, we have—</p><p>'sQueper-so-euer he dele <italic>nesch oþer harde</italic>, He laueз hys gysteз as water of dyche.’</p><p>'s<italic>Molleo:</italic> to make nesshe. <italic>Mollicia:</italic> nesshede. <italic>Molliculus:</italic> sumdel nesshe. <italic>Mollifico:</italic> to make nesshe.’ Medulla. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 333, describes Ireland as ‘<italic>nesche</italic>, reyny, and wyndy’ [<italic>pluviosa, ventosa, mollis</italic>], ‘If зe quenche saturne liquified in wiyn or in comoun watir .7. tymes, and aftir ward in þat wiyn or water зe quenche mars many tymes, þnne mars schal take algate þe <italic>neischede</italic> and þe softnes of saturne.’ <italic>The Book of Quinte Essence</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref977" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>hnœsc, hnesc</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1569" symbol="page 253 note 1"><label><sup>page 253 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThare <italic>neis thyrlis</italic> with ane sowir sent</p><p>Scho fillys so, that bissely thay went</p><p>Efter the fute of ane tame bart.’</p><p><citation id="ref978" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>224</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Pirulœ nasi</italic>, extremitas.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Pirula</italic>, foreweard nosu.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 43.</p></fn><fn id="fn1570" symbol="page 253 note 2"><label><sup>page 253 note 2</sup></label><p>Properly a grand-daughter. ‘A neese, <italic>neptis;</italic> my neeses daughter, <italic>proneptis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Niece</italic>, a neece.’ Cotgrave. ‘A neece, <italic>neptis</italic>.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘<italic>Neptis:</italic> a neve.’ Medulla. ‘For I the <italic>nece</italic> of mychty Dardanus,</p><p>And gude dochtir vnto the blissit Venus,</p><p>Of Mirmidoues the realme sal neuer behald.’</p><p><citation id="ref979" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>64</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See note to a Nevowe, below, and Mr. Way's note s. v. Nypte. O. Fr. <italic>niepce, niece</italic>, Lat. <italic>neptis</italic>. In <italic>Lancelot of the Laik</italic>, 2199, <italic>nece</italic> is used as equivalent to nephew.</p><p>'sHo watз me nerre þen aunte or <italic>nece</italic>.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 233.</p></fn><fn id="fn1571" symbol="page 253 note 3"><label><sup>page 253 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo neeze, <italic>sternuto;</italic> neezing wort, <italic>veratrum album; helleborus elbus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘And he rose vp, & wente in to the house once hither and thither, & wente vp, & layed him selfe a longe vpon him. Then <italic>nesed</italic> the childe seuen tymes, and afterwarde the ohilde opened his eyes.’ Coverdale, iiii. Kings iv. 35. Turner in his Herbal, pt. i. p. 50, speaking of ‘Follfoote’ says, ‘the rootes purge, as <italic>nesing</italic> pouder called whyte hellebor doth;’ and again, pt. ii. p. 21, he says that ‘the pouder of the drye herbe [marjoram gentle] put in a mannys nose, maketh him to <italic>nese</italic>.’ ‘I nese. <italic>Je esterne</italic>. The physyciens saye whan one neseth it is a good sygne but an yvell cause.’ Palsgrave. O. Icel. <italic>hnjosa</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1572" symbol="page 253 note 4"><label><sup>page 253 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>irritare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1573" symbol="page 253 note 5"><label><sup>page 253 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>leperos</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1574" symbol="page 253 note 6"><label><sup>page 253 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Nepos</italic>, suna sune, <italic>vel</italic> broder sune, <italic>vel</italic> suster sune, þæt is nefa. <italic>Neptis</italic>, broðer dochter, <italic>vel</italic> suster dohtor, nefene, þridde dohter.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 51. In <citation id="ref980" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>, l. 51, we have the word used for a <italic>grandson:</italic></p><p>'sBut, lo! Panthus slippit the Grekis speris—</p><p>Harling him eftir his littill <italic>neuo:</italic>’ and in p. 314, l. 12, it is used for a <italic>great-grandson:</italic></p><p>'sAt the leist in this ilk mortall stryffe Suffir thy <italic>neuo</italic> to remane alyffe.’</p><p>Wyntoun in his Chronicles, vii. 9, 328, uses it for a nephew: ‘his <italic>newow</italic>, Malcolme cald.’ Baret gives ‘a nephew, also a riottous person, <italic>nepos</italic>,’ and Cooper has ‘<italic>Nepotes</italic>, riotous persons: prodigall and wastfull ruffians.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1575" symbol="page 254 note 1"><label><sup>page 254 note 1</sup></label><p>The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Newfangel, <italic>nouorum cupidus</italic>,’ and ‘Newfangle, <italic>nouarum rerum cupidus;</italic>’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Fantastique</italic>, fantasticall, humorous, newfangled, giddie, skittish.’ Sherwood has ‘He is newfangled; <italic>Il a du mercure à la teste, il est fantasque, ou fantastique, il a la teste un pen, gaillard</italic>.’ Under the word ‘<italic>gaillard</italic>’ Cotgrave also gives the latter phrase in a slightly different form—‘<italic>il a le cerveau vn pen gaillard</italic>, hee is a little humorous, toyish, fantasticall, new-fangled, light-headed.’ Cooper renders <italic>nuperus</italic> by ‘late happened or doone,’ from which it would seem that the meanings given above do not correspond with that attached to the word in the Catholicon. In <italic>King Solomon's Book of Wisdom</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. 83, l. 35, we read—‘To <italic>newfangel</italic> ne be þou nouзth,’ where the meaning is inconstant, fickle. Chaucer, <italic>Squyere's Tale</italic>, uses the word in the sense of dainty, nice: ‘so <italic>newefangel</italic> be thei of ther mete.’ ‘New fangled, nat constante and stedy of purpose, <italic>muable</italic>.’ Palsgrave. The old meaning appears in Shakspere, <citation id="ref981" citation-type="other"><italic>Love's Lab. Lost</italic>, I. i. <fpage>106</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref982" citation-type="other"><italic>As You Like It</italic>, IV. i. <fpage>152</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1576" symbol="page 254 note 2"><label><sup>page 254 note 2</sup></label><p>See Laghe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1577" symbol="page 254 note 3"><label><sup>page 254 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘an Euet, or lizard, <italic>lacertus vel lacerta</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Legarte</italic>, m. a newte or lizard: <italic>Tassot</italic>, m. a newte or. aske.’ Cotgrave. In the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘Euet, <italic>lacertus</italic>,’ and in Huloet, ‘Euet or lizarde, whiche is a grene beaste or worme.’ ‘<italic>Lacerta, vel lacertus</italic>, a lisarde, a neuet.’ Cooper, 1584. In ‘A Moral Ode,’ pr. in <italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, viii. 138, we are told that in hell ‘þeor beð naddren & snaken, <italic>eueten</italic> & frude.’ A. S. <italic>efeta</italic>, which is used as a gloss to ‘<italic>lacerta</italic>’ in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 78. See note to Nere, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1578" symbol="page 254 note 4"><label><sup>page 254 note 4</sup></label><p>'sþe <italic>nightegale</italic> bigon þe speche</p><p>In one hurne of one breche.’</p><p><citation id="ref983" citation-type="other"><italic>Owl & Night</italic>. ed. <name><surname>Stratmann</surname></name>, <fpage>13</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref984" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>929</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sOf the <italic>nyghtgale</italic> notez the noisez was swette.’</p><p>'s<italic>Ruscunia</italic> (read <italic>luscinia</italic>), nihtegale.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. A. S. <italic>nihtegale</italic>, O. H. Ger. <italic>nahtagala</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1579" symbol="page 254 note 5"><label><sup>page 254 note 5</sup></label><p>Halliwell quotes from the Nominale MS. ‘<italic>Niticorax</italic>, a nyte-rawyn,’ and explains it as the bittern, while he explains ‘<italic>nicticorax</italic>, a nyght-craw’ in the same MS. as the ‘night-jar.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Corbeau de nuit</italic>, the night-raven,’ and Baret has ‘a night raven, <italic>coruus nocturnus</italic>.’ I am inclined to believe that the ‘night-jar, <italic>Caprimulgus Europœus</italic>’ is the bird really meant. ‘<italic>Nicomena, nicticorax</italic>: a nyth ravyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hec nicticorax, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nyght-crake.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 188. ‘<italic>Nocticorax</italic> (<italic>nycticorax</italic>), nihtrefn.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. ‘The <italic>Nightrauen</italic> or Crowe is of the same maner of life that the Owle is, for that she onely commeth abrode in the darke night, fleing the daylight and Sunne.’ Maplet, <citation id="ref985" citation-type="other"><italic>A Greene Forest</italic>, p. <fpage>94</fpage></citation>. Glanvil in his <citation id="ref986" citation-type="other"><italic>De Propriet. Rerum</italic>, p. <fpage>430</fpage></citation>, says: ‘the <italic>nighte crowe</italic> hyghte Nicticorax and hath that name for he louith the nyghte and fleeth and seketh hys meete by nyghte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1580" symbol="page 255 note 1"><label><sup>page 255 note 1</sup></label><p>See Ducange, s. v. <italic>Vigiliœ</italic>, and cf. Wayte, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1581" symbol="page 255 note 2"><label><sup>page 255 note 2</sup></label><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 231, speaks of ‘a dwerf .… his craft was <italic>nigremansi</italic> [<italic>arte nigromanticus</italic>].’ The term had a very much wider meaning than the modern necromancy: thus Horman has, ‘He is all sette to nygrymancy and conjurynge. <italic>Addictus eat mathematicœ</italic>.’ See the <citation id="ref987" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>189</fpage></citation>, where we have ‘calculation and <italic>negremauncye</italic>, augrym and asmatryk.’ On the history of the word see <citation id="ref988" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Trench</surname></name>, <italic>English Past and Present</italic>, 4th ed. p. <fpage>244</fpage></citation>, and Prof. Skeat's note to <citation id="ref989" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. xi. <fpage>158</fpage></citation>. ‘A necromancer, or he that calleth upon damned spirits. <italic>Veneficus, necromanticus</italic>.’ Gouldman. See <citation id="ref990" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, pp. <fpage>1</fpage>, <fpage>2</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1582" symbol="page 255 note 3"><label><sup>page 255 note 3</sup></label><p>Cooper and Baret give ‘<italic>Tenus</italic>, a snare; the noche or ende of a bow,’ and Baret in addition gives ‘a noche or notch in a score, a notch in a bow, the dent or notch in a leafe about the brimmes, <italic>crena</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Coche</italic>, f. a nock, notch, nich, snip or neb.’ Cotgrave. ‘A nick, <italic>incisura, crena</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Prompt, s. v. Nokke. ‘The noche of the bowe & of the arowe were to strayte for the strynge. <italic>Crena tarn arcus quam sagittœ arctior erat quam ut neruum caperet</italic>.’ Horman. Gawin Douglas describes how the men drew the bows so hard that ‘The bow and <italic>nokkis</italic> met almaist.’ <citation id="ref991" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>396</fpage></citation>, l. 35. In the same work, p. 156, l. 17, the word is used for the corner or extremity of a sailyard. See also p. 144, l. 50. ‘The roote beyng cut, <italic>nicked</italic>, or notched, about the last end of heruest.’ <citation id="ref992" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Turner</surname></name>, <italic>Herbal</italic></citation>, pt. ii. If. 58. ‘<italic>Tenus, id est laqueus</italic>.’ Ortus. Thomas in his Italian Dict, gives ‘<italic>Cocca</italic>, the nocke of an arrowe, or the lyke holowness digged in any thynge, and many tymes it is taken for the nutte of a crossebowe, or for a foyste of the sea.’ ‘Nocke of a bowe, <italic>oche de larc</italic>. Nocke of a shafte, <italic>oche de la flesche</italic>. I nocke an arrowe, I put the nocke in to the strynge. <italic>Je encoyche</italic>. He nocketh his bowe, by all aymylytude he intendeth to shoote.’ Palsgrave. See <citation id="ref993" citation-type="other"><italic>Romaunt of Rose</italic>, <fpage>942</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1583" symbol="page 255 note 4"><label><sup>page 255 note 4</sup></label><p>That is a mark made as a score upon a stick: a common way of keeping count or <italic>tally</italic>. Palsgrave gives ‘I nycke, I make nyckes on a tayle, or on a stycke. <italic>Je oche</italic>. It is no trewe poynte to nycke four tayle or to have mo nyckes upon your tayle than I have upon myne.’ Compare Score, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1584" symbol="page 255 note 5"><label><sup>page 255 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA nit, <italic>lens:</italic> the broth of the rootes and leaues of Beetes scowreth away scurfe or scalles and nittes out of the head, and asswageth the paine of kibed heeles, being bathed therewith.’ Baret. ‘A nit, <italic>lens</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Cotgrave gives ‘ <italic>Nitte</italic>, f. a nit or chit.’ ‘<italic>Lens</italic>, nete.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 177. ‘<italic>Hec lens, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> nyte.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref994">ibid.</xref> p. 190. A. S. <italic>hnitu</italic>, which appears in Aelfric's Gloss. (Wright's Vocab. p. 24) as the gloss to ‘<italic>lens vel lendix</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1585" symbol="page 255 note 6"><label><sup>page 255 note 6</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref994" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>300</fpage></citation>, in the account of the Three Caskets, founded on the same legend as that which furnished the groundwork for Shakspere's Casket incident in the <italic>Merchant of Venice</italic>, the third Casket is described as having been ‘of lede, and full of <italic>nobills</italic> and precious stones with in.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1586" symbol="page 255 note 7"><label><sup>page 255 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Manci</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1587" symbol="page 256 note 1"><label><sup>page 256 note 1</sup></label><p>'sNoppy as clothe is that hath a grosse woffe, <italic>gros, grosse</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘The nap or hair of cloth, as in cotton. <italic>Tumentum, villus</italic>. Nappy. <italic>Villosus</italic>. Nappiness. <italic>Villositas</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘Whan the <italic>noppe</italic> is rughe, it wolde be shorne.’ <citation id="ref995" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Skelton</surname></name>, <italic>Magnyf</italic>. <fpage>453</fpage></citation>. Compare to Burle clothe and to do hardes away, above. A. S. <italic>hnoppa</italic> (Somner).</p></fn><fn id="fn1588" symbol="page 256 note 2"><label><sup>page 256 note 2</sup></label><p>A. reads incorrectly ‘Northewynde. <italic>Enrus, Euroquilo, Aquilo</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1589" symbol="page 256 note 3"><label><sup>page 256 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Circius</italic>. A whirlwind, a wind proper to <italic>Gallia Narbonensis;</italic> also dizziness.’ Coles.</p></fn><fn id="fn1590" symbol="page 256 note 4"><label><sup>page 256 note 4</sup></label><p>That is ‘an osylle,’ an ousel or blackbird. Baret gives ‘an owsell, the bird called a blacke macke, with a yellow beake, a blacke bird, <italic>merula</italic>.’ ‘Owsyll or blacke niacke, bride, <italic>merula, turdus</italic>.’ Huloet. The Manip. Vocab. has ‘an ousyl, bird, <italic>merula</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Merle</italic>, a mearle, owsell, blackbird.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Merula:</italic> oale.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. See also Osylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1591" symbol="page 256 note 5"><label><sup>page 256 note 5</sup></label><p>See Alonly.</p></fn><fn id="fn1592" symbol="page 256 note 6"><label><sup>page 256 note 6</sup></label><p>See to Mughe, and P. Mown.</p></fn><fn id="fn1593" symbol="page 256 note 7"><label><sup>page 256 note 7</sup></label><p>In <italic>Hali Meidenhad</italic>, p. 9, this occurs with the meaning of ‘by no means,’ the old proverb, ‘all is not gold that glitters,’ appearing as ‘nis hit <italic>nower neh</italic> gold al þat ter schineð.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1594" symbol="page 256 note 8"><label><sup>page 256 note 8</sup></label><p>Hampole says that at the judgment Day the wicked shall be in great dread—</p><p>'sFor þai may <italic>nour-whare</italic> away wynne.’ <citation id="ref996" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>5057</fpage>;</citation></p><p>and at line 4339 we read ‘under erthe or <italic>ourwar</italic> elles.’ ‘<italic>Nouhware</italic> ine holi write nis iwriten.’ <citation id="ref997" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, <fpage>160</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>nahwer</italic> for <italic>ne ahwer</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1595" symbol="page 256 note 9"><label><sup>page 256 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Burbilia; anglice</italic> Nombles.’ Ortus. ‘Noumbles of a dere or beest, <italic>entraills</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See Pegge's <italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, xi. xiii. &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1596" symbol="page 257 note 1"><label><sup>page 257 note 1</sup></label><p>Jamieson, who explains nolt, nowt as ‘black cattle, as distinguished from horses and sheep,’ and properly denoting oxen, quotes from Wallace viii. 1058, MS.—</p><p>'sAls bestial, as horss and <italic>nowt</italic>, within, Amang the fyr thai maid a hidwyss din;’ and from Douglas, <citation id="ref998" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>394</fpage></citation>, l. 35—</p><p>'sLike as that the wyld wolf in his rage—</p><p>Quhen that he has sum young grete oxin slane,</p><p>Or than werryit the <italic>nolthird</italic> on the plane.’</p><p>'s<italic>Nowt-herd</italic>. A neat-herd. North.’ Grose. ‘The <italic>noutheard</italic> wages weare (for every beast) 2d. for theire wontinge pennies when they wente, 2<sup>d</sup>. att Lammas, and 2<sup>d</sup>. a peece at Michaelmasse when they weare fetched away.’ <citation id="ref999" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c., Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>119</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1597" symbol="page 257 note 2"><label><sup>page 257 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘a Boier, meate eaten after noone, a collation, a noone meale: <italic>merenda</italic>. Vide Boeuer,’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Gouster</italic>, m. nunchion, drinking, aundersmeat, afternoonescollation, mouthes-recreation. <italic>Reciné</italic>, m. an afternoone's nuncheon or collation; an aunders meat.’ ‘<italic>Merenda</italic>, a Nunmete. <italic>Antecœna</italic>, a nonemete.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Merenda</italic>, meate eaten at after noone; a collation; a noone meale; a boyuer.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Merendar</italic>, to take the noonemeat, <italic>meridiari. Merienda</italic>, a noonemeate, <italic>merenda, prandium</italic>.’ Percyuall, Span. Dict. 1591. See also Orendron meate, hereafter. ‘<italic>Non-mete</italic>, refectio, vel prandium, a meale or bever at that time,’ Somner. So called, according to Jamieson, because the priests used to take a repast after the celebration of the <italic>nones</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1598" symbol="page 257 note 3"><label><sup>page 257 note 3</sup></label><p>Repeated in the MS.</p></fn><fn id="fn1599" symbol="page 257 note 1"><label><sup>page 257 note 1</sup></label><p>The Nuthatch,</p><p>'sThe sparowe spredde her on her spraye,</p><p>The mavys songe with notes full gaye,</p><p>The <italic>nuthake</italic> with her notes newe,</p><p>The sterlynge set her notes full trewe.’</p><p><citation id="ref1000" citation-type="other"><italic>Squyr of Lowe Degre</italic>, l. <fpage>55</fpage></citation>, in Ritson's <citation id="ref1001" citation-type="other"><italic>Met. Hom.</italic> vol. iii. l. <fpage>147</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sNothagge, a byrde, <italic>jaye</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Coles explains <italic>picus</italic> as ‘the Wood-pecker, Speight, or Green-peck.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1600" symbol="page 257 note 5"><label><sup>page 257 note 5</sup></label><p>See Howsyng of a nutt, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1601" symbol="page 258 note 1"><label><sup>page 258 note 1</sup></label><p>The author of the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic> says: ‘Ful speche is as of lecherie, & of oðre fulðen, þat unweaschene muðes spekeð oðer <italic>hwule</italic>,’ p. 82, and the author of the <italic>Early Eng. Homilies</italic> has: <citation id="ref1002" citation-type="other">‘Noþeles <italic>oðerhwile</italic> þu sunegest mid summe of þisse limen ofter þenne þa scoldest. hit nia nan wunder þat mon sunegie oðer <italic>hwile</italic> unwaldes.’ i. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref1003" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Wisdom</italic> xvii. <fpage>14</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1602" symbol="page 258 note 2"><label><sup>page 258 note 2</sup></label><p>'sDerne uondunges þet he soheoteð <italic>offeor</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1004" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>250</fpage></citation>. ‘Wit þe husbonde, godes cunestable cleopeð warschipe forð, and makið hire durswart, þe warliche loki hwam ha leote in ant ut, and <italic>of feor</italic> bihelde alle þe cuminde.’ <citation id="ref1005" citation-type="other"><italic>Old Engl. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>247</fpage></citation>. In Wyclif's version of <italic>Genesis</italic> xxi. 16, Hagar having placed Ishmael under a tree ‘set forth aзens <italic>oferre</italic>, as myche as a bow may cast;’ and in <citation id="ref1006" citation-type="other"><italic>Leviticus</italic> xiv. <fpage>40</fpage></citation> lepers are directed to be ‘throwe <italic>ofeer</italic> out of the cyte, in an vnclene place.’ In <citation id="ref1007" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <year>1674</year></citation>, we read— ‘Duk naymes be-fore þaym gan to fonde, & <italic>afferrom</italic> lokede þo,</p><p>þan saw he Mantryble afforn him stonde, & þe brigge þat lay þer-to.’</p><p>And in <citation id="ref1008" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>856</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sWe folowede <italic>o ferrome</italic> moo thene fyfe hundrethe.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1009" citation-type="other"><italic>Gawaine & the Grene Knight</italic>, <year>1575</year>, Grower, i. <fpage>314</fpage></citation>, &c Caxton in his <citation id="ref1010" citation-type="other"><italic>Faytes of Armes</italic>, pt. i. p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, says: ‘That other parte of the ost shal folowe <italic>offerre</italic> the bataylle of thyn enemyes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1603" symbol="page 259 note 1"><label><sup>page 259 note 1</sup></label><p>'sAponn Turnus corps him strekis doun, Enbrasing it <italic>on groufe</italic> all in ane swoun.’</p><p><citation id="ref1011" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>463</fpage></citation>, 1. 54.</p><p>See Grufelynge, above. O. Icel. <italic>á grúfu</italic>, on the belly, face downwards. ‘Thought and sicknesse were occasion That he thus lay in lamentacion, <italic>Gruffe</italic> on the ground in place desolate Sole by himself awhaped and amate.’</p><p>Chaucer, <citation id="ref1012" citation-type="other"><italic>Blk. Knight</italic>, v. <fpage>168</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1604" symbol="page 259 note 2"><label><sup>page 259 note 2</sup></label><p>In Dan Ion Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, from the Thornton MS. ed. Perry, p. 12, l. 31, we are told that covetousness has two divisions: ‘ane es wrangwysely to get anythynge þat oure likynge or oure lufe lyghtes apone, als be sacrelege or by symony, falsehede or <italic>okyr</italic>.’ ‘Ocker, <italic>usura, fœnus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See also the moralised story of the Game of Chess in the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 71, where we are told that ‘the fourth <italic>scil</italic>. þe rook …. betokenyth <italic>okerers</italic> and false merchaunt, þat rennyth aboute ouer all for wynnyng & luce, & rechith not how thei geten, so that thei haue hit.’</p><p>'sVsure and <italic>okere</italic> þat beth al on, Teche hem fat þey Þse non.’</p><p>Myrc, <italic>Instruct, to Parish Priests</italic>, 1. 372.</p><p>See also the form of excommunication at p. 22 of the same volume, where amongst the accursed are enumerated ‘all <italic>okereres</italic> and vsureres that by cause of wynnyng lene her catall to her eme cristen tyl a certen day for a mor pris þen hit miзt haue be sold in tyme of lone.’ ‘<italic>Vsurarius</italic>, a govelere. <italic>Vsuro</italic>, to govelyn. <italic>Fenerator</italic>, a gouelare. <italic>Fenus</italic>, gouele.’ Medulla. See also <citation id="ref1013" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic>, pp. <fpage>163</fpage>, <fpage>313</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1014" citation-type="other"><italic>Chester Plays</italic>, ii. <fpage>189</fpage></citation>, and <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 6796.</p></fn><fn id="fn1605" symbol="page 259 note 3"><label><sup>page 259 note 3</sup></label><p>I do not understand this word.</p></fn><fn id="fn1606" symbol="page 259 note 4"><label><sup>page 259 note 4</sup></label><p>'sVirtue makeþ man hardi ase lyoun, strang ase <citation id="ref1015" citation-type="other"><italic>olyfont.’ Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>84</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hic olefans</italic>, a olefawnt.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 251. Palsgrave gives ‘Olyphant, a beest, <italic>oliphant</italic>,’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘an olyphant, <italic>elephantus</italic>.’ In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic> we are told that the Roman Emperor's body was carried ‘for honoure euene appone ane <italic>olyfaunte</italic>.’ See also II. 1286, 2288. ‘Зongelynges clawede and frotede þe <italic>oliphauntes</italic> in þe forhedes wiþ hors combes.’ Trevisa's Higden, iv. 25.</p></fn><fn id="fn1607" symbol="page 260 note 1"><label><sup>page 260 note 1</sup></label><p>In the later Wyclifite version of the Old Testament, Ezekiel xli. 26 is thus rendered: ‘the lienesse of palm trees weren on this side and on that syde; in the little <italic>undursettyngis</italic> [schuldris W. <italic>humerulis</italic> V.] of the porche.’ ‘To underset, to staie, <italic>prœfulcio:</italic> to proppe up, to underset, to staie, or make sure, <italic>statumino, suffulcio:</italic> to vnderproppe with stones, to vnderpinne, <italic>statumino</italic>.’ Baret. Prompt, gives ‘Vnder puttyn, or berynup, vndyr settyn, to bere up a thyng, H. <italic>suffulcio</italic>, Cath. <italic>suppono.’ ‘Eschalassé</italic>, propped, sustained, underset with a pole, or stake.’ Cotgrave. ‘A treou pet wule uallen, me <italic>underset</italic> hit mid on oðer treou, & hit stont feste: to deale eiðer urom oðer, & boðe ualleð,’ <citation id="ref1016" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>254</fpage></citation>. ‘Vnderset. <italic>Impedo, suffulcio</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1608" symbol="page 260 note 2"><label><sup>page 260 note 2</sup></label><p>Wyolif uses this word with an active meaning: ‘the wis herte and <italic>understandable</italic> shal abstenen hymself from synnes.’ Ecclus. iii. 32.</p></fn><fn id="fn1609" symbol="page 260 note 3"><label><sup>page 260 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>A þys syde</italic> þe toun þat ryuer rend, & fe brigge þar ouer-stent, whar forþ we moste pace.’ <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 4315.</p></fn><fn id="fn1610" symbol="page 260 note 4"><label><sup>page 260 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>oppressour</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1611" symbol="page 261 note 1"><label><sup>page 261 note 1</sup></label><p>An ordinary is the person who has the ordering and regulation of ceremonies, duties, &c, in which sense the word is still retained in the Prayer-book. This would appear to be the meaning in the <citation id="ref1017" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>87</fpage></citation>: ‘The fyfte to obey the <italic>ordenaryes</italic> of the temple echeon,’ but the editor glosses it by ordinances.</p></fn><fn id="fn1612" symbol="page 261 note 2"><label><sup>page 261 note 2</sup></label><p>See Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 7.</p></fn><fn id="fn1613" symbol="page 261 note 3"><label><sup>page 261 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Undern</italic> or <italic>underntide</italic> was properly the third hour of the day, or 9 a.m., but it appears to have been sometimes loosely used for the forenoon generally. Thus in the account of the crucifixion as given in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 16741, we find—</p><p>'sBi þis was <italic>vndren</italic> on þe dai, þat mirekend al þe light,’</p><p>where the meaning is the sixth hour or noon. Robert of Brunne in his <citation id="ref1018" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>243</fpage></citation>, describes the death of Wencilian, daughter of Llewellyn of Wales, as occurring ‘bituex <italic>vndron</italic> and prime.’ See also Chaucer, <italic>Nonnes Prestes Tale</italic>, 4412, and <citation id="ref1019" citation-type="other"><italic>Clerkes Tale</italic>, <fpage>260</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1020" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>24</fpage></citation>, anchoresses are directed to say ‘seoue psalmes & teos fiftene pealmes … abuten <italic>undern</italic> deies:’ see also p. 400. In the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 19458, it is related how ‘Grodess gast off heffhe comm I firess ounlicenesse</p><p>Uppo þe Laferrd Cristess hird, An daзз att <italic>unnderrn</italic> time.’</p><p>Wyclif in his version of Mark xv. 25 has: ‘forsoth it was the thridde our (that men clepen <italic>vndrun</italic>) and thei crucifieden him;’ while in John iv. 6 he says: ‘sothli the our was, as the sixte, or <italic>vndurn</italic>.’ In Acts ii. 15 it is again ‘the thridde our of the day, or <italic>vndirne</italic>.’ In the <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 512, the third hour is meant—</p><p>'sAboute <italic>vnder</italic>, þe lord to marked totз & ydel men stande he fyndeз þer-ate.’</p><p>See also <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 2269. Amongst his hymns for the ‘oures’ Shoreham has for the third hour or tierce, ‘Crucyfige ! crucifige ! Gredden hy at <italic>ondre</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref1021" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>131</fpage></citation>, intending travellers are recommended before starting</p><p>'sto here a masse to ende I rede beo <italic>vnderne</italic> ar pou go</p><p>In þe Morennynge зif þow may; Or elles be heiз midday.’</p><p>And зif þou may not do so</p></fn><fn id="fn1614" symbol="page 261 note 4"><label><sup>page 261 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gouler</italic>. An aunders-meat or afternoones repast.’ Cotgrave. See Bay's <italic>North Country Words</italic>, E. D. Soc. <italic>s. v.</italic> Aandorn, and compare a Nune mete, above, and P. Vndermele. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, v. 373, has ‘<italic>undermele</italic> tyde.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1615" symbol="page 262 note 1"><label><sup>page 262 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThey do now calle this herbe <italic>Crassula maior</italic>, some call it <italic>Fabana</italic> and <italic>Faba crassa:</italic> in English <italic>Orpyne</italic> & Liblong or Liuelong: in French <italic>Orpin & chicotrin:</italic> in High Dutch <italic>Dundkraut, Knavenkraut</italic>, &c.’ Lyte's Dodoeng, p. 39. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Orpin</italic>, m. orpin, liblong, or live-long: an herb: also, orpine, orpiment, or arsenick: a drug.’ The Manip. Vocab. renders orpin by ‘<italic>telepinum</italic>,’ which appears to be synonymous with <italic>telephion</italic> of which Cooper says ‘an hearbe that Ruellius taketh to be <italic>Faba inuersa</italic> or <italic>crassula minor:</italic> Musa thinketh it a kinde of <italic>Anthilis:</italic> some take it to be orpin.’</p><p>'sLastlye the star sinking in woods wyde of Ida was hidden Right the waye foorth poyncting. Thee wood with brightnes apeereth: Eech path was fulsoom with sent of sulphurus <italic>orpyn</italic>.’ Stanyhurst, <italic>Virgil</italic>, Bk. ii.</p></fn><fn id="fn1616" symbol="page 262 note 2"><label><sup>page 262 note 2</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North; see Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham, &c. The word occurs twice in Shakspere, <citation id="ref1022" citation-type="other"><italic>Timon of Athens</italic>, IV. iii. <fpage>400</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1023" citation-type="other"><italic>Troilus & Cressida</italic>, V. ii. <fpage>158</fpage></citation>. ‘Orts. <italic>Pabuli reliquiœ</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘Orts. <italic>Mensœ reliquiœ</italic>.’ Coles. On the history, &c. of the word see Prof. Skeat's Etymol. Dict. s. v. Orts.</p></fn><fn id="fn1617" symbol="page 262 note 3"><label><sup>page 262 note 3</sup></label><p>See also a Nosylle, above. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 187, speaking of Arcadia says that ‘þere bee also white <italic>wesels [merulœ</italic>]; þe <italic>wesels</italic> be blak among vs: þere þey beeþ white.’ The form <citation id="ref1024" citation-type="other"><italic>osul</italic> also occurs at p. <fpage>237</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Mn braunche seet la merle</italic> (an hosel-brit [osel]).’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 164. ‘<italic>Merula;</italic> osle:’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1024">ibid.</xref> p. 281. In the <citation id="ref1025" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, are mentioned the ‘<italic>osel</italic>, smityng [? snite], laveroc gray.’ A. S. <italic>osle</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1618" symbol="page 262 note 4"><label><sup>page 262 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Abatis:</italic> an hostler.’ Ortus. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, v. 97, translates <italic>hostiarius</italic> by hostiary, the meaning being apparently a doorkeeper: ‘Gayus the pope succeded Euticianus xx. yere; whiche ordeynedede diverse degres of ordres in þe churche, as <italic>hostiary</italic>, reder, benette, accolette aad oþer.’ See Shoreham, p. 46, and cf. Vschere, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1619" symbol="page 262 note 5"><label><sup>page 262 note 5</sup></label><p>In the later Wyclifite version of the parable of the good Samaritan, Luke x. 34 runs as follows: ‘a Samaritan …‥ leide hym on his beest, and ledde in to an <italic>ostrie</italic> [stable W. <italic>stabulum</italic> V.] and dide the cure of hym.’ Pecock in his <citation id="ref1026" citation-type="other"><italic>Repressor</italic>, p. <fpage>521</fpage></citation>, has: ‘I aske of thee whi in a town which is a thoruзfaar toward Londoun ben so manye <italic>Ostries</italic> clepid Innes for to logge gistis, &c.?’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1026">ibid.</xref> p. 523. ‘To the <italic>ostry</italic> I wente firste thynkande to herberwe me þar.’ De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, John's MS. lf. 127. Baret gives ‘an Hostrie, <italic>hospicium</italic>.’ P. also has ‘Syne of an <italic>Ostry</italic> of an in.’ In the <citation id="ref1027" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>90</fpage></citation>, we read—‘a faire lady was loggid in þe same <italic>ostry</italic>.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1027">ibid.</xref> p. 19.</p></fn><fn id="fn1620" symbol="page 262 note 6"><label><sup>page 262 note 6</sup></label><p>John de Garland in his <italic>Liber Equivocorum Vocabulorum</italic> under the word <italic>Fungus</italic> has the following: ‘Fungus boletus et fungus dicitur ales. ¶ Hic docet autor quod fungus habet duas significationes. Nam fungus id est boletus: anglice paddokstole. Vel est quedam avis, anglice an ostrich: quia ut aliqui dicunt est illa qui comedit ferrum .i. ferreos claves: anglice horse-nayles.’ The belief as to the wonderful digestive powers of the ostrich would thus seem to be of an early date.</p></fn><fn id="fn1621" symbol="page 262 note 7"><label><sup>page 262 note 7</sup></label><p>See Prompt, s. v. Nowche, p. 359. Baret gives ‘an Ouch, <italic>vide</italic> Jewell. A piece, morcell, and gobbet, that is cut from some thing; a carcanet, or ouch to hang about a gentlewoman's necke, <italic>segmentum;</italic>’ see also under Gard. ‘<italic>Monilles</italic>, m. necklaces, tablets, brouches, or ouches.’ Cotgrave. ‘Vpon this brest shal be set an <italic>ouche</italic> or a broche whiche shal ben as it were a keye or fastnyng of this maner of closure.’ Lydgate, <italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, bk. iv. fo. 81. See the grant from Edward IV. in the Paston Letters, ii. 33, acknowledging the receipt from John Paston of ‘an <italic>nowche</italic> of gold with a gret poynted diamaunt set upon a rose enamellid white, and a <italic>nowche</italic> of goldin facion of a ragged staff …. which were leyd to plegge with Sir John Fastolf.’ See <citation id="ref1028" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>36</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1622" symbol="page 263 note 1"><label><sup>page 263 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>methea:</italic> correctly in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn1623" symbol="page 263 note 2"><label><sup>page 263 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Penitus:</italic> vtterly, oueral.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sþe mercy of God es swa mykel here, And reches <italic>overalle</italic>, bathe far and nere.’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 6310.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1027">ibid.</xref> l. 1810, and the quotation from the <italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, under Oker, above. A. S. <italic>ofer-eal;</italic> Ger. <italic>über-all</italic>. Wyclif in his version of <italic>Wisdom</italic> vii. 24 has ‘Thanne alle forsothe mouable thingis mor mouable is wisdam; forsothe it ateyneth. <italic>oueral</italic> [euery where P. <italic>ubique</italic> V.] for his clennesse.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1028">ibid.</xref> ii. 9. ‘Pine is <italic>oueral</italic> [ihwer, eihwer, other MSS.] þurh creoiz idon to understonden.’ <citation id="ref1029" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>50</fpage></citation>. Robert of Gloucester says that in the days of William the Conqueror ‘me myзte bere …. & lede hardelyche, Tresour aboute & oþer god <citation id="ref1030" citation-type="other"><italic>oueral</italic> apertelyche.’ p. <fpage>375</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref1031" citation-type="other"><italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, p. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1032" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, l. <fpage>38</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1033" citation-type="other"><italic>The Castel off Loue</italic>, l. <fpage>732</fpage></citation>, &c. In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic> after Floripas had given Oliver a draught to heal his wounds the latter ‘gropede euery wounde,</p><p>And founde hem þanne in euery plas <italic>ouer al</italic> hol & sound.’ l. 1389.</p><p>Caxton tells us in his <citation id="ref1034" citation-type="other"><italic>Lyf of Charles the Grete</italic>, p. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>, that he sente ‘<italic>oueral</italic> thorugh hys empyre hys messagers and grete councyllours for to vysyte hys prouynces and good townes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1624" symbol="page 263 note 3"><label><sup>page 263 note 3</sup></label><p>'sHalfe ouercast with cloudes, <italic>subnubilus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘I overcast, as the weather dothe wan it is close or darke and lykely to rayne. <italic>Le temps est sombre</italic>, or <italic>il fait sombre</italic>. We shall have a rayne a none, the weather is sore overcaste sodaynly. I overcast, as the cloudes do the Weather. <italic>Je obnubule</italic>, prim. conj. Se howe soone the sonne is overcaste for all the fayre mornyng.’ Palsgrave. In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic> when the Sultan swears he will not touch food before he had put to death all the Christian knights, Roland mocking him says—</p><p>'sзif þow dost so longe faste ….</p><p>þyn herte þanne wil <italic>ouercaste</italic>, & ake wil þyn hede.’ l. 1831.</p><p>'sNow it shyneth, now it reyneth faste, The hertes of Mr folk.’</p><p>Right so kan geery Venus <italic>ouer-caste</italic> Chaucer, <italic>Knight's Tale</italic>, 1536.</p></fn><fn id="fn1625" symbol="page 263 note 4"><label><sup>page 263 note 4</sup></label><p>Probably the meaning is to overtake, as in the following quotation from Palsgrave: ‘I ouerget a thyng that is flyeng away with pursewyng after. <italic>Je acconsuys</italic>. I made suche dylygence that at the last I overgate hym.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1626" symbol="page 263 note 5"><label><sup>page 263 note 5</sup></label><p>'sAnd while thei stryuen thus, the apostil putte him bitwene as a mene, distruynge alle her qwestions, as a good <italic>noumpere,’ [vmpere</italic> other MSS.]. Wyclif, Prol. 2 <citation id="ref1035" citation-type="other"><italic>Romans</italic>, p. <fpage>302</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1627" symbol="page 264 note 1"><label><sup>page 264 note 1</sup></label><p>A. is here undoubtedly correct: to <italic>overlook</italic> meant to fascinate, bewitch. See An horlege lokar, above, and compare P. Orlagere.</p></fn><fn id="fn1628" symbol="page 264 note 2"><label><sup>page 264 note 2</sup></label><p>A phrase still in common use.</p><p>'sThe king was good alle aboute, For she was of suche comforte</p><p>And she was wychyd <italic>oute and oute</italic>, She lovyd mene ondir her lorde.’</p><p>MS. Rawl. C. 86, in Halliwell.</p></fn><fn id="fn1629" symbol="page 264 note 3"><label><sup>page 264 note 3</sup></label><p>The word lithe or lythe, meaning a limb or joint, does not occur in the Catholicon, but we have ‘Lithwayke, <italic>flexibilis</italic>,’ q. v. ‘Chyldren bitwene oii yere and riiij ben nesshe of flesshe, <italic>lethy</italic> and plyaunt of body and able and lyghte to moeuynge.’ Glanvil, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. VI. ch. v. p 192.</p></fn><fn id="fn1630" symbol="page 264 note 4"><label><sup>page 264 note 4</sup></label><p>'sOf bathe þer worldes gret <italic>outrage</italic> we se In pompe and pride and vanitie.’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Cons.</italic> 1516.</p><p>Fr. <italic>outrage</italic>, excess, violence, from Lat. <italic>ultra</italic>, beyond, Fr. <italic>outre</italic>. In <citation id="ref1036" citation-type="other"><italic>fioland & Otuel</italic>, l. <fpage>199</fpage></citation>, we have <italic>outrage</italic> used as an adjective. Roland addressing the boasting Saracen says:</p><p>'sSir, þou art to <italic>outrage</italic>, þan all daye þus to chide.’</p><p>Fayrere myghte þra batayll wage</p><p>See other instances in Barbour's <citation id="ref1037" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, vi. <fpage>126</fpage></citation>, viii. 270, xi. 32, xix. 408, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1631" symbol="page 264 note 5"><label><sup>page 264 note 5</sup></label><p>Mandeville tells us in his account of the Tartars that among them the women do all the work usually performed by men, ‘thei maken Houses and alle maner mysteres, <italic>out taken</italic> Bowes and Arowes, and Armures that men maken.’ p. 250. Wyclif's version of <italic>Matth</italic>. v. 32 runs, ‘Sothely Y say to you, that euery man that shal leeue his wyf, <italic>outaken</italic> cause of fornicacioun, he makith hire do lecherie.’ See also <citation id="ref1038" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis</italic> xxi. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>. ‘The steward anon put of all his clothes, <italic>oute take</italic> his sherte and his breche.’ <citation id="ref1039" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>. Gawin Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, v. p. 151, describes how of the fleet of the Trojans all were saved from the storm ‘<italic>out take</italic> four schippis loist.’ The translator of Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic> tells us that <citation id="ref1040" citation-type="other">‘All manner puls is goode, the fitche <italic>oute take</italic>’ p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>, l. 723. See also <citation id="ref1041" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>, &c, and numerous instances in Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, De Deguileville's <citation id="ref1042" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, pp. <fpage>1</fpage>, <fpage>22</fpage>, <fpage>34</fpage></citation>, &c. ‘He <italic>out take</italic> nothing but a tre.’ Legends of the Holy Rood, p. 63, l. 51.</p></fn><fn id="fn1632" symbol="page 265 note 1"><label><sup>page 265 note 1</sup></label><p>The bow of wood which goes round the neck of an oxe; still in use. Tusser amongst other implements; &c., necessary to the farmer mentions</p><p>'s<italic>Oxbowes</italic> and oxyokes and other things mo.</p><p>For oxteeme and horseteeme, in plough for to go.’ ch. xvii. st. 10.</p><p>'sOxebowe that gothe about his necke, <italic>collier de bevf</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In the gloss on W. de Bibelsworth pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 169, <italic>arsons</italic> are rendered by ‘oxe-bowes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1633" symbol="page 265 note 2"><label><sup>page 265 note 2</sup></label><p>As much land as an ox could plough in a season: according to some fifteen, but according to others twenty acres, ‘<italic>Mas de terre</italic>, an oxegang, plowland or hide of land, containing about 20 acres and having a house belonging to it.’ Cotgrave. ‘An oxe-gang, <italic>mas de terre; contient</italic> 20 acres (<italic>c’est à dire, arpens d'Angleterre</italic>).’ Sherwood. ‘Oxgang of land. <italic>Viginti jugera terr</italic>œ.’ Gouldman. An old account book of Darlington states that 30 a. is an oxgang in Sedgefield, 16 at Hurworth, and 20 in Yorkshire—in some places 8 acres seems to be the quantity. The Oxgang was generally 8 to the carucate, but sometimes 4; thus the carucate being what a team (of 8 oxen) could plough in the year, the Oxgang stood for the work of <italic>one</italic> ox, and the plough being in some counties drawn but by <italic>four</italic> oxen, accounts for there being in that case but <italic>four</italic> oxgangs to the carucate, or if they be called 8, the average of each is proportionably reduced. Sir E. Coke, in his Institutes, fo. 69, says: ‘Others say that a knights fee containeth 680 acres: others say that an <italic>oxegange</italic> of Land containeth 15 acres, and eight <italic>oxgangs</italic> make a plowland; by which account a plowland containes 120 acres, and that virgata terræ, or a yard land containeth 20 acres.’ See a long and exhaustive note on the word in H. Best's <citation id="ref1043" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, p. <fpage>127</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1634" symbol="page 265 note 3"><label><sup>page 265 note 3</sup></label><p>Also called Bugille, p. 46. ‘The rootes of Borage and <italic>Buglosse</italic> soden tender and made in a Succade, doth ingender good blode, and doth set a man in a temporaunce.’ A. Boorde's <italic>Dyetary</italic>, ed, Furnivall, p. 278. See also Lyte's Dodoens, p. 9. 4 A toad-stool. See P. Paddok. Ray in his South and East Country Words gives ‘Paddock, 8. a frog, Essex. Minsheu deflectit à Belg. <italic>padde</italic>, bufo.’ ‘Padde, tode, <italic>bufo, bufunculus:</italic> a Padstoole. <italic>tuber:</italic> a, Todestoole, <italic>fungus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See the account of the cruelties practised in Stephen's reign, as recorded in the A.-S. Chronicle, p. 262, one of which is that ‘hi dyden heom in quarterne þar nadres & snakes & <italic>pades</italic> wæron inne & drapen heom swa.’ ‘My fo is ded and prendyd as a <italic>padde.’ Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. 185. ‘I seal prune that <italic>paddok</italic>, and prevyn hym as a, <italic>pad</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1043">ibid.</xref> p. 164.</p><p>'sOpon the chefe of hur cholle, A <italic>padok</italic> prykette on a polle.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. ix. John de Garlande in his <italic>Liber Equivocorwm Vocabulorum</italic> says: ‘Fungus dicitur a fungor, fungeris, secundum vocem: sed a defungor, defungeris, secundum significationem, defungor id est mori, quia comedentes fungos, sicut plures faciunt in partibus transmarinis, sepius moriuntur. Unde Marcialis cocus—</p><p>“Defunctos fungis hominis materne negabis, Boleti leti causa fuere tui.
’</p><p>See Wyclif, Exodus viii. 9 (P.), <italic>K. Alisaunder</italic>, 6126, and Shakspere, <citation id="ref1044" citation-type="other"><italic>Macbeth</italic>, I. i. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1045" citation-type="other"><italic>Hamlet</italic>, III. iv. <fpage>190</fpage></citation>. See note to Ostriche. ‘<italic>Hic vambricus</italic>, a paddoke.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 223.</p></fn><fn id="fn1635" symbol="page 266 note 1"><label><sup>page 266 note 1</sup></label><p>Baret has ‘a Page, or custrell bearing his master's shield, or buckler, <italic>scutigerulus</italic>. A Page, a servant always readie at his master's commandement, a seruing man, <italic>assecla</italic>.’ The word frequently meant no more than a youth.</p><p>'sA <italic>page</italic> of ouris we sail nocht tyne.’ Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xix. 693.</p></fn><fn id="fn1636" symbol="page 266 note 2"><label><sup>page 266 note 2</sup></label><p>Horman says ‘Alexander played a <italic>payante</italic> more worthy to be wondred vpon for his rasshe aduenture than for his manhede (<italic>rem ausus est</italic>),’ answering to our expression ‘played a part.’ In a letter from John Carpenter, Common Clerk of the city of London, and Compiler of the <italic>Liber Albus</italic>, descriptive of the entry of Henry VI into London, February 20th, 1432, we are told that near London Bridge was prepared a giant of extraordinary size, and ‘<italic>ex utroque latere ipsius gigantis in eadem</italic> pagina <italic>erigebantur duo animalia vocata</italic> “antelops.
’ Liber Albus, iii. 459. See Prof. Skeat's Etymol. Diet. <italic>s. v.</italic> Pageant. Wyclif uses the form <italic>pagyn</italic>, Works, <citation id="ref1046" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>206</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1637" symbol="page 266 note 3"><label><sup>page 266 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole says that</p><p>'sþe life of þe saule mare him [God] <italic>pays Nolo mortem, peccatoris</italic>, &c.’</p><p>þan þe dede, for þus him-self says: <italic>P. of Consc.</italic> 1734.</p><p>'sLet me leve evyr to thi <italic>pay</italic>.’ Coventry Myst. p. 49. Fr. <italic>payer</italic>, to satisfy, please, from Lat. <italic>pacare</italic>, to appease.</p></fn><fn id="fn1638" symbol="page 266 note 4"><label><sup>page 266 note 4</sup></label><p>A. divides this word under the two headings of <italic>paid</italic>, and <italic>satisfied:</italic> ‘Payed; <italic>pacatus, solutus</italic>. Payd; <italic>contentus, paciens</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1639" symbol="page 266 note 5"><label><sup>page 266 note 5</sup></label><p><italic>Paynim</italic> properly means the country of Pagans, representing the latin <italic>paganismus</italic>. In this sense it is used in <citation id="ref1047" citation-type="other"><italic>King Horn</italic>, <fpage>803</fpage></citation>, where we read of ‘a Geaunt… i-arived fram <italic>paynyme.’ ‘Payen</italic>, a pagan, paynim, infidel, heathen man.’ Cotgrave. ‘A panym, <italic>ethnicus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Wyclif uses <italic>paynymes</italic> in the sense of gentiles: ‘зee forsothe ben Jentiles, or <italic>paynymes</italic>, fro the bigynyng forsaken, the whiche neuere hadden knouleche of God, but euere to deueles han serued.’ Romans, Prol. p. 298; see also Prol. to Hebrews, p. 480, and Matth. v. 48. ‘Paynym. <italic>Paganus, Gentilis</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1640" symbol="page 266 note 6"><label><sup>page 266 note 6</sup></label><p>I do not understand this. Probably we should read ‘a Pale or staffe.’ ‘Pale or enclosure. <italic>Palus</italic>. Pale in or enclose. <italic>Palo</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘1620, April 4. Agreed with Matthewe Carter for <italic>paylinge</italic> the swyne stye with sawen ashe <italic>payles</italic>…. agreed also with him to <italic>pale</italic> the зearde, and hee is to sawe the rayles and postes, and to have 4<sup>d</sup>. per зearde for his labor.’ <italic>Account Book</italic> of H. Best, p. 153. ‘<italic>Palus</italic>, pal.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 84.</p></fn><fn id="fn1641" symbol="page 266 note 7"><label><sup>page 266 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Frumen, n.</italic> the parte of the throte whereby meate passeth into the stomake.’ Cooper, 1584. ‘<italic>Palais, m.</italic> the roof or palate of the mouthe.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1642" symbol="page 266 note 8"><label><sup>page 266 note 8</sup></label><p>'sAlso to enacte that euery vessell kilderkyn & firken of ale & bere kepe ther full mesur gawge & assise & that the brewars both of ale & biere send with their cariage to fill vp the vessels after thei be leyde on the gyest; for by reason that the vessels haue not ben full afore tyme the ocupiers haue had gret losse & also the ale & byere have <italic>palled</italic> & were nought, by cause such ale & biere hathe taken wynde in spurgyng.’ Arnold's Chronicle, p. 85. ‘I appalle, as drinke dothe or wyne, whan it leseth his colour or ale whan it hath stande longe. <italic>Je appalys</italic>. This wyne is appaled all redy, and it is nat yet an hour syth it was drawen out of the vessel.’ Palsgrave. ‘Pale wyne whyche is deade and vinewed, and hath lost his verdure. <italic>Mucidum vinum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Muceo</italic>. To be palled or dead, as wine y<sup>t</sup> hath lost the verdure. <italic>Mucidum vinum</italic>. A palled wine or dead.’ Cooper. See Dollyd as wyne or ale, p. 103.</p><p>'sBeware that ye gene no persone <italic>palled</italic> drynke, for feere</p><p>Hit mygtt brynge many a man in disese durynge many a yere.’</p><p>John Russell's <italic>Boke of Norture</italic>, in Babees Book, p. 13.</p><p>'sSowre ale, and dead ale, and ale the whiche doth stande a tylte is good for no man.’ Andrew Boorde, <italic>Regimen of Health</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1643" symbol="page 267 note 1"><label><sup>page 267 note 1</sup></label><p>Huloet gives ‘Palmer to rappe one in the hande, <italic>ferula</italic>,’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘a Palmer in sohole, <italic>ferula</italic>.’ ‘A Palmer or feruler, <italic>quia puerorum</italic> palmæ <italic>ea feriuntur in scholis</italic>.’ Minsheu. ‘<italic>Ferula</italic>, a pawmere.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1644" symbol="page 267 note 2"><label><sup>page 267 note 2</sup></label><p>In P. Plowman, B. xviii. 7 we have the expression, ‘tyl <italic>ramus palmarum</italic>,’ = till Palm Sunday. Prof. Skeat notes that this day was often called <italic>dominica palmarum</italic>, or, more commonly, <italic>in ramis palmarum</italic>, and that cap. ccxvii in the Legenda Aurea, ed. Grasse, is headed ‘De dominica in ramis palmarum.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1645" symbol="page 267 note 3"><label><sup>page 267 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, l. 9180, we are told that</p><p>'sþe <italic>pament</italic> of heven may lykened be Tille a <italic>pament</italic> of precyouse stanes and perre;’ and in the <citation id="ref1048" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, the false Emperor orders Jovinian to be drawn ‘at the horse-taile on the <italic>pament</italic>.’ So in Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, ed. Lodge, we find instructions ‘for to warme the <italic>pament</italic> undir an oil cellar.’ ‘Whenne y was nygh the awter y put of my showys and knelyd on my kneys vpon the <italic>pament</italic> and ofte tymys inclyned my heed doon to the grownd.’ <citation id="ref1049" citation-type="other"><italic>Revelation to the Monk of Evesham</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>. ‘And he shal take the holy watre in a britil vessel, and a litil of the erthe of the <italic>pament [pawment</italic> P.] of the tabernacle he shall putt into it.’ Wyclif, Numbers v. 17. ‘Swepte as þe <italic>pament</italic> from hilyynge of stree.’ Wyclif, Wks. i. 119. Maundeville says that in the kingdom of the Chan of Chatay ‘Vesselle of Sylver is there non, for thei telle no prys there of to make no vesselle offe, but thei maken ther of Grecynges, and Pileres, and <italic>Pawmentes</italic> to Halles and Chambres.’ p. 220. The word is of course merely a contraction of pavement, and in some parts of England paving bricks are still known as <italic>pamments</italic> or <italic>pamment-bricks</italic>. ‘Pauynge betle to tryrnme pament. <italic>Panicula, Tabernaculum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hoc pavimentum</italic>, a pament.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 237. ‘<italic>Pavimentum</italic>, pawment.’ Medulla. See Pauiment, below, p. 271.</p></fn><fn id="fn1646" symbol="page 267 note 4"><label><sup>page 267 note 4</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Pan</italic>, a pane, piece or pannell of a wall, of wainscot of a glass window; <italic>panneau</italic>, a pannell of wainscot:’ and Baret ‘a pane of cloth, <italic>panniculus, segmen</italic>.’ ‘Pane of a wall. <italic>Corium</italic>.’ Huloet. In the description of the Heavenly City as given in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 1033, we are told that</p><p>'sVch <italic>pane</italic> of þat place had pre зateз …. And vch зate of a margyrye.’</p><p>þe portaleз pyked of sych plateз</p><p>And in the description of the lady's chamber in <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic> it is said that ‘the floure was <italic>paned</italic> over-al with a clere crystal.’ l. 1469. See also the account in <italic>Partenay</italic> how the king was so beaten by unseen hands that ‘no sleue ne <italic>pane</italic> had he hole of brede.’ l. 5654.</p></fn><fn id="fn1647" symbol="page 267 note 5"><label><sup>page 267 note 5</sup></label><p>The treeless pad or pallet, without cantle, with which an ass is usually ridden. In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 14982, the ass on which our Lord rode is described as having ‘na sadel ne <italic>panel</italic>.’ ‘Pannel to ryde on, <italic>batz, panneau</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Pannels, or packsaddles, <italic>dormalia</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Panell of a horse. <italic>Dorsuale</italic>.’ Huloet. Tusser in his <citation id="ref1050" citation-type="other"><italic>Five Hundred Pointes</italic>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, mentions amongst the other ‘Husbandlie furniture,’</p><p>'sA <italic>panel</italic> and wantey, packsaddle and ped.’</p><p>Palsgrave has ‘I panell a horse, I put a panell upon hym to ryde upon. <italic>Je mets vng last</italic>. Panell my horse, I wyll ryde to market.’ ‘Soe soone as theire <italic>pannells</italic> are on, and every thing fitted, they leade them forth.’ <citation id="ref1051" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>101</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1648" symbol="page 268 note 1"><label><sup>page 268 note 1</sup></label><p>'sPantell, fetter or snare,<italic>pedica</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A pantel, <italic>pedica</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. The form <italic>panter</italic> or <italic>pantre</italic> appears the more common. Thus we find in <italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. 69—</p><p>'sHe saw how all the erth was sprede, Mans saull als a fouler</p><p>Wyt <italic>pantre</italic> bandes, and gylders blake, Tas foules wyt gylder and <italic>panter</italic>.’</p><p>That Satanas had layd to take</p><p>'sIn a <italic>panter</italic> I am caute, My fot his pennyd I may not owt,’ Song in MS. of 15th Cent.</p><p>'s<italic>Panthiere</italic>. A great swoope-net, or drawing net.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'sSo lymed leues were leyde all aboute,</p><p>And <italic>panteris</italic> preuyliche pight vppon be grounde.’</p><p><citation id="ref1052" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, ed. Skeat, ii. <fpage>187</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s& þus alle þes feyned censures ben anticristis <italic>panter</italic> & armes, to lette trewe men fro þe seruyce of god almyзtty & to make men to forsake god in his lawe for drede of anticrist and fendis of helle.’ Wyclif, <citation id="ref1053" citation-type="other"><italic>Works</italic>, ed. Matthew, p. <fpage>80</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1053">ibid.</xref> p. 205, and his <citation id="ref1054" citation-type="other"><italic>Works</italic>, ed. Arnold, iii. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>, where he speaks of ‘ydilnesse’ as ‘þe develis <italic>panter</italic>.’ See also Barclay's <citation id="ref1055" citation-type="other"><italic>Shippe of Fooles</italic>, ii. <fpage>297</fpage></citation>. Stratmann in quoting from Chaucer's <citation id="ref1056" citation-type="other"><italic>Legend of Good Women</italic>, <fpage>131</fpage></citation>, ‘Foules þat of þe <italic>panter</italic> and þe net been scaped,’ has inadvertently placed the word under Panter, a panther.</p></fn><fn id="fn1649" symbol="page 268 note 2"><label><sup>page 268 note 2</sup></label><p>Trevisa in his translation of Hidden, i. 77, speaks of Paradise as ‘the <italic>pantre</italic> or place of alle pulcritude,’ and, similarly, p. 273, of ‘the cite callede Parisius …. the <italic>pantry</italic> of letters [<italic>pincerna litterarum</italic>].’ In P. Plowman, C. xvii. 151, the butler or keeper of the pantry is called the <italic>paneter</italic>, from Fr. <italic>panetier</italic>. In the <citation id="ref1057" citation-type="other"><italic>Babees Book</italic>, p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>, the form <italic>panter</italic> occurs, and at p. 330, <italic>panytrere. ‘Hic panterius</italic>, a pantrer.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 211. ‘The <italic>panter</italic>, the botelere, The eorlus cheff sqwyera’ <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, 1649.</p></fn><fn id="fn1650" symbol="page 268 note 3"><label><sup>page 268 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA panier, paile, or basket, <italic>canistrum, calathus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘He took and bare a <italic>panyer [sportam]</italic> ful of gravel on his bak.’ Trevisa's Higden, v. 195.</p></fn><fn id="fn1651" symbol="page 268 note 4"><label><sup>page 268 note 4</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Papegay</italic>, m. a parrot or popingay,’ and Baret ‘A parret or poppingaie, <italic>psittacus</italic>.’ ‘Papejay, papingay, papingoe; a parrot.’ Jamieson. In the Quair of James I., pr. in Poetic Remains of the Scottish kings, ed. Chalmers, p. 71, we read—</p><p>'sUnlike the crow is to the <italic>papejay</italic>.’</p><p>Maundeville tells us that in the land of Prester John ‘there ben manye <italic>Popegayes</italic>, that thei clepen Psitakes in hire Langage: and thei speken of hire propre nature, and salven men that gon thorghe the Desertes, and speken to hem als appertely, as thoughe it were a man. And thei that speken wel, han a large Tonge, and han 5 Toos upon a Fote. And there ben also of other manere, that han but 3 Toos upon a Fote; and thei speken not, or but litille: for thei cone not but cryen.’ p. 274. See also Trevisa's Higden, iv. 307.</p></fn><fn id="fn1652" symbol="page 268 note 5"><label><sup>page 268 note 5</sup></label><p>See P. Plowman, C. x. 75, where the author speaks of the poure folke in Cotes</p><p>'sCharged with children and chef lordes rente,</p><p>That þei wiþ spynnynge may spare spenen hit in hous-hyre,</p><p>Boþe in mylk and in mele to make with <italic>papelotes</italic></p><p>To a-glotye with here gurles þat greden after fode.’</p><p>Evidently the word means a sort of porridge. Compare P. Papmete for chylder, p. 382.</p></fn><fn id="fn1653" symbol="page 269 note 1"><label><sup>page 269 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Paraphe</italic>. The flourish, or peculiar knot, or mark set unto, or after, or instead of, a name in the signing of a Deed or Letter: and generally, any such gracefull setting out of a mans hand, or name in writing; also, a subsignature, or signing under.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Parafo</italic>, a paragrafe, <italic>Paragraphum</italic>.’ Percyuall, Span. Pict. 1591.</p></fn><fn id="fn1654" symbol="page 269 note 2"><label><sup>page 269 note 2</sup></label><p>It was customary to pare the crust from the bread, before it was set before the guests at table. Thus in <italic>Sir Tristram</italic>, fytte i. st. 1, we read—</p><p>'sThe kyng ne seyd no more, Bot wesche and yede to mete;</p><p>Bred thai <italic>pard</italic> and schare, Ynough thai hadde at ete.’</p><p>The parings as we learn from W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 172, were put in the alms-dish for the poor:</p><p>'s<italic>Tayllet le payn ke est paree, Lee biseaus</italic> (the paringges) à l'amoyne soyt doné.’</p><p>And so also in the Boke of Curtasye (<italic>Babees Book</italic>, p. 324), ll. 730–3:</p><p>'sThe aumenere by this hathe sayde grace, To serue god fyrst with-outen lette;</p><p>And tho almes dysshe hase sette in place;. These other lofes he <italic>parys</italic> a-boute, &c.’</p><p>Ther-in the keruer a lofe schalle sette,</p><p>Palsgrave gives ‘I pare the cruste of a lofe. <italic>Je decrouste</italic> and <italic>je pare du payn</italic>. Pare your cruste away,’</p></fn><fn id="fn1655" symbol="page 269 note 3"><label><sup>page 269 note 3</sup></label><p>'sþere a man were crystened by kynde he shulde be buryed,</p><p>Or where he were <italic>parisshene</italic> riзt þere he shulde be grauen.’</p><p>P. Plowman, B. xi. 67.</p></fn><fn id="fn1656" symbol="page 269 note 4"><label><sup>page 269 note 4</sup></label><p>See note to Haly water clerk, p. 171.</p></fn><fn id="fn1657" symbol="page 269 note 5"><label><sup>page 269 note 5</sup></label><p>Cooper renders <italic>Indago</italic> by ‘toylle or nettes aboute a parke or forrest to take beastes.’ ‘A paroche, <italic>fundus</italic>.’ Baret gives ‘Parkes or places paled, <italic>roboraria:</italic> anie place inclosed to keepe beastes for pleasure: a parke: a cunnigree: a warraine: <italic>leporarium, vivarium</italic>.’ ‘A. parker, <italic>saltuarius</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In P. Plowman, C. vii. 144, we have ‘<italic>y-parroked</italic> in puwes,’ on which see Prof. Skeat's note and his Etymol. Dict. <italic>s. v.</italic> Paddock. ‘Santis in the devels name! said the <italic>parkere</italic>.’ Reliq. Antiq. ii. 282. A. S. <italic>penrruc, pearroc</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1658" symbol="page 269 note 6"><label><sup>page 269 note 6</sup></label><p>The palsy: Fr. <italic>paralisie</italic>, Lat. <italic>paralysis</italic>, Gr. παραλνσις. In <italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. 127, we read how the Centurion came</p><p>'sAnd praied Crist, that he suld hele His sergant of <italic>parlesye</italic>;’</p><p>and p. 129, we are told that</p><p>'sHis sergant that cumbered was Wit <italic>parlesi</italic>, al hal he rase.’</p><p>In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, in the account of Herod's death, the author tells us:</p><p>'sNu bigines he toseke, <italic>þe parlesi</italic> has his a side.’ l. 11817; and Hampole says that the fourth pain of purgatory will be diseases of various kinds, each a punishment for a separate sin:</p><p>'sSome for ire sal haue als þe <italic>parlesy</italic>, þat yuel þe saule sal grefe gretely.’</p><p><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 2996.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1058" citation-type="other"><italic>Legends of the Holy Rood</italic>, p. <fpage>130</fpage></citation>, where in the account of the miracles wrought by the true cross we read—</p><p>'sOf <italic>parlesi</italic> war helid grete wane, And dum and def ful mani ane.’</p><p>'sзet comen lodly to þat lede, as laзares ful monye, Poysened & <italic>parlatyk</italic> & pyned in fyres.’</p><p>Summe lepre, summe lome, & lomerande blynde, <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1695.</p><p>G. Douglas in his <citation id="ref1059" citation-type="other"><italic>King Hart</italic>, ed. Small, i. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, l. 11, speaks of the</p><p>'sHeidwerk, Hoist, and Parlasy.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1659" symbol="page 270 note 1"><label><sup>page 270 note 1</sup></label><p>Evidently a mere error of the scribe for the following word.</p></fn><fn id="fn1660" symbol="page 270 note 2"><label><sup>page 270 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Perman tre, below. Cotgrare gives ‘<italic>Poire de parmain</italic>, the Permaine-tree,’ and Baret ‘<italic>Volemus, volemum</italic>, a warden tree.’</p><p>'sThe <italic>pearemaine</italic>, which to France, long ere to us was knowne,</p><p>Which carefull frut'rers now have denizend our owns.’</p><p>Drayton, Polyolbion, Song. 18.</p></fn><fn id="fn1661" symbol="page 270 note 3"><label><sup>page 270 note 3</sup></label><p>See Persley in P. ‘<italic>Hoc petrocillum</italic>, persylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 225. See also pp. 79 and 190.</p></fn><fn id="fn1662" symbol="page 270 note 4"><label><sup>page 270 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA pierser, <italic>terebra, terebellum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1663" symbol="page 270 note 5"><label><sup>page 270 note 5</sup></label><p>Compare P. Party cloth. Shakspeare uses the phrases <italic>party-coated</italic>, and <italic>party-coloured</italic> the latter of which is still in common use. Gawin Douglas speaks of ‘the <italic>party</italic> popil grane.’ <citation id="ref1060" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. viii. p. <fpage>250</fpage></citation>. In the list of Goods given by the members to the Gild of the Tailors, Exeter, about 1470, we find ‘Item, Ysabell Rowse, a <italic>parly</italic> gowne y-furred, and a tabell bord.’ <citation id="ref1061" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>320</fpage></citation>. See Mirc, <citation id="ref1062" citation-type="other"><italic>Ind- to Parish Priests</italic>, <fpage>1145</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1664" symbol="page 270 note 6"><label><sup>page 270 note 6</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives ‘<italic>Partrik, pairtrich, and pertrek</italic>, a partridge.’ Fr. <italic>perdrix</italic>, Lat. <italic>perdix</italic></p><p>'sSpanзellis to chace <italic>pertryk</italic> or quaill.’ Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Prol. Bk. ix. l. 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn1665" symbol="page 270 note 7"><label><sup>page 270 note 7</sup></label><p>…‥‘Satenas Waites us als. thef in <italic>pas</italic>.’ Metr. Hom. p. 53.</p><p>'sI stalked be the stremeз, be the strond, A bot doun be a lond</p><p>For I be the flod fond So passed I the <italic>pas</italic>.’</p><p>Reliq. Antiq. ii. 7.</p><p>In <italic>Morte Arthurs</italic>, the Pilgrim knight says—</p><p>'sI will passe in pilgremage this <italic>pas</italic> vn-to Rome.’ l. 3496.</p></fn><fn id="fn1666" symbol="page 270 note 8"><label><sup>page 270 note 8</sup></label><p>'sPase, Easter, <italic>pascha</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the <italic>Bruce</italic>, ed. Skeat, xv. 248, we are told that the treacherous attack on the Scots failed because it was done</p><p>'sIn tyme of trewis …. Quhen god rais for to sauf mankyne.’</p><p>And in sic tyme as on <italic>paske-day</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn1667" symbol="page 270 note 9"><label><sup>page 270 note 9</sup></label><p>'sPasneps, herbe; <italic>pastinaca, colum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1668" symbol="page 271 note 1"><label><sup>page 271 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper, s. v. <italic>Callere</italic>, quotes Cicero, ‘<italic>callere jura</italic>,’ to be well skilled in the law. ‘To passe or excell in learning, <italic>superare doctrina</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sOf thi meknes, he sayd, speke I, For wit meknes thou <italic>passes</italic> me.’</p><p><citation id="ref1063" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Hom</italic>. p. <fpage>70</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1669" symbol="page 271 note 2"><label><sup>page 271 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘Paast, all thinges thicke and massie like paast, a masse, or wedge, <italic>massa</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1670" symbol="page 271 note 3"><label><sup>page 271 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA pie or pastie, <italic>artocreas</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A pasty, <italic>pastillum</italic>. A pastrye, <italic>pistorium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Hic pastillus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. pastyth.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 200.</p></fn><fn id="fn1671" symbol="page 271 note 4"><label><sup>page 271 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA patten or a sliooe of wood; a souldiours slaue; <italic>calo:</italic> a patten, or wooden shooe, <italic>baxea, calopodium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Calopodium</italic>, a paten, or slipper.’ Cooper, 1584. ‘<italic>Galoche</italic>, f. a wooden shooe, or Patten, made all of a peece without any latchet or tye of leather, and worne by the poore clowne in winter. <italic>Sabot</italic>, m. a pattin or slipper of wood.’ Cotgrave. In the Inventory printed in Paston Letters, iii. 409, we find ‘<italic>Item</italic>, a gyrdyll, a payre of <italic>patanys</italic> iiij<sup>d</sup>;’ and again, at p. 411, ‘a peyr of <italic>patanys</italic>, a cappe of violet.’ ‘<italic>Colopodium</italic>, a stylte or a pateyn.’ Medulla. ‘Paten for a fote, <italic>galoche</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Compare Lyno soke, above, p, 218.</p></fn><fn id="fn1672" symbol="page 271 note 5"><label><sup>page 271 note 5</sup></label><p>'sEccleaiæ Sancti Johannis Bapt. apud Halifax j chesabyll of cloth of golde and silke with ye amyce and the aube, a chaiys with the <italic>patent</italic> and a corporas, a coveryng of a bede with the holy lame in it.’ Will of W. Halifax, 1454, pr. in <citation id="ref1064" citation-type="other"><italic>Testa Eboracensia</italic> (Surtees Soc), ii. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>. ‘þe caliз and þe <italic>pateyn</italic> ok, þer-on he garte þe erl suere.’</p><p>þe corporaus, þe messe-gere, <citation id="ref1065" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>187</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1673" symbol="page 271 note 6"><label><sup>page 271 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pectorale</italic>, a breasteplate; a poytrell.’ Cooper. Palsgrave gives ‘Paytrell for a horse, <italic>poictral</italic>,’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘Paytrel, <italic>antilena</italic>.’ Baret, too, has ‘Peittrell or Poitrel for an horse, <italic>antilena</italic>’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Poictrail</italic>, m. a Petrell for a horse.’ See P. Pectoral. In the Inventory, date 1506, in the Paston Letters, iii. 409, we find ‘a sadyle, a <italic>paytrell</italic>, and a brydoll and ij gerthies x<sup>s</sup>.’ ‘Yf I haue a sadle, brydle, a rayne, a poytrell (<italic>antilena</italic>) and a croper and gyrthes, I care for no traper.’ Horman. ‘Pewtrell for a horse. <italic>Antela, antilena</italic>, &c.’ Huloet. It appears to have been a very common fashion to hang bells on the bridle or breast-band of the horse. Thus Chaucer describing the Monk says—</p><p>'sAnd whan he rood men myghte his brydel heere</p><p>Gynglen in a whistlynge wynde als cleere</p><p>And eek as loude as dooth þe Chapel belle.’ O. T. Prol. 169.;</p><p>and in <italic>Richard Cœur de Lion</italic>, 5713, the Sultan of Damascus had</p><p>'sHys crouper heeng al ful off belles And his <italic>peytrel</italic>, and his arsoun.’</p><p>See also Caxton's <citation id="ref1066" citation-type="other"><italic>Charles the Grete</italic>, p. <fpage>151</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1674" symbol="page 271 note 7"><label><sup>page 271 note 7</sup></label><p>In the Inventory taken in 1506 and printed in Paston Letters, iii. 410, we find mentioned ‘Frere John Alderiche, ij quaris of prayeris. Item, a <italic>powtenere</italic> with a payre of bedys of jette.’ In Political Songs, ed. Wright, p. 39, we read—</p><p>'sHe put in his <italic>pautener</italic> an houue and a komb,</p><p>A myrour and a koeverchef to binde wid his crok.’</p><p>'s<italic>Hoc mercipium</italic>, a pawtnere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 238. ‘It can no thing doo but make cloutes and <italic>pauteneeres</italic> and bagges.’ De Deguileville, <citation id="ref1067" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, p. <fpage>148</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Pantonniere</italic>. A Shepherd's scrip.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1675" symbol="page 272 note 1"><label><sup>page 272 note 1</sup></label><p>Palsgrave has ‘I panche a man or a beest, I perysshe his guttes with a weapen. <italic>Je pance</italic>, I feare me, I hare panched hym.’</p><p>'sBatter his skull or <italic>paunch</italic> him with a stake.’ Shakspere, <citation id="ref1068" citation-type="other"><italic>Tempest</italic>, III. ii. <fpage>98</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1676" symbol="page 272 note 2"><label><sup>page 272 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Epifemur</italic>, pancher.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 182.</p></fn><fn id="fn1677" symbol="page 272 note 3"><label><sup>page 272 note 3</sup></label><p>See the <citation id="ref1069" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, ch. xxi. p. <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, for the moral of the game of Chess, where the moves of each piece are explained allegorically. In l. 5 we read of ‘aufyns [bishops] and <italic>pownys</italic>.’ See note to Roke. Lydgate in his <citation id="ref1070" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>, repr. 1859, says: ‘A shame hath he that at the cheker pleyeth, whan that a <italic>pown</italic> seyith to the kyng chekmate !’</p></fn><fn id="fn1678" symbol="page 272 note 4"><label><sup>page 272 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. Pace.</p></fn><fn id="fn1679" symbol="page 272 note 5"><label><sup>page 272 note 5</sup></label><p>In the Metrical Life of St. Alexius, Cott. MS. ed. Furnivall, p. 27, l. 75, we read—</p><p>'sMany a coppe and many a <italic>pece</italic>, With wyne wernage & eke of grece.’</p><p>'sA capon rosted broght sho sone, And a pot with riche wine,</p><p>A clene klath, and brede tharone, And a <italic>pece</italic> to fil it yne.’</p><p><italic>Ywaine & Gawin</italic>, l. 760.</p><p>'sA broad peece or boll of gold, or siluer, <italic>patera</italic>.’ Baret. See the Dictionarius of J. de Garlande, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 126, where we are told—</p><p>cryers galpyng atamyd tavernys</p><p>'s<italic>Precones vini clamant gula yante vinum ataminatum in tabernis, ad quatuor denarios et</italic> the pyse galun</p><p><italic>ad sex, et ad octo, et ad duodecim, portando vinum temptando fusum in craterem a lagena.’ ‘Crater</italic>, a pece.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1070">ibid.</xref> p. 178. Palsgrave has ‘I pownce a cuppe or a <italic>pece</italic>, as goldesmythes do.’ ‘The warm new blude keppit in cowp and <italic>peys</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1071" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, vi. p. <fpage>322</fpage></citation>, l. 23. ‘Thenne the boteler shall bryng forth basyns, ewers, and cuppis, <italic>Pecys</italic>, sponys sette into a pece, redressing all his silver plate, upon the cubbord, the largest firste, the richest in the myddis, the lighteste before.’ <citation id="ref1072" citation-type="other"><italic>Babees Book</italic>, p. <fpage>364</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1680" symbol="page 272 note 6"><label><sup>page 272 note 6</sup></label><p>Manip. Vocab. gives ‘a Pedder, <italic>circuitor</italic>,’ and Baret ‘a Pedler, or anie that goeth about to sell his wares from towne to towne, <italic>circitor vel circuitor.’ ‘Portepanier</italic>, a pedler.’ Cotgrave. In the <citation id="ref1073" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>, we are told ‘þe wreche <italic>peoddare</italic> more noise he makeþ to зeien his sope, þen a riche mercer al his deorewurðe ware.’ ‘Item. Burton the <italic>Pedder</italic> owyth hym ffor sertayn stoffe bowt off hym unpayd, xix<sup>s</sup>. ij<sup>d</sup>.’ Manners & Household Exp. of England, p. 178. ‘Dustiefute (ane <italic>Pedder</italic>, or Cremar, quha hes na certaine dwelling place, quhere he may dicht the dust from his feet) sould be judged conforme to the Lawes of merchants, <italic>leg. burg. c.</italic> 120. Justice sould be done to him, summarlie, without delay, <italic>leg. burg.</italic>’ 1609, Sir Jn. Skene, Reg. Maj. The Table, p. 76. In Wyclif's version of 1 Esdras iv. 13, 20, ‘tribute and <italic>pedage</italic> and зeris rentus’ are spoken of, the meaning being apparently a toll on passengers. ‘The pirate preissis to peil the <italic>peddir</italic> his pack.’ G. Douglas, <citation id="ref1074" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. viii. Prol. l. <fpage>55</fpage></citation>. ‘Pedderman. <italic>Institor</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hic revelus</italic>, a peder.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 212. ‘зif þei becomen <italic>pedderis</italic>, berynge knyues for wymmen.’ Wyclif, <citation id="ref1075" citation-type="other"><italic>Select Eng. Works</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1681" symbol="page 273 note 1"><label><sup>page 273 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA Pease, <italic>pisum</italic>. Fr. <italic>pois.</italic>’ Baret. One of those words which from their appearance and sound have been incorrectly considered as plurals.</p></fn><fn id="fn1682" symbol="page 273 note 2"><label><sup>page 273 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe Cod of peason, <italic>siliqua:</italic> to growe in huske or cod, <italic>siliquor</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Cosse</italic>, a huske.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1683" symbol="page 273 note 3"><label><sup>page 273 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA pekke, mesure, <italic>baltus</italic>.’ P. ‘A pecke, the fourth part of a bushell, <italic>satum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1684" symbol="page 273 note 4"><label><sup>page 273 note 4</sup></label><p>Cooper, 1584, says: ‘<italic>Pala</italic>, a piele to put breade into an ouen; a fier panne or showle.’ ‘A peele to set bread in the oven, <italic>infumibulum, pala, pistoria</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A peele, <italic>pala, scalmus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Pele for an ovyn, <italic>pelle à four</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Pala</italic>…. a shouell, a skoope, a peele to put bread in an oven with.’ Florio. Still in use.</p><p>'sIn myn armys I bere wele, A dogh-trogh and a <italic>pele</italic>.’</p><p>Ritson's Anc. Songs & Ballads, ed. Hazlitt, p. 79.</p><p>'sSette in the bredde with a <italic>pele</italic>.’ Horman. In the Inventory of the goods of Gerard Salveyn in 1572 (<citation id="ref1076" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. Surtees Soc. i. <fpage>349</fpage></citation>) are mentioned, ‘in the kitching, one Raking croke, one Iron pot, one <italic>pele</italic>, one iron coulrake, ij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ In the <citation id="ref1077" citation-type="other"><italic>Household Ord.</italic> p. <fpage>291</fpage></citation>, under date 1601, are mentioned ‘flaskets, scoopes, broaches, <italic>peeles</italic> and such like.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1685" symbol="page 273 note 5"><label><sup>page 273 note 5</sup></label><p>A <italic>Pele</italic>, according to Jamieson, according to the proper sense of the term, was distinguished from a Castle, the former being wholly of earth. Such is the account given by Lesly when describing the manners of the Scots borderers. The term occurs several times in Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>. Thus in Book x. l. 137, Linlithgow is described as</p><p>'sa <italic>peill</italic></p><p>Mekill and stark, and stuffit weill Vith ynglis men.’</p><p>See also ll. 147, 152, 193, &c. Jamieson remarks that the site of this fortification at Linlithgow is still called <italic>the Peel</italic>. Professor Skeat suggests that the source of the word may be the Gaelic <italic>peillio</italic>, a hut made of earth and branches, and covered with skins. Wyntoun in his <italic>Chronicle</italic>, VIII. xxviii. 94, says—</p><p>'sThe Castele of Saynt Andrewys town, This Edward, sa gret a lord wes then,</p><p>And sere <italic>Pelys</italic>, sum wp, sum down, That all he stwffyd with Inglis men.’</p><p>See also Wallace, iv. 213. In Robert of Brunne, p. 157, the term is applied to a wooden battering tower: ‘þe Romancer it sais, Richard did mak a <italic>pele</italic>,</p><p>On kastelle wise alle wais, wrouht of tre fulle welle,</p><p>Ageyns holy kirke tille Aleyse forto drawe.</p><p>In schip he did it lede, to reise vp bi þe walle,</p><p>&, if him stode nede, to couere him with alle.</p><p>He reised it at meschines, of werre tiþing he herd,</p><p>For þe ilde of Sarazins þer зates ageyn him sperd.</p><p>þe Romance of Richard sais, he wan þe toun,</p><p>His <italic>pele</italic> fro þat forward he cald it matз Griffoun.’</p><p>Fabyan, in his Chronicle, p. 250, says: ‘Kyng Wyllyam to haue ye countrey in the more quyet hewe downe moche of the wood, and buylded in sondry places stronge castellys and <italic>pyles;</italic>’ and again, p:5i2: ‘threwe downe certayne <italic>pylys</italic> and other strengthis, and a parte of the castell of Beawmount.’ Bellendene in his trans, of Boece, ii. 424, mentions ‘the castel of Dunbriton …. and the <italic>peil</italic> of Lowdoun.’ Chaucer also uses the word in the <italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, l. 1310: ‘God saue the lady of thys <italic>pel</italic>.’ Ducange gives ‘<italic>Pela</italic>, Castellum, arx, Anglis <italic>Pile</italic> vel <italic>Pille</italic>,’ and quotes from Rymer's <italic>Fœdera</italic>, viii. 95, a charter of Henry IV. dated 1399, granting to the Earl of Northumberland the ‘<italic>castrwm</italic>, Pelam, <italic>et dominium</italic> de Man,’ whence Peel the chief town of that island derives its name.</p></fn><fn id="fn1686" symbol="page 273 note 6"><label><sup>page 273 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThanne boldly they buske, and bendes engynes,</p><p>Payses in <italic>pylotes</italic>, and proves theire castes.’</p><p><citation id="ref1078" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, ed. Hall, p. <fpage>254</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In P. Plowman, B. v. 78, <italic>Invidia</italic> is described as being as ‘pale as a <italic>pelet</italic>.’</p><p>'sGraythe gounnes stoppede those gones With <italic>peletes</italic> vs to payne.’ <italic>Sege of Melayne</italic>, 1289.</p></fn><fn id="fn1687" symbol="page 273 note 7"><label><sup>page 273 note 7</sup></label><p>'sPellitorye, herbe; <italic>altericum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Pellitorie, pyretrum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Baret has ‘Pellitorie of the wall, <italic>muralium perditium</italic>.’ Several varieties of this plant are mentioned in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 49, where it is called ‘Pellitory or Paritory,’ and is said to be useful against St. Anthonies fyre, the gout ‘which they call Podagra,’ and other diseases.</p></fn><fn id="fn1688" symbol="page 274 note 1"><label><sup>page 274 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pelleterie</italic>, f. The trade, or shop of a skinner, furrier or Peltmonger.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Pellio, m.</italic> a skinner, a peltemunger.’ Cooper. The trade of a Peleter or Pelleter is mentioned several times in the Liber Albus. See also Mr. Toulmin Smith's <italic>English Gilds</italic>, pp. 28, 29, where are printed the ordinances of the ‘gylde’ at Norwich which ‘<italic>Peltyers</italic> and oþere god men be-gunne …. in ye yer of oure lord jhesu cryst, a thousande thre hundred seuenty and sexe.’ ‘The notaryes, skynnarg, coryours and cordwaners werke by skynnes & hydes; as perchemyn, velume, <italic>peltrie</italic> and cordewan.’ Caxton, <italic>Game of the Chesse</italic>, lf, F ij. See Skynnery, hereafter. ‘The skinnes of fatte sheepe are alwayes better then the skinnes of leane ones; both for that they putte forthe more woll, and allaoe the <italic>pelts</italic> are better.’ Best, <italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. 29.</p></fn><fn id="fn1689" symbol="page 274 note 2"><label><sup>page 274 note 2</sup></label><p>'sLordes or ladyes, or any lyf elles, As persones in pellure with <italic>pendawntes</italic> of syluer. P. Plowman, B. xv. 7.</p><p>'sItem, payd to the goldsmythe that made the bokelys, <italic>pendawntes</italic>, and barrys to my masterys salat and his byecoket, x.s. iiij.d.’ <italic>Manners and Household Exps. of Eng.</italic> 1464, P. 253. G. Douglas, in his trans, of Virgil, bk. xii. p. 447, has— ‘Quhil, at the last, on Turnus schulder, lo! With stuthis knaw and <italic>pendes</italic> schinand clere;’ The fey girdil hie sette did appere,</p><p>the Latin being <italic>notis fulserunt cingula bullis</italic>.’ See <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 2038, where the knight puts on the magic girdle:</p><p>'sBot wered not þis ilk wyзe for wele þis gordel,</p><p>For pryde of þe <italic>pendaunteз</italic> Jaз polyst þay were.’</p><p>In the will of S. Teisdel (<italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. Surtees Soc. vol. i. p. 262), dated 1566, occurs the following: ‘The Napperye yt is to be keped to ye Wenche. In primis ij payre of silke sleues, one stomacher, thre peces of read silke…‥ one thromed hatte …. vj siluer gaudes, one whissel, one belte with one <italic>pendowes</italic> and one buckell of Biluer, one girdle, one belte, two paire of siluer crowkes gilte, two siluer taches, one siluer crosse, vj pillibers, one kirchife, ij rales, one handkirchife, iij smokes, one linen sheat, one towell.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1690" symbol="page 274 note 3"><label><sup>page 274 note 3</sup></label><p>A singular instance of how a word loses its original meaning. Compare Douzeperes, in which the idea of the number twelve became at last so entirely forgotten that we find writers speaking of ‘a douzepere,’ or as in <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, l. 1853—</p><p>'sTher come in a daunce <italic>ix doseperus</italic> of France.’</p><p>See <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 197 and note.</p></fn><fn id="fn1691" symbol="page 274 note 4"><label><sup>page 274 note 4</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Abbey of the Holy Ghost</italic>, pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, from the Thornton MS. ed. Percy, p. 55, we are told that amongst the officers of the abbey ‘Meditacione sall be gernare, Deuocione celerrere, and Pete <italic>penetancere</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1692" symbol="page 274 note 5"><label><sup>page 274 note 5</sup></label><p>According to Kennett, ‘the game of quoits, played with stones or horseshoes.’ See also Jamieson, s. v. In Barbour's <citation id="ref1079" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xvi. <fpage>383</fpage></citation>, we are told of a pass that it ‘was nocht a <italic>pennystane cast</italic> of breid.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1079">ibid.</xref> xiii. 581.</p></fn><fn id="fn1693" symbol="page 274 note 6"><label><sup>page 274 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pennare</italic>, a pener.’ Nominale MS. ‘A Pennar, <italic>calamarium</italic>. An inkehorne or any other thing that holdeth inke, <italic>atramentarium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Pennar and ynkehorne, <italic>escriptoire</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘A payre of tabelles, and a <italic>penner</italic>, and a <italic>inkehorne</italic>, and ij. keyys for þe wekett, are mentioned as having been contributed to the Gild of the Tailors, Exeter, about 1470, by ‘Water Kent.’ <citation id="ref1080" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, ed. Toulmin Smith, p. <fpage>320</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Calamarium</italic>, a pennere.’ Medulla. ‘O man in the myddis of hem was clothid with lynnun clothis, and a <italic>penners</italic> of a writere [ynkhorn, Wyclif, <italic>atramentarium</italic> Vulg.] at hise reynes.’ Ezekiel ix. 2, Purvey's version. See Inkehorne, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1694" symbol="page 275 note 1"><label><sup>page 275 note 1</sup></label><p>In <citation id="ref1081" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>63</fpage></citation>, we are told how Joseph, when there was no room in the inns at Bethlehem, was obliged to lodge the Virgin and our Lord in ‘a <italic>pendize</italic> that was wawles,’ and again, p. 66, it is called ‘a pouer <italic>pentiз</italic>.’ Compare P. To-falle, schudde, p. 495. ‘<italic>Hoc apendicium</italic>, a pentys.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 236. In Wyclif's version of 2 Esdras vii. 4 the marginal note runs ‘housis were not bildid to enhabite, but hulkis and <italic>pentisis</italic> weren maad bisidis the wallis in the ynnere part, in whiche they myзten abide for a litil tyme, til the citee were bildid.’ ‘Droppe of yse called an isikle whych hangeth. on a house eaves or pentisse. <italic>Stiria</italic>.’ Huloet. Stubbes applies the term <italic>pendise</italic> to the vails or pendants of ladies' head-dresses, <italic>Anat. of Abuses</italic>, p. 67, and also to curtains and hangings of a room, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1081">ibid.</xref> p. 35. ‘<italic>Appentis</italic>. The Penthouse of a house.’ Cotgrave. The MS. reads <italic>Arpendix</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1695" symbol="page 275 note 2"><label><sup>page 275 note 2</sup></label><p>The pips or seeds in fruit. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Pepin:</italic> a pippin or kernell; the seed of fruit.’ Probably the reading of A, though itself incorrect, is the nearer to the true one, which I imagine should be ‘A Pepyn of a grape.’ See the account of the holy tree in the <citation id="ref1082" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>490</fpage></citation>, which is declared to have</p><p>'sCom vte o þat <italic>pepin</italic>, þat þat wreche adam fell fra.’ l. 8504.</p><p>The translator of Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic> says that ‘grapes faire and greet <italic>Pypyned</italic> hardde and drie’ are the best for the table, p. 63, l. 72. Wyclif, Numbers vi. 4, tells how. the Nazarenes were to abstain from ‘what thing may be of vyn, of grape dried vnto the <italic>pepyn</italic>’ [draf P. <italic>acinum</italic> Vulg.]. The marginal note is, ‘In Ebreu it is, fro the rynde til to the litil greynes that ben in the myddis of the grape.’ It occurs again in Eccles. xxxiii. 16: ‘as that gedereth <italic>pepynes</italic> [draf of grapis P. <italic>acinos</italic> Vulg.] aftir the grape Rutteres.’ See the treatise on gardening from the Porkington MS. pr. in <italic>Early Eng. Miscell</italic>. (Warton Club), p. 71, where directions are given for making ‘a grape to growe withowte <italic>pepyns</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1696" symbol="page 275 note 3"><label><sup>page 275 note 3</sup></label><p>In a Deed printed in Paston Letters, iii. 420, William Paston delivers up to William Joye certain goods and chattels, amongst which we find ‘j berynsceppes, unum par de <italic>pepyrquens</italic>,’ &c. ‘Peperquerne, <italic>gregoyr a poyure</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Pepperquerne. <italic>Fritillum, pistellum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Fritillum</italic>, a peper qverne, <italic>et quoddam vas</italic>.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1697" symbol="page 275 note 4"><label><sup>page 275 note 4</sup></label><p>See also Parselle, above. ‘Perslie, or after some, Smallage, <italic>apium</italic>. A kind of Perslie growing on stones, <italic>petroselitnum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1698" symbol="page 275 note 5"><label><sup>page 275 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Questor</italic>, a pardoner.’ Ortus. See Choller, above, and P. Pardonere.</p></fn><fn id="fn1699" symbol="page 276 note 1"><label><sup>page 276 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare Swallo of þe see, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1700" symbol="page 276 note 2"><label><sup>page 276 note 2</sup></label><p>In the bedchamber was placed a horizontal rod, called a perch, on which to hang the various articles of dreas. Mr. Wright in his Vol. of Vocab.p. 100, points out that according to Alexander Neckham in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibas</italic> it was customary for people also to keep their hawks on the perch in their bed-rooms, a practice of which he states that he has seen confirmation in illuminations of MSS. ‘Pertica, Gallice <italic>perche</italic>, unde versus: Pertica diversos pannos retinere solebat.’ J. de Garlande, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 133.</p><p>'sAll the Tuskane menзe as here is sene,</p><p>Sa greyt trophee and riche spulзe hidder bryngis,</p><p>On <italic>parkis</italic> richelie cled with thare armyngis.’</p><p><citation id="ref1083" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, xi. p. <fpage>366</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sI perche, as a hauke or byrde percheth on a bough or perche. <italic>Je perche</italic>. Methynketh your hauke percheth.’ Palsgrave. ‘A perche for a Hauke, <italic>ames, pertica</italic>.’ Baret. Often used also in the sense of ‘an ale-pole, or ale-stake.’ See Liber Albus, pp. 260, 338. ‘Perche for bacon or onyons, or such lyke, <italic>petiolus</italic>. Perch for hawkes. <italic>Ames</italic>. Perch for poultry to sytte on or roost, <italic>petaurum</italic>.’ Huloet. See also A Raylle or a Perke, below. ‘The popejayes <italic>perken</italic> & pruynen for proude.’ <citation id="ref1084" citation-type="other"><italic>Pistill of Susan</italic>, st. <fpage>7</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1701" symbol="page 276 note 3"><label><sup>page 276 note 3</sup></label><p>In Prof. Skeat's edition of Piers Plowman, this name is spelt in the A-Text, <italic>Pers</italic>, in the B-Text, <italic>Pieres</italic> and in the C-Text, <italic>Peers</italic>, and the form <italic>Perkyn ( = Peterkin</italic>, little Peter) occurs several times in the B-Text.</p></fn><fn id="fn1702" symbol="page 276 note 4"><label><sup>page 276 note 4</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1085" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, p. <fpage>47</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘a short orison of the rightwis man or of the iust man <italic>thirlith</italic> or <italic>perissheth</italic> heuen.’ In <italic>Generydes</italic>, l. 3367, the King of Egypt</p><p>'sStrake Generides Vppon the side and <italic>perisshed the hames</italic>, Vnto the skynne;’</p><p>and in the <italic>Lyfe of Joseph of Arimathea</italic>, ed. Skeat, p. 37, l. 13, we are told of Joseph that ‘his hert was <italic>perysshed</italic> with very compassyon.’ See also ibid, p. 31, l. 28: ‘almyghty god …. shewed to hym his syde handes and feet <italic>perysshed</italic> with the spere and nayles.’ In the Treatise on Gardening, from the Porkington MS. ed. Wright, p. 68, directions are given that if it is desired to ‘make a tre to bere as myche frute as ever he dyd byfore,’ we should ‘dystemper scamony welle with water, and put in an hole that is <italic>perichyd</italic> to the pyth.’ ‘Were þe myddel of myn honde ymaymed or <italic>ypersshed</italic>.’ P. Plowman, B. xvii. 189. ‘A <italic>persched</italic> ys scheld & bar him þorwh.’ <citation id="ref1086" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. <fpage>941</fpage></citation>. ‘A crown of thorn xal <italic>perchyn</italic> myn brayn.’ <citation id="ref1087" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>238</fpage></citation>. ‘His sherte …. was <italic>pershed</italic> in v. places.’ <italic>Knight of La Tour Landry</italic>, p. 143. See also Wyclif, Works, ed. Matthew, p. 348.</p></fn><fn id="fn1703" symbol="page 276 note 5"><label><sup>page 276 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Epiphora</italic>, a siknes called the dropping of the eyes.’ Cooper. ‘The iuyce of the leaues [of germander] mengled with oyle, and straked vpon the eyes, driueth away the white cloude called the Hawe or <italic>Pearle in the eye</italic>, and all manner dimness of the same.’ Lyte, <citation id="ref1088" citation-type="other"><italic>Dodoens</italic>, p. <fpage>25</fpage></citation>. ‘Pearle in the eye, <italic>maille</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1704" symbol="page 276 note 6"><label><sup>page 276 note 6</sup></label><p>See Parment tre, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1705" symbol="page 276 note 7"><label><sup>page 276 note 7</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Animaaduertere</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1706" symbol="page 277 note 1"><label><sup>page 277 note 1</sup></label><p>See Partryke, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1707" symbol="page 277 note 2"><label><sup>page 277 note 2</sup></label><p>Hampole says that Antichrist</p><p>'sSal trobel the se when he wille And <italic>pees</italic> it and make it be stille.’ <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 4310.</p><p>'sþus-gate was þat werre <italic>pesed</italic>’ R. de Brunne, <citation id="ref1089" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>97</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1708" symbol="page 277 note 3"><label><sup>page 277 note 3</sup></label><p>'sPewter, or tinne, <italic>stannum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1709" symbol="page 277 note 4"><label><sup>page 277 note 4</sup></label><p>This seems to be a basket or trap for fish made of osiers. Cooper renders <italic>Nassa</italic> by ‘a weele or a bownette to take fishe,’ and <italic>Fiscella</italic> by ‘a little basket of twigges; a frayle; a cheese fate.’ Baret gives ‘Fraile, a little wicker basket, a cheese fat, <italic>fiscella</italic>.’ The Manip. Vocab. has ‘a Piche, <italic>corbiculus</italic>.’ The Ortus explains <italic>nassa</italic> as ‘<italic>quoddam instrumenttim ex viminibus tanquam rhete contextwm ad capiendos pisces</italic> (a pyche or a fysshe lepe);’ and <italic>Fiscella</italic> as ‘a pyesh, basket or a cheesefat: <italic>et est dimin. de fiscina (quœ</italic> = a cheesefat or a fysshe lepe).’ In the Chester Plays, i. 122, the word would seem to mean simply a wicker basket—</p><p>'sLaye fourth iche man aleiche And I will put fourth my <italic>piche</italic>,</p><p>What he hath lefte of his livereye: With my parte, firste of us all there.’</p><p>Gouldman renders <italic>Fiscella</italic> by ‘a little basket of twigs, a flail [? frail] …‥ a wickerbasket wherein fishes are kept: a thing with twigs and strings to muzzle beasts, a muzzel.’ ‘No person hereafter shall have or keep any net, angle, leap, <italic>piche</italic> or other engine for the takeing of fish, other than the makers and setters thereof, and other than the owner and occupier of a river or fishery; and except fishermen and their apprentices lawfully authorized in navigable rivers. And the owner or occupier of the river or fishery; and every other person by him appointed, may seize, detain, and keep to his own use, every net, angle, leap, <italic>piche</italic>, and other engine, which he shall find used or laid, or in the possession of any person fishing in any river or fishery, without the consent of the owner or occupier thereof.’ Stat. 4 Will. & M. c. xxiii, in T. Best, <citation id="ref1090" citation-type="other"><italic>Art of Angling</italic>, 1787, p. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Nasse</italic>. A wicker leap, or weel for fish.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1710" symbol="page 277 note 5"><label><sup>page 277 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA pitcher, or pot for water, <italic>urceus;</italic> to rinse the pitcher, <italic>colluere amphoram</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1711" symbol="page 277 note 6"><label><sup>page 277 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pipio</italic>, sb. a young pigeon from <italic>pipio</italic>, to piepe like a yong birde.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Pipio</italic>. A young chicken or pigeon.’ Gouldman. Compare to Pipe as a byrde, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1712" symbol="page 278 note 1"><label><sup>page 278 note 1</sup></label><p>See note to Luce, p. 222. Cooper has ‘<italic>dentex</italic>, a certaine fishe;’ the word is evidently derived from the sharp <italic>teeth</italic> of the pike. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>lanceron</italic>, a jeg, or jack, a pickerel that's about a foot long.’ ‘A pike, fish, <italic>lupus</italic>. A pickrell, <italic>lupellus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘I have layde for a pickrell, but I wene I shall catche a frogge: <italic>jay tendu pour vny brocheton, mays je pence que je prendray vne grenouylle</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1713" symbol="page 278 note 2"><label><sup>page 278 note 2</sup></label><p>The tip or point. Á pilgrim's staff was tipped with iron, as we see in <italic>R. Cœur de Lion</italic>, 611— ‘They were redy for to wende,</p><p>With <italic>pyke</italic> and with sclavyn,</p><p>As palmers were in Paynym.’</p><p>Cf. also P. Plowman, B. v. 482, where Robert the robber</p><p>'sKnowleched his gult to eryst eftsones</p><p>þat penitencia his <italic>pyke</italic> he shulde polsche newe,</p><p>And lepe with hym ouer londe, al his lyf tyme.’</p><p>See also C. xxiii. 219. So, too, Chaucer describing the friar says—</p><p>'sWith scrip and <italic>pyked staf</italic>, y-touked hye, And beggyd mele or cheese, or ellis corn.’</p><p>In every hous he gan to pore and prye, <italic>Sompnoure's Tale</italic>, 7319.</p><p>Topsell in his <citation id="ref1091" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of Four-footed Beasts</italic>, p. <fpage>32</fpage></citation>, tells how they used to catch bears in Norway by sawing a tree ‘almost asunder, so that when the beast climbeth it, she falleth down upon <italic>piked stakes</italic> laid underneath.’ Palsgrave gives ‘I pycke a staffe with pykes of yron, <italic>Je enquantelle</italic>. This staffe is well pyked with iron. Pyke of a staffe, <italic>piquant</italic>.’ ‘Piked wyth yron, or hauynge a pycke of yron. <italic>Rostratus</italic>.’ Huloet. Compare to Pike with A wande, below. In P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 219, we read of ‘<italic>pikede shoon</italic>,’ that is shoes with long pointed toes, afterwards called ‘Cracows,’ from the idea that they were originally imported from Cracow. See Mr. Peacock's note to Mire's <citation id="ref1092" citation-type="other"><italic>Instruct, for Parish Priests</italic>, l. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, where priests are forbidden to wear ‘cuttede clothes and <italic>pyked schone</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1714" symbol="page 278 note 3"><label><sup>page 278 note 3</sup></label><p>'sEuery man the rekand schidis in fere</p><p>Rent fra the fyris, and on the schippis slang ….</p><p>The talloned burdis kest ane <italic>pilthy</italic> low,</p><p>Vpblesis ouerloft, hetschis, wrangis and how.’</p><p><citation id="ref1093" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk, ix. p. <fpage>276</fpage></citation>, l. 32.</p><p>See Barbour's <citation id="ref1094" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xvii. <fpage>611</fpage></citation>; Wallace, viii. 773, <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 5615, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1715" symbol="page 278 note 4"><label><sup>page 278 note 4</sup></label><p>The author of <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic> tells us, l. 377, that</p><p>'sTwo <italic>pilches</italic> weren ðurg engeles wrogt, ðor-wið he ben nu boðen srid.</p><p>And to adam and to eve brogt, And here same sumdel is hid;’</p><p>the reference being to Genesis iii. 21, where Wyclif has ‘letter cootis,’ and the authorised version ‘coats of skin,’ <italic>tunicas pelliceas</italic> Vulg. In the <citation id="ref1095" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, l. <fpage>473</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sHere kirtle, here <italic>pilche</italic> of ermine Al togidere, with both fest</p><p>Here keuerchefs of silk, here smok o line, Sche to-rent binethen here brest.’</p><p>'sNe geineð me nout to assailen him, uor he is of þe te-tore uolke, þet to-tereð his olde kurtel, & to-rendeð þe olde <italic>pilche</italic> of his deadliche uelle.’ <citation id="ref1096" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>362</fpage></citation>. ‘Dvsten ase enne <italic>pilche-clut</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1096">ibid.</xref> p. 212. ‘Fy on his <italic>pilche</italic>,’ exclaims the friar in <citation id="ref1097" citation-type="other"><italic>Pierce the Ploughman's Crede</italic>, l. <fpage>243</fpage></citation>. Chaucer in his Proverb—</p><p>'sWhat shall these clothes manifold After great heat commeth cold.’</p><p>Lo this hote somers day, No man cast his <italic>pilche</italic> away.’</p><p>'sTake hym vnto his <italic>pilche</italic> and to his paternoster.’ <citation id="ref1098" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> ii. <fpage>280</fpage></citation>. G. Douglas renders Virgil's <italic>incinctœ pellibus</italic> by ‘cled in <italic>pilchis</italic>.’ p. 220. See also Caxton's <citation id="ref1099" citation-type="other"><italic>Reynard the Fox</italic> (Arber repr.), p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, <italic>R. Cœur de Lion</italic>, l. 6736, Lydgate, <citation id="ref1100" citation-type="other"><italic>Minor Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>154</fpage></citation>, Wright's <citation id="ref1101" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Songs</italic>, ii. <fpage>219</fpage></citation>, &c. ‘<italic>Endromis</italic>, a hearie garment, like to Irish mantelles.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Pellicia</italic>, a pylche.’ Medulla. Jamieson gives ‘Pilch, a gown made of skin; a kind of petticoat open before, worn by infants.’ ‘Pilche for a saddle. <italic>Instratum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1716" symbol="page 279 note 1"><label><sup>page 279 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTo pil of barke, <italic>decorticate</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘To pill off, or rather peele, as it were to pull off the skin, rinde, or the barke of a tree, <italic>decorticare</italic>.’ Baret. Chaucer, C. T. 4305, applies the term <italic>piled</italic> to the bald head of the miller: ‘smot this meller on the <italic>piled</italic> seulle.’ ‘Thanne Jacob takynge green popil зerdis, and of almanders, and of planes, a parti vnryendide hem: and riendis drawun away; in thilke that weren <italic>pilde</italic> semede whytnes [<italic>detraetis corticibus</italic> Vulg.].’ Wyclif, Genesis xxx. 37. ‘I pyll of the barke of a tree. <italic>Je escorche</italic>. I am suer he is to wise to sel his okes tyll he have pylled of their barkes: <italic>je me fait fort quil est trop saige de vendre ses chesnes tant quil les ayt escorchez</italic>. I pyll garlyke. <italic>Je pelle des aulx</italic>. Go for wyne whyle I pylle the garlyke.’ Palsgrave. ‘The sappe being runne upwardes, they will <italic>peele</italic> more easily.’ Best, <citation id="ref1102" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>15</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1717" symbol="page 279 note 2"><label><sup>page 279 note 2</sup></label><p>A pillow-cover or case. Chaucer mentions amongst the relics which the Pardoner had brought ‘from Rome al hote,’</p><p>'sA <italic>pilwebeer</italic>, Which that he saide was owre lady veyl.’ C. T. Prol. l. 696; and in the <citation id="ref1103" citation-type="other"><italic>Dethe of Blaunche the Duchesse</italic>, l. <fpage>254</fpage></citation>, he speaks of</p><p>'sMany a pillow and every <italic>bere</italic> Of cloth of Raynes, to slepe on softe.’</p><p>In the will of John Bynley, 1564 (<italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. Surtees Soc. ii. 219), the testator bequeaths ‘two couerlets, a payre of lynnen shetes with a silk ribbing thorow them, a rode and a <italic>pilleber</italic> hauing Jesus sued vpon ytt, &c.’ See also <citation id="ref1104" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills</italic> (Camden Soc), pp. <fpage>116</fpage>, <fpage>256</fpage></citation>, &c, Hall's <citation id="ref1105" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>607</fpage></citation>, ed. 1809. Dame Elizabeth Browne by her will (pr. in the Paston Letters, iii. 464) bequeathed ‘iij fyne <italic>pelow beres</italic>, and a grete counter poynt of tapstery werk of v зerdes and quarter longe, and iiij зardes brode,’ and at p. 409 of the same volume is mentioned ‘j <italic>pelow bere</italic> vj<sup>d</sup>.’ Mr. Peacock in his Glossary of Manley, &c. gives ‘<italic>Pillow-bears</italic>, pillow-cases (obsolescent). Schettes and <italic>pelow-berys</italic>, iii<sup>li</sup>’. Invent of Ric. Allele of Scaltherop.’ ‘Pyllow bere, <italic>taye doreillier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Pulvillus</italic>, lytel bere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 25. ‘1640. June the 1st. Given out to be washed …. one other seemed <italic>pillowe beare</italic>.’ Best, <citation id="ref1106" citation-type="other"><italic>Acct. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>162</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1718" symbol="page 279 note 3"><label><sup>page 279 note 3</sup></label><p>That is the common pine, on which apples (cones) grew. Thus Lyte, Dodoens, p. 769, speaking of the pine says: ‘his fruite is great Boulleans or bawles of a browne chesnut colour, and are called <italic>pine-apples;</italic>’ and again, p. 16, he tells us that ‘the roote [of burdock] pound with the kernelles of <italic>pineapple</italic>, and dronken, is a soueraigne medicine.’ In the curious treatise on gardening from the Porkington MS. ab. 1485, printed in <citation id="ref1107" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Engl. Miscell</italic>. (Warton Club), p. <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, we are recommended if peaches fall from the trees to ‘cleve the rotes with an ax, and in the clyft dry ve a wegge mayd of a <italic>pynsapylle</italic> tre …. and than wolle the frute abyde thereon.’ Turner, in his <citation id="ref1108" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. p. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>, says, ‘The kirnell of the <italic>pyne appel</italic> are hote in the second degre,’ and, ‘The <italic>pyne apple</italic> nutt is of a good grosse juice, & norisheth moohe.’ In Palladius <citation id="ref1109" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>98</fpage></citation>, l. 1049, we read—</p><p>'sNow for <italic>pynappul tree</italic> The colde or weetisshe lande most sowen be.’</p><p>In Caxton's <citation id="ref1110" citation-type="other"><italic>Lyf of Charles the Grete</italic>, p. <fpage>80</fpage></citation>, Oliver is described as having ‘layed Fyerabras in the shadowe of a <italic>pynapple tree</italic> ferre out of the waye.’ Compare P. Pynote, frute, and Pynot, tre; and see <citation id="ref1111" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, <fpage>544</fpage></citation>: ‘Als dede the <italic>pinnote tre</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1719" symbol="page 280 note 1"><label><sup>page 280 note 1</sup></label><p>I have no idea what this word means, unless it means a place for pins, a pin-cushion: cf. a Nedylle Howse, above, p. 250.</p></fn><fn id="fn1720" symbol="page 280 note 2"><label><sup>page 280 note 2</sup></label><p>The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Pynnage, <italic>inclusionis multa;</italic> a Pynner, <italic>claustrinus;</italic>’ and Huloet has ‘Pynne cattle, <italic>includo:</italic> pynnage of cattell or poundage, <italic>inclusio:</italic> pynner or empounder of cattell, <italic>inclusor</italic>.’ ‘A Pinning or pounding of cattell, vide Pownde. A Pownd or pinfold for cattell, <italic>ergastulum pecorlnum</italic>.’ Baret. See Shakspere, <italic>Lear</italic>, II. ii. 9.</p><p>'sMin net liht her wel hende Wiþ in a wel feir <italic>pende</italic>.’</p><p><italic>King Horn</italic>, in Ritson, <citation id="ref1112" citation-type="other"><italic>Metr. Rom.</italic> l. <fpage>1138</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In P. Plowman, B. v. 633, Piers says of‘ þe lady Largesse’ that</p><p>'sHeo hath hulpe a þousande oute of þe deueles <italic>ponfolde;</italic>’</p><p>and again, xvi. 264— ‘May no wedde vs quite,</p><p>Ne no buyrn be owre borwgh, ne bryng vs fram his daungere;</p><p>Oute of þe ponkes <italic>pondfolde</italic> no meynprise may vs fecche.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1113" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>72</fpage></citation>, we have to pound used in the sense of to dam up: ‘ase з muwen iseon þe water, hwon me <italic>punt (puindes</italic> another MS.) hit.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1112">ibid.</xref> p. 128: ‘ase swin <italic>ipund</italic> ine sti uorte fetten.’ Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Surueyeng</italic>, lf. xx<sup>b</sup>, gives the oath required of reeves, &c.—‘I shall true constable be, trewe thridborowe, trewe reue …‥ and trewe <italic>pynder</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref1114" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>99</fpage></citation>, the trap in which the Romans were caught by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks is likened to a ‘<italic>pundfald</italic>, quhar thai culd nothir fecht nor fle.’ ‘<italic>Catablum</italic>, a pynfolde.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hoc, inclusorium</italic>,’ a pyn-fold.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 239. ‘<italic>Hic inclusor</italic>, a pynder,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1114">ibid.</xref> p. 214. ‘Pynfolde, <italic>prison aux bestes</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘A pinfold, <italic>Career pecuarius, Ovile</italic>.’ Gouldman. ‘When the <italic>pinder</italic> had come they would have given him victualls.’ H. Best, <citation id="ref1115" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, <fpage>102</fpage></citation>. Wyclif, Works, ed. Matthew, p. 421, uses <italic>poondis</italic> in the sense of enclosures.</p></fn><fn id="fn1721" symbol="page 280 note 3"><label><sup>page 280 note 3</sup></label><p>Perhaps the same as ‘Pensell a lytell haner, <italic>banerolle</italic>.’ Palsgrave; or ‘Pensyle for a paynter. <italic>Penicillus, penicillum aliqui dant pensillus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p><p>'sOur piggeis and our <italic>pinsellis</italic> wanit fast.’ <citation id="ref1116" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. iii. p. <fpage>80</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sMickle pride was thare in prese, Both on <italic>pencell</italic> and on plate.’</p><p>In the modern sense of a pencil we find— Wright's <citation id="ref1117" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>76</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sTherwithall the bak of every bee A <italic>pensel</italic> touche as thai drynke atte the welle.’</p><p>Palladius, <citation id="ref1118" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>146</fpage></citation>, l. 165.</p></fn><fn id="fn1722" symbol="page 280 note 4"><label><sup>page 280 note 4</sup></label><p>It appears from the Liber Albus, p. 737, that Pinners, or makers of Pins established themselves in London in the reign of Edward III. See <italic>The Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. 1591 and note. ‘I pynne with a pynne. <italic>Je cheuille</italic>. I shall pynne it so faste with pynnes of yron and of wodde that it shall laste as longe as the tymber selfe. I pynne with a pynne suche as women use.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1723" symbol="page 280 note 5"><label><sup>page 280 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA pinsone, <italic>osa</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Pynson sho, <italic>cassignon</italic>’. Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Soccatus</italic>, that weareth stertups or pinsons.’ Elyot. Cooper gives ‘<italic>detrahere soccos alicui</italic>, to pull off one's pinsons or his stertups.’ ‘<italic>Calceolus</italic>, a pynson.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabula</italic>. ‘To put on the shoes, pumps, pinsons, socks, <italic>calceo</italic>.’ Withals. ‘Pynson, <italic>Calceamen; calceamentum; Osa; Tenella</italic>. Pynson wearer, <italic>Osatus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Pedibomita, anglice</italic>, a pynson.’ Ortus. In <italic>Household Ord. & Regulations</italic>, p. 124, in the directions for the coronation of the Queen she is to ‘come downe againe to the highe altare, and there to bee howselled, and then to goe into a closett, and the Abbott to putt St, Edward's <italic>Pinsons</italic> on her feete.’ Stubbes in his <italic>Anatomy of Abuses</italic>, ed. Furnivall, uses the form <italic>pinsnet</italic>, pp. 57 and 77. ‘Item, for a peyr <italic>pynsons</italic>, iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ Manners & Household Exp. of Eng. p. 429. ‘Al unclothed save his shirt, his cape, his combe, his coverchif, his furrid <italic>pynsons</italic>.’ Shirley, <citation id="ref1119" citation-type="other"><italic>Dethe of James Stewarde</italic>, p. <fpage>15</fpage></citation>. In the Ordinances of the Guild of the Cordwainers, Exeter, confirmed in 1481, the first is that the Master and Wardens ‘schall make due serche’ for all badly made goods, ‘that is to wete, of alle wete lethere, and drye botez, botwes, shoez, <italic>pynconz</italic> [printed <italic>pyticouz</italic>], galegez, and all other ware perteynyng to the saide crafte.’ <italic>English Gilds</italic>, ed. Toulmin-Smith, p. 332. It will be noticed that the notes in the Prompt, to the two words Pynaone should be transposed.</p></fn><fn id="fn1724" symbol="page 281 note 1"><label><sup>page 281 note 1</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘Fetch a pottle, a quart, and a pinte; <italic>adfer duos sextarios, sextarium et heminam</italic>,’ which differs from the Prompt., where Pynte is stated to be equal to a <italic>sextarius</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1725" symbol="page 281 note 2"><label><sup>page 281 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Virilitas</italic>, pintel.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 65: ‘<italic>veratrum</italic>, a pyntyl, <italic>tentigo</italic>, idem <italic>est, priapus</italic>, idem,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1119">ibid.</xref> p. 184: ‘<italic>Hoc veretrum, A<sup>ce</sup></italic>. pyntylle, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1119">ibid.</xref> p. 186. See Halliwell, s. v. Wright in his Prov. Dict, quotes from a 15th cent. MS. a recipe for the cure of ‘sore pyntulles’ ‘Veretum, pyntyl. <italic>Priapus</italic>, the whyte pyntyl, <italic>deus ortorum</italic>.’ Medulla. ‘His <italic>pyntill</italic> & gutt …. awey þer fro ye pitt.’ <citation id="ref1120" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <italic>Boke of Nurture, Babees Book</italic>, p. <fpage>160</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1726" symbol="page 281 note 3"><label><sup>page 281 note 3</sup></label><p>See Pigeon, above. ‘[þou] <italic>pipest</italic> al so doþ a mose.’ <citation id="ref1121" citation-type="other"><italic>Owl & Nightingale</italic>, <fpage>503</fpage></citation>. ‘Pipynge or piepynge of byrdes or fowles. <italic>Pitulatus, et Pipio</italic> is to pipe as chyckens, yonge cranes aud others (<italic>sic</italic>) fowles do.’ Huloet. Gr. Douglas in his <citation id="ref1122" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vi. p. <fpage>175</fpage></citation>, uses <italic>pepe</italic> in the sense of a small voice—‘The tothir answeris with ane pietuous <italic>pepe</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1727" symbol="page 281 note 4"><label><sup>page 281 note 4</sup></label><p>See the <citation id="ref1123" citation-type="other"><italic>Play of the Sacrament</italic>, l. <fpage>525</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sI haue a master, I wolld he had y<sup>e</sup> <italic>pyppe</italic>.’</p><p>The MS. which reads to Pippe has been corrected by A. ‘The pippe,<italic>pituita</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘The pipe in poultrie, <italic>pituita in gallinis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Pepie</italic>, the pip.’ Cotgrave. ‘Pyppe disease amonge chyckens and fowles. <italic>Pituita</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘And other while an hen wol have the <italic>pippe</italic>.’ Palladius <italic>on Husbondrie</italic>, Bk. i. ch. 85. ‘<italic>Pituita</italic>, the pyppe.’ Medulla. Turner in his <citation id="ref1124" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. i. p. <fpage>15</fpage></citation>, tells us that garlic ‘is good for the<italic>pype</italic> or roupe of hennes and cockes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1728" symbol="page 281 note 5"><label><sup>page 281 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Mirror of St. Edmund</italic> (pr. in Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, ed. Perry, p. 21, l. 17) we are told ‘mare vs availes till oure ensampill and edifycacione þe werkes of þe <italic>pyssmoure</italic> þan dose þe strenghe of þe lyone or of þe bere.’ ‘Pysmyre, a lytell worme, <italic>formys</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘O ! thou slowe man, go to the ante, ether <italic>pissemyre</italic>.’ Wyclif, Proverbs vi. 6 (Purvey), where other MSS. read <italic>spissemire</italic> and <italic>pismire</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1729" symbol="page 282 note 1"><label><sup>page 282 note 1</sup></label><p>I do not believe this word has anything to do with the verb to <italic>fall</italic>. It is evidently a <italic>pit-fell</italic>, that is, a trap in the shape of a pit: cf. Mowsefelle and Felle for myse, above. The change of <italic>felle</italic> to <italic>falle</italic> is probably due to the influence of the first syllable.</p></fn><fn id="fn1730" symbol="page 282 note 2"><label><sup>page 282 note 2</sup></label><p>Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Pithye, <italic>efficax</italic>,’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Robuste</italic>, strong, tough, sinewie, pithy, sturdy, mighty, forcible.’ Palsgrave also has ‘Pithe, <italic>strength, force</italic>. Pyththy, of great substance, <italic>substancieux;</italic> pyththy, stronge, <italic>puissant</italic>.’ ‘Pithinesse, <italic>robusteté</italic>.’ Sherwood.</p><p>'sAnd eik quha best on fute can ryn lat se,</p><p>To preis his <italic>pith</italic>, or wersill, and bere the gre.’</p><p><citation id="ref1125" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. v. p. <fpage>129</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sYour strenth exerce, and <italic>pythis</italic> schaw.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1125">ibid.</xref> p. 258, l. 2.</p><p>See Barbour's <citation id="ref1126" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, iii. <fpage>599</fpage></citation>— ‘He wes nocht</p><p>Off <italic>pith</italic> to fecht with thai traytouris;’</p><p>and <italic>Sir Perceval</italic>, l. 1640—</p><p>'sThofe he couthe littille in sighte, The childe was of <italic>pith:</italic>’</p><p>and again, l. 1283: ‘The mane that was of myche <italic>pyth;</italic>’ see also l. 1505, and <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 1456: ‘þe poynteз payred at þe <italic>pyth</italic> þat pyзt in his scheldeз.’ ‘Howebeit not beinge hable in this behalfe to resist the <italic>pitthie</italic> persuasions of my frendes.’ Robinson, trans, of More's Utopia, p. 19. A. S. <italic>piða</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1731" symbol="page 282 note 3"><label><sup>page 282 note 3</sup></label><p>Apparently the same as a piked staff: see note to Pyke of a scho or of a staffe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1732" symbol="page 282 note 4"><label><sup>page 282 note 4</sup></label><p>'sHe muste go to the dirige feeste. <italic>Eundum, est illi ad silicernium</italic>.’ Horman. <italic>Placebo</italic> and <italic>dirige</italic> are the first words of the two psalms used in the Burial Service: hence our <italic>dirge</italic>. See Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, B. iii. 309 and Mr. Way's note s. v. Dyryge.</p></fn><fn id="fn1733" symbol="page 282 note 5"><label><sup>page 282 note 5</sup></label><p>Wyclif's version of Genesis iv. 16 runs—‘And Caym, pasaid out fro the face of the Lord, dwellide fer fugitif in the erthe at the eest <italic>plage</italic> of Eden.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1126">ibid.</xref> xiii. I and xxv. 6. ‘Hait <italic>Torrida Zona</italic> dry as ony tunder, Amang foure vthir <italic>plagis</italic> temperate.’</p><p>Quhilk is amyd the heuynnys situate G. Douglas,<citation id="ref1127" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>213</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe which as bokes make mencion, Is in the <italic>plage</italic> of the Oryent,</p><p>After the scyte of the firmamente, And called is the reygne of Amazonis.’</p><p>Lydgate, <italic>Chron. of Troy</italic>, Bk. iv. oh. 34.</p><p>In the Harl. MS. version of Higden, i. 115, it is stated that ‘the mownte of Caluarye is at the northe <italic>plage</italic> of the mownte of Syon [<italic>ad septentrionalem plagam</italic>].’</p><p>'sAne dyn I hard approaching fast me by, Quhilk mouit fra the <italic>plage</italic> septentrionall.’</p><p>Douglas, <citation id="ref1128" citation-type="other"><italic>Palice of Honour</italic>, i. <fpage>8</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sInhabiting the worlde in the Northe <italic>plage</italic> and syde.’ Barclay, <citation id="ref1129" citation-type="other"><italic>Shippe of Fooles</italic>, ii. <fpage>231</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Plage</italic>, f. a flat and plain shoare or strand by the sea side …‥ also a Climate, Land, Region, coast or portion of the world.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Plaga</italic>, a greate space in heauen or earth called <italic>Clima</italic>, a coast.’ Cooper. Compare a Coste, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1734" symbol="page 283 note 1"><label><sup>page 283 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTo playne bourdes, tymber or wodde, <italic>exascerare</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘To playne a bourde, <italic>polire</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1735" symbol="page 283 note 2"><label><sup>page 283 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA boord, a shingle, a planke, a clouen or sawed boord, a punchion or ioist, <italic>asser</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1736" symbol="page 283 note 3"><label><sup>page 283 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA plate or thin peece of any mettall, <italic>lamina, bractea</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Bractea</italic>, gold foyle; thinne leaues or rayes of golde, siluer, or other mettall.’ Cooper. See Clowte of yrne, above, and note.</p></fn><fn id="fn1737" symbol="page 283 note 4"><label><sup>page 283 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo plat, to intangle, to knit, to weaue, <italic>plecto, implecto:</italic> winded, or bounded, wouen, platted, or tied together, <italic>coronœ nexœ</italic>.’ Baret. ‘To playt a cote, <italic>plicare, rugare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In P. Plowman, A. v. 126, Avarice says—</p><p>'sAmong þis Riche Rayes lernde I a Lessun,</p><p>Brochede hem with a pak neelde and <italic>pletede</italic> hem togedere.’</p><p>'sPlayght or wrynkle. <italic>Ruga. Rugosus</italic>, full of plaightes. Playghted, or wrynkled, or folden, to be, <italic>rugo</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘And he cutte ther yn goldun peeses, and he made hem into thredes, that thei myзten be <italic>plattid</italic> [foldid aзen P.] with the weft of the rather colours.’ Wyclif, Exodus xxxix. 3. ‘Hankinges …. a loose kinde of two <italic>plettes</italic>.’ Best, <citation id="ref1130" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>. See also to Plete.</p></fn><fn id="fn1738" symbol="page 283 note 5"><label><sup>page 283 note 5</sup></label><p>See the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 9596—</p><p>'sThen Deffibus dauly drogh vp his ene, <italic>Pletid</italic> vnto Paris with a pore voise.’</p><p>'s<italic>Causarius</italic>, a pletare: <italic>Causor</italic>, to pletyn: <italic>Controuersor</italic>, to motyn, to chydyn or to pletyn.’ Medulla. The later Wyclifite version of Judges xxi. 22 runs thus: ‘whanne the fadris and britheren of hem schulen come, and bigynne to pleyne and <italic>plete</italic> aзens зou;’ and the marginal note to Proverbs xxxi. 8 is ‘that is, alegge thou riзtfulnesse for him that kan not <italic>plete</italic> in his cause.’ The noun <italic>pletere</italic> occurs in Isaiah iii. 12 and ix 4. ‘I pleate a mater in lawe at the barre. <italic>Je plaide</italic>. Who is he that pleateth byfore my lorde chaunceller nowe ?’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1739" symbol="page 283 note 6"><label><sup>page 283 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThe plaie or action of the plaintife, <italic>actoris actio</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1740" symbol="page 284 note 1"><label><sup>page 284 note 1</sup></label><p>See also to Plate.</p></fn><fn id="fn1741" symbol="page 284 note 2"><label><sup>page 284 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo make pliant or flexible, <italic>lentesco:</italic> pliant, that boweth easilie, slacke and slowe, idle, <italic>lentus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘To plye, bend, <italic>flectere</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. Barnes, Dorset Gloss, gives this word as still in use with the meaning of to <italic>bend. ‘Plier</italic>, to ply, bend, bow.’ Cotgrave. In <italic>Tale of Beryn</italic> (Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 34, l. 1062, we find—</p><p>'sA plant, whils it is grene, or it have dominacioun.</p><p>A man may with his fyngirs <italic>ply</italic> it where hym list.’</p><p>'sI plye or bowe, <italic>je courue</italic>. Better plye than breake. I plye to one's mynde. <italic>Je me consent</italic>. I wyll never plye to his mynde whyle I lyve.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1742" symbol="page 284 note 3"><label><sup>page 284 note 3</sup></label><p>A pimple. The MS. reads <italic>pluscula</italic> and <italic>plusculetus</italic>. ‘For hyme that is smetyne with his awenne blode, and spredis over alle his lymmes, and waxes <italic>plowkky</italic>, and brekes owte.’ MS. Linc. Med. If. 294: and in the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 3837, we find the form <italic>pluccid</italic>, that is pimpled, covered with pimples: ‘Polidarius was <italic>pluccid</italic> as a porke fat.’ The word is still in use in the North; see Mr. C. Robinson's Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire, s. v. <italic>Plook</italic>. See also Jamieson, s. v. <italic>Pluke</italic>. Bishop Kennett's MS. gives the form <italic>ploughs</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1743" symbol="page 284 note 4"><label><sup>page 284 note 4</sup></label><p>As much land as may be ploughed with a single plough in a year. But the term was also Used for as much land as could be ploughed in a day: cf. P. Plowlond, þat a plow may tylle on a day. In the Coke's <italic>Tale of Gamelyn</italic> (formerly attributed to Chaucer) the knight ‘Sir Johan of Boundys,’ when dying and bequeathing his estate, says—</p><p>'sJohan myn eldeste sone, shalle have <italic>plowes</italic> fyve,</p><p>That was my fadres heritage whil he was on lyve;</p><p>And my myddeleste sone fyf <italic>plowes of lond</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Hec carucata, An<sup>ce</sup></italic>. plow-lode’ [? plow-londe]. Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 270. ‘<italic>Hec bovata</italic>, a hox-gangyn lond.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1130">ibid.</xref> See the description of the Dominican convent in <italic>Pierce The Ploughman's Crede</italic>, wherein we are told was</p><p>'sa cros craftly entayled, with tabernacles y-tiзt, to toten all abouten þe pris of a <italic>plouз-lond</italic> of penyes so rounde, To aparaile þat pyler were pure lytel.’ l. 169.</p><p>'s<italic>Hida terrœ</italic>, ane pleuch of land.’ Skene, Verb. Signif. s. v. <italic>Hilda</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1744" symbol="page 284 note 5"><label><sup>page 284 note 5</sup></label><p>'sThe plough taile or handle, <italic>stiua;</italic> the share of a plough, <italic>dentale;</italic> the culter of a plough, <italic>vomer;</italic> the plough beame, or of awaine, <italic>temo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Stiua</italic>, the plough tayle.’ Cooper. Tusser in his list of implements necessary to the farmer mentions</p><p>'sA plough beetle, <italic>plough staff</italic>, to further the plough,</p><p>Great clod to asunder that breaketh so rough.’ ch. xvii. p. 37.</p><p>'sPloughe staffe or acre staffe. <italic>Rallum, Rulla</italic>. Ploughe starte whyche the tylman holdeth. <italic>Stiua</italic>. Ploughe wryght. <italic>Carucarius</italic>. Ploughe beame. <italic>Bura</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hic stinarius</italic> [read <italic>stiuarius</italic>], a halder.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 213. ‘Stiva aratri anterior pars, quam rusticus tenet in manu, et dicitur Gallice <italic>manchon</italic>.’ J. de Garlande in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 130; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1129">ibid.</xref> p. 169, where we have the following glosses: ‘<italic>Voriloun</italic>, the plou-reste: <italic>la soke e le vomer</italic>, culter and schar: <italic>la hay</italic>, the plou-beem: <italic>un maylet</italic>, the plou-betel: <italic>le moundiloun</italic>, the plou-stare.’ See a very full account of the various parts of a plough in Prof. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, B. vi. 105.</p></fn><fn id="fn1745" symbol="page 285 note 1"><label><sup>page 285 note 1</sup></label><p>Here a leaf is lost in A. causing a gap down to Potagare, p. 288.</p></fn><fn id="fn1746" symbol="page 285 note 2"><label><sup>page 285 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA plummet of leade, <italic>plumberum</italic>: the sounding leade or plummer, which is let downe into the water vnto the ground, <italic>bolis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Perpendiculum</italic>, a pondere or A plumbe. <italic>Amussis</italic>, a led off a Mason.’ Medulla. ‘A plummer, or worker in leade, <italic>plumbarius</italic>.’ Baret. See the account of the building of the Tower of Babel in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, where we are told ‘wiþ corde and <italic>plumme</italic> þai wroзt.’ 1. 22447. Wyclif has the word in the sense of a lead used for sounding: ‘the whiche sendinge doun a <italic>plomet</italic> [<italic>plommet</italic> P.] founden twenty pasis of depnesse.’ <italic>Dedis</italic> xxvii. 28. See Chaucer's <citation id="ref1131" citation-type="other"><italic>Astrolabe</italic>, pp. <fpage>33</fpage>, <fpage>46</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1747" symbol="page 285 note 3"><label><sup>page 285 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 2993, that in Purgatory</p><p>'sSom sal haf in alle þair lymmes obout, For sleuthe, als þe <italic>potagre</italic> and þe gout.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1748" symbol="page 285 note 4"><label><sup>page 285 note 4</sup></label><p>Compare a Pyke of a Staffe, above. ‘<italic>Hic cuspis, A<sup>ee</sup></italic>. poynte.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 196.</p></fn><fn id="fn1749" symbol="page 285 note 5"><label><sup>page 285 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI lacke a poyntel. <italic>Deest mihi stilus</italic>.’ Horman. ‘<italic>Stilus</italic>, a poyntel.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Stilus</italic>, a poyntyle.’ Nominale MS. ‘<italic>Hic stilus, Hic graphus</italic>, a poyntyle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 211. In the <citation id="ref1132" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>637</fpage></citation>, we are told that when his friends asked him what name should be given to the infant Baptist,</p><p>'sþan asked þaim sir Zachari, Tablis and a <italic>pointel</italic> tite.’</p><p>See Wyclif's version, Luke i. 63. ‘þey þe Greecs write first yn wex wiþ <italic>poynteles</italic> of yren, the Romayns ordeyned þat no man schulde write wiþ <italic>poynteles</italic> of yren, but wiþ <italic>poyntels</italic> of boon.’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 251. Wyclif's version of Job xix. 24 is as follows: ‘Who зiueth to me that my woordis be writen? who зiueth to me that thei be grauen in a boc with an iren <italic>pointel</italic>, or with a pece of led?’ See also 4 Kings xxi. 13 and Jeremiah viii. 8. In the account of Belshazzar's feast in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1533, we are told that</p><p>'sIn þe palays pryncipale vpon þe playn wowe .… þat watз grysly & gret.’</p><p>þer apered a paume, with <italic>poyntel</italic> in fyngres,</p><p>See also Chaucer, <italic>Sompnoure's Tale</italic>, 1742. In G. Douglas, <citation id="ref1133" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>231</fpage></citation>, 1. 53, we have <italic>poyntel</italic> used for an instrument of war, resembling a javelin or a small sword:</p><p>'sWith round stok swerdis faucht they in melle</p><p>With <italic>poyntalis</italic> or with stokkis Sabellyne;’</p><p>where the latin runs, ‘<italic>mucrone veruque Sabello</italic>.’ At p. 187, 1. 38 of the same work the word is used for the pointed instrument with which musicians play on the harp, a quill:</p><p>'sOrpheus of Trace—</p><p>Now with gymp fingeris doing stringis smyte,</p><p>And now with subtell euore <italic>poyntalis</italic> lyte.’</p><p>See also the <citation id="ref1134" citation-type="other"><italic>Boke of Quintessence</italic>, p. <fpage>6</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1750" symbol="page 285 note 6"><label><sup>page 285 note 6</sup></label><p>Cooper defines <italic>Pyrgus</italic> as ‘a boxe oute of whiche men caste dice when they play.’ In the <citation id="ref1135" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>71</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘the chekir or þe chesse hath viij. <italic>poyntes</italic> in eche partie,’ where the meaning plainly being divisions, squares.</p></fn><fn id="fn1751" symbol="page 285 note 7"><label><sup>page 285 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pirula</italic>. The top, tip, or bowt of the nose.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1752" symbol="page 286 note 1"><label><sup>page 286 note 1</sup></label><p>I can make nothing of this word. It would seem to mean to mark with spots, but the latin equivalent does not help us. Perhaps we should read <italic>sauciare</italic>, and take the word to be the same as <italic>poke</italic>. Mr. Wedgwood suggests that the meaning may be ‘to bolt meal.’ Ger. <italic>beuteln</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1753" symbol="page 286 note 2"><label><sup>page 286 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA poke, little sack, <italic>sacculus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A poke and poket, <italic>vide</italic> Bag.’ Baret. ‘A <italic>poke</italic> ful of pardoun þere, ne prouinciales lettres.’ P. Plowman, B. vii. 190.</p><p>'sAfore wee putte it in the <italic>poake</italic>, wee make the miller take a besome and sweepe a place.’ Best, <citation id="ref1136" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>104</fpage></citation>. Wyclif uses the proverbial expression to buy ‘doggis in a <italic>poke</italic>.’ Works, ed. Matthew; and Chaucer, C. T. 4276, has the modern form, ‘pigges in a <italic>poke</italic>.’ See the <citation id="ref1137" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>372</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1754" symbol="page 286 note 3"><label><sup>page 286 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Faces pleyn de viroles</italic> (pockes).’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 161. In Cockayne's <citation id="ref1138" citation-type="other"><italic>Leechdoms</italic>, &c., ii. <fpage>104</fpage></citation>, is given a recipe for a drink for ‘<italic>poc</italic> adle.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1755" symbol="page 286 note 4"><label><sup>page 286 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Contus</italic>. A long pole or spear to gage water, or shove forth a vessell into the deep, a Spret.’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Contus est quoddam instrumentum longum quo piscatores pisces scrutantur in aquis, et est genus teli quod ferrum non habet sed acutum cuspidem longum: pertica preacuta quam portant rustici loco haste</italic>: a poll or a potte stycke.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn1756" symbol="page 286 note 5"><label><sup>page 286 note 5</sup></label><p>'sPopul, <italic>lolium</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 201; see also Reliq. Antiq. i. 53. Prompt, translates <italic>Gith</italic> by Popy. ‘<italic>Herba Munda</italic>, gið-corn.’ Ælfric's Vocab. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 30. Prof. Earle also gives ‘<italic>Lactyrida</italic>, þat is gið-corn.’ <citation id="ref1139" citation-type="other"><italic>Eng. Plant Names</italic>, p. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>: see also p. 15, and note p. 91. Still in use in the North.</p></fn><fn id="fn1757" symbol="page 286 note 6"><label><sup>page 286 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Populus</italic>, a popyltre.’ Nominale MS. ‘Popilary or Peppilary, s. the poplar tree.’ Leigh's Cheshire Glossary, ‘Popylltre, <italic>pevplier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Hec pepulus, A<sup>e</sup></italic>, popul-tre.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 192. ‘Thanne Jacob takynge green <italic>popil</italic> зerdis, and of almanders, and of planes, a parti vnryendide hem.’ Wyclif, Genesis xxx. 37.</p><p>'sThe remanent of the rowaris euery wicht In <italic>popill</italic> tre branchis dycht at poynt.’</p><p><citation id="ref1140" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. v. p. <fpage>132</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sSic lyik, throucht the operatione of the sternis, the oliue, the <italic>popil</italic> and the osзer tree changis the cullour and ther leyuis.’ <citation id="ref1141" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>57</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1758" symbol="page 286 note 7"><label><sup>page 286 note 7</sup></label><p>I do not know of any instance of this word in the sense here given. Probably the word is the same as to <italic>bob</italic> = to strike. The Miller is described as carrying ‘a joly <italic>popper</italic>.… in his hose,’ C. T. 3929, which is generally explained as a dagger. ‘To poppe, <italic>coniectare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1759" symbol="page 286 note 8"><label><sup>page 286 note 8</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1142" citation-type="other"><italic>Knight of La Tour-Landry</italic>, p. <fpage>68</fpage></citation>, is given an account of a woman who is depicted as suffering great tortures in hell, ‘for whanne on lyue she plucked,<italic>popped</italic>, and peinted her uisage, forto plese the sight of the worlde, the whiche dede is one of the synnes that displeses most God…. And therfor the aungelle saide it was but litelle meruaile though this lady, for her <italic>poppinge</italic> and peintynge, suffre this payne.’ On the prevalence of the fashion of paintyng see Stubbes, <citation id="ref1143" citation-type="other"><italic>Anatomy of Abuses</italic>, pp. <fpage>64</fpage>, <fpage>80</fpage></citation>, and the editor's notes at pp. 271–3. ‘<italic>Cerusa</italic>, ceruse; white leade. <italic>Stibium</italic>, a white stone found in siluer mines, good for the eyes, <italic>idem quod antimonium</italic>.’ Cooper. ‘White lead, or ceruse, <italic>cerussa</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Paynted whyte or wyth whyte leade. <italic>Cerussatus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Cerusa est quedam materia apta ad pingendum que ex plumbo et stanno conficitur, vel quoddam genus coloris, Anglice, spaynysshe whyte.’ Ortus. ‘Stibium est quoddam vnguentum siue color, quo meretrices facies colorant: alio nomine dicitur cerusa, nomen priuatiuum ut habetur senilis ix (?).’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1130">ibid.</xref> Horman says of the women that ‘they whyte theyr necke and pappes with ceruse; and theyr lyppes and ruddes with purpurisse. <italic>Candorem oris colli et papillarum cerussa mentiuntur</italic>.’ Huloet says under ‘Alume … whereof bene three kyndes …. The iii. <italic>Zucharinum</italic> made wyth alume relented, rosewater, and the white of Egges, lyke a Suger lofe, the whiche, harlottes and strumpettes do communely vse to paynte their faces and visages wyth, to deceaue menne; but God graunte they deceaue not them selues.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1760" symbol="page 287 note 1"><label><sup>page 287 note 1</sup></label><p>A breviary, or book containing the services of the Canonical Hours of the Roman Catholic Church, sometimes accompanied with musical notes. The word is found under numerous forms such as Portesse, Portous, Porthors, &c. See a long list in Canon Simmons' note to the <italic>Lay Folks</italic>' <citation id="ref1144" citation-type="other"><italic>Mass-book</italic>, p. <fpage>364</fpage></citation>. Chaucer in the <italic>Shipman's Tale</italic>, 13061, makes the monk declare: ‘on my <italic>Portos</italic> here I make an oth.’ By the Statute з & 4 Ed. VI. c. x. ‘all bookes called Antiphoners, Missales, Grailes, Processionals, Manuals, Legends, Pies, <italic>Portuasses</italic>, Primers in Latine and English, &c.’ were ‘cleerly and vtterly abolished, extinguished and forbidden for euer to be vsed or kept in this Realme.’ In P. Plowman. B. xv. 122, the ‘<italic>portous</italic>’ is likened to a plough with which the priest should say his <italic>placebo</italic> or funeral service. O. Fr. <italic>porte-hors</italic>, Lat. <italic>portiforium</italic>; see Prof. Skeat, s. v. Harrison, <citation id="ref1145" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of England</italic>, i. <fpage>112</fpage></citation>, speaking of the Clergy of his time says, ‘they made no further accompt of their priesthood, than to construe, sing, read their seruice and their <italic>portesse</italic>.’ The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Portesse, <italic>portiforium, breuiarium</italic>,’ and Palsgrave ‘Portyes, a preestes boke, <italic>breviayre</italic>.’ In 1503 Christopher Sekker, priest; bequeathed to ‘William Breggs, that gooth to scole with me, myn <italic>portoose</italic> and all my gramer bokys, yf so be he be a preest’ [Lib. Pye, fo. 124], and in 1509 Syr William Taylour, priest, bequeathed his ‘whyte <italic>portos</italic> coueryd with white ledyr to the chapell in the college [at Bury St. Edmund's], ther to be cheynyd in the same, and to continue.’ [Lib. Mason, fo. 9]. <citation id="ref1146" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills & Invent</italic>, p. <fpage>229</fpage></citation>. In 1396 Robert Stabeler, priest, bequeathed ‘<italic>magnum</italic> portiforium <italic>notatum, excepto tamen quod diebus dominicis et aliis diebus festivis predictum</italic> portiforium <italic>ponatur in choro ad deserviendum ibidem</italic>.’ Lib. Osberne, fo. 66. ‘I wytt to the said parich church of Gilling a <italic>Portous</italic> price x marc.’ Will of R. Wellington, 1503, <citation id="ref1147" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor</italic>. iv. <fpage>225</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1761" symbol="page 287 note 2"><label><sup>page 287 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Prologue to the <italic>Tale of Beryu</italic>, the Pardoner we are told after his adventure ‘al the wook þer-aftir had such a <italic>pose</italic>.’ p. 19, 1.578.</p><p>'sThe poze, mur, or cold taking, <italic>grauedo</italic>.’ Baret. Chaucer in the <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, 4151, says the Miller of Trumpington</p><p>'sзexeþ and spekeþ þrouhe þe nose, As he war on þe quakke, or one þe <italic>pose</italic>.’</p><p>Turner in his <citation id="ref1148" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. i. p. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>, says that ‘Elichrison …‥ giuen wyth whit wine dilayed, to them that are fastinge, about .ij. scrupules it stoppeth <italic>poses</italic> and catarres;’ and again, pt. ii. If. 10, ‘Nigella Romana …. heleth them that haue the <italic>pose</italic>, if ye breake it and laye it vnto your nose.’ The author of the <italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, 1555, ch. vi. p. 87, says that ‘the women of Barcea, when their children are iiij. yeare olde vse to cauterise them on the coron vaine …. with a medecine for that purpose, made of woolle as it is plucked fro the shiepe; because thei should not at any time be troubled with rheumes or <italic>poses</italic>.’ See the <italic>Life of St. Dunstan</italic> in <italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, &c. p. 37, 1. 92, where we are told that after the saint had caught the devil with the tongs</p><p>'sIn þe contrai me hurde wide: hou þe schrewe gradde so.</p><p>As god þe schrewe hadde ibeo: atom ysnyt his nose:</p><p>He ne hiзede no more þiderward: to hele him of þe <italic>Pose</italic>.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1149" citation-type="other"><italic>Schoole of Salernes</italic>, p. <fpage>8</fpage></citation> (ed. 1634), we are warned against ‘sleeping at after-noone,’ on the ground that such a practice gives rise to the ‘<italic>Pose</italic> or Rheumes….</p><p>Rheumes from the Breast, ascending through the nose:</p><p>Some call Catarrhes, some Tysicke, some the <italic>Pose</italic>.’</p><p>'sPose a syckenes in the heade distillynge like water, called a catarre or reaume. <italic>Coryza</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘I have the pose. <italic>Jay la catarre</italic>. You have the pose me thinke, for you speeke hoorse.’ Palsgrave. ‘Poose, <italic>caturrus</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 179. ‘Pose, <italic>gravedo</italic>.’ Withals. See also the quotation from Harrison given in note to Chymuey, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1762" symbol="page 288 note 1"><label><sup>page 288 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA Posnet, or skellit, <italic>chytra</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Postnet, <italic>urceolus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Kest in þy <italic>posnet</italic> with outene doute.’ <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. 32. The word is used by Wyclif in 2 Paralip. xxxv. 13 to translate the latin <italic>lebetibus</italic>: ‘Forsothe pesible hoostis thei seetheden in <italic>posnettis</italic>, and cawdrones, and pottis,’ Purvey reading ‘pannes.’ ‘<italic>Hic urceus. A<sup>ee</sup></italic>. posnett.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 198. ‘Posnet. <italic>Æneum, Ænulum. Vrnula</italic>, a lytle posnet.’ Huloet. ‘ij pottes, cam parvo <italic>posnytt</italic>.’ Invent, of J. Carter, 1452, <citation id="ref1150" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>300</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1763" symbol="page 288 note 2"><label><sup>page 288 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA Posset, <italic>lac feruefactum in ceruisiam aut vinum prœcipitatum</italic>. Posset ale is thought to be good to make one sweate.’ Baret. ‘A posset, <italic>ceruisia lacte calefacta</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Balducta</italic>, a crudde or a Posset.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Passon</italic>, m. a posset.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Hec balducta, Hoc coagulum</italic>, a crud or a posset.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 268. ‘<italic>Sec bedulta, Ae</italic>. possyt.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1150">ibid.</xref> p. 202.</p></fn><fn id="fn1764" symbol="page 288 note 3"><label><sup>page 288 note 3</sup></label><p>The prayer after the communion. Lydgate, in his <italic>Vertue of the Masse</italic>, MS. Harl. 2251, says— ‘At the <italic>postcomone</italic> the prist dothe hym remewe,</p><p>On the Right side seythe, dominus vobiscum:’</p><p>and in St. Gregory's Trental, 1. 229, pr. in <citation id="ref1151" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>91</fpage></citation>, we have— ‘When þe preste hath don his masse, þat yn þe boke fynde he may</p><p>Vsed and his hondes washe, þe <italic>post-comen</italic> men don it call.’</p><p>Anoþar oryson he moste say</p><p>The prayer itself is printed.in the <citation id="ref1152" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>116</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1765" symbol="page 288 note 4"><label><sup>page 288 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA posterne gate; a backe dore, <italic>pseudothyrum</italic>.’ Baret. In the Thornton Romances, p. 202, we are told how Sir Degrevant when going to see his lady love ‘In at the <italic>posterne</italic> зede.’ 1. 610.</p><p>'sDarie, the while stal away, By a <italic>postorne</italic>, a prive way.’ <italic>Kyng Alisaunder</italic>, 4593.</p><p>'sBi a <italic>posterne</italic> þe legat, þoru quointise & gile,</p><p>Hii broзte to Stratford, wiþ-oute Londone to mile.’</p><p>R. of Gloucester, p. 569.</p><p>In Wyclif's version of Judges iii. 24, Ehud after killing Eglon ‘wente out bi the <italic>postern</italic>.’ See the description of the Dominican convent in Peres the Ploughman's Crede, 167, which was ‘walled…. þouз it wid were,</p><p>Wiþ <italic>posternes</italic> in pryuytie to passen when hem liste,’ and Prof. Skeat's note thereon.</p></fn><fn id="fn1766" symbol="page 288 note 5"><label><sup>page 288 note 5</sup></label><p>See note to A Polle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1767" symbol="page 288 note 6"><label><sup>page 288 note 6</sup></label><p>The brazen vessel which was in the tabernacle is described as containing ‘two thousand mesuris of thre quartes, thre thousand mesuris neeз of a <italic>potel</italic>.’ Wyelif, з Kings vii. 26. See the Ordinances of the Gild of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Lynn, where it is directed that ‘ye Alderman schal haue, for his ffesse in tyme of drynkyng, ij. galons of ale; euery skeueyn a galon; ye clerk a <italic>potel</italic>; and ye deen a <italic>potel</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1153" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>59</fpage></citation>. In the list of those liable to Excommunication given in Mirc's <citation id="ref1154" citation-type="other"><italic>Instructions</italic>, p. <fpage>22</fpage></citation>, are mentioned ‘all þat falsen or vse false measures, busshelles, galones, & <italic>potelles</italic>, quartes or false wightes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1768" symbol="page 289 note 1"><label><sup>page 289 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. a Praynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn1769" symbol="page 289 note 2"><label><sup>page 289 note 2</sup></label><p>To appraise, value. Thus in P. Plowman, B. v. 334—</p><p>'sTwo risen vp in rape and rouned togideres,</p><p>And <italic>preised</italic> þese penyworthes apart bi hem-selue.’</p><p>'sWho-so knew þe costes þat knit ar þer inne,</p><p>He wolde hit <italic>prayse</italic> at more prys, parauenture.’ <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 1850.</p><p>'sBy <italic>preysinge</italic> of polaxis þat no pete hadde.’ <citation id="ref1155" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, i. <fpage>17</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Fabyan the Chronicler, in his Will, printed in the preface to his book, p. vii, says: ‘Also I will that after my funeralls fynysshed and-endid, all my movable goodes as well stuff of household, plate, and other what soo it be,…. be <italic>praysed</italic> and ingrossed in a summe, whiche said…‥ stuff of household and quyke catall beyng off myn at my foresaid tenemente of Halstedis, soo beyng <italic>praysid</italic>, engrossid, and sumyd, shall be divided in three even porcions or parts.’ ‘First it es moste necessary & conuenient to retayle and to sell euery thyng by it selfe, and nat all in grose some to one man & some to another. For that that is good for one man is nat good for another: and euery thing to be <italic>praysed</italic> and solde by it selfe.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Surueyeng</italic>, fo. 1<sup>b</sup>. In the Inventory of the goods of R. Pytchye, 1521, pr. in <italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> (Camden Soc.) p. 122, the following item occurs— ‘delyueryd to y<sup>e</sup> wiff, <italic>praisid</italic> at v li. x. mylch kene, and all the vtenselles and implementes, as the will declarith.’ ‘The sellar shal not set a broker to exalte the price, nor the byer shall not apoynt hym that shal <italic>prayse</italic> the ware vnder the iust price.’ R. Whytynton, <citation id="ref1156" citation-type="other"><italic>Tully's Offyce</italic>, Bk. iii. p. <fpage>140</fpage></citation>. ‘I prayse a thynge, I esteme of what value it is. <italic>Je aprise</italic>. I can nat prayse justly, howe moche it is worthe, but as I gesse.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Priseur</italic>. A priser, praiser, price-setter: a rater, valuer, taxer.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Apprecor</italic>, to prysyn.’ Medulla. ‘The Inventory of the gudes of Richard Bysshope …. <italic>prasyd</italic> be Wylliam Barber, &c.,’ <citation id="ref1157" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. <fpage>191</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1770" symbol="page 290 note 1"><label><sup>page 290 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>miserrum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1771" symbol="page 290 note 2"><label><sup>page 290 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThee, the glorious cumpany of apostlis. Thee, the <italic>preisable</italic> noumbre of profetis. Thee, preisith the white oost of martirs.’ From the Prymer in English, c. 1400, pr. in Maskell'e <citation id="ref1158" citation-type="other"><italic>Monumenta Ritualia</italic>, ii. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>. ‘Who, Lord, is lijk to thee…‥ thow doer of greet thingis in holynes, and feelful and <italic>preysable</italic>, and doynge merveyls?’ Wyclif, Exod.xv. 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn1772" symbol="page 290 note 3"><label><sup>page 290 note 3</sup></label><p>'sPraty or feate, <italic>mignon</italic>. Praty lytyle, <italic>petit</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘And he made her to understonde that she was fayr and <italic>praty</italic>.’ Caxton, trans, of <italic>Geoffrey de la Tour l'Andri</italic>, If. G ii. In the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic> we are told of the country of the Amazons that it</p><p>'sWas a prouynse of prise & <italic>praty</italic> men.’ 1. 10815;</p><p>and again, 1. 13634— ‘Pirrus ful prestly a <italic>prati</italic> mon sende;’</p><p>and in the Romance of <italic>Generydes</italic>, ed. W. A. Wright, 1. 302, the hero is described as ‘a <italic>praty</italic> yong seruaunt.’ In the <citation id="ref1159" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>46</fpage></citation>, we read: ‘he woll with his <italic>praty</italic> wordis & pleys make me forзete my anger, þough I were as hote as fire.’</p><p>'sQuan a chyld to scole Scal set be, A bok hym is browt ….</p><p>þat men callyt an abece, <italic>Pratylych</italic> T-wrout.’ <citation id="ref1160" citation-type="other"><italic>Pol. Rel. & Love Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>244</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1773" symbol="page 290 note 4"><label><sup>page 290 note 4</sup></label><p>'sPreiudice, <italic>prœiuditium</italic>, whyche is a mere wionge contraye to the lawe. ¶It maye be also taken for a sentence once decided and determined, whych remayneth afterward for a generall rule and example, to determyne and discusse semblablye; or els it may be as the ruled cases and matters of the lawe be called bokecases, recited in the yeree [Year Books] whiche be as precidences; and thereof commeth thys verbe <italic>prœiudico</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1774" symbol="page 290 note 5"><label><sup>page 290 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA presse for clothes, <italic>vestiarium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A Presse for cloths, <italic>pressorium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1775" symbol="page 291 note 1"><label><sup>page 291 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA presse for wine, cider or veriuice, <italic>torcular</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1776" symbol="page 291 note 2"><label><sup>page 291 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHe tredith the <italic>pressour</italic> of wijn of woodnesse, of wraththe of almiзty God.’ Wyclif, Apoc. xix. 15.</p></fn><fn id="fn1777" symbol="page 291 note 3"><label><sup>page 291 note 3</sup></label><p>Dandelion, so called from the bald appearance of the receptacle when the seeds have been blown off it.</p></fn><fn id="fn1778" symbol="page 291 note 4"><label><sup>page 291 note 4</sup></label><p>To stretch one's neck after a thing. ‘I prie, I pore or loke wysely a thynge. <italic>Je membats</italic>. He prieth after me wher so ever I become.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1779" symbol="page 291 note 5"><label><sup>page 291 note 5</sup></label><p>This appears to mean the money received for wood sold, revenue arising from the sale of wood. Festus says ‘Lucar adpellatur æs, quod ex lucis captatur,’ and <italic>lucaris pecunia</italic> was used for money received for wood. ‘<italic>Lucar</italic>. Money bestowed upon plays and players, or on woods dedicated to the gods: also the price that is received for wood.’ Gouldman. Cooper renders <italic>lucar</italic> by ‘money bestowed on wooddes that weare dedicated to the goddes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1780" symbol="page 292 note 1"><label><sup>page 292 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA proctor, a factor, a sollicitor, one that seeth to another man's affaires, <italic>procurator</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1781" symbol="page 292 note 2"><label><sup>page 292 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>prolongum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1782" symbol="page 292 note 3"><label><sup>page 292 note 3</sup></label><p>'sProuende, <italic>pabulum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Wyclif in his <italic>Tracts</italic>, ed. Matthew, p. 419, speaks of ‘Cathedral chirchis þat han <italic>prouendis</italic> approprid to hem;’ and in his <italic>Works</italic>, ed. Arnold, iii. 211, he says ‘alle suche ben symonieris þat occupien bi symonye þe patrimonie of crist, be þei popis or <italic>prouendereris</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1783" symbol="page 292 note 4"><label><sup>page 292 note 4</sup></label><p>Compare ‘<italic>Projicit</italic> ampullas <italic>et sesquipedalia verba</italic>.’ Horace, <citation id="ref1161" citation-type="other"><italic>De Arte Poetica</italic>, <fpage>97</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1784" symbol="page 293 note 1"><label><sup>page 293 note 1</sup></label><p>Under ‘Pudding,’ Baret gives ‘a pudding called a sawsege: a pudding called an Ising: a blacke pudding: a haggesse pudding: a panne pudding: a pudding maker: he that crammeth geese, capons, &c. <italic>fartor</italic>.’ Puddyngare is probably a pudding-maker or seller.</p></fn><fn id="fn1785" symbol="page 293 note 2"><label><sup>page 293 note 2</sup></label><p>'sGeese are pulled, <italic>velluntur anseres</italic>.’ Baret. He also gives ‘To Poll, or notte the head, to sheare or clip, <italic>tondere</italic>.’ Palsgrave has ‘I polle, I shave the heares of one's head, <italic>je rays</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1786" symbol="page 293 note 3"><label><sup>page 293 note 3</sup></label><p>Tusser in his Five Hundred Points, &c., says—</p><p>'sTo rere up much pultrie, and want the barne doore,</p><p>Is naught for the <italic>pulter</italic> and woorse for the poore.’ p. 56.</p><p>'s<italic>Poulaillier</italic>, m. a poulter; also a breeder, or keeper of poultry.’ Cotgrave. Harrison in speaking of the evils of the ‘bodger’ system says: ‘It is a world also to see how most places of the realme are pestered with purueiours, who take up egs, butter, cheese, pigs, capons…. &c. in one market, vnder pretence of their commissions, & suffer their wiues to sell the same in another, or to <italic>pulters</italic> of London.’ <citation id="ref1162" citation-type="other"><italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> i. <fpage>300</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe clerke to kater and <italic>pulter</italic> is,— Gyffys seluer to bye in alle thyng To baker and butler bothe y-wys þat longes to here office, with-outen lesyng.’</p><p>See Shakspere, 1 Henry IV, ii. 480: ‘A <italic>Poulter's</italic> Hare.’ <citation id="ref1163" citation-type="other"><italic>Babees Book</italic>, p. <fpage>319</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1787" symbol="page 293 note 4"><label><sup>page 293 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret says ‘the Pommell of a sworde, seemeth to be derived of this French worde <italic>pomme</italic>, because the pommell is round like an apple, as it were.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1788" symbol="page 293 note 5"><label><sup>page 293 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA Pumish stone, vsed to make parchment smooth, <italic>pumex</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Ponce, Pierre ponce</italic>, a Pumeise stone.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Esponja</italic>, a spunge, a pumise, <italic>spongia, pumex</italic>.’ Percyuall, <italic>Sp. Dict.</italic> ‘A Pumishe, glasse.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Eft, wiþ þon (for a felon), genim heorotes sceafoþan of felle ascafen mid <italic>pumice</italic>, & wese mid ecede, & smire mid.’ Cockayne, <citation id="ref1164" citation-type="other"><italic>Saxon Leechdoms, &c.</italic> ii. <fpage>100</fpage></citation>. ‘The top of this pike conteineth of heigth directly upward 15 leagues & more, which is 45 English miles, out of the which often times proceedeth fire and brimstone, and it may be about halfe a mile in compasse: the sayd top is in forme or likenesse of a caldron. But within two miles of the top is nothing but ashes & <italic>pumish</italic> stones.’ Hackluyt, Voyages, 1598, vol. II. pt. ii. p. 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn1789" symbol="page 294 note 1"><label><sup>page 294 note 1</sup></label><p>Jamieson gives ‘Pap-bairn, s. A sucking child: Ang. This is expressed by a circumlocution in the South, “a <italic>bairn</italic> at the [<italic>pap</italic> or] breast.
’</p></fn><fn id="fn1790" symbol="page 294 note 2"><label><sup>page 294 note 2</sup></label><p>A poret or young onion. It is mentioned by Tusser in his list of plants for the kitchen; and the form <italic>Porrectes</italic> appears in the Forme of Cury, p. 41. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Porrée</italic>, f. the herb called Beet or Beetes. <italic>Porée</italic>, f. Beetes, potherbs.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1791" symbol="page 294 note 3"><label><sup>page 294 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Papula</italic>; a whealke or pushe.’ Cooper. Baret renders <italic>papula</italic> by ‘a pimple, a whelke,’ and the plural <italic>papules</italic> by ‘the small poches.’ Holland in his trans, of Pliny's <citation id="ref1165" citation-type="other"><italic>Nat. Hist.</italic> ii. <fpage>186</fpage></citation> (ed. 1634), says, ‘There is a kind of disease (much like to <italic>purples</italic> or meazles) when the body is bepainted all ouer with red blisters: A branch of the Elder tree is excellent good to lash the said wheales or risings, for to make them fal again and go down;’ and Surflet in his <italic>Countrey Farme</italic>, 1616, p. 109, saye, ‘I dare be bold to auouch it, that the most profitable and fruitfull prouision for the Countrey House is of such beasts as bring forth Wooll. It is true, that there must all diligence be vsed to keepe them from Cold, from the <italic>Purples</italic>, from the Scab, from two much ranknesse of bloud, from the Rot, and other such inconueniences as sometimes spread and proceed from one to another, and that he hath likewise care, and doe his whole endeauour, in keeping them both in the Fields and at the Cratch.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1792" symbol="page 294 note 4"><label><sup>page 294 note 4</sup></label><p>Trevisa in his trans, of Barthol. <citation id="ref1166" citation-type="other"><italic>de Proprietatibus Rerum</italic>, 1398, iii. <fpage>15</fpage></citation>, says: ‘As in hem þat haue þe pirre and styffles, and ben <italic>purseyf</italic> nd þikke breþid [<italic>ut patet in asthmaticis et anhelosis</italic>.]’ ‘<italic>Pursy</italic> is a disease in an horses bodye, and maketh hym to blowe shorte, and appereth at his nosethrilles, and commeth of colde, and may be well mended.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. G v. ‘Broken wynded, and <italic>pursyfnes</italic>, is but shorte blowynge.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1152">ibid.</xref> fo. G v<sup>b</sup>. Baret gives ‘a Pursie man, or that fetcheth his breath often, as it were almost windlesse, <italic>asthmaticus</italic>: Pursie, that draweth hia breath painefully, <italic>anhelus</italic>.’ ‘Pursif, <italic>anhelus</italic>. Pursy, <italic>cardiacus</italic>.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘<italic>Asme</italic>. Difficultie of breathing, short wind; a painfull or hard drawing of the breath, accompanied with a wheezing; puffing, or pursinesse,’ Cotgrave. ‘Love, Sir, may lie in your lungs, and I thinke it doth; and that is the cause you blow, and are so <italic>pursie</italic>.’ Lilly, <citation id="ref1167" citation-type="other"><italic>Endimion</italic>, act I. sc. iii. p. <fpage>12</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1793" symbol="page 295 note 1"><label><sup>page 295 note 1</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that the fire of hell</p><p>'sEs hatter Þan fire here es, Es hatter and of mare powere, Right als Þe fire Þat es brinnand here þan a <italic>purtrayd</italic> fire on a waghe.’</p><p>Fr. <italic>portraire</italic>, Lat. <italic>protrahere. P. of Cons.</italic> 6616.</p></fn><fn id="fn1794" symbol="page 295 note 2"><label><sup>page 295 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Edinburgh MS. of Barbour's <citation id="ref1168" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xx. <fpage>536</fpage></citation>, we are told how Pyrrhus' physician offered to Fabricius</p><p>'sIn tresoune for to slay pirrus</p><p>For in his first potacioune</p><p>He suld giff hym dedly <italic>pusoune</italic>;’</p><p>and again, l. 609, we find—‘Syne, allas, <italic>pusonyt</italic> wes he.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1795" symbol="page 295 note 3"><label><sup>page 295 note 3</sup></label><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic> we find ‘put againe’ used in the sense of repulse, drive back, as in xvi. 146—</p><p>'sThe king has gert his archeris then Schute for till <italic>put</italic> thaim than <italic>agayne</italic>.’</p><p>See also xii. 355, and xvii. 396. ‘He that repelleth or putteth awaie, <italic>depulsator</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1796" symbol="page 295 note 4"><label><sup>page 295 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>interstalare</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1797" symbol="page 295 note 5"><label><sup>page 295 note 5</sup></label><p>Whey. In the <citation id="ref1169" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘curdis and <italic>quhaye</italic>, sourkittis .… flot <italic>quhaye</italic>, grene cheis, &c.’ ‘Quay or sower mylke.’ MS. note by Junius in his copy of the Ortus Vocab. in the Bodleian. ‘Wheie of milke, <italic>serum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘I quayle as mylke dothe, <italic>je quaillebotte</italic>; this mylke is quayled, eate none of it.’ Palsgrave. ‘The cream is said to be <italic>quailed</italic> when the butter begins to appear in the process of churning.’ Batohelor's <citation id="ref1170" citation-type="other"><italic>Orthoep. Anal.</italic> p. <fpage>140</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hoc serum, An<sup>ce.</sup></italic> the whey of chese. Sit liquor hoc serum, defundat casius ipsum.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 268.</p></fn><fn id="fn1798" symbol="page 295 note 6"><label><sup>page 295 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThere shulde be foure or fyue and twenty sheetes in a <italic>queyre</italic>: and twenty <italic>queyris</italic> in a reme: though the olde waye were other.’ Horman. ‘[Julius Cesur] vsed to write quayres, and endite letters and pisteles al at ones [quaternes etiam simul epistolas dictare consuevit].’ Trevisa's Higden, ii. 193.</p></fn><fn id="fn1799" symbol="page 295 note 7"><label><sup>page 295 note 7</sup></label><p>A quail.</p></fn><fn id="fn1800" symbol="page 296 note 1"><label><sup>page 296 note 1</sup></label><p>In Arthur's Vision the duchess we are told</p><p>'sAbowte oho whillide a whele with hir whitte hondeз, Ouer-whelme alle <italic>qwayntely</italic> the whele as cho scholde.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3260.</p><p>'sAnlaf by-Þouзte hym of a <italic>quaynt</italic> gyle [<italic>exquisito astu</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, vi. 437. O. Fr. <italic>coint</italic>.</p><p>'sIn Þe world, he says, noght elles we se Pride and pompe and covatyse, Bot wrechednes and vanite, And vayn sleghtes, and <italic>qwayntyse</italic>.’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 1178.</p><p>'sHere maye зe se on whatkin wyse The Fend men fandes with his <italic>qwayntise</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1171" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, <fpage>79</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Wyclif, in his <citation id="ref1172" citation-type="other"><italic>Tracts</italic>, ed. Matthew, p. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘false procurynge of matrimonye bi soteltees and <italic>queyntese</italic> and false bihetynges.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1801" symbol="page 296 note 2"><label><sup>page 296 note 2</sup></label><p>'sGret <italic>Quhalis</italic> sail rummeis, rowte, and rair, Quhose sound redound sail in the air.’</p><p><citation id="ref1173" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyndesay</surname><given-names>D.</given-names><prefix>Sir</prefix></name>, <italic>The Monarche</italic></citation>, iv. 5468.</p><p>'sHe tok Þe sturgiun and Þe <italic>qual</italic>, And Þe turbut, and lax with-al.’ <italic>Havelok</italic>, 753.</p><p>In <citation id="ref1174" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, ed. Small, p. <fpage>25</fpage></citation>, we read amongst the signs of the Second Advent—</p><p>'sThe thride daie mersuine and <italic>qualle</italic> Sal yel and mak sa reuful ber And other grete fises alle That soru sal it be to her.’</p><p>'s<italic>Cetus</italic>, a qwalle.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>hwœl</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1802" symbol="page 296 note 3"><label><sup>page 296 note 3</sup></label><p>'sItem, I gyue to John Stephen in money fyue rikes, all my <italic>quarrell</italic> geare, a blake skyn to maike hym a jerkyn, & my whole interest and good will of my <italic>Quarrell</italic>, ij dosen knyff stones & iiij dosen rebstones.’ Will of John Heworth, <italic>Quarelman</italic>, 1571, pr. in <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc), vol. i. p. 352. In Langley's Polydore Virgil, Bk. iii. c. v. fo. 69<sup>b</sup>, we are told that ‘stone delues or <italic>quarelles</italic> wer founde by Cadmus in Thebes, or, as Theophrastus writeth in Phœnice.’</p><p>'sBery me in Gudeboure at the <italic>Quarelle</italic> hede, Bi alle men set I not a farte.’</p><p>For, may I pas this place in quarte, <italic>Townley Myst.</italic> p. 16.</p><p>In Trevisa's Higden we are told that ‘Þe eorÞe [of England] ys copious of metayl oor and of salte welles; of <italic>quareres</italic> of marble, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1803" symbol="page 296 note 4"><label><sup>page 296 note 4</sup></label><p>'sQuarrier or Quarry-man, or he that worketh in a Quarrie.’ Minsheu.</p><p>'sAboute hym lefte he no masoun, That stoon coude leye, ne <italic>querrour</italic>.’</p><p><italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1804" symbol="page 296 note 5"><label><sup>page 296 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBe the quartere of this зere, and hym <italic>quarte</italic> staunde, He wylle wyghtlye in a qwhyle one his wages hye.’ <citation id="ref1175" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>552</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sQwhylles he es qwykke and in <italic>qwerte</italic> vnquellyde with handis.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1175">ibid.</xref> l. 3810.</p><p>'sLoue us heliÞ, & makiÞ in <italic>qwart</italic>, And loue rauischiÞ crist in-to oure herte.</p><p>And liftiÞ us up in-to heuene-riche, I woot nowhere no loue it is lijke.’</p><p><citation id="ref1176" citation-type="other"><italic>Hymns to the Virgin</italic>, p. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>, l. 29.</p><p>ÞQuyll thou art quene in the <italic>quarte</italic> For thou mun lyf butte a starte Hald these wurdus in thi herte And hethun schalle thou fare.’</p><p><citation id="ref1177" citation-type="other"><italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, st. xx.</p><p>'sзe xal have hele and leve in <italic>qwart</italic> If зe wol take to Þow good chere.’ <italic>Cov. Myst.</italic> p. 225.</p><p>See also Inqwarte, above. ‘Gains al ur care it es ur <italic>quert</italic>.’ Cursor Mundi, 21354.</p></fn><fn id="fn1805" symbol="page 297 note 1"><label><sup>page 297 note 1</sup></label><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xx. 293, we are told that king Robert was buried at Dunfermline ‘in a faire towme in the <italic>queyr</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Cœur</italic>, m. the Queer of a Church: <italic>Choreaux</italic>, m. Queermen, singing-men, quirresters.’ Cotgrave. ‘A Querister, <italic>Chorista</italic>.’ Baret. ‘With curious countryng in the <italic>queir</italic>.’ Sir D. Lyndesay, <citation id="ref1178" citation-type="other"><italic>The Monarche</italic>, ii. <fpage>4677</fpage></citation>. ‘The quere syngeth syde for syde. <italic>Chorus alternis canit</italic>.’ Horman.</p></fn><fn id="fn1806" symbol="page 297 note 2"><label><sup>page 297 note 2</sup></label><p>Harrison in his <citation id="ref1179" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of England</italic>, pt. i. p. <fpage>158</fpage></citation>, in describing the method of brewing then in use says, ‘having therefore groond eight bushels of good malt upon our <italic>querne</italic>, where the toll is saved, she addeth vnto it half a bushel of wheat meale.’ ‘<italic>Mola</italic>, a qwernstone.’ Nominale MS. ‘A handmill or a querne, <italic>mola manuaria</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Moulin à bras</italic>, a quern or handmill.’ Cotgrave. ‘He gryndeth his whete with a hande mylle or a querne. <italic>Trusatili mola triticum terit</italic>.’ Horman. ‘Querne. <italic>Mola, Moletrina, Pistrilla, Trusatilis mola. Trusatile</italic> is for malte or mustarde, bycause it is turned with the hande. Querne for pepper. <italic>Pistellum</italic> Huloet. The word also occurs in Chaucer, <citation id="ref1180" citation-type="other"><italic>Sous of Fame</italic>, iii. <fpage>708</fpage></citation>; and in Wyclif, Exodus xi. 5, Matt. xxiv. 41. In the <citation id="ref1181" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayeribite of Inwyt</italic>, p. <fpage>181</fpage></citation>, we are told of Samson that he ‘uil [fell] into the honden of his yuo [foes], Þet him deden grinde ate <italic>querne</italic> ssamuolliche,’ a passage which Lydgate copies in his Fall of Princes, leaf e, 7—‘And of despite, after, as I fynde, At their <italic>quernes</italic> made hym for to grynde.’ See also Palladius <citation id="ref1182" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, l. 831. ‘Mustarde is made in an hande mylle or a querne. <italic>Sinapium fit molis manuariis trusatilibus</italic>.’ Horman. ‘A <italic>qwern</italic>, iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ is included in the invent, of Marg. Baxster, in 1521. <italic>Bury Wills</italic>, &c. p. 119.</p></fn><fn id="fn1807" symbol="page 297 note 3"><label><sup>page 297 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA quest of twelue men, <italic>duodecim viratus, inquisitio</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A quest, <italic>inquisitio</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Queste</italic>, f. a quest, inquirie.’ Cotgrave. See <citation id="ref1183" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>116</fpage></citation>, ll. 196, 199. ‘And when the Justice was comyn, he ordeyned a false <italic>queste</italic>, and made hym to be hangede on the galowes.’ <citation id="ref1184" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>387</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1808" symbol="page 297 note 4"><label><sup>page 297 note 4</sup></label><p>See P. Whestone, and Whette stone, below.</p><p>'sA good sir, lett hym sone; I gyf hym the pryse.’</p><p>He lyes for the <italic>quetstone, Townley Myst.</italic> p. 192.</p><p>Neckham in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic>, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 118, mentions amongst the articles necessary to a professional scribe, <italic>cotem vel cotim</italic>, which is glossed ‘vestun,’ this last being evidently an attempt to represent the English word.</p><p>'sOn <italic>quhitstanis</italic> thare axis scharpis at hame.’ G. Douglas, <citation id="ref1185" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>230</fpage>s.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1809" symbol="page 297 note 5"><label><sup>page 297 note 5</sup></label><p>These were used as a spice. Thus in W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 174, we read—</p><p>'s<italic>De maces, e</italic> quibibes, <italic>e clous de orré Vyn blanc e vermayl à graunt plenté</italic>.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1186" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>, are mentioned ‘clowes, maces & <italic>cuibibis</italic>:’ see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1186">ibid.</xref> p.51. Maundeville, speaking of the balsam of Egypt, says that ‘the Fruyt, the whiche is as <italic>Quybybes</italic>, thei clepen Abelissam.’ p. 50. <italic>In Kyng Alisaunder</italic>, 6796, are mentioned together ‘Theo gilofre, <italic>quybibe</italic>, and mace, Gynger, comyn, &c.’ ‘<italic>Quiperium</italic>, a quybybe.’ Nominale MS. ‘<italic>Cubebes</italic>, f. Cubebs: an Aromaticall and Indian fruit.’ Cotgrave. In the <citation id="ref1187" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, are mentioned ‘hoole clowes, <italic>quybibes</italic> hoole.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1810" symbol="page 297 note 6"><label><sup>page 297 note 6</sup></label><p>'sQuilt for a bed, <italic>stragulum suffertum</italic>, or which if it be made of diuers peeces or colours, you may say, <italic>cento</italic>.’ Baret. See note to Matres, above. In the directions for bed-furniture in Neckham's Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic>, pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 100, we find—</p><p>lit quilte oriler quilte</p><p>'s<italic>Supra thorum culcitra ponatur plumalis, cui cervical maritetur. Hanc cooperiat culdtra</italic> poynté rayé quissine <italic>punctata, vel vestis stragulata, super quam pulvinar parti capitis supponende desuper ponatur</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1811" symbol="page 298 note 1"><label><sup>page 298 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of R. Marshall, taken in 1581, are mentioned ‘Two oversey bed coveringes, the one lyned with harden 33/4<sup>d</sup>.—Sexe coverlettes 12/-.—viij happens 5/4<sup>d</sup>.— Nyne <italic>queshinges</italic>, and iij thrombe ones 18/-.’ <citation id="ref1188" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc.), vol. ii. p. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>. See also p. 253, where we find in the Invent, of the goods of W. Claxton, taken in 1566, ‘An old kirtle of wosset ij<sup>s</sup>. A petticote of read viij<sup>s</sup>. A varningale & a <italic>quissionet</italic> of fustian in apres ij<sup>s</sup>. Two fraunche hoods xl<sup>s</sup>.’ See the description of the lady's chamber in <italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, where we are told—</p><p>'sSwythe chayres was i-sete And <italic>quyschonus</italic> of vyolete.’ l. 1373.</p><p>Lyte, Dodoens, p. 512, says that the down of Reed Mace is so fine that ‘in some Countries they fill quishions and beddes with it.’ In the Invent, of Jane Lawson, taken in 1557, are mentioned ‘vj new <italic>quesshings</italic> and iij olde <italic>quisshings</italic> xxiij<sup>s</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. 158; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1190">ibid.</xref> p. 272, and Whyschen, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1812" symbol="page 298 note 2"><label><sup>page 298 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA quittance, or discharge of debt made by word of mouth before witnesse; a forgiuing of debt, accompting it as paid, <italic>Acceptilatio</italic>; but <italic>Apocha</italic>, Vlpian saith, is a quittance onelie of monie paid downe.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1813" symbol="page 298 note 3"><label><sup>page 298 note 3</sup></label><p>Harrison tells us that ‘when the bodie of Ajax was found, the <italic>whirl bone</italic> of his knee was adjudged so broad as a pretie dish.’ <citation id="ref1189" citation-type="other"><italic>Deser, of Brit.</italic> c. v. p. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. Here the meaning is a knee-cap. Batman, On Bartholome, Bk. v. ch. xxvii. fo. 50, says, ‘they [the bones of the arm] are covered in joynte and <italic>whirlbones</italic> with gristles, that the sinews of feeling be not grieved by hardnea of bones.’ ‘Whyrlbone of ones kne, <italic>pallelte de genouil</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1814" symbol="page 298 note 4"><label><sup>page 298 note 4</sup></label><p>A round piece of wood which was fixed to the end of the spindle, to make it turn better. Barnabe Googe, in his trans, of Heresbach's <italic>Husbandrie</italic>, p. 11<sup>b</sup>, enumerates amongst agricultural implements, ‘spindles, <italic>wharles</italic>, Fireshovels, Firestones, &c.’ ‘Vertebrum dicitur <italic>vertel</italic>, scilicet illud quod pendet in fuso.’ J. de Garlande, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 134. ‘<italic>Vertibulum</italic>, hwyrf-ban.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 19. ‘A wherle, or wherne that women put on their spindles, <italic>spondylus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Wharle for a spyndell, <italic>peson</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Bp. Kennett describes it as ‘the piece of wood put upon the iron spindle to receive the thread.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Peson</italic>, m. a wherne or wherle to put on a spindle.’ Mr. Peacock in his Gloss, of Manley & Corringham has ‘<italic>Wharles</italic>, s. pl. the little flanged cylinders from which the several strands of a rope are spun.’ ‘<italic>Verticulum</italic>, a wherne to sette on a spindell. <italic>Verticillum</italic>, a little wherne.’ Cooper. See a Rokke and Wharle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1815" symbol="page 298 note 5"><label><sup>page 298 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, when the Clerks find their horse gone, they prepare to chase it, and one says—‘I es ful wight, God wat, as is a <italic>ra.</italic>’ C. Tales, 4086.</p></fn><fn id="fn1816" symbol="page 299 note 1"><label><sup>page 299 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Liber Albus, p. 631, we find a regulation ‘that clothg of <italic>ray</italic> shall be 28 ells in length, measured by the list, and 5 quarters in width.’ See the Statute 11 Henry IV, c. 6. The word occurs in P. Plowman, C. vii. 217, on which see Prof. Skeat's note. In the Will of Dame Elizabeth Browne, Paston Letters, iii. 465, we find mentioned ‘iiij curtens, ij of <italic>rayed</italic> sarsenet, and two of grene.’ ‘A <italic>rai</italic> cloth she made to hir; bijs and purpre the clothing of hir [<italic>stragulatam vestem</italic> Vulg.].’ Wyclif, Prov. xxxi. 22.</p><p>'sIn Westmynster hall I found out one, I crowched and kneled before hym anon, Which went in a long gown of <italic>raye</italic>; For Maryes love, of help I hym praye.’</p><p>Lydgate's <citation id="ref1190" citation-type="other"><italic>London Lickpeny</italic>, l. <fpage>37</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHe clothed him in a robe of <italic>ray</italic>, that was of his squyers livere.’ Caxton, <citation id="ref1191" citation-type="other"><italic>Chron. of Eng.</italic> c. <fpage>197</fpage></citation>. In the Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic> by Alexander Neckham, pr, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 100, directions are given that on beds are to be placed— quilte poynté rayé</p><p>'s<italic>culcitra punctata vel vestis stragulata</italic>.’ ‘Raie garment or gowne. <italic>Virgata Vestis, Virgulata</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Raie</italic> seemeth to be a word attributed to cloth, neuer coloured or died. <italic>Vide</italic> An. 11 Henry IV, c. 6.’ Minsheu.</p></fn><fn id="fn1817" symbol="page 299 note 2"><label><sup>page 299 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Raia</italic>; a fish called Raye ur Skeste.’ Cooper. ‘Raie or Skatefish. <italic>Batis, raia</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘And for more dyspyte they cast on hym the guttes of <italic>reyghes</italic> and other fyeshe.’ Caxton, Chron. of Eng. ed. 1520, pt. 5, p. 54. See Scate, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1818" symbol="page 299 note 3"><label><sup>page 299 note 3</sup></label><p>The Corn Crake or Landrail. ‘A rayle, bird, <italic>rusticula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1819" symbol="page 299 note 4"><label><sup>page 299 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA rayle, perche, <italic>cantherium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Perke, before. ‘Raile or perche. <italic>Cantherium</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Item, for a pese tymbre for the <italic>rayles</italic> on the gardyn wallis .… iiij. s. v. d.’ Howard Household Books (Roxb. Club), p. 401.</p></fn><fn id="fn1820" symbol="page 299 note 5"><label><sup>page 299 note 5</sup></label><p>'sReachlesse, or negligent.’ Baret. ‘Recklesse, <italic>negligens</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>rêceleas</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn1821" symbol="page 299 note 6"><label><sup>page 299 note 6</sup></label><p>Rubbish, such as bricklayers' rubbish, or stony fragments, rubble. The Prior of St. Mary, Coventry, in 1480, complains of ‘the pepull of the said cite carryinge their donge, <italic>ramel</italic>, and swepinge of their houses’ to some place objectionable to him. ‘<italic>Quisquiliœ</italic>, those thynges whiche in makyng cleane a garden or orchard are carried foorth, as stickes, weedes, &c.’ Cooper. The word is still in use in the North. ‘To lay a wal artificially and to bind the stones wel, they ought in alternative course to ride and reach one over another halfe: as for the middle of the wall within, it would be well stuffed and filled with any rubbish, <italic>rammel</italic>, and broken stones.’ Holland's <italic>Pliny</italic>, Bk. xxxvii. c. 22. ‘To keepe downe Inundations and Deluges, he enlarged and cleansed the channel of the river Tiberis, which in times past was full of <italic>rammell</italic> and the ruines of houses, and so by that meanes narrow and choaked [completum olim ruderibus].’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1191">ibid.</xref> <italic>Suetonius</italic>, p. 51. See Halliwell, s. v. Rammel-wood, and Wedgwood. It is also very frequently used for brush-wood, dead wood, &c. Thus the translator of Palladius <citation id="ref1192" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>71</fpage></citation>, l. 292, speaking of vines, says: ‘The <italic>ramal</italic> [misprinted <italic>rainal</italic>] from the fressher bough to leson Ys goode,’ the latin reading being ‘<italic>rami inutiles</italic>.’ Bellendene in his <italic>Trans. of Livy</italic>, p. 26, has: ‘And in the mene time, the cieteyanis ischit, all atanis, out of thair portis, and followit with grete furie on the Romanis, quhil thay war drevin to the samin place quhare the busehement wes laid in wate, hid amang the <italic>rammell</italic>, as said is:’ and so also Stewart in his <citation id="ref1193" citation-type="other"><italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic>, ii. <fpage>571</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sSyne in ane forrest that wes neir besyde, Amang the <italic>rammell</italic> quhair scho did hir hyde.’</p><p>'sFull litill it wald delite To write of scrogges, brome, hadder, or <italic>rammell</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1194" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ix. Prol. l. <fpage>44</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1194">ibid.</xref> pp. 330, l. 47 and 362, l. 9, and <citation id="ref1195" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotlande</italic>, p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. From the French, ‘<italic>Ramilles</italic>. Small stickes or twigs: little boughes or branches.’ Cotgrave. Lat. <italic>Ramale</italic>, which Cooper explains as ‘a seared or dead bough cut from a tree.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1822" symbol="page 300 note 1"><label><sup>page 300 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA roper, a ropemaker, <italic>cordier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘A roper, <italic>restio</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Restio</italic>, a roper, also he that hangeth hymselfe.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1823" symbol="page 300 note 2"><label><sup>page 300 note 2</sup></label><p>Currants. In the <citation id="ref1196" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>, is given a receipt for making ‘Roo broth,’ in which is mentioned ‘a grete porcion of vinegar with <italic>Raysons of Corante</italic>.’ So also in Receipt No. 64, p. 36, we have ‘<italic>raisons coraunce</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Hec racemus, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> rasyn. <italic>Hec uvapassa</italic>, idem.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 192. See also <citation id="ref1197" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tusser</surname></name>, ch. xxxiv. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>. ‘Raysyn. <italic>Vuapassa</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1824" symbol="page 300 note 3"><label><sup>page 300 note 3</sup></label><p>See Sohavynge clathe and Sohavynge house, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn1825" symbol="page 300 note 4"><label><sup>page 300 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA barber's raser, <italic>nouacula</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Rasorium</italic>, scœr-sex.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 34.</p></fn><fn id="fn1826" symbol="page 300 note 5"><label><sup>page 300 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA <italic>raton</italic> of renon, most renable of tonge Seide for a souereygne help to hymselue.’</p><p><citation id="ref1198" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, Prol. <fpage>158</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Ratons</italic> and myse and soche small dere That was hys mete that vij зere.’</p><p>MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, leaf 106.</p><p>'s<italic>Hic rato, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic>raton.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 187. See Trevisa's Higden, v. 119. In the Will of John Notyngham, of Bury, executed in 1427, is mentioned a street called ‘the <italic>Ratunrowe</italic>.’ Sir J. Maundeville says of the Tartars: ‘alle maner of wylde beestes they eten, houndes, cattes, <italic>ratouns</italic>, &c.’ Fr. <italic>raton</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1827" symbol="page 300 note 6"><label><sup>page 300 note 6</sup></label><p>Cooper renders <italic>traulus</italic> by ‘one that can scant utter his wordes.’ ‘Ratler in the throte who aptly doth not pronounce. <italic>Traulus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1828" symbol="page 300 note 7"><label><sup>page 300 note 7</sup></label><p>'sRauine, <italic>Heluatio</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Ravenye, rape, or inordinate gettynge, <italic>rapina</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Rauenie, <italic>rapina</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Many hydus bestes of <italic>ravyn</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1199" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>9448</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>reaf, reafung</italic>, spoil, robbery.</p></fn><fn id="fn1829" symbol="page 301 note 1"><label><sup>page 301 note 1</sup></label><p>See also Rowe.</p></fn><fn id="fn1830" symbol="page 301 note 2"><label><sup>page 301 note 2</sup></label><p>The roe. See A Rowne of Fysche, below.</p><p>'sFrom fountains small greit Nilus flude doith flow, Even so of <italic>rawnis</italic> do michty fisches breid.’</p><p>Icel. <italic>hrogn</italic>. K. James VI. Chron. S. P. iii. 489.</p></fn><fn id="fn1831" symbol="page 301 note 3"><label><sup>page 301 note 3</sup></label><p>To stretch oneself, as one just awaking. ‘<italic>April dormer il ço espreche</italic> (raskyt hym).’</p><p>W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 152. ‘Raskle, <italic>pandiculari</italic>. Ruskle, <italic>pandiculari</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Laзamon, 25991, we have—</p><p>'sAnd seoððen he gon ramien, and <italic>raxlede</italic> swiðe, & adun lai bi fan fure, & his leomen strahte.’</p><p>So also in P. Plowman, c. viii. 7, Accidia ‘<italic>rascled</italic> and remed, and routte at Þe laste.’ Compare also <citation id="ref1200" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Brunne</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, <fpage>4282</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sRys up, he seyÞ. now ys tyme. Þan begynneÞ he to klawe and to <italic>raske</italic>.’</p><p>The author of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic> says of Nimrod that</p><p>'sþar was na folk he wond bi Ouer al he <italic>raxhild</italic> him wit rage.’</p><p>Moght Þam were wit his maistri, l. 2209;</p><p>where the Fairfax MS. reads <italic>raxled</italic>, the Gottingen <italic>rahut</italic>, and the Trinity <italic>went</italic>.</p><p>'sHe <italic>raxis</italic> him, and heuis vp on hie His bludy swerd, and smait in al hia mane.’</p><p><citation id="ref1201" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. xii. p. <fpage>438</fpage></citation>, l. 22.</p><p>'sThryis scho hir self <italic>raxit</italic> vp to ryse, Thryis on hir elbok lenys.’</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1201">Ibid.</xref> Bk. iv. p. 124, l. 25.</p><p>See Prof. Skeat's note on <citation id="ref1202" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. viii. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Halo</italic> to onde, or brethe, or raxulle.’ Medulla.</p><p>'sI <italic>raxled</italic> and fel in gret affray.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 1173.</p></fn><fn id="fn1832" symbol="page 301 note 4"><label><sup>page 301 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Burrhus</italic>, he that after eatyng hath a redde face like a puddynge.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1833" symbol="page 302 note 1"><label><sup>page 302 note 1</sup></label><p>A crook or hook used for suspending a pot over the fire. Still in use in the North. See Reckon in Mr. Robinson's Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire, E. Dial. Soo. D'Arnis gives ‘<italic>Cremale</italic>, cremaster focarius, <italic>erémailère</italic>,’ and Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Crémaillere</italic>, f. a hook to hang any thing on; especially a pot-hook or pot-hanger.’ The word is of very common occurrence in Wills and Inventories of residents in the northern counties during the 15th and 16th centuries. Thus in 1485 we find in the inventory of the goods of John Carter of York, ‘j pare of coberdis, ij potte-hyngyls, j <italic>racand</italic>, j pare of tongys, pret, x<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1203" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Eborac</italic>. iii. <fpage>300</fpage></citation>; and amongst the goods of R. Prat in 1562 are mentioned ‘<italic>j reckand</italic>, j paire of pot clyppes, viij<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1204" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. <fpage>207</fpage></citation>; and again, p. 208, ‘j cryssett, ij <italic>rackyncrokes</italic>, j pair of tonges, &c.’ The spelling of the word varied considerably: thus we have ‘<italic>rakinge</italic> crok,’ <citation id="ref1205" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>158</fpage></citation>; ‘<italic>raken</italic> crok,’ ibid. 101; ‘<italic>rackin</italic> crook,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1205">ibid.</xref> p. 258; ‘<italic>rakinge</italic> crooke,’ <citation id="ref1206" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>; ‘<italic>rakoncruke</italic>,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1206">ibid.</xref> 152; ‘<italic>racon</italic> crockes,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1206">ibid.</xref> 163, and ‘<italic>rakennes</italic>,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1206">ibid.</xref> p. 203. In the Invent, of Galfryde Calvert, taken in 1575, are included ‘j <italic>reckand</italic> vj<sup>d</sup>., j. paire tongs, ij<sup>d</sup>., j paire potte crooks, ij<sup>d</sup>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1206">ibid.</xref> p. 255; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1206">ibid.</xref> pp. 41, 70, and 134. The word is evidently from A. S. <italic>rêcan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1834" symbol="page 302 note 2"><label><sup>page 302 note 2</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1207" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>9429</fpage></citation>, says that the throats of the wicked shall be filled</p><p>'sOf alle thyng Þat es bitter and strang, Of lowe and <italic>reke</italic> with stormes melled.’</p><p>In the Metrical version of the Psalms, ci. 4, we read—</p><p>'sFor waned als <italic>reke</italic> mi daies swa And mi banes als krawkan dried Þa.’</p><p>In <citation id="ref1208" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>, we have an account of the temptation of St. Martin, and are told how the devil, when resisted by the Saint,</p><p>'swent away als <italic>reke</italic>, And fled hym for hys answar meke.’</p><p>'sOf Þaire malice may na mon speke, til heyuen Þar-of rises Þe <italic>reke</italic>’ <citation id="ref1209" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <year>1644</year>.</citation></p><p>'sThan euery man the <italic>rekand</italic> schidis in fere Rent fra the fyris, and on the schippis slang.’</p><p><citation id="ref1210" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gr.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>276</fpage></citation>, l. 29.</p><p>'sQuhill mist with <italic>reik</italic> the fell sparkis of fyre Hie in the are vpglidis brinand schyre.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>rék</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1210">Ibid.</xref> l. 34.</p></fn><fn id="fn1835" symbol="page 302 note 3"><label><sup>page 302 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1211" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>216</fpage></citation>, we are told that a sinner pleases the devil with the stinking odour of his sins ‘betere Þen he schulde mid eni swote <italic>rechles</italic>;’ and again, p. 376, ‘Aromaз is imaked of mirre & of <italic>rechles</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref1212" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>97</fpage></citation>, we read of the Magi that</p><p>'sThe tother gift that thai gaf Crist, Als now shewes hali kirke indede, Was <italic>rekiles</italic>, for wel thai wiste, For <italic>rekeles</italic> rekes upward euin, That <italic>rekelis</italic> bisend his goddhede; And menskig him that wonis in heuin:’</p><p>and in the <citation id="ref1213" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>125</fpage></citation>, the second of the Magi says—</p><p>'sGo we fast, syrs, I you pray, I bring <italic>rekyls</italic>, the sothe to say, To worshyp hym if that we may, Here in myn hende.’</p><p>'sMi bede be righted als <italic>rekles</italic> in Þi sight, Heving of mi hend offrand of night.’</p><p>Metrical Version of the Psalms, cxl. 2.</p><p>In <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 3782, we have <italic>reclefat</italic> = an incense dish, a censer.</p></fn><fn id="fn1836" symbol="page 303 note 1"><label><sup>page 303 note 1</sup></label><p>'sIf owght beleve, speeyaly I pray зow, That the pore men the <italic>relevys</italic> ther of have now.’ <citation id="ref1214" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>89</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See Wyclif, Exodus viii. 3: ‘froggis that shulen steyn vp .… in to the <italic>relyues</italic> of thimetis;’ and xxix. 34: ‘if there leeue of the sacrid flesh, or of the looues vnto the morwetide, thow shalt brenne the <italic>relif</italic> [<italic>relifs</italic> P. <italic>reliquias</italic>] with fier.’ See also 3 Kings xiv. 10, Matthew xiv. 20, &c. The Promptorium has <citation id="ref1215" citation-type="other">‘Cracoke, relefe of molte talowe or grese,’ p. <fpage>101</fpage></citation>. The <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 13512, has—</p><p>'s Þe <italic>releif</italic> gadir Þai in hepes. And fild Þar-wit tuelue mikel lepes.’</p><p>'sReliefe of broken meate. <italic>Fragmen, Fragmentum</italic>.’ Huloet.</p><p>'sThe <italic>releef</italic> of Cristes feeste зe renden and ratyn.’</p><p>Reply of Friar Daw, in Wright's <citation id="ref1216" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit, Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>110</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1837" symbol="page 303 note 2"><label><sup>page 303 note 2</sup></label><p>Thick cream. See the <citation id="ref1217" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, where are mentioned, ‘curdis and quhaye, sourkittis, fresche buttir ande salt buttir, <italic>reyme</italic>, flot quhaye, grene cheis, kyra mylk, &c.’ ‘<italic>Hoc coactum, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic>reme.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 200.</p></fn><fn id="fn1838" symbol="page 303 note 3"><label><sup>page 303 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAnd also I will that this place dwell still to my wyfe and to my childer, the terme that my dede spekes, if thay will thayme selfe. And I will that they <italic>reparell</italic> it, and kepe it in the plyte that it es in now, als wele als thay may.’ <citation id="ref1218" citation-type="other"><italic>Testam<sup>ta</sup> Eboracensia</italic> (Surt. Soc.), i. <fpage>186</fpage></citation>, Will of John of Croston, 1393. ‘Item, to John ffelton his hous fre term of his lyfe, he to <italic>reparell</italic> hit and corrodye in seint katerynes term of his lyfe:’ <citation id="ref1219" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invents</italic>. i. <fpage>80</fpage></citation>, Will of Roger Thornton. ‘Therfor the preestis <italic>repareliden</italic> not the hilyngis of the temple, til to the thre and twentithe Þeer of kyng Joas.’ Wyclif (Purvey), 4 Kings xii. 6. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, iv. 237, says that ‘Herodes lefte after hym many of his wyse workes, for he hi͇te Þe temple and <italic>reparaylede</italic> Samaria, and cleped hit Sebasten in worschip of Cesar.’ See also <citation id="ref1220" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>112</fpage></citation>. l. 51.</p></fn><fn id="fn1839" symbol="page 303 note 4"><label><sup>page 303 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo reproue witnesses, <italic>testes refutare</italic>. To reproue; to reprehend; to blame; to impute; to accuse; to shewe; to vtter, or declare; also to prohibdte, <italic>arguo</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1840" symbol="page 304 note 1"><label><sup>page 304 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Prologue to the <citation id="ref1221" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, l. 363, we are told how the Pardoner</p><p>'splukkid out of his purs, I trow, Þe dowery, And toke it Kit, in hir honcl, & bad hir pryuely To orden a <italic>rere soper</italic> for hem bothe to, A cawdell made with swete wyne, & with sugir also.’</p><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Collation</italic>. A collation, rere-supper, or repast after supper.’ Lydgate in his <citation id="ref1222" citation-type="other"><italic>Minor Poems</italic> (Percy Soc), p. <fpage>68</fpage></citation>, gives the following warning—</p><p>'sSuffre no surfetis in thy house at nyght, Ware of <italic>reresoupers</italic>, and of grete excesse, Of noddyng hedys and of candel light, And slowth at morow and slomberyng idelnes.’</p><p>Siee also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1222">ibid.</xref> p. 90. A similar caution is given in the Babees Book, p. 56—</p><p>'sVse no surfetis neiÞir day ne nyght, NeiÞer ony <italic>rere soupers</italic>, which is but excesse.’</p><p>Robert of Brunne, in his <citation id="ref1223" citation-type="other"><italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, p. <fpage>227</fpage></citation>, also complains of the practice—</p><p>'sAs y have tolde of <italic>rere sopers</italic>, Þe same falleÞ of erly dyners.’</p><p>'sA rear-supper, <italic>epidipnis</italic>.’ Coles. ‘<italic>Obceno</italic>, to rere-auppyn.’ Medulla. In Bishop Fisher's Sermon at the Month's Mind of the Lady Margaret, he commends her for <citation id="ref1224" citation-type="other">‘eschewynge bankettes, <italic>reresoupers</italic>, ioncryes betwyxe meales.’ Works, p. <fpage>294</fpage></citation>. Horman says ‘rere suppers slee many men. <italic>Comesatio plurimos occidit</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1841" symbol="page 304 note 2"><label><sup>page 304 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. vn Rasonabylle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1842" symbol="page 304 note 3"><label><sup>page 304 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1225" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>111</fpage></citation>, are given two receipts for the prevention of <italic>Restyng</italic> in Venison. Tusser in his <citation id="ref1226" citation-type="other"><italic>Five Hundred Points, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sThrough follie too beastlie Much bacon is <italic>reastie</italic>.’</p><p>The expression ‘rusty bacon’ is still common. ‘Restie, attainted, sappie or vnsauorie flesh, <italic>subrancida caro</italic> .’ Baret.</p><p>'sThy fleshe is <italic>restie</italic> or leane, tough & olde, Or it come to borde unsavery & colde.’</p><p><citation id="ref1227" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Barclay</surname></name>, <italic>Cytezen & Uplondyshman</italic> (Percy Soc.), p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>. Gervase Markham in <citation id="ref1228" citation-type="other"><italic>The Countrey Farme</italic>, <year>1616</year>, p. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>, says—‘the scalding of Hogges keepeth the flesh whitest, plumpest, and fullest, neither is the Bacon so apt to <italic>reast</italic> as the other; besides, it will make it somewhat apter to take salt.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1843" symbol="page 305 note 1"><label><sup>page 305 note 1</sup></label><p>Surely the strangest definition of a restorative ever given.</p></fn><fn id="fn1844" symbol="page 305 note 2"><label><sup>page 305 note 2</sup></label><p>'sCom nowe furthe therfore the suasion of swetnesse <italic>Rethoryen</italic>, whiche that goth oonly the ryght way, whil she forsaketh not myne estatutз’ <citation id="ref1229" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Boethius</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>30</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1845" symbol="page 305 note 3"><label><sup>page 305 note 3</sup></label><p>Properly a rough kind of shoe formerly worn by the Scotch, to whom for that reason the term was sometimes applied contemptuously. Thus Minot in Wright's <citation id="ref1230" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>62</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sRugh-fute <italic>riveling</italic>, now kindels thi care,</p><p>Bere-bag, with thi boste, thi biging es bare.’</p><p>So also R. de Brunne, in his trans, of Langtoft, p. 282—</p><p>'sþou scabbed Scotte, þi nek þi hotte, þe deuelle it breke,</p><p>It salle be hard to here Edward ageyn þe speke.</p><p>He salle þe ken, our lond to bren, & werre bigynne,</p><p>pou getes no þing, bot þi <italic>riueling</italic>, to hang þer inne.
</p><p>See also Wright's <citation id="ref1231" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Songs</italic>, p. <fpage>307</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sSum es left na thing, Boute his rivyn <italic>riveling</italic>, To hippe thar-inne.’</p><p>Cooper translates ‘<italic>Pero’ by ‘a shooe of raw leather; a startuppe; a sacke;’ and Baret has ‘A high Bhooe of rawe leather called a startop, Pero</italic>.’ ‘Riuelynge or churles clowtynge of a shoe wyth a broade clowte of lether. <italic>Pero</italic>.’ Huloet. In Scotland the word assumed the forms <italic>Rewelyn, Rowlyng, Rilling, Rullion</italic> or <italic>Rullyon</italic>. Jamieson explains it as shoes made of undressed hides, with the hair on them, and quotes from Wyntoun, VIII. xxix. 273— ‘hys knychtis weryd <italic>rewelynys</italic> Of hydis, or of Hart Hemmynys;’ and from Wallace, i. 219—</p><p>'sAne Ersohe mantill it war thi kynd to were, A Scotts thewtill wndir thi belt to ber, Rouch <italic>rowlyngis</italic> apon thi harlot fete.’</p><p>G. Douglas translates Virgil's <italic>crudus pero</italic> in <citation id="ref1232" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, vii. <fpage>690</fpage></citation>, by ‘ane rouch <italic>rilling</italic> of raw hyde and of hare.’ Bosworth in his A. -S. Dictionary gives ‘<italic>Rifling</italic>. A kind of shoe,’ from Aelfric's Glossary in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 26, where we find ‘<italic>obstrigilli</italic>, rifelingas.’ ‘<italic>Pero</italic>. A ryuelyng.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Pero, quoddam calciamentum rusticorum amplum, altum; Anglice</italic>, a ryuelynge or a chorles clowtynge.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn1846" symbol="page 305 note 4"><label><sup>page 305 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe gode man vor drede to churche wende anon, & <italic>reuestede</italic> him by the auter.’ R. of Gloucester, p. 537. In <citation id="ref1233" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sThis bisschope, of whaim I spake, <italic>Reueste</italic> him to synge his messe;’</p><p>and again, p. 161—</p><p>'sEfter thaim <italic>reuested</italic> rathe, Com suddekyn and deken bathe; And Crist him seluen com thar nest, <italic>Reuested</italic> als a messe prest.’</p><p>At the wedding of Sir Degrevant we are told that</p><p><citation id="ref1234" citation-type="other">‘Solempnely a cardinal <italic>Revestyd</italic> with a pontifical, Sang the masse ryal And wedded that hende.’ l. <year>1829</year>.</citation></p><p>'sWith taperes on eehe side monekes hit were eohon,</p><p><italic>Reuested</italic> in faire oopes aзen hem hi come anon.’ <citation id="ref1235" citation-type="other"><italic>St. Brandan</italic>, l. <fpage>269</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1236" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>47</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1237" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>6</fpage></citation>, l 34—</p><p>'sWhen þo auter is al dight, & þo preste is <italic>reuysht</italic> right,’</p><p>where other MSS. read <italic>re-wesshut, reuest</italic>, and ‘When þo prest <italic>revestis</italic> hym mass to be-gyn.’ So in <citation id="ref1238" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Pulerne</italic>, <fpage>5047</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sþe patriarkes & oþer prelates prestli were <italic>reuested</italic>,</p><p>To make þe mariage menskfulli as it ouзt.’</p><p>Chaucer uses <italic>revest</italic> in the simple meaning of re-clothe in <italic>Troylus & Cressida</italic>, iii. st. 51. ‘At the same instant, by the same tempest, one of the south dores of S. Dionise church in Fenchurch street, with the dore of the <italic>reuestrie</italic> of the same church, were both striken through and broken.’ Holinshed. <citation id="ref1239" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicles</italic>, v. <fpage>1185</fpage></citation>. In <citation id="ref1240" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vi. p. <fpage>165</fpage></citation>, l. 6, <italic>revestry</italic> is used simply in the sense of a closet, private room—</p><p>'sTo the also within our realme sail be Mony secrete closet and <italic>reuestre</italic>:’</p><p>the latin being <italic>te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1847" symbol="page 306 note 1"><label><sup>page 306 note 1</sup></label><p>'sReume, or catarre, distilling of humours from the head, <italic>catarrhus, rheuma</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Rheuma</italic>, a rheume.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Rheume</italic>, the rhewme.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1848" symbol="page 306 note 2"><label><sup>page 306 note 2</sup></label><p>According to Baret ‘<italic>Siligo</italic> is not Rye, but fine wheate.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1849" symbol="page 306 note 3"><label><sup>page 306 note 3</sup></label><p>It is difficult to identify this plant. Halliwell says that in Essex <italic>Rib</italic> means the common water-cress, but in a 15th cent, gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 226, ‘rybbe’ is glossed by <italic>costus</italic>, which Cooper identities with that ‘commonly called <italic>Cocus</italic> and <italic>Herba Mariœ</italic>’, that is, costmary. On the other hand, the gloss, in MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76 gives ‘<italic>Cinoglosa</italic>, ribbe,’ and so the A.-S. Gloss, printed by <citation id="ref1241" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>. In the 13th cent, trilingual gloss, of plants, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1241">ibid.</xref> p. 140, we have ‘<italic>Lanceolata</italic>, launceleie, ribbe,’ and so in P. ‘Rybbeworte. <italic>Lanciola</italic>.’ It may be worth noting, as the word does not occur in Halliwell, although it is certainly not the plant here referred to, that Lyte, Dodoens, p. 683, gives the name <italic>Ribes</italic> to the Gooseberry: ‘The first kind is called <italic>Grossulœ rubrœ, Ribes rubrum</italic>: in Englishe, Redde Gooseberies, Beyon sea Gooseberies, Bastard Corinthes, & common <italic>Ribes</italic> …‥ The second kind is called <italic>Ribes nigrum</italic>: in English, Blacke Gooseberies, or blacke <italic>Ribes</italic>.’ He adds that ‘the rob [dried juice] made with the iuyce of common <italic>Ribes</italic> and Sugar is very good …‥ it stoppeth vomitinges, and the vpbreakinges of the stomacke, &c.’ Langham, in <citation id="ref1242" citation-type="other"><italic>The Garden of Health</italic>, p. <fpage>289</fpage></citation>, says: ‘Red Gooseberies, or <italic>ribes</italic> do refresh and coole the hote stomacke, and liuer, and are good against all Inflammations, and heate of the bloud, and hote agues.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1850" symbol="page 306 note 4"><label><sup>page 306 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hoc pellicula, An<sup>ce.</sup></italic> a ryb-schyn.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 269.</p><p>5 See to Bray, above.</p><p>'sThe Lint ryped, the Churle pulled the Lyne, <italic>Ripled</italic> the bolles, and in beikes it set; It steeped in the burne, and dryed syne, And with ane beittel knocked it and bet, Syne swy ngled it well, and heckled in the flet.’ <citation id="ref1243" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Henryson</surname></name>, Moral Fables, p. <fpage>60</fpage>.</citation></p><p>G. Markham in his <citation id="ref1244" citation-type="other"><italic>English Houswife</italic>, p. <fpage>132</fpage></citation>, says ‘whereas your Hemp may within a night or two after the pulling, be carried to the water, your flax may not, but must be reared up, and dryed and withered a week or more to ripen the seed, which done, you must take <italic>ripple combs</italic>, and <italic>ripple</italic> your flax over, which is the beating or breaking off from the stalks the round bolls or bobs which contain the seed, which you must preserve in some dry vessel or place till the spring of the year, and then beat it, or thresh it for your use, and when your flax or line is <italic>ripled</italic>, then you must send it to the water as aforesaid.’ German <italic>riefeln</italic>, to draw through a comb (<italic>raufe</italic>), to strip off the heads of seeds. ‘<italic>Hoc rupeste</italic>, a repyllestok.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 369. In the Invent, of W. Coltman of York, brewer, taken in 1481, amongst the contents of the ‘Spynnyng House’ are included ‘ij hekils et uno <italic>repplyng</italic> kame iijd.;’ and in the Invent, of R. Best, 1581–2, is included ‘one peare of <italic>reple comes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1245" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>171</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1851" symbol="page 307 note 1"><label><sup>page 307 note 1</sup></label><p>The author of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic> tells us that in the stable where Christ was born</p><p><citation id="ref1246" citation-type="other">‘Was there ne pride of couerlite, Curteyn, <italic>ridelles</italic> ny tapite.’ p. <fpage>645</fpage></citation>, l. 11240.</p><p>'sFlorippe drow a <italic>ridel</italic> þan þat stod be-fore þe frount:</p><p>Þan sawe Vay þar Sir Ternagan, & eke hure god Mahount.’ <citation id="ref1247" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Fernmbras</italic>, l. <fpage>2537</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Rideau</italic>. A curtain, or cloth skreen.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Cortina</italic>, a redel.’ Medulla. In <citation id="ref1248" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawaine</italic>, <fpage>857</fpage></citation>, the knight's chamber is described as having in it ‘<italic>rudeleз</italic> rennandeon ropeз.’ See also <citation id="ref1249" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>3</fpage></citation>, ‘j celour cum iij <italic>redels</italic>.’ Will of Agnes de Bury, 1418.</p></fn><fn id="fn1852" symbol="page 307 note 2"><label><sup>page 307 note 2</sup></label><p>'sIn the Gardener. A borde wth ij trestes and ij temeses ij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>. ix seves & <italic>ryddels</italic> & j greet bolle iij<sup>s</sup>. vi. & saks and ij walletts xiij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent. of Jane Lawson, pr. in <citation id="ref1250" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc.) vol. ii. p. <fpage>159</fpage></citation>. ‘He puttide derknessis hidyng place in his cumpas, & <italic>riddlide</italic> watris fro the cloudis of hevenes.’ Wyclif (Purvey), 2 Kings xxii. 12. In the Invent, of R. Bishop, taken about 1500, occur ‘Syffys and <italic>redlys</italic>, xxviij<sup>te</sup> dosan, xxijs’ <citation id="ref1251" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. <fpage>191</fpage></citation>. See the Invent, of the goods of R. Best, taken in 1581–2, in which are mentioned ‘iij <italic>ruddles</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1252" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>172</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1853" symbol="page 307 note 3"><label><sup>page 307 note 3</sup></label><p>'sHy that aredeth thyse <italic>Redeles</italic>, Wercheth by thilke gynne.’ <citation id="ref1253" citation-type="other"><italic>W. de Shorcham</italic>, p. <fpage>24</fpage></citation>. ‘Thow hatidist me and not lovest, and therfor the <italic>redels</italic>, that thow hast purposid to the sonesof my puple, thow wolt not to me expowne.’ Wyclif, Judges xiv. 16. <citation id="ref1254" citation-type="other">‘Hard <italic>arydels</italic> is also i-cleped a problem.’ Trevisa's Higden, iii. <fpage>365</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1854" symbol="page 307 note 4"><label><sup>page 307 note 4</sup></label><p>'sRifte or chincke. <italic>Rima</italic>; <italic>rimula, dimin</italic>. a little or narrow rifte; <italic>rimosus</italic>, full of riftes.’ Huloet.</p><p>'sThe schynand brokin thunderis lichtnyng fle Wyth subtel fyry stremes throw ane <italic>rift</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1255" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. viii. p. <fpage>255</fpage>.</citation></p><p><citation id="ref1256" citation-type="other">‘Þe erth þai sal do for to <italic>rift</italic>.’ Antichrist, l. <fpage>646</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sI ryft, as bordes that gape a sonder. <italic>Je me desbrise</italic>. This bordes wyll ryfte, if they be nat taken hede of.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sHe rawmpede so ruydly that all the erthe <italic>ryfeз</italic>’. <citation id="ref1257" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>796</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1855" symbol="page 308 note 1"><label><sup>page 308 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA rift, belch, <italic>ructus</italic>. To rift, <italic>ructare</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. Palsgrave has, ‘I bocke, I belche, <italic>je roucte</italic>.’ Jamieson gives ‘Rifting, the act of belching. <italic>Ructus</italic>, rifting. Wedderburn's Vocabulary.’ ‘Radishes breed wind wonderfull much .… mary if a man take them with unripe olives condite, he shall neither belch or <italic>rift</italic> wind so much, ne yet so soure will his breath be afterwards.’ Holland, trans, of Pliny, Bk. xix. c. 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn1856" symbol="page 308 note 2"><label><sup>page 308 note 2</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>hrycg</italic>, the back. ‘The ridge bone, <italic>spina</italic>.’ Baret. ‘The rig of a beaste, <italic>dorsum, spina</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, the dragon while fighting with the bear <citation id="ref1258" citation-type="other">‘towcheз hym wyth his talonneз and tereз hys <italic>rigge</italic>.’ l. <fpage>800</fpage></citation>. In the Prologue to the <citation id="ref1259" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, l. <fpage>594</fpage></citation>, the ostler threatens the Pardoner ‘With strokis hard & sore, even vppon the <italic>rigg</italic>.’ ‘Wallace, with that, apon the bak him gaif,</p><p>Till his <italic>ryg-bane</italic> he all in sundyr draif.’ <citation id="ref1260" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wallace</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>44</fpage></citation>, in Jamieson.</p><p>'sSyne with ane casting dart Peirsing his rybbis throw, at the ilk part Quhare bene the cupling of the <italic>rig-bone</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1261" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>329</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe grewhond hys lorde syghe. And sete bothe hys fete on hyghe Oppon hys brest to make solas; And the more harme was. The knyght drow out hys swerd anoon, And smot out the <italic>rygge boon</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1262" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, <fpage>859</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See Trevisa's Higden, ii. 383, where saws are said to have been invented by Perdix, a nephew of Dædalus, who ‘bypouзt hym for to haue som spedful manere cleuynge of tymber, and took a plate of iren, and fyled it, and made it i-toped as a <italic>rugge boon</italic> of a fische, and þanne it was a sawe.’ See also <citation id="ref1263" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems, &c.</italic>, p. <fpage>74</fpage></citation>, ll. 109–10.</p></fn><fn id="fn1857" symbol="page 308 note 3"><label><sup>page 308 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. nett, corrected by A. ‘<italic>Cortex</italic>, rinde.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 79.</p><p>'sWho so takithe from the tre the <italic>rind</italic> and the levis,</p><p>It wer better that he in his bed lay long.’ <citation id="ref1264" citation-type="other"><italic>Song of Roland</italic>, <fpage>152</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAlas! seið ure Louerd, þeos þet scheaweð hire god, heo haueð bipiled mine figer—irend of al þe <italic>rinde</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1265" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>148</fpage></citation>, Compare Husyng of a nutte, p. 193.</p></fn><fn id="fn1858" symbol="page 308 note 1"><label><sup>page 308 note 1</sup></label><p>See the incident of the woman who had the issue of blood, and touched our Lord's dress, as related in St. Mark v. 27: ‘miððy geherde from hælend cwom in ðreat bihianda & <italic>gehram</italic> woede his’ (Lindisfarne Gospels). The same incident is told in the <citation id="ref1266" citation-type="other"><italic>Ormulum</italic>, 15, <fpage>518</fpage></citation>, as follows:</p><p>'sAn wif, þatt wass þurrh blodess flod Well ner all brohht to dæþe Þurrh þatt зho <italic>ran</italic> upponn hiss claþ Wass hal of hire unnhæle.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1267" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>408</fpage></citation>: ‘alle þe þinges þet heo <italic>arineð</italic>, alle heo turneð to hire … al þet he <italic>arinede</italic> þere-mide, al were his owene.’ At p. 320, we have <italic>rineð = pertinet ad</italic>, and Jamieson gives a quotation in the same sense. A. S. <italic>hrinan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1859" symbol="page 309 note 1"><label><sup>page 309 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe third finger of the left hand, on which the marriage ring is placed, and which is vulgarly believed to communicate by a nerve directly with the heart.’ Halliwell. See also his note s. v. Ring-finger. ‘<italic>Annularis digitus</italic>, the ring-finger.’ Baret. See Finger, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1860" symbol="page 309 note 2"><label><sup>page 309 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>manens</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1861" symbol="page 309 note 3"><label><sup>page 309 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo ripe, <italic>maturare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1862" symbol="page 309 note 4"><label><sup>page 309 note 4</sup></label><p>A.S. <italic>risce, resce</italic>. ‘A rish, <italic>iuncus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Hic junccus, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> resche.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 191. ‘<italic>Juncus</italic>, risc.’ Aelfric's Gloss, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1267">ibid.</xref> p. 31. In the fight between Sir Gawaine and Sir Galtrun, the latter declares that he oares for his adversary</p><p>'sNo more .… then for a <italic>rysche</italic> rote.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref1268" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, <fpage>xliii</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHeo þat ben curset in Constorie counteþ hit not at a <italic>Russche</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1269" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. iii. <fpage>137</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sI xulde stumbylle at <italic>resche</italic> and root, and I xulde goo a myle.’ <citation id="ref1270" citation-type="other"><italic>Cov. Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>170</fpage></citation>. ‘I rysshe, I gather rusahes. <italic>Je cueils des joncs</italic>. Go no more a rysshynge, Malyn.’ Palsgrave. Mr. Way in his Introd. to the Promptorium, p. lxv, explains a rush-hill as ‘the stack or pile of sedge or rushes,’ but it probably only means a place where rushes grow; compare Segg hylle, hereafter, which is explained as <italic>locus vbi crescunt</italic> [<italic>carices</italic>]. See Seyfe, below. ‘I sette slepe nought at a <italic>risshe</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1271" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>97</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1863" symbol="page 309 note 5"><label><sup>page 309 note 5</sup></label><p>'sThe bandis I brest, and syne away fast fled, Unto ane mudy mares in the dirk nycht, Amang the <italic>risis</italic> and redis out of sycht.’ <citation id="ref1272" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>43</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Baret gives ‘A certayne roughe & prickled ehrubbe whereof bouchers make their beesoms, <italic>ruscum</italic>: Bouchers broom or pecegrew, <italic>ruscum</italic>.’ The general meaning of the word appears to have been boughs, underwood or brushwood. In the <citation id="ref1273" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>100</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘hulen (tents) of <italic>ris</italic> & of leaues;’ and so in the <italic>Avowing of Arthur</italic>, ii. þe hare þat bredus in the <italic>rise</italic>.’ ‘Take hem alle at thi lykyng</p><p>Bothe appel and pere and gentyl <italic>rys</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1274" citation-type="other"><italic>Cov. Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>22</fpage>.</citation></p><p>So in <citation id="ref1275" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <year>1698</year></citation>: ‘Rocheres roungen bi <italic>rys</italic> for rurde of her homes.’ Lydgate (Lond. Lackpeny) speaks of ‘cheries in the <italic>rise</italic>.’ See Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. Chaucer, <italic>Miller's Tale</italic>, C. T., A. 3334, speaks of the clerk's surplice as being ‘as white as blosme on the <italic>rise</italic>.’ Scot in his New-Year's Gift to Mary Steuart, 1562, says: ‘Welcome our rubent roys upon the <italic>ryce</italic>.’ In the North the farmers speak of making fences of ‘<italic>stake and rice</italic>.’ ‘The kowschot croudis and pykkis on the ryse.’</p><p><citation id="ref1276" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. xii. Prol. p. <fpage>403</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref1277" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <fpage>5614</fpage></citation>, where the mother of Moses is described as having placed him in ‘a kist of <italic>rises</italic>,’ the other MSS. reading ‘esscen’ and ‘of зerdes,’ the meaning may be either branches or rushes.</p><p>'sThai trewit that bog nrycht mak thaim litill waill,</p><p>Growyn our with <italic>reyss</italic> and all the sward was haill.’</p><p><citation id="ref1278" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wallace</surname></name>, vi. <fpage>713</fpage></citation>, in Jamieson.</p><p>A. S. <italic>hris.</italic> Ger. <italic>reis</italic>, twig, branches, brushwood.</p></fn><fn id="fn1864" symbol="page 310 note 1"><label><sup>page 310 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, Modred, we are told,</p><p>'sRode awaye with his rowte, risteys he no lengere,</p><p>For rade of oure ryche kynge, <italic>ryve</italic> that he scholde.’ l. 3896.</p></fn><fn id="fn1865" symbol="page 310 note 2"><label><sup>page 310 note 2</sup></label><p>'sLacinia est vestis lacerata, vel nodus clamidis, vel ora vel extremitas vestis: dicitur a lacero, as. (a hemme of clothe, or a gore, or a trayne).’ Ortus Vocab. Perhaps for chate we should read clathe = cloth: but Halliwell gives ‘<italic>Chat</italic>. A small twig, or fragment of anything.’ In any case the meaning is clearly a torn piece of dress or cloth. The Medulla explains <italic>lacinia</italic> by ‘a rent cloth or an helme [? hemme].’</p></fn><fn id="fn1866" symbol="page 310 note 3"><label><sup>page 310 note 3</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Rubienne</italic>, f. The Red-tayle or Stark; a small bird,’ evidently the Redstart, which Baret mentions as ‘a brid called a Reddetaile, <italic>ruticilla</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Frigilla</italic>,’ according to Cooper and Baret, is ‘a birde singyng in colde wether; a chaffinche or a spink.’ The Prompt, has ‘Ruddock, reed-breast … <italic>frigella</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Hec frigella, A<sup>ee</sup></italic>. robynet red-brest.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 188.</p></fn><fn id="fn1867" symbol="page 310 note 4"><label><sup>page 310 note 4</sup></label><p>'sSaltpeeter, <italic>nitrum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1868" symbol="page 310 note 5"><label><sup>page 310 note 5</sup></label><p>;‘A rod, a yeard, <italic>virga</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1869" symbol="page 310 note 6"><label><sup>page 310 note 6</sup></label><p>The Rook or Castle in Chess. In the Tractatus de Scaccario, Harl. MS. 2253, leaf 135b. the names of the pieces are given as ‘<italic>primus rex est, alter regina, tercius</italic> rocus, <italic>quartus miles, quintus alphinus, sextus pedinus</italic>.’ See also Tale 21 in the <citation id="ref1279" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanoram</italic>, p. <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, and note. Compare a Pawn, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1870" symbol="page 310 note 7"><label><sup>page 310 note 7</sup></label><p>A Bishop's rochet is a linen vest worn under the chimere. Palsgrave given ‘<italic>Rochet</italic>, a surplys, rochet.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Rochet</italic>., m. a frock; loose gaberdine, or gown of canvas, or corse linnen, worn by a labourer over the rest of his clothes; also a Prelate's Rochet.’ Baret and Cooper render ‘<italic>Instita</italic>’ by ‘a purple, a gard, a welt.’ In the <italic>Destruct. of Troy</italic>, 13525, the word is used for a coarse cloak or slop: ‘a <italic>Roket</italic> full rent, & Ragget aboue.’</p><p>'sA rochet, like a surples, for a bishop, <italic>superpelliceum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1871" symbol="page 310 note 8"><label><sup>page 310 note 8</sup></label><p>'sA distaff held in the hand, from which the thread was spun by twirling a ball below.’ Halliwell. ‘A roche, distaff, <italic>colus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Still in use; see Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. In ‘The Christ's Kirk’ of James V, pr. in Poetic Remains of the Scottish Kings, ed. Chalmers, a man's legs are described as ‘like two <italic>rokkis</italic>,’ a phrase corresponding to our expression ‘<italic>spindle-shanks</italic>’ In Lyndesay's <citation id="ref1280" citation-type="other"><italic>Monarche</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>3330</fpage></citation>, Sardanapalus is described as dressed like a woman, and ‘With spindle and with <italic>rock</italic> spinnand.’</p><p>'sHir womanly handis nowthir <italic>rok</italic> of tre Quhilk in the craft of claith makyng dois serve.</p><p>Ne spyndil vsit, nor brochis of Minerve, <citation id="ref1281" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, vii. 1. <year>1872</year>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1282" citation-type="other"><italic>Digoy Mysteries</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, 1. 310—</p><p>'sFfye vpon the coward, of the I will not faile,</p><p>To dubbe the knyght with my <italic>rokke</italic> rounde.’</p><p>'sYitt I drede no thyng more than a woman with a <italic>Rokke</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1282">Ibid.</xref> p. 7, 1. 159: and Sir T. More's <italic>Merry Tale of the Sergeant and the Frere</italic>—</p><p>'sWith her <italic>rocke</italic>, Many a knocks, She gave hym on the crowne.’</p><p>'sI have tow on my <italic>rok</italic>, more than ever I had.’ <citation id="ref1283" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>108</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Minsheu, in his edition of Percivale's Spanish Grammar, 1623, p. 81, gives as a proverb: ‘<italic>Vn hombre de gran memoria sin letras, tiene rueca y hufo y no estambre</italic>. A man of great memorie without learning, hath a rocke and a spindle, and no stuffe to spin.’ Walter de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 157, has—</p><p>'s<italic>De un conul</italic> (a distaff, a rocke) <italic>vus purveyet</italic>,</p><p><italic>Le fusil</italic> (spindel) <italic>ou le verdoyl</italic> (quartel) <italic>ne lessez</italic>.’</p><p>See a Qwherel of a spyndylle, above. ‘<italic>Hic colus</italic>, a roke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 217. ‘<italic>Callicula</italic>, rocc’ Alfric's Gloss, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1283">ibid.</xref> p. 26. ‘The poore women also in theyr businesse when they be spinning of their <italic>rocks</italic>.’ Bp. Fisher, <citation id="ref1284" citation-type="other"><italic>Works</italic>, ed. Prof. Mayor, p. <fpage>392</fpage></citation>. See also the <citation id="ref1285" citation-type="other"><italic>Knight of La Tour-Landry</italic>, p. <fpage>29</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe good wyfe camme out in her smok, And at the fox she threw her <italic>rok</italic>.’</p><p>MS. Camb. Univ. Ee i. 12, in <citation id="ref1286" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>4</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1872" symbol="page 311 note 1"><label><sup>page 311 note 1</sup></label><p>Cooper renders ‘<italic>Crepundia</italic>’ by ‘Trifles and small giftes geuen to children, as belles, timbrels, poppets, &c. The first apparayle of children, as swathes, whittels, wastecoates, and such lyke.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1873" symbol="page 311 note 2"><label><sup>page 311 note 2</sup></label><p>In the description of the Wheel of Fortune in <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, we read—‘the <italic>rowelle</italic> whas rede goldewith ryalle stones.’ 1. 3262. ‘Rocle, rouele, roelle, roue, petite roue rond, cercle; de <italic>rotula</italic>.’ Burguy. ‘A rowel, <italic>rotula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Rotula</italic>, a Rowe.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1874" symbol="page 311 note 3"><label><sup>page 311 note 3</sup></label><p>See Rawne of a fyssehe, above. ‘The Roan of Fish, <italic>piscium ova</italic>.’ Coles. ‘Roughnes or roughes of fyshes, <italic>Lactes</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘The hie fische spawnis his meltis, and the schofische hir <italic>rounis</italic>, and incontinent coveris thaim ouir with sand in the reveir.’ <citation id="ref1287" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bellendene</surname></name>, <italic>Croniklis of Scotl.</italic> <year>1536</year>, i. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, ed. 1821.</p></fn><fn id="fn1875" symbol="page 311 note 4"><label><sup>page 311 note 4</sup></label><p>The rung of a ladder. Compare Stee, hereafter. In <citation id="ref1288" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvi. <fpage>44</fpage></citation>, we read— ‘And leith a laddre þere-to, of lesynges aren þe <italic>ronges</italic>.’</p><p>Chaucer in the <citation id="ref1289" citation-type="other"><italic>Miller's Tale</italic>, <fpage>3624</fpage></citation>, represents the Carpenter as making with</p><p>'shis owene hand…. laddres thre In to the tubbes hangynge in the balkes.’</p><p>To clymben by the <italic>ronges</italic> and the stalkes</p><p>'sChecune charette ke meyne blés</p><p>Deyt aver redeles [rayes, ronges] au coustés:</p><p>En Us reideles vount les rolous [ronge-stafs.].’</p><p>W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 168.</p><p>'sThese rammers are made of old everinges, harrowe balls, or such like thinges as haue holes; they putte into the holes two <italic>rungs</italic> to hold by.’ <citation id="ref1290" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic> of Henry Best, <year>1641</year>, p. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>. Here the meaning is simply a staff. Gouldman defines <italic>limo</italic> as ‘a range or beam between two horses in a coach,’ the pole. A. S. <italic>hrung</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1876" symbol="page 312 note 1"><label><sup>page 312 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA rost-iron, an iron grate used in rosting; a gridiron.’ Nominale MS. ‘Lay homon a <italic>rostynge yrne</italic>, and roste hom.’ Ord. and Regul. p. 451. ‘<italic>Cratecula</italic>, a gredyron.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Hec cratericula, A<sup>ee</sup></italic>-rost-yryn.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 200. ‘<italic>Crates</italic>, a hyrdyl, a rostyryn or a gyrdyl.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1877" symbol="page 312 note 2"><label><sup>page 312 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe rowell of a spurre, <italic>stimulus</italic>.’ Baret. See also Rolle, above, p. 311.</p></fn><fn id="fn1878" symbol="page 312 note 3"><label><sup>page 312 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1291" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>80</fpage></citation>, when Jovinian begs the porter to deliver a message to his wife, the latter, we are told, ‘went to the Emperesse, and prively <italic>rowned</italic> in her ere.’ Cf. <citation id="ref1292" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. iv. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1293" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, pt. 2, 1. <fpage>953</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sEvery wight that I saugh there <italic>Rouned</italic> in eche other ere.’</p><p>'sI rownde one in the eare. <italic>Je suroreille</italic>. Go rounde hym in the eare and bydde him come and suppe with me. I rounde in counsayle. <italic>Je dis en secret</italic>. What rounde you with him, I wot what you meane well ynough.’ Palsgrave. See <citation id="ref1294" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, ii. 15, <fpage>143</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1879" symbol="page 312 note 4"><label><sup>page 312 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo route or snorte, <italic>rhonchiso</italic>; a routing when one doth sleepe, <italic>rhonchus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘To route, snorte, <italic>stertere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'sSlypped upon a sloumbe, selepe & sloberande he <italic>routes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1295" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>186</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also Prologue to <citation id="ref1296" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, p. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>, 1. 422, and Barbour's <citation id="ref1297" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, vii. <fpage>192</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sHe mycht not hald vp his E, Bot fell on slepe and <italic>routed</italic> he.’</p><p>A S. <italic>hrutan</italic>. In the <italic>Avowynge of King Arther</italic> (Camd. Soc. ed. Robson), xii. 3, we are told how the boar which Arthur is attacking</p><p>'sBegan to romy and <italic>rowte</italic>, And gapes and gones.’</p><p>In <citation id="ref1298" citation-type="other"><italic>Rouland & Vernagu</italic>, p. <fpage>22</fpage></citation>, the Saracen when he lay down to sleep</p><p>'s<italic>Rout</italic> thare, As a wild bore, Tho he on slepe was.’</p><p>'sThy routtynge awaked me. <italic>Tuo stcrtitu expergefactus sum</italic>. Thy routtynge is herde hyther. <italic>Ronchus tuus huc exauditur</italic>.’ Horman. ‘Rowte in sleap. <italic>Rhonchisso, sterto</italic>. Rowter or snorer. <italic>Rhonchi, sterctor</italic>. Rowting in sleape, <italic>rhonchisonus, stertura</italic>.’ Huloet. In <citation id="ref1299" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <year>1910</year></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sHe maden here backes al so bloute Als he weren kradelbarnes;</p><p>Als h[er] wombes, and made hem <italic>rowte</italic> So dos þe child þat moder þarnes.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1300" citation-type="other"><italic>R. Cœur de Lion</italic>, <fpage>4304</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref1301" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. x. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>, and Jamieson. Still in use. Palsgrave gives, ‘I rowte, as one dothe that maketh a noyse in hie slepe, whan hia heed lyeth nat strayght. <italic>Je romfle</italic>. I wyll lye no more with the, thou dyddest route so fast yesternyght that I coulde nat slepe by the.’ ‘<italic>Dorm[i]endo sonare, Anglice</italic>, to rowtyn.’ MS. Reg. 12, B. i. If. 88. Best in his <citation id="ref1302" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic>, p. <fpage>117</fpage></citation>, recommends that ‘the kyne and they [calves] bee kept soe farre asunder that they may not hear the <italic>rowtinge</italic> and blaringe one of another.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1880" symbol="page 313 note 1"><label><sup>page 313 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Roberych</italic>, a rubric, occurs in the <citation id="ref1303" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>277</fpage></citation>–‘Here he takyth the basyn and the towaly, and doth as the <italic>roberych</italic> seyth beforn.’ See the <citation id="ref1304" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>58</fpage></citation>, where the writer in his conclusion says—</p><p>'sHow þou at þo messe þi tym shuld spende þo <italic>robryk</italic> is gode vm while to loke,</p><p>haue I told: now wil I ende. þo praiers to con with-outen buke:’</p><p>where other MSS. read <italic>rubryke</italic> and <italic>ribrusch</italic>. ‘Here begynneth the table or <italic>rubrysshe</italic> of all the chapytres that ben conteyned in this present volume.’ Copland's <citation id="ref1305" citation-type="other"><italic>Kynge Arthur</italic>, <year>1557</year></citation>, Table of Contents. See the bill from W. Ebesham to Sir John Paston, pr. in <citation id="ref1306" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paeton</given-names></name>, ii. <fpage>333</fpage>–5</citation>, one item in which is ‘for <italic>Rubrissheyng</italic> of all the booke [Occleve's <italic>De Regimine Principum</italic>], iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘Robrisshe of a boke, <italic>rubricke</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1881" symbol="page 313 note 2"><label><sup>page 313 note 2</sup></label><p>? <italic>sorowe</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1882" symbol="page 313 note 3"><label><sup>page 313 note 3</sup></label><p>Probably from Fr. <italic>rouette</italic>. Amongst the numerous articles necessary for war Neckam, in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 104, mentions—</p><p>estives busins ruez flegoles</p><p>'s<italic>tibie, tube, litui, buxus, cornu</italic>.’</p><p>See the description of Glutton in P. Plowman, where we read—</p><p>'sHe blew his rounde <italic>ruwet</italic>, at his rigge-bon ende,</p><p>That alle þat herde þat horne held her nose after.’ B. v. 349.</p><p>In <citation id="ref1307" citation-type="other"><italic>Kyng Alisaunder</italic>, <fpage>3699</fpage></citation>, we have— ‘Al this say Tholomew: A lite <italic>ruwet</italic> loude he blew.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1883" symbol="page 313 note 4"><label><sup>page 313 note 4</sup></label><p>Amongst the signs of old age and approaching death Hampole, <citation id="ref1308" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>772</fpage></citation>, says that a man's ‘gaste waxes seke and sare,</p><p>And his face <italic>rouncles</italic>, ay mare and mare.’</p><p>Dutch <italic>wronckel</italic>. In the Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. in St. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 106, we read—‘When I am elded and by-comen <italic>rouncled</italic> and frounced and discolowred.’</p><p>'s<italic>Alecto</italic> hir thrawin visage did away, And hir in schape transformyt of ane trat,</p><p>All furius membris laid apart and array, Hir forrett skorit with <italic>runkillis</italic> any mony rat.’</p><p><citation id="ref1309" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>221</fpage></citation>, l. 35. The tenth pain of hell, according to <citation id="ref1310" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, <fpage>7069</fpage></citation>, is gnawing of conscience— ‘“What avayld us pryde,
þai salle say,</p><p>“What <italic>rosyng</italic> of ryches or of ryche array?
’</p><p>'sHe þat sekes here to have <italic>rose</italic>, þe dede es noght worth that he dose.’</p><p>Harl. MS. 4196, leaf 58.</p><p>Orm speaks of <citation id="ref1311" citation-type="other">‘all <italic>rosinng</italic> and all idell зellp,’ 1. <fpage>4962</fpage></citation>; and again, 1. 4910, of ‘all idell зellp and idell <italic>ros</italic>,’ and warns us that it <citation id="ref1312" citation-type="other">‘iss hæfedd sinne To <italic>rosenn</italic> off þin haзherrleззc.’ 1. <fpage>4906</fpage></citation>. The author of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic> says that when Abraham took Sarah into Egypt,</p><p>'sAll spak of hir, sco was sa scene; þat he þam did befor him bring.’</p><p>Sua þai <italic>rosed</italic> hir to the king, 1. 2417.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1313" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sHer may ye alle ensampell take, Ongart and <italic>rosing</italic> to forsak.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1314" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>141</fpage></citation>: ‘thy neighebor wol therof make <italic>Roos</italic>,’ and <citation id="ref1315" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>197</fpage></citation>, 1. 37.</p><p>'sI rede ye leyfe that yanys <italic>royse</italic>, So welle as hym that alle shale deme.’</p><p>For that seyte may non angelle seme <citation id="ref1316" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Mysteries, Creatio</italic>, p. <fpage>3</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1316">ibid.</xref> p. 191, and <citation id="ref1317" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <fpage>310</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThan sayde þe Bischoppe: ‘so mot I spede, He sall noghte <italic>ruysse</italic> hym of this dede.
’</p><p><citation id="ref1318" citation-type="other"><italic>The Sege off Melayne</italic>, <fpage>956</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sShall none of зou mak зour <italic>rose</italic> or зe go furþre.’ <citation id="ref1319" citation-type="other"><italic>Song of Roland</italic>, <fpage>650</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1884" symbol="page 314 note 2"><label><sup>page 314 note 2</sup></label><p>A tub with two handles (<italic>labra</italic>) carried by two persons by means of a pole or stang (see Sastange) passed through these handles. In Hoole's trans, of the <citation id="ref1320" citation-type="other"><italic>Orbis Sensualium</italic> by Comenius, <year>1658</year>, p. <fpage>113</fpage></citation>, there is a representation of brewers carrying beer in <italic>soes</italic>. The word <italic>saa</italic> occurs in the 8th century A. S. gloss, in Corpus Coll. Camb., where it is used to explain <italic>libitorium</italic>, which Ducange describes as a censer, but which was perhaps a vessel for pouring out libations. ‘<italic>Soo, soe</italic>; a tub, commonly used for a brewing-tub only, but sometimes for a large tub in which clothes are steeped before washing.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Tine</italic>, a stand, open tub or soc. <italic>Tinette</italic>. A little Stand, Soe, or Tub: a bathing Tub. <italic>Trinole</italic>. A little Soe, Tub, Stand, &c.’ ‘<italic>So, Soa, sb.</italic> a tub with two ears, to carry on a stang.’ Ray. In <citation id="ref1321" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, <fpage>932</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sHe kam to þe welle, water up-drow, And filde þer a mickel <italic>so</italic>.’</p><p>In the Invent, of Robert Pral, taken in 1562, are mentioned ‘thre litie pannes viij<sup>d</sup>. Two little saltes ij<sup>d</sup>. ij skeilles, on <italic>soo</italic>, one kyrne with the staffe, &c.’ <citation id="ref1322" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc), i. <fpage>208</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1322">ibid.</xref> p. 158 and 354. In the <italic>Fabric Rolls of York Minster</italic>, 352, the following entry is quoted from the Tyuemouth Parish Register: ‘Mar. 7, 1679–80. Anne, dau. Mr. Anthony Wilkinson, of North Shields, bur. The child was drowned in a little water in y<sup>e</sup> bottom of a <italic>soa</italic> standing on y<sup>e</sup> backside, being y<sup>e</sup> first burial at Christs church after Nichs. Waids.’ See Peacock's <citation id="ref1323" citation-type="other"><italic>Eng. Church Furniture</italic>, pp. <fpage>188</fpage>, <fpage>212</fpage></citation>, &c. In the Invent, of John Danby, 1445, occur ‘j tob et <italic>saa</italic> xijd.’ <citation id="ref1324" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. <fpage>90</fpage></citation>; see also <citation id="ref1325" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, <fpage>163</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1885" symbol="page 315 note 1"><label><sup>page 315 note 1</sup></label><p>In the North <italic>Sad</italic> is still used in the sense of <italic>stiff, heavy</italic>. ‘Land is <italic>sad</italic> when the frosts of winter have not mellowed it; bread is <italic>sad</italic> when it has not properly fermented.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. In <citation id="ref1326" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Palladius</surname></name> <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, 1. 173, we find it applied to land: ‘Ar then the lande be waxen <italic>sadde</italic> or tough.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Bartholomæus <italic>de Propriet. Rerum</italic>, xiii. 1, has, ‘Welle water þat renneþ oute of <italic>sad</italic> stones [<italic>ex solida petra</italic>] is clere and clenseþ of most fylthe and hore.’ In <citation id="ref1327" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 1. <fpage>3235</fpage></citation>, the French when besieged in Aigremont, ‘cast out stones gret & <italic>sade</italic> oppon hem þat wer with-oute.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1327">ibid.</xref> 1. 3340. Gower in the <citation id="ref1328" citation-type="other"><italic>Confessio Amantis</italic>, iii. <fpage>92</fpage></citation>, describes the earth as ‘in his forme is shape rounde Substanciall, strong, <italic>sad</italic> and sounde.’</p><p>'sAlso the firmament is called heauen, for it is <italic>sad</italic> and stedfast, & hath a marke that it maye not passe.’ Batman upon Barthol. <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, If. 120b, col. 2. ‘Forsothe thilke auter was not <italic>sud</italic> [maasye W. <italic>solidum</italic> Vulg.] but holowe of the bildyngis of tablis, and voide withynne.’ Wyclif, Exodus xxxvii. 7, Purvey's version. In the account of the healing of the lame man by Peter and John the word is used as a verb: ‘anoon the groundis and plauntis, or solis of him ben <italic>saddid</italic> togidere; and he lippinge stood, and wandride.’ Deeds iii. 7. So also in <citation id="ref1329" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. x. <fpage>240</fpage></citation>: ‘to <italic>sadde</italic> us in bileve.’ ‘Euere lastende foundemens vpon a <italic>sad</italic> ston.’ Wyclif, Eccles. xxvii. 24. Wyclif in his <italic>Tracts</italic>, ed. <citation id="ref1330" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>, says, ‘(We) holden us <italic>sadde</italic> in verrey mercy & pacience aзenst malencolie & puttynge awey of reson:’ and again, p. 339, ‘Groundid in <italic>sad</italic> loue of ihesu crist.’ Palsgrave gives ‘Sadde, heavy, <italic>triste</italic>. Sadde, discrete, <italic>rassis</italic>. Sadde, full of gravyte, <italic>graue</italic>. Sadde, tawney coloured.’ In the <citation id="ref1331" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, ii. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>, the Duke of Norfolk writes to John Paston asking him to come to him, ‘that we may comon with you, and haire youre <italic>sadde</italic> advise in. suche matiers.’ In the same volume, p. 200, John Paston writes to his wife: ‘it is god a lord take <italic>sad</italic> cowncell, or he begyne any sech mater.’ ‘þer he swowed and slept <italic>sadly</italic> at nyзt.’ <citation id="ref1332" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>442</fpage></citation>. ‘Hee woulde have the water sattle away, and the grownde somewhat <italic>saddened</italic> before hee woulde goe to field with them.’ <citation id="ref1333" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c., Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>77</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1886" symbol="page 315 note 2"><label><sup>page 315 note 2</sup></label><p>'sWe er pouer freres þat haf nought on to lyue,</p><p>In stede of messengeres, <italic>Saue condite</italic> vs gyue.</p><p>þorgh þi lond to go in þin auowrie,</p><p>þat non vs robbe ne slo, for þi curteysie.’ Robert of Brunne, p. 260.</p><p>'sMy mastyr gaff to a man of the Frenshe Kynges that brout hym a <italic>saff condyte</italic> .xxxiij.s. iiij.d.’ <citation id="ref1334" citation-type="other"><italic>Manners & Household Exps. of Eng.</italic> p. <fpage>361</fpage></citation>. ‘My lord Wenlok, Sir John Cley and the Dean of Seynt Seueryena…. зette ar there, abidyng a <italic>saufconduit</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1335" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, ii. <fpage>52</fpage></citation>. ‘A <italic>saue conduit</italic> she him nome.’ <citation id="ref1336" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Generides</italic>, (Roxb. Club), 1430, 1. <fpage>9752</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Vn Passe-port</italic>, a passeport, a salfe-condite.’ Hollyband.</p></fn><fn id="fn1887" symbol="page 315 note 3"><label><sup>page 315 note 3</sup></label><p>A kind of fine serge or woollen cloth. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Seyette</italic>, f. serge or sey;’ and Palsgrave ‘Saye, clothe, <italic>serge</italic>.’ ‘Leuidensa, a garment made of course clothe; <italic>Sagulum</italic>. a cassocke.’ Cooper. In the Will of Dame Elizabeth Browne, pr. in <citation id="ref1337" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, iii. <fpage>464</fpage>–5</citation>, we find ‘a hanging for a chamber of grene <italic>say</italic> borduryd with acrons of xxxv. Yerdes longe,’ and the same word occurs at pp. 482–3–4–5 of vol. i. See the anecdote of William given in Robert of Gloucester, p. 390–</p><p>'sAs hys Chamberleyn hym broзte, as he ros aday,</p><p>A morwe vorto werye, a peyre hose of <italic>say</italic>,</p><p>He esste, “wat hii costenede?
“þre ssyllyng,
þe oþer seyde,</p><p>“Fy a debles,
quaþ þe kyng, “wo say so vyl dede,</p><p>Kyng to werye eny cloþ, bote yt costenede more?</p><p>Bu a peyre of a marc, þer þou ssalt be acorye sore.
’</p><p>In <citation id="ref1338" citation-type="other"><italic>Lybeaus Disconus</italic>, 1. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘a scheld</p><p>Ryche and over geld wyth a gryffoun of <italic>say</italic>’</p><p>In <citation id="ref1339" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 1. <fpage>213</fpage></citation>, Oliver is described as wearing a ‘mantel <italic>of say</italic>,’ in the original <italic>son bliant de soie</italic>. See the account of the tabernacle in Wyclif, Exodus xxvi, where in v. 7 of Purvey's version, Moses is directed to make ‘enleuene <italic>saies</italic> [heeren sarges W. <italic>saga cilicina</italic> Vulg.] to kyuere the hilyng of the tabernacle.’ In the Will of Sir T. Hilton in 1559, are mentioned: ‘thre curtings of grein and yellow sarcenett, one other teaster of yellowe and blewe satten eburgese, thre courtings of reid and yellowe <italic>saye</italic>, one cupbord cloth of furshing naples.’ <citation id="ref1340" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc), vol. i. p. <fpage>182</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1340">ibid.</xref> p. 347, where we find a ‘tester of rede and green <italic>sayes</italic>.’ Spenser uses the word in the <citation id="ref1341" citation-type="other"><italic>Faerie Queene</italic>, III. xii. <fpage>8</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1888" symbol="page 316 note 1"><label><sup>page 316 note 1</sup></label><p>'sSacryng of the masse, <italic>sacrement</italic>. Bycause the oyle, that princes and bysshops ba anoynted with, is halowed their oyntyng is called sacrynge; <italic>a cause que Ihuylle dont les princes et les esuesques sonl oynctz est consacree, on appelle leur oyngnement consecration</italic>. I sacre, I halowe. <italic>Je sacre</italic>. Sacryng bell, <italic>clochette</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Ase ofte ase pe preost messeð and <italic>sacreð</italic> þet meidenes bearn.’ <citation id="ref1342" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>268</fpage></citation>. ‘Oper bisshopes werre <italic>i-sacred</italic> at Caunterbury.’ Trevisa's Higden, ii. 115.</p><p>'sWhen a sawele is sailed & <italic>sakred</italic> to dryзtyn,</p><p>He holly haldes hit his & haue hit he wolde.’ <italic>Allit Poems</italic>, B. 1139.</p><p>See also Robert of Gloucester, p. 106, &c. In the <citation id="ref1343" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, William Paston writes: ‘The seyd John Wortes is in the cite of Rome <italic>sacred</italic> a bysshop of Irland.’ <citation id="ref1344" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Select Works</italic>, iii. <fpage>288</fpage></citation>, says: ‘þenk ye, clene prestis, hou moche зe be holden to God, þat зaf зou power to <italic>sacre</italic> his owne preciouse body and blood of breed and wyn.’ ‘<italic>Tintinabulum</italic>, a sacrybelle.’ Medulla. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods taken in 1459 we find, ‘Item, j <italic>sakerynge bell</italic> of sylver.’ <citation id="ref1345" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>490</fpage></citation>. The author of the <italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic> says—</p><p><citation id="ref1346" citation-type="other">‘Bitwene þe <italic>Sanctus</italic> and the sakeryng зe schal preye stondynge.’ p. <fpage>143</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See note in P. to Knyllynge of a belle, p. 279.</p></fn><fn id="fn1889" symbol="page 316 note 2"><label><sup>page 316 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sac-les</italic> he let hin welden it so.’ <citation id="ref1347" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 1. <fpage>916</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1348" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, <fpage>1</fpage>.</citation></p><p>839, we read of ‘Sin and <italic>sak</italic> and schame and strijf,</p><p>That now es oueral þe werld sa rijf;’</p><p>and again, 1. 5079—</p><p>'sForgiues me þat i did yow tak And bunden he witouten <italic>sak</italic>.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1348">ibid.</xref> 11. 11552, 11554, and 11563, and <citation id="ref1349" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyndesay</surname></name>, <italic>Monarche</italic>, <fpage>5701</fpage></citation>. In <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 716, Abraham pleading for Sodom and Gomorrah says—</p><p>'sSyre, with yor leue, Schal synful and sakleз suffer al on payne?’</p><p>'sHe es <italic>sakles</italic> supprysede for syne of myne one.’ <citation id="ref1350" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>3986</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1350">ibid.</xref> 1. 3992—’</p><p>'sThis ryalle rede blode ryne appone erthe,</p><p>It ware worthy to be schrede and schrynede in golde,</p><p>Ffor it es <italic>sakles</italic> of syne, sa helpe me oure Lorde.’</p><p>The author of the <italic>Metrical Homilies</italic> enjoins every</p><p><citation id="ref1351" citation-type="other">‘Sinful man to murne for his sin and <italic>sake</italic>.’ p. <fpage>159</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sI þatt illke moneþ efft & tatt daззi þe moneþþ,</p><p>Wass ure Laferrd Jesu Crist <italic>Sacclas</italic> o rode naззledd.’ <citation id="ref1352" citation-type="other"><italic>Ormulum</italic>, <year>1900</year></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1352">ibid.</xref> 1. 5299 and <citation id="ref1353" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, pp. <fpage>68</fpage> and <fpage>116</fpage></citation>, A. S. <italic>sacu</italic>, fault, offence. The word is used by Sir W. Scott in the <italic>Monastery</italic>, ch. 9:</p><p>'sMen of good are bold as <italic>sackless</italic>, In the nook of the hill,</p><p>Men of rude are wild and reckless, For those be before thee that wish thee ill.’</p><p>Lie thou still</p></fn><fn id="fn1890" symbol="page 317 note 1"><label><sup>page 317 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThorowte Pareche gan he ryde, & at þe kynges <italic>sale</italic> he lighttis,’ <citation id="ref1354" citation-type="other"><italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, <fpage>63</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sKele hit with a litelle ale, And set hit downe to serve in <italic>sale</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1355" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>10</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sзet þe symplest in þat <italic>sale</italic> watз serued to þe fulle.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 140.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1356" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, ll. <fpage>82</fpage>, <fpage>91</fpage>, <fpage>134</fpage></citation>, &c. A. S. <italic>sœl</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1891" symbol="page 317 note 2"><label><sup>page 317 note 2</sup></label><p>The herb Sage.</p></fn><fn id="fn1892" symbol="page 317 note 3"><label><sup>page 317 note 3</sup></label><p>A willow, very commonly known as a ‘sally.’ ‘зe schulen take to зou in the firste day …. braunchis of a tree of thicke boowis, and <italic>salewis</italic> of the rennynge streem.’ Wyclif, Levit. xxiii. 40 (Purvey). Chaucer in the Wyf's Preamble, 655, says—</p><p>'sWho so that buyldeth his hous al of <italic>salwes</italic>, Is worthy to been hanged on the galwes.’</p><p>And priketh his blind horse ouer the falwes …</p><p>A. S. <italic>sealh</italic>. Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii, If. 125<sup>b</sup>. has: ‘Salix is named in Grebe [?Greke] Itia, in English a Wyllowe tre, or a <italic>Sallow</italic> tre, and in y<sup>e</sup> Northern speache a Saugh tre.’ In <citation id="ref1357" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Palladius</surname></name> <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, 1. <fpage>1049</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>saly</italic> twigges’ are recommended for the making of hives, and in the <citation id="ref1358" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>130</fpage></citation>, <italic>saughs</italic> are said to be good for flailhandles, rake-handles, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1893" symbol="page 317 note 4"><label><sup>page 317 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Saulcisse, saucisse</italic>, f. a saucidge.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1894" symbol="page 317 note 5"><label><sup>page 317 note 5</sup></label><p>There is nothing that <italic>Pigeons</italic> more affect than Salt; for they will pick the Mortar out of the Joynts of Stone or Brick-walla, meerly for the saltness thereof: therefore do they usually give them, as oft as occasion requires, a Lump of Salt, which they usually call a <italic>Salt Cat</italic>, made for that purpose at the <italic>Salterns</italic>, which makes the Pigeons much affect the place: and such that casually come there, usually remain where they find such good entertainment.’ J. W. <citation id="ref1359" citation-type="other"><italic>Systema Agriculturœ</italic>, <year>1681</year>, p. <fpage>177</fpage></citation>. See Halliwell s.v. Cat. <italic>Saltcat</italic> is still in use in Derbyshire for a bait for pigeons.</p></fn><fn id="fn1895" symbol="page 317 note 6"><label><sup>page 317 note 6</sup></label><p>Harrison in his <citation id="ref1360" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of England</italic>, ii, <fpage>83</fpage></citation>, says: ‘There be a great number of <italic>salt cotes</italic> about this well [at Wick], wherein the salt water is sodden in leads, and brought to the perfection of pure white salt.’ ‘<italic>Hec salina: Anglice</italic> salte cote.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 204.</p></fn><fn id="fn1896" symbol="page 317 note 7"><label><sup>page 317 note 7</sup></label><p>A box for holding salt.</p></fn><fn id="fn1897" symbol="page 317 note 8"><label><sup>page 317 note 8</sup></label><p>'sSandblind, <italic>vide</italic> Bleare eied & Poreblind. Pooreblind, or he that seeth dimlie, <italic>lusciosus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Poreblinde, Sandblinde,<italic>lippus</italic>,’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Berlué</italic>, Purblinde, made sand-blinde.’ Cotgrave. ‘Sand blynde, <italic>Lippus, Lusciosus, Luscus</italic>. Sand blind to be, <italic>Lippio</italic>. Sandblindnes, <italic>Luscio</italic>.’ Huloet. In the <citation id="ref1361" citation-type="other"><italic>Janua Linguarum</italic>, <year>1617</year>, p. <fpage>146</fpage></citation>, we have persons spoken of ‘who are bleare-eyed and <italic>sand-blind</italic> towards themselves, but quick-sighted toward others.’ A. S. <italic>sam</italic> = Lat. <italic>semi</italic>, Greek ἡμι. <italic>Samded</italic>, half dead, occurs in Robert of Gloucester, p. 163, and <italic>samrede</italic>, half red (ripe) in <citation id="ref1362" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. ix. <fpage>311</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1898" symbol="page 318 note 1"><label><sup>page 318 note 1</sup></label><p>The Sap, or the white and soft part of a tree, <italic>alburnum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1899" symbol="page 318 note 2"><label><sup>page 318 note 2</sup></label><p>Ducange renders ‘<italic>Sublestus</italic>’ by ‘subditus,’ and ‘<italic>sublestia</italic>’ by ‘Infirmitas, tristitia.’ <citation id="ref1363" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>1460</fpage></citation>, speaking of the vicissitudes of human life says—</p><p>'sNow er we bigg, now er we bare; Now er we hale, now seke and <italic>Sare</italic>.’</p><p>See also 11. 1775, 3635, &c. A.S.<italic>sár</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1900" symbol="page 318 note 3"><label><sup>page 318 note 3</sup></label><p>A small hair sieve. ‘Sarce for spyce, <italic>sas</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Sas, m</italic>. a ranging sive, or searce. <italic>Sasser</italic>, to sift, searce, range, boult. <italic>Tamis, m.</italic> a searce or boulter (also a strayner) made of haire. <italic>Tamiser</italic>, to searce, to boult.’ Cotgrave. Baret gives ‘A Sarse, or fine siue, <italic>incerniculum</italic>.’ In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods at Caistor, in 1459, are mentioned, ‘Item, ij lytyll broches rounde, j <italic>sars</italic> of brasse, j brasen morter cum j pestell, j grate, j <italic>sarche</italic> of tre.’ Paston Letters, ed. <citation id="ref1364" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gairdner</surname></name>, i. <fpage>490</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1365" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>, we read: ‘Take mustard seed and waishe it and drye it in an ovene. Grynde it dry. <italic>Sarse</italic> it thurgh a <italic>sarse</italic>.’ Holland in his trans, of Pliny, Bk. xviii. c. 11, thus distinguishes the various kinds of sifters> &c.: ‘Divers sorts of sieves and bulters there be. The <italic>Sarce</italic> made of horse haire, was a devise of the Frenchmen: the tamis raunger for course bread, as also the fine floure boulter for manchet (made both of linnen cloth) the Spaniards invented.’ Langley in his trans, of Polydore Vergil also gives the same account: ‘Siues and <italic>sarces</italic> of heare wer founde in Fraunce, as Plinie telleth, and bultres of lynnen in Spayne: In Egypte they were made of fenne ryshes and bulryshes.’ Bk. iii. c. i. fo. 54. ‘Sarse for spyce, <italic>sas</italic>. I sarce as a grosser doth his spyce. <italic>Je Sasse</italic>. Sarce this cynamone after you have beaten it, for I muste have it fyne.’ Palsgrave. ‘To sift or searse. <italic>Cribro, cemo</italic>. A Sarse, <italic>vide</italic> Sieve. To Sarse, <italic>vide</italic> Sift.’ Gouldman. ‘Sarce. Loke in siue. Sarcen. <italic>Cribro</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A <italic>cers</italic> or censer to try out the fine pouder from a mortar.’ Withal. ‘The marchauntis straungers nowe vse as sone as the marchaundyse of greine is broughte in to their houses to <italic>sarse</italic>, syfte and trye out the best greyne.’ Arnold's <citation id="ref1366" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>87</fpage></citation> (ed. 1811). In the Invent, of Archbishop Bornet, in 1423, is an item, ‘de viij<sup>d</sup>. receptis pro uno <italic>sarce</italic> multum usitato.’ <citation id="ref1367" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>. W. Honyboom in 1493 bequeathed ‘a <italic>sars</italic> of laton.’ <citation id="ref1368" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills</italic>, &c. p. <fpage>82</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1901" symbol="page 318 note 4"><label><sup>page 318 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sartorium</italic>. A Coblers-shop.’ Gouldman</p></fn><fn id="fn1902" symbol="page 319 note 1"><label><sup>page 319 note 1</sup></label><p>The pole used for carrying a soe or tub between two persons. See Saa, above. Jamieson gives ‘Sasteing, s. a kind of pole. <italic>v. Sting</italic>. Sting, steing; <italic>a pole</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>stenge</italic>. Baret renders ‘<italic>phalanga</italic>’ by ‘a leauer or barre, to lift or beare timber; rollers to conuie things of great weight.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Tine</italic>, a stand, open tub or soe, most in use during the time of vintage, and holding about foure or five pailefulls, and commonly borne by a <italic>stang</italic> betweene two.’ ‘<italic>Tiné</italic>. A colestaffe, or stang; a big staffe whereon a burthen is carried between two on their shoulders.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1368">ibid.</xref> In the Invent, of R. Stoneye, 1562, are included ‘stees, <italic>stanggs</italic>, peatts, old tenture tymber x<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1369" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>152</fpage></citation>. G. Douglas uses <citation id="ref1370" citation-type="other">‘pikkis and poyntit <italic>stingis</italic>’ to render Virgil's <italic>duris contis</italic>.’ Æneados, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>295</fpage></citation>. ‘Ashe <italic>stangs</italic> in the same house, xij<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent, of W. Benson, 1568, <citation id="ref1371" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, &c. p. <fpage>224</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>Falanga</italic>. A club with iron at the end.’ Gouldman. <italic>Phalanga est hasta, vel quidam baculus ad portandas cupas, Anglice</italic> a stang, or a culstaffe.’ Ortus. It was also called a colestaff or cuuel staf (<citation id="ref1372" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 1. <fpage>3710</fpage></citation>). See P. Cowle tre. In <citation id="ref1373" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, <year>1614</year></citation>, a stang is used for the purpose of carrying home the boar: ‘зet hem halcheз al hole þe halueз to-geder,</p><p>& syþen on a stif <italic>stange</italic> stoutly hem henges.’</p><p>'sA wikkid iew …. smate him wiþ a <italic>saa stange</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1374" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 21, <fpage>144</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1903" symbol="page 319 note 2"><label><sup>page 319 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA sodioure, <italic>miles, bellator</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. ‘<italic>Arcipotens vel arcitetens</italic>. A sowdyoure.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn1904" symbol="page 319 note 3"><label><sup>page 319 note 3</sup></label><p>Tusser in his <italic>Five Hundred Points</italic>, &c. ch. 42, st. 22, recommends ‘Savin for bots’ in horses. It was supposed to procure abortion:</p><p>'sAnd when I look By all conjecture to destroy fruit rather.’</p><p>To gather fruit, find nothing but the <italic>savin-tree</italic>, Middleton, Game of Chess, c. 16.</p><p>Too frequent in nunnes' orchards and there planted,</p></fn><fn id="fn1905" symbol="page 319 note 4"><label><sup>page 319 note 4</sup></label><p>Sandal wood. Cooper renders ‘<italic>Sandyse</italic>’ by ‘a colour made of ceruse and ruddle burned together.’ ‘Saundres, <italic>sandali albi et rubei et citrini</italic>.’ MS. Sloane, 5, leaf 10. It appears to have been in use in cookery as a colouring material. Thus in a recipe for ‘Charlet icoloured’ given in the <citation id="ref1375" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, we are told to</p><p>'sTake almondes unblanchyd, wasshe hom and grynd ….</p><p>Do þer to pynys and <italic>saunders</italic> for spyce,</p><p>For to coloure hit, loke þou do þis.’</p><p>We also find in the <citation id="ref1376" citation-type="other"><italic>Howard Household Books</italic> (Roxb. Club), p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>, an item for ‘<italic>sander</italic> pouder, di. lb. ij<sup>s</sup>. vj<sup>d</sup>.’ In the Inventory of John Wilkenson taken in 1571 (<citation id="ref1377" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>363</fpage></citation>) we find ‘ij doss, cording for coddes xij<sup>d</sup>., ij<sup>lb</sup>. & ½ of <italic>saunders</italic> iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>., ij doss, pen and ynkhornes ij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ See <citation id="ref1378" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gower</surname></name>, <italic>Confessio Amantis</italic>, <fpage>1</fpage></citation>. <italic>Saunders</italic> also occurs in the list of ‘Spycery’ in Arnold's <citation id="ref1379" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>234</fpage></citation> (ed. 1811). ‘Datez.j quart, de <italic>Saundrez</italic>’ are mentioned in the invent, of the Priory of Durham, 1446, <citation id="ref1380" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. <fpage>94</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1906" symbol="page 320 note 1"><label><sup>page 320 note 1</sup></label><p>In Barbour's <citation id="ref1381" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xvii. <fpage>356</fpage></citation>, in the account of the siege of Berwick we read—</p><p>'sQuhen thai without war all redy, Thai trumpit till ane <italic>sawt</italic> in hy.’</p><p>The omission or mutilation of a prefixed preposition in words of Romance origin is very common. Thus we have <italic>say</italic> and <italic>assay, noy</italic> and <italic>annoy, sege</italic> and <italic>assege, scomfit</italic> and <italic>discomfit</italic>, and many others.</p></fn><fn id="fn1907" symbol="page 320 note 2"><label><sup>page 320 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Laudate eum in psalterio et cithera</italic>, þis is to seye, preysithe your lord god in the <italic>sawtrie</italic> and in the harpe.’ <citation id="ref1382" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Roman</italic>, p. <fpage>138</fpage></citation>. Trevisa in his trans, of Bartholom. <italic>de Propriet. Rerum</italic>, bk. xix. c. 41, says that ‘Armonia Rithmica is a aownynge melody, and divers instrumentes serue to this maner armony, as tabour, and timbre, harpe, and <italic>sawtry</italic> and nakyres.’ In <citation id="ref1383" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Degrevant</italic>, p. <fpage>178</fpage></citation>, l. 33, the hero is described as</p><p>'sffayre mane and ffree To harpe and to <italic>sautre</italic>,</p><p>And gretlech gaff hym to gle, And geterne ffull gay:’</p><p>And in the St. John's Coll. Camb. MS. of De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode</italic>, leaf 127<sup>b</sup>, we read— ‘Another ther was зit þat in hire hande bare an horne whare in scho made a grete sowne of orgones and of <italic>sawtrye</italic>.’ In the Harl. MS. of the <citation id="ref1384" citation-type="other"><italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, <year>1701</year></citation>, leaf 32, we read—</p><p>'sYn harpe, yn thabour and symphangle, Wurschepe God yn troumpes and <italic>sautre</italic>.’</p><p>'sThow shalt haue, metynge a floc of prophetis comynge doun fro the heeз, and before hem a <italic>sawtrye</italic>, and a tymbre, and a, trompe, and an harp.’ Wyclif, 1 Kings x. 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn1908" symbol="page 320 note 3"><label><sup>page 320 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA scaffold, or stage where to beholde plaies, &c., and sometime the sight or plaie set forth in that place, <italic>spectaculum</italic>.’ Baret. See the stage direction in the <citation id="ref1385" citation-type="other"><italic>Coventry Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>289</fpage></citation>: ‘What tyme that processyon is enteryd into the place, and the Herowdys takyn his <italic>schaffalde</italic>, and Pylat and Annas and Cayphas here <italic>schaffaldys</italic>,’ where the meaning evidently is ‘take their places on the stage.’ Chaucer says of the ‘joly’ clerk Absalon that— ‘Somtime to shew his lightnesse and maistrie,</p><p>He plaieth Herode on a <italic>skaffold</italic> hie.’ <italic>Miller's Tale</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1909" symbol="page 320 note 4"><label><sup>page 320 note 4</sup></label><p>Browes or Brewis was prepared with boiling water, which was poured over the bread, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1910" symbol="page 320 note 5"><label><sup>page 320 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTake chekyns, <italic>scalde</italic> hom fayre and clene.’ <citation id="ref1386" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>22</fpage></citation>. ‘To scald hogs and take of their haire, <italic>glabrare sues</italic>.’ Baret. Amongst the fourteen pains which the wicked shall suffer in hell, Hampole says—</p><p>'sþe ellevend es hate teres of gretyng, þat þe synful sal <italic>scalden</italic> in þe dounfallyng.’ <citation id="ref1387" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>6575</fpage>.</citation></p><p>The author of the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic> speaks of <citation id="ref1388" citation-type="other">‘<italic>schaldinde</italic> teares.’ p. <fpage>246</fpage></citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1911" symbol="page 321 note 1"><label><sup>page 321 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA scaule, <italic>scabies</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. ‘A scab, or scabbednesse, a scall <italic>scabies</italic>: scabbed, or full of scallea; his head is all to scald.’ Baret. In a poem on blood-letting, <italic>circ</italic>. 1380, pr. in Halliwell's Dict, p 958, we read—</p><p>'sBesydis the ere ther ben two, To kepe hys heved fro evyl turnyng</p><p>That on a man mot ben undo. And fro the <italic>scalde</italic>, wythout lesyng.’</p><p>See also another extract in his Introduction, under Worcester, Chaucer describing the Sompnour says— ‘Quyk he was, and chirped as a sparwe With <italic>shalled</italic> browes blake, and piled berd.’ <citation id="ref1389" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Prologue</surname><given-names>C. T.</given-names></name>, <fpage>627</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sA scall, <italic>impetigo</italic>.’ Coles. ‘<italic>Glabra</italic>; scroffe or scalle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 179</p><p>'sA malander…. appereth on the forther legges, in the bendynge of the knee behynde, and is like a scabbe or a <italic>shal</italic>.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. G vi<sup>bk</sup>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1912" symbol="page 321 note 2"><label><sup>page 321 note 2</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1390" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holleke</surname></name>, above, p. <fpage>187</fpage></citation>. ‘Ascallion onion, <italic>ascalonia</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Sivot</italic>. A Scallion, a hollow or vnset Leeke.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1913" symbol="page 321 note 3"><label><sup>page 321 note 3</sup></label><p>A scapulary, so called from its being thrown over the shoulders. In Wright's <citation id="ref1391" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, Jack Upland says: ‘What betokeneth yeur great hood, your <italic>scaplerie</italic>, your knotted girdle, and your wide cope?’ In Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, 1. 550 it is said of the friars that ‘þei schapen her <italic>chapolories</italic> and streccheþ hem brode,</p><p>And launceþ heiзe her hemmes wiþ babelyng in stretes.’</p><p>'sThe habyte of his ordre his cope hys <italic>scapularye</italic> and cote were all wythout ony euyl corupcyon.’ <citation id="ref1392" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Golden Legende</italic>, If. <fpage>419</fpage></citation>, col. 4. In <citation id="ref1393" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holinshed</surname></name>, vol. iii. p. <fpage>830</fpage></citation>, the word is used for a kind of mantle, probably a monk's cloak: ‘In the moneth of Maie, the king and the new duke of Suffolke were defenders at the tilt against all commers. The king was in a <italic>scopelarie</italic> mantle, an hat of cloth of siluer, and like a white hermit.’ This would appear to be the meaning intended in our text, as also in the Inventory given in <citation id="ref1394" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, iii. <fpage>410</fpage></citation>, where we find ‘j <italic>scapelerey</italic> with an hodde.’ But from a passage in the <citation id="ref1395" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>424</fpage></citation>, it is evident that it was a very light cloak, for there is permission given to anchoresses that ‘inwid þe wanes ha muhe werie <italic>scapeloris</italic> hwen mantel ham heuegeð.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1914" symbol="page 321 note 4"><label><sup>page 321 note 4</sup></label><p>'sSpiryte called a hagge, a hobbegoblyn, which appeareth in the night. <italic>Larua, lemur</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Larua</italic>, a sprite appearyng by night; an hegge; a goblin; a goast; a visarde; one disguised.’ Cooper. ‘A bugge, <italic>spectrum, larua</italic>.’ Baret. The Medulla explains <italic>larva</italic>, by ‘a Vesere or a skerell or a deuyl.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1915" symbol="page 321 note 5"><label><sup>page 321 note 5</sup></label><p>See the <citation id="ref1396" citation-type="other"><italic>Sevyn Sages</italic>, 1. <fpage>1244</fpage></citation>, where we read—</p><p>'sThat on was bothe curteis and kende, And that other lef to pinche,</p><p>Lef to give and lef to spende; Bothe he was <italic>scars</italic> and chinche;’ and <citation id="ref1397" citation-type="other"><italic>Alisaunder</italic>, <fpage>1012</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sIn a castel heo was y-set, <italic>Skarschliche</italic> and nought foisoun.’</p><p>And was deliverid liversoon,</p><p>Wyclif in his <citation id="ref1398" citation-type="other"><italic>Apology</italic>, p. <fpage>105</fpage></citation>, says: ‘þei ken þer tongis for to spek gret þingis, wan þei do but litil þingis: þei are largist bihiзtars & <italic>scarcist</italic> geuars.’ And again in liis version of 2 Cor. ix. 6: ‘He that soweth <italic>scarsly</italic>, schal and <italic>scarsly</italic> repe; and he that soweth in blessingis, schal repe and of blessyngis.’ Chaucer in the <citation id="ref1399" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Melibeus</italic>, p. <fpage>162</fpage></citation>, (ed. Wright), says, ‘Eight as men blamen an averous man, bycause of his <italic>skarsete</italic> and chyncherie, in the same manere is he to blame, that spendeth ouer largely;’ and again: ‘And afterward ye schul use the richesses, the whiche ye han geten by youre witte and by youre travaile, in such a maner, that men holde yow not sharce ne to sparynge, ne to fool large, that is to say, over large a spender.’ Occleve complaining that his salary was not regularly paid says—</p><p>'sSixe mark yerely, to <italic>skars</italic> is to sustene The charges that I haue, as I wene.’</p><p><citation id="ref1400" citation-type="other"><italic>De Regimine Principum</italic>, p. <fpage>44</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHys moder he dude in warde, & <italic>scars</italic> lyf lede her fonde</p><p>In þe abbeye of Worwell, & by nome hyre hyr londe.’ Robert of Gloucester, p. 334.</p><p>'sScarse, nygarde or nat sufficient, <italic>esckars</italic>. Scante or scarse.’ Palsgrave. ‘Lieurgus techej)þ alle men to be skilfulliche <italic>scars</italic> [<italic>parsimoniam omnibus suadet</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, iii. 35. See also quotation from Caxton in note to a Scrolle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1916" symbol="page 322 note 1"><label><sup>page 322 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA scate, fishe, <italic>batis, raia</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Ray or sckate, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1917" symbol="page 322 note 2"><label><sup>page 322 note 2</sup></label><p>Cooper gives ‘<italic>Spatha, Spatula</italic>, f. an instrument to turne fryed meat; a sklise:’ and Elyot, ‘<italic>Spatha</italic>, an, instrument of the kitchen to turne meat that is fried.’ In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods at Caistor, 1459, we find amongst the kitchen utensils ‘j fryeyng panne, j <italic>sclyse</italic>.’ Baret has ‘A sklise: an instrument to turne fride meate, <italic>spatha</italic>.’ ‘Espatule, f. a little slice.’ Cotgrave. Compare the <citation id="ref1401" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, pp. <fpage>43</fpage>, <fpage>48</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1402" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, p. <fpage>33</fpage></citation>, it seems to mean according to the Glossary ‘a flat stick,’ for we are told to ‘bete it well togider with a <italic>sklyce</italic>.’ Holland in hia trans, of Pliny, Bk. xxxiii. c. 8 says: ‘As touching silver, two degrees there be of it, which may be knowne in this maner: For lay a piece of silver ore upon a <italic>sclise</italic>, plate, or fire pan of yron red hot, if it continue white still, it is very good; if the same become reddish, go it may for good in a lower degree: but in case it looke blacke, there is no goodnes at all in it.’ In the Farming and Acct. Books of Henry Best of Elmswell, York, dated 1641 (Surtees Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 139), the term is applied to an instrument used by thatehers: ‘A thatchers tooles are two needles for sowinge with, an eize-knife for cuttinge the eize, a switchinge knife for cuttinge it eaven and all alike as hee cometh downe from the ridge, a <italic>slise</italic>, whearewith hee diggeth a passage and alsoe striketh in the thatch, a little iron rake with three or fower teeth for scratchinge of dirte and olde morter, and a trowell for layinge of morter on.’ ‘Sclyce to tourne meate, <italic>tournoire</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Ligula</italic>. A slice.’ Stanbridge. <italic>Vocabala</italic>. We also find the verb, as in the following: ‘Men vse it also to <italic>sklise</italic> it [the sea onion] and to hange it on a threde, so that one pece touche not an other, and so drye them in the shaddow.’ <citation id="ref1403" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Turner</surname></name>, <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. If. <fpage>130</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1918" symbol="page 322 note 3"><label><sup>page 322 note 3</sup></label><p>A word very common in Ireland. It occurs in Wyclif, Proverbs xxvi. 28: ‘A deseyable tunge looueth not the treuthe; and the <italic>slideri</italic> [<italic>slidir</italic> P. <italic>lubrieum</italic> V.] mouth werckith fallingis,’ and in MS. Sloane, 2593, If. 6<sup>b</sup>—</p><p>'sMan, be war, the weye is <italic>sleder</italic>, Body and sowle xul go togeder,</p><p>Thou scal slyde, thou wost not qweder, But if thou wilt amendes make.’</p><p>Palsgrave has ‘slyder, <italic>glissant</italic>.’</p><p>'sHe slaid and stummelit on the <italic>sliddry</italic> ground.’ <citation id="ref1404" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>138</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sUle, heo seide, lust nu hider, þu schalt falle, þe wei is <italic>slider</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1405" citation-type="other"><italic>Owl and Nightingale</italic>, <fpage>956</fpage></citation>. Chaucer in the <citation id="ref1406" citation-type="other"><italic>Knighte's Tale</italic>, 1. <fpage>406</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sA dronke man wot wel he hath an hous, And to a dronke man the wey is <italic>slider</italic>.’</p><p>But he nut which the righte wey is thider,</p><p>See also the <citation id="ref1407" citation-type="other"><italic>Legend of Good Women</italic>, Cleopatra, <fpage>648</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sHe poureth peesen upon the hatches <italic>slider</italic>.’</p><p>'sIn þi mynd þou may considder Quhow warldlie power bene bot <italic>slidder</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1408" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyndesay</surname></name>, <italic>Monarche</italic>, Bk. ii. 1. <fpage>3711</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþe þridde uorbiane is þet ter on geð him one in one <italic>sliddrie</italic> weie, he slit and faileð sone.’ <citation id="ref1409" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Kiwle</italic>, p. <fpage>252</fpage></citation>. See other instances in Trevisa's Higden, i. 63: ‘þe wey is so <italic>slider</italic>;’ Wyclif's Select Works, ii. 4 and 367, Prologue to Job, p. 671, &c. ‘<italic>Labina</italic>, sliddor.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vocab. p. 57. So W. de Biblesworth, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1409">ibid.</xref> p. 160, says— ‘<italic>Gelé et pluvye degotaunt Funt le chimyn trop lidaunt</italic> (sliderye or sclidinde). See also Sklyder, hereafter. A. S. <italic>slider</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1919" symbol="page 323 note 1"><label><sup>page 323 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTake Hares and flee horn, and washe horn in broth of fleshe with the blode, then boyle the brothe and <italic>scome</italic> hit wel and do hit in a pot.’ Anct. Cookery 1420, in Household Ord. ed. 1790, p. 428. In Sir J. Fastolf's kitchen at Caistor in 1459 we find ‘ij ladels and ij <italic>skymers</italic> of brasse.’ ‘<italic>Escumer</italic>, m. a scummer or skimmer of liquor.’ Cotgrave. Dame Elizabeth Browne in her Will, 1487, bequeaths <italic>inter alia</italic> ‘a ladill and a <italic>scomer</italic> of laton.’ <citation id="ref1410" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, iii. <fpage>466</fpage></citation>. In an Inventory dated 1558, <citation id="ref1411" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc), ii. <fpage>162</fpage></citation>, we find: ‘iij chafynge dysshes xij<sup>d</sup>.—a latten laddell & a <italic>skomer</italic> ijs.—a breade grayt vj<sup>d</sup>.—ij fyer chauffers vj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.—brasse pannes xxs.’ ‘<italic>Mestola, mescola</italic>, a skommer to skomme the pot with all.’ Thomas, Ital. Dict. 1550. See Scumme and Scwmure, hereafter. ‘I scomme the potte, I take of the scomme. <italic>Je escumme</italic>. I pray you, scomme the potte well. I skumme a potte or any suche other lyke. <italic>Jescume vng pot</italic>. Skumme the potte woman, intendest thou to poyson us ?’ Palsgrave. ‘ij ladils, j <italic>scomer</italic> et j creagra, xij<sup>d</sup>.’ are mentioned in the invent, of W. Duffield, in 1452. <citation id="ref1412" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>136</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1920" symbol="page 323 note 2"><label><sup>page 323 note 2</sup></label><p>Hampole in the <italic>Pricke of Cons.</italic> 2269 tells us how when the devil tempted St. Bernard in vain ‘all <italic>skomfit</italic> he vanyst oway.’ See <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1784—</p><p>'sþenne ran þay in on a res, on rowtes ful grete,</p><p>Blastes out of bryзt brasse brestes so hyзe,</p><p>Ascry scarred en pe scue þat <italic>scomfyted</italic> mony;’</p><p>and <citation id="ref1413" citation-type="other"><italic>Alisnunder</italic>, l. <fpage>959</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sOn bothe halve in litel stounde, Was mony knyght laid to the grounde</p><p>Ac the <italic>scoumfyt</italic> and the damage, Feol on heom of Cartage.’</p><p>See also Wright's <citation id="ref1414" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, i. <fpage>217</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1415" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Generides</italic>, ed. 1865, l. <fpage>4266</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1416" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard Cœur de Lion, 3777, Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>2335</fpage></citation>, 1644, &c. ‘I scomfyte or I overcome. <italic>Je vaynes</italic>. He hath scomfyt all his ennpmyes.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1921" symbol="page 323 note 3"><label><sup>page 323 note 3</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘A sconse, or little lanterne.’ Sherwood in his Diet, has ‘Sconce, <italic>lanterne</italic>,’ and the Manip. Vooab. ‘A sconce, <italic>lanterna</italic>.’ The word is still in common use for a kind of candlestick of tin, which is hung up against the wall. O. Fr. <italic>esconse</italic>. In the Invent. of Bertram Anderson taken in 1570 we find: ‘In the Hall. ij<sup>o</sup> tabelles, vj buffet stolles, iiij buffet fformes, a one litell fourme with fete xxvj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d.</sup>, a farre cupborde, a <italic>skones</italic> at xxx<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1417" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, ii. <fpage>341</fpage></citation>; see also p. 312, where in another Inventory dated 1588 are mentioned ‘ij litle lanterne <italic>sconses</italic>, j old fyshe skymber, and an old latten ladell, 4<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘To Richard Godson on of my <italic>sconces</italic> and a writyng candilstik.’ Will of Dan. John Fall, in <citation id="ref1418" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. <fpage>244</fpage></citation>. ‘Bedstocks and a <italic>slconce</italic>, xii<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1419" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c</italic>. p. <fpage>169</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hic absconsus, A<sup>c.</sup></italic> sconse.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 193.</p></fn><fn id="fn1922" symbol="page 323 note 4"><label><sup>page 323 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe course which wee take, to try the millers usuage, is to take the same bashell or <italic>scopp</italic> that wee measured the corne in, and to measure the meale therein after it is brought hoame, just as it cometh from the milne-eye, and afore it be teamed.’ Farming and Acct. Books of Henry Best, 1641 p. 103. In the Inventory of Robert Prat, <citation id="ref1420" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, ii. <fpage>207</fpage></citation>, taken in 1563, are mentioned ‘One pare of bed stockes, one spinninge wheill, one maunde, j straw <italic>skeipp</italic> & j hopper xvj<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘One strawe <italic>skepp</italic>, ij maundes.’ Invent, of R. Prat, 1562. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1420">ibid.</xref> p. 208. ‘xii <italic>skoupes</italic> iij<sup>s</sup>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1420">ibid.</xref> p. 167; and in that of Francis Wandysford, in 1559, are ‘ij sayes, ij <italic>skopes</italic>, a bowtin tonne.’ <citation id="ref1421" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, &c. p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>. ‘De viij<sup>d</sup>. pro j say, di pipe, et j <italic>skope</italic>.’ Invent.dated 1508 in <citation id="ref1422" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. <fpage>291</fpage></citation>. See R. de Brunne's <citation id="ref1423" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, ll. <fpage>8164</fpage>, <fpage>8168</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1424" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Palladius</surname></name> <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, pp. <fpage>185</fpage></citation>, l. 178 and 190 l. 105.</p></fn><fn id="fn1923" symbol="page 323 note 5"><label><sup>page 323 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTo scoup, scowp, <italic>v.n.</italic> To leap or move hastily from one place to another. Icel. <italic>skopa</italic>, discurrere.’ Jamieson. Palsgrave gives ‘I scoupe as a lyon or a tygre dothe whan he doth folowe his praye. <italic>Je vas par saultées</italic>, I have sene a leoparde scoupe after a bucke and at ones rent out hia paunche.’ In <citation id="ref1425" citation-type="other"><italic>Alisaunder</italic>, l. <fpage>5777</fpage></citation>, we read how Alexander and his army found a nation living in the water, who</p><p>'sTho hy seighe that folk, I wys, In the water at on <italic>scoppe</italic>.’</p><p>Hy plumten doune, as a doppe,</p><p>'sYet thitherwarde assuredlye my harte, and mynde is bente</p><p>And burnes, and burnes to braste the bondes which doe inclose it so</p><p>That it ne can goe <italic>scope</italic> abrode where it woulde gladly goe.’</p><p>Drant, Horace, 1567, fo. E iiij.</p></fn><fn id="fn1924" symbol="page 324 note 1"><label><sup>page 324 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA scoppering, or <italic>scopperell</italic>, a little sort of spinning top for boys to set up between the middle finger and thumb.’ Kennett MS. Compare Hurre bone, and Whorlebone. Ray has ‘Scopperloit, <italic>s.</italic> a time of idleness, a play-time.’ Mr. Peacock in his Gloss, of Manley gives ‘<italic>Scopperil</italic>, (1) the bone foundation of a button; (2)a nimble child (possibly because a <italic>scopperil</italic>, with a small peg through it, is used as a teetotum, and is then nimble enough. W. W. S.).’ ‘<italic>Scopperil</italic>, a teetotum.’ Whitby Glossary. Icel. <italic>skoppa</italic>, to spin like a top, <italic>skoppara-kringla</italic>, a top. ‘That vpon the least touch it will twerle and tourne as round as any <italic>Scopperill</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1426" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Markham</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Fowling by Water & Land</italic>, <year>1655</year>, p. <fpage>117</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1925" symbol="page 324 note 2"><label><sup>page 324 note 2</sup></label><p>An account or journal. <italic>Epimeridia</italic> is of course a blunder for <italic>ephemeris</italic>, which Cooper renders by ‘a regester, a reckning booke wherein things dayly done be written.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1926" symbol="page 324 note 3"><label><sup>page 324 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA scroll of paper, <italic>schedula</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Roulet</italic>, A list, roll, inventory, catalogue, scrowle.’ Cotgmve. ‘A scrowe, <italic>sheda</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 42, the advice is given ‘leteð writen on one <italic>scrowe</italic> hwat se зe ne kunneoð nout;’ and again, p. 282: ‘Gif þu hauest knif oðer cloð, mete oðer drunch, <italic>scrowe</italic> oðer quaer.’ ‘Item there ben some that maken lettres and <italic>scrowys</italic> wherin they paynte many crosses and many wordes.’ Caxton, trans of Cato, fo. F2. Huloet has ‘Scrow, paper or tables wherin the tenne preceptes ben written, <italic>phile</italic>[<italic>c</italic>]<italic>teria</italic>. Such scrow did the phariseis weare;’ and again, he speaks of ‘Charmes or enchauntments wrytten. in a scrow. <italic>Phile[c]teria</italic>.’ ‘The sayd Baylly vsed to bere <italic>scrowys</italic> and prophecye aboute hym, shewyng to his company that he was an enchaunterand of ylle disposicion.’ <citation id="ref1427" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fabyan</surname></name>, p. <fpage>624</fpage></citation>. ‘Sodenly ther cam a whyte douue and lete falle a <italic>scrowe</italic> on the aulter wheron the pope sayd hys masse.’ Caxton, <italic>Golden Legende</italic>, fo. ccxiv. col. 1. Caxton in his version of Trevisa's Higden, Bk. iv. c. 4, says: ‘The Pharyseys wered and used harde clothyng and scarsyte of mete and of dryncke, they determyned Moyses lawe by theyr ordynaunce and statutes, they bere <italic>scrowes</italic> in their forhede and in theyr lyfte armes, and called the <italic>scrowes</italic> Phylaterna.’</p><p>'s2<sup>dus</sup> portor.—How felowe; se ye net yon <italic>skraw</italic>? Now sen that we drew cutt.’</p><p>It is writen yonder within a thraw Towneley Mysteries, p. 229.</p><p>O. Fr. <italic>escroue</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>skra</italic>, a scroll, skin. See also Scrawe and Sorowe. In a letter from the Abbot of Langley to Sir J. Paston in 1463 we read, ‘more things [were] seyd favorabely for you which I entytelyd in a <italic>scrowe</italic>.’ Paston Letters, ii 138.</p></fn><fn id="fn1927" symbol="page 324 note 4"><label><sup>page 324 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA creuisse fish, <italic>cammarus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Escrevisse</italic>, f. a crevice or crayfish.’ Cotgrave, The Prompt, gives ‘Creveys. fysshe, <italic>polipus</italic>.’ Eandle Holme gives under <citation id="ref1428" citation-type="other">‘How several sorts of Fish are named according to their Age or growth,’ p. <fpage>325</fpage></citation>, ‘A <italic>crevice</italic>, first a Spron Frey, then a shrimp; then a Sprawn, and when it is large, then a <italic>crevice</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1928" symbol="page 325 note 1"><label><sup>page 325 note 1</sup></label><p>'sI scratte as a beest dothe that hath sharp nayles. <italic>Je gratigne</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘To scratte, <italic>scabere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Hampole tells us that the damned shall</p><p>'sEver fyght togyder and stryfe,</p><p>Als þai war wode men of þis lyfe,</p><p>And ilk ane <italic>scratte</italic> other in þe face.’</p><p><citation id="ref1429" citation-type="other"><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>7376</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1430" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>186</fpage></citation>: ‘nis þet child fulitowen þet <italic>scratted</italic> aзean, & bit upon þe зerde?’ Still in use in the North.</p></fn><fn id="fn1929" symbol="page 325 note 2"><label><sup>page 325 note 2</sup></label><p>An hermaphrodite. ‘<italic>Hermaphroditus</italic>, wæpen-wifestre, <italic>vel</italic> scritta, <italic>vel</italic> bæddel.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 45. ‘<italic>Hic et hec armifraudita</italic>, a skrat.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1421">ibid.</xref> p. 217. In Caxton's version of Trevisa's Higden, Bk. ii. c. 1, we read: ‘And as it is amonge other bestes, so it is in mankynde that somtyme one of mankynde is bothe man and woman, and suche is called Hermafrodita, and was somtyme called Androgimus [Androgynus], and in Englysshe is called a <italic>Scratte</italic>, and accompted amonge meruaylles and wondres.’ ‘At the same time word was brought out of Vmbria, that there was an Hermaphrodite or <italic>Skrat</italic> [<italic>semimas</italic>] found, almost twelve yeers old.’ Holland, trans, of Livy, Bk.xxxix. c. 22. Phillips in his Dictionary explains <italic>Androgynus</italic> by ‘one that is both Man and Woman, or has the Natural Parts of both Sexes: a Scrat or Will Jick, an effeminate Fellow.’ ‘Scrayte whyche is both male and female. <italic>Androginos, Hermafroditus, Verius Hermofroditus: Hermofroditus</italic> is both man and woman.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1930" symbol="page 325 note 3"><label><sup>page 325 note 3</sup></label><p>See Scrolle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1931" symbol="page 325 note 4"><label><sup>page 325 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Fibulatorium</italic>, amiculum quod fibulâ stringitur.’ Gouldman. From this the meaning would appear to be a shred or piece of cloth, but it appears generally to be applied to fragments of bread, &c, as in the Lindisfarne Gospels, Mark vi. 43: ‘genomon ða hlafo ðara <italic>screadunga</italic> tuoelf ceaulas fulle.’ So in <citation id="ref1431" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, l. <fpage>99</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sHauede he non so god brede,</p><p>Ne on his bord non so god <italic>shrede:</italic>’ and Shoreham, p. 30—</p><p>'sThaз eny best devoured hyt, Other eny other onselthe, ech <italic>screade</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1432" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>416</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1433" citation-type="other"><italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, <fpage>3284</fpage></citation>, and Wright's <citation id="ref1434" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>352</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sRobes made of <italic>scredes</italic></p><p>Grisely othes and grete medes,</p><p>'sGenerides than cut his skirt….</p><p>And with the <italic>shredes</italic> hem he bond</p><p>Flaterers and false dedes,</p><p>Has schent Englond.’</p><p>For to staunche his bleding.’</p><p><citation id="ref1435" citation-type="other"><italic>Generides</italic> (Roxb. Club), l. <fpage>6118</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1932" symbol="page 325 note 5"><label><sup>page 325 note 5</sup></label><p>O. Fr. <italic>escren</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1933" symbol="page 325 note 6"><label><sup>page 325 note 6</sup></label><p>In hell, according to <citation id="ref1436" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> <fpage>7346</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sþe devils ay omang on þam salle stryke, And þe synfulle þare-with ay cry and <italic>shryke</italic>; and again, l. 7350—’ þare salle be swilk rareyng and ruschyng,</p><p>And raumpyng of devels and dyngyng and duschyng,</p><p>And <italic>skrykyng</italic> of synfulle, als I said are.’</p><p>'sThough he sore <italic>skrieke</italic>,</p><p>A buffite shall bytte,</p><p>Maye no man me whytte,</p><p>Though I doe hym woe.’</p><p><citation id="ref1437" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plays</surname><given-names>Chester</given-names></name>, ii. <fpage>37</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref1438" citation-type="other"><italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, xlii. <fpage>3</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sþanne his lemmon on lofte scrilles and <italic>scrykes</italic>.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1439" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, ll. <fpage>910</fpage> and <fpage>10182</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAnon has he cam, A grete <italic>scryke</italic> up he nam.’ <citation id="ref1440" citation-type="other"><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Wright</surname></name>, <fpage>491</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1441" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>64</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sMatronis eik Stude all on raw, with mony pietuoua <italic>screik</italic>.’</p><p>'sSkrikyng, <italic>escrye</italic>.’ Palsgrave. O. Icel. <italic>skrikja</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1934" symbol="page 326 note 1"><label><sup>page 326 note 1</sup></label><p>The meaning evidently is slip or slide (compare Sklyder, below, of which Scrythylle appears to be merely another form), but I know of no instance of the word. ‘Icel. <italic>skriða</italic>. Dan. <italic>skride</italic>, to slide.’ Jonsson. Icel. <italic>skriða</italic> is also a landslip, a steep slope on the side of a mountain covered with sliding stones, in Westmoreland called <italic>Screes</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1935" symbol="page 326 note 2"><label><sup>page 326 note 2</sup></label><p>Generally used in the sense of underwood, thickets, or what is now known as scrubby ground. The word is still in use in Lincolnshire; see Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. Ray gives ‘Scrogs, <italic>sb.</italic> black thorn.’</p><p>'sFull litill it wald delite, To write of <italic>scroggis</italic>, brome, hadder or rammell.’</p><p><citation id="ref1442" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ix. prol. l. <fpage>44</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Stewart in his version of Boece (Rolls Series), iii. 409, says—</p><p>'sFra him tha fled to mony wod and <italic>scrog</italic>, As houndit scheip fra ony masteif dog.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1443" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘þe wey toward þe City was stony, þorny and <italic>scroggy</italic>;’ and in <citation id="ref1444" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <year>1641</year></citation>, Cador orders his men—</p><p>'sDiscouereз now sekerly <italic>skrogges</italic> and other,</p><p>That no skathelle in the <italic>skroggeз</italic> skorne us here-aftyre.’</p><p>'sSkragge of trees. <italic>Sarmenta</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn1936" symbol="page 326 note 3"><label><sup>page 326 note 3</sup></label><p>'sI caste to writte wythine a litelle <italic>scrowe</italic>,</p><p>See Sorolle and Scrawe, above.</p><p>Like as I haue done byforene.’</p><p>Wright's <citation id="ref1445" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>192</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1937" symbol="page 326 note 4"><label><sup>page 326 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods, 1459, we find mentioned, ‘Item, j purpoynt white, with a <italic>scuchon</italic> after an hors wyse visure, and braunchis of grene.’ <citation id="ref1446" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>484</fpage></citation>; see also iii. 281. In the <citation id="ref1447" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>54</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘þe first knyght is strengist of any fat is in any place, and he berith a <italic>scochon</italic> of golde, with a lion in þe myddell; the second is wys, and berith a <italic>scochon</italic> with a peook; & þe third knyght is amorous and loving …. and he berith a golden <italic>scochon</italic>, with a white dove.’ ‘A scutchion, <italic>tholus, scutulum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Scochen, a badge, <italic>escuisson</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1938" symbol="page 326 note 5"><label><sup>page 326 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA scullion of the kitchen, <italic>lixa</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1939" symbol="page 326 note 6"><label><sup>page 326 note 6</sup></label><p>See to Scomme, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1940" symbol="page 326 note 7"><label><sup>page 326 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA kind of trout. Moffett & Bennet in their <citation id="ref1448" citation-type="other"><italic>Health's Improvement</italic>, ed. 1746, p. <fpage>283</fpage></citation>, say: ‘There are two sorts of them [Bull-trouts], Red Trouts and Gray Trouts or <italic>Skurffs</italic>, which keep not in the Channel of Rivulets or Rivers, but lurk like the Alderlings under the Roots of great Alders.’ On the Tees it is still applied to the bull-trout. See <citation id="ref1449" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Couch</surname></name>, <italic>British Fishes</italic>, iv. <fpage>200</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref1450" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Brewster</surname></name>, <italic>Hist, of Stockton</italic></citation>, Appendix ii.; and Notes & Queries, 6th S. iii. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn1941" symbol="page 326 note 8"><label><sup>page 326 note 8</sup></label><p>'sA scuttle, <italic>sportula</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hotte</italic>, f. a scuttle, dosser, basket to carry on the backe: <italic>Hottereau</italic>, m. a scuttle, a small wide-mouthed, and narrow-bottomed basket: <italic>Hotteur</italic>, m. a basket-carrier, or scuttle-carrier.’ In the Inventory of Anthony Place, 1570, <citation id="ref1451" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, vol. i. p. <fpage>318</fpage></citation>, are mentioned, ‘in the Larder Howse. butter tubbes, <italic>scuttles</italic> and other staff, xxvj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘They that make the morter have allwayes by them an olde spade to tewe it with, and a little two gallon skeele to fetch water in, and two olde <italic>scuttles</italic>, to carry up morter in, viz.; one for the server, and another for the thacker-drawer, if occasion soe require; and theire manner is to putte an handfull or two of drystrawe into the bottomes of the <italic>scuttles</italic> to keepe the <italic>scuttles</italic> cleane, and that the morter may goe readily out, and not cleave to the scuttles.’ Farming &c. Books of Henry Best, 1641, p. 145. ‘<italic>Hec scutella</italic>, a scotylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 257.</p></fn><fn id="fn1942" symbol="page 327 note 1"><label><sup>page 327 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>naturam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1943" symbol="page 327 note 2"><label><sup>page 327 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>voluntatem</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1944" symbol="page 327 note 3"><label><sup>page 327 note 3</sup></label><p>This doubtless refers to the ‘secret’ or private prayer of the priest, during the Mass immediately before communicating. In Caxton's <citation id="ref1452" citation-type="other"><italic>Charles the Grete</italic>, p. <fpage>239</fpage></citation>, Turpin describes how a vision of the death of Roland appeared to him as he was ‘in the <italic>secrete</italic> of the masse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1945" symbol="page 327 note 4"><label><sup>page 327 note 4</sup></label><p>Robert of Brunne (<italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, ll. 6259–6264) says—</p><p>'sOf alle fals þat beryn name</p><p>Fals <italic>executours</italic> are moste to blame.</p><p>þe pope of þe courte of Rome,</p><p>Aзens hem зyfþ he harde dome,</p><p>And curseþ hem yn cherchys here</p><p>Foure tymes yn þe зere.’</p><p>'sI charge the my <italic>sektour</italic>, cheffe of alle other.’ <citation id="ref1453" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>665</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sYoure <italic>secturs</italic> wille swere nay, and say ye aghte more then ye had.’ <citation id="ref1454" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>326</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sWyse mon if thou art, of thi god</p><p>Take part or thou hense wynde;</p><p>For if thou leve thi part in thi <italic>secatours</italic> ward,</p><p>Thi part non part at last end.’</p><p><citation id="ref1455" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>314</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAnd also it es my will fully that ther be gefyn a-gayne to my mayster wyfe that I dwelt wyth, if eho be <italic>sectour</italic> of my mayster, vj marks.’ Will of John of Croxton, 1393, pr. in <citation id="ref1456" citation-type="other"><italic>Testa. Ebor.</italic> i. <fpage>186</fpage></citation>: see also <citation id="ref1457" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xv. <fpage>128</fpage></citation>: ‘ <italic>Sectoures</italic> and sudenes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1946" symbol="page 327 note 5"><label><sup>page 327 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA <italic>seave</italic>, a rush that is drawn thro’ in dripping or other grease, which in ordinary houses in the North they light up and burn instead of a candle.‘ Kennett MS. Lansd. 1033. Given also by Ray in his Gloss, of North Country Words.</p></fn><fn id="fn1947" symbol="page 327 note 6"><label><sup>page 327 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Siege</italic>, m. a seat, a chaire, a stoole, or bench to sit on.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'sOure syre syttes, he says, on <italic>sege</italic> so heзe,</p><p>In his glwande glorye, & gloumbes ful lyttel.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 93</p></fn><fn id="fn1948" symbol="page 328 note 1"><label><sup>page 328 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Latrina</italic>, a siege or jakes.’ Elyot. In the Paston Letters; ii. 126, we read, ‘the same dager he slewe hym with, he kest it in a <italic>sege</italic>, whiche is founden and taken up al to-bowyd (bent).’ ‘A siege house, <italic>sedes excrementorum</italic>.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn1949" symbol="page 328 note 2"><label><sup>page 328 note 2</sup></label><p>'sSegges or sheregrasse, carex. A place where segges do grow, <italic>carectum</italic>.’ Baret. In Palladius <citation id="ref1458" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>20</fpage></citation>, l. 524, we are told that sheds for cattle should be ‘heled well with shingul, tile or broom, or <italic>segges</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Carex</italic>, a Segge. <italic>Carectum, locus vbi carexes crescunt</italic>.’ Medulla. See <citation id="ref1459" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, Genesis xli. <fpage>18</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1950" symbol="page 328 note 3"><label><sup>page 328 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sagena</italic>, f. a greate net to take fishe.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Seine</italic>, f. a very great and long fish net called a Seane.’ Cotgrave. ‘Sean or Seyn, a great and very long fish net.’ Howell. Also given in Ray's Glossary. ‘ <italic>Là covent pecher de nase</italic> (wit a seyne).’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 159. A. S. <italic>segne</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1951" symbol="page 328 note 4"><label><sup>page 328 note 4</sup></label><p>'sEvery Byshoppe and theyr ministers in every theyr visitacions and <italic>seanes</italic> shal make dylygent enquere.’ Fitzherbert, Justyce of Peas, fo. 142<sup>b</sup>. ‘Seene of clerkes, <italic>congregation</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Wherefore a <italic>seene</italic> was assignede where vij bischoppes of the Britons mette with mony noble clerkes of the famose abbey of Bangor.’ Harl. MS. trans, of Higden, v. 407; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1421">ibid.</xref> p. 363: ‘hit was noo mervayle thau3зe they hade dowte of the tru observaunce, when that the decrees of holy <italic>seynes</italic> come not un to theyme, as putte withowte the worlde.’ ‘This pope kepede the v<sup>the</sup> holy <italic>seene</italic> universalle at Constantinople.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1421">ibid.</xref> p. 425. See also Sene, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn1952" symbol="page 328 note 5"><label><sup>page 328 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>jnfrimus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1953" symbol="page 328 note 6"><label><sup>page 328 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. Seldone.</p></fn><fn id="fn1954" symbol="page 329 note 1"><label><sup>page 329 note 1</sup></label><p>In A. this is inserted immediately before to Sende.</p></fn><fn id="fn1955" symbol="page 329 note 2"><label><sup>page 329 note 2</sup></label><p>At the day of judgment, says Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Consc</italic>. 5009, the bodies of the wicked shall be ugly, but as for the good,</p><p>'sIf any lyms be here unsemely,</p><p>Thurgh outragiouste of kynd namely,</p><p>God sal abate þat outrage, thurgh myght,</p><p>And make þa lyms <italic>semely</italic> to sight.’</p><p>So in <citation id="ref1460" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>, ‘þat <italic>semliche</italic> child.’ O. Icel. <italic>sœmr, sœmiligr</italic>. ‘Semely, <italic>decorus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn1956" symbol="page 329 note 3"><label><sup>page 329 note 3</sup></label><p>See Halliwell, s. v. <italic>Cendal</italic>. Chaucer, describing the Doetour of Phisik, says—</p><p>'sIn sangroin and in pers he clad was al,</p><p>Lined with taffata and with <italic>sendal</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1461" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Prologue</surname><given-names>C. T.</given-names></name>, <fpage>440</fpage></citation>:</p><p>and in <citation id="ref1462" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. vi. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sAnd зe, louely ladyes, with зoure longe fyngres,</p><p>pat зe han silke and <italic>sendal</italic>, to sowe, whan tyme is,</p><p>Chesibles for chapelleynes, cherches to honoure.’</p><p>See also <italic>Early English Poems</italic>, &c. ed. <citation id="ref1463" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, i. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. <italic>Sendal</italic> or <italic>Oendal</italic> was a kind of rich thin silk used for lining, and very highly esteemed. Palsgrave, however, has ‘Cendell, thynne lynnen, <italic>sendal;</italic>’ and Cooper renders ‘<italic>Sindo</italic>,’ by a very fine lynnen clothe;’ and so in the A. V. of Matth. xxvii. 59, where Wyclif's version runs, ‘Joseph lappide it in a clene <italic>sendel</italic>, and leide it in his newe biriel.’ The texture was probably somewhat similar to ‘samite,’ a kind of satin, of inferior quality; and may possibly have been a sort of <italic>taffeta</italic>, being much used for banners and gonfanons, a proof of its lightness and strength. Thus in <italic>Arthour and Merlin</italic>, p. 209, we read, ‘Her gonfainoun was of <italic>cendel</italic>.’ In the Liber Albus, ed. <citation id="ref1464" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Riley</surname></name>, p. <fpage>727</fpage></citation>, amongst the Ordinances of the Tailors, we find: ‘Item, pur j robe longe pur femme, garnisse de soy et <italic>sendal</italic>, ij souldз, vi deniers;’ and in <citation id="ref1465" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>2299</fpage></citation>, we are told that the bodies of the Roman Emperor and his chiefs were embalmed, and ‘sewed in <italic>sendelle</italic> sexti-faulde aftire.’ Neckam in his Treatise <italic>de Utensilibus</italic> speaks of sendal as a material for shirts and sheets: ‘<italic>Camisia</italic> (chemise) <italic>sindonis</italic> (de sandel) <italic>vel serici</italic> (seye), <italic>vel bissi</italic> (cheysil) <italic>materiam sorciatur</italic> (<italic>i. capiat</italic>) <italic>vel saltem lini: Dehinc lintheamina</italic> (linceus) <italic>ex syndone</italic> (de sendel) <italic>vel ex bisso</italic> (cheysil) <italic>vel saltem ex lino</italic> (lin) <italic>vel lodices</italic> (launges) <italic>supponantur</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 99, 100. In the reign of Edward I it was enacted, by royal proclamation, that no woman of ill fame should wear the fur called ‘minever,’ or <italic>sendale</italic> upon her hood or dress, under penalty of confiscation.’ Liber Albus, Introd. p. lli</p></fn><fn id="fn1957" symbol="page 330 note 1"><label><sup>page 330 note 1</sup></label><p>See Sendalle.</p></fn><fn id="fn1958" symbol="page 330 note 2"><label><sup>page 330 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Seyn, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1959" symbol="page 330 note 3"><label><sup>page 330 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>simplus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1960" symbol="page 330 note 4"><label><sup>page 330 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA Sensar, <italic>thuribulum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Encenser</italic>, to cense, or perfume with frankinsence.’ Cotgrave. ‘Item, j <italic>sensour</italic> of silver and gilt, weiyng xl unces.’ Invent, of Sir J. Fastolf, 1459, <citation id="ref1466" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>471</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1961" symbol="page 330 note 5"><label><sup>page 330 note 5</sup></label><p>A. adds here <italic>sensus, Sentencia</italic>, evidently through a confusion on the part of the copier with sentence, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1962" symbol="page 330 note 6"><label><sup>page 330 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Troporium</italic>: a sequenciary.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn1963" symbol="page 330 note 7"><label><sup>page 330 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cereus</italic>, a taper or waxe candel.’ Cooper. In the Trinity MS. of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 20701, we read—</p><p>'sAnd swithe feire also зe singe With <italic>serges</italic> and with candels briзt.’</p><p>'s<italic>Cerius</italic>, a serge. <italic>Primicerius</italic>, that ffyrst beryth the serge.’ Medulla. ‘A taper or waxe candle, <italic>cœreus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Cierge</italic>, m. a big wax candle.’ Cotgrave, who also gives ‘<italic>Poincte</italic>, f. the middle sized wax candle used in churches (the biggest being tearmed <italic>Cierge</italic>, and the least <italic>Bougie</italic>).’ In <citation id="ref1467" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>, l. 24, we read—</p><p>'sA clerc broht <italic>cerges</italic> in heye, And euerilkan gaf he an.’</p><p>See also p. 161, l. 2. ‘<italic>Cierges</italic>, torchys and priketз’ are mentioned in Riley's Memorials of London, p. 301.</p><p>'sHit watз not wonte in þat wone to wast no <italic>serges</italic>.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1489.</p><p>'sAlso lith was it ther inne, So ther brenden <italic>cerges</italic> inne.’ <citation id="ref1468" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Havelok</surname></name>, <fpage>594</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1468">ibid.</xref> 1. 2125–6, <citation id="ref1469" citation-type="other"><italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, <fpage>6251</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1470" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>71</fpage></citation>, l. 26 and Glossary, Trevisa, v. 225, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1964" symbol="page 330 note 8"><label><sup>page 330 note 8</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1471" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>24</fpage></citation>, a knight who rescues a princess and restores her to her kingdom dies from a wound received in the battle, and bequeathes to her his ‘blody <italic>serke</italic>,’ which she is to ‘sette out on a perche afore …‥ þat þe siзte of my <italic>serke</italic> may meve þe to wepe, as ofte tyme as þou lokist þeron.’ See also <citation id="ref1472" citation-type="other"><italic>Havelok</italic>, l. <fpage>603</fpage></citation>, and P. Plowman, B. v. 66. A. S. <italic>serce, syrce</italic>, I Icel. <italic>serkr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1965" symbol="page 330 note 9"><label><sup>page 330 note 9</sup></label><p>Both MSS. <italic>mancipatum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1966" symbol="page 330 note 10"><label><sup>page 330 note 10</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>ministeroilus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1967" symbol="page 331 note 1"><label><sup>page 331 note 1</sup></label><p>See notes to Angell setis and Ethroglett, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1968" symbol="page 331 note 2"><label><sup>page 331 note 2</sup></label><p>According to Halliwell the herb bear's-foot.</p></fn><fn id="fn1969" symbol="page 331 note 3"><label><sup>page 331 note 3</sup></label><p>Halliwell explains this as a division or compartment of a vaulted ceiling.</p></fn><fn id="fn1970" symbol="page 331 note 4"><label><sup>page 331 note 4</sup></label><p>Potage or broth. The word occurs in the <citation id="ref1473" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Care Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref1474" citation-type="other">‘Harus in a sewe,’ and p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, ‘boyle hit by-dene In þe same <italic>sewe</italic>.’ ‘Some with Sireppis, Sawces, <italic>Sewes</italic> and Soppes.’ Babees Boke, p. 33, l. 509; see also p. 35, l. 523, and p. 154, l. 17. A. S. <italic>seawe</italic>, O. H. Ger. <italic>sou.</italic> ‘I woll nat tellen of her strange <italic>sewes</italic>.’ Chaucer, Squiere's Tale, 67. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's effects at Caistor, 1459, we find ‘iij chafernes of the French gyse for <italic>sewes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1475" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Letters</surname><given-names>Paston</given-names></name>, i. <fpage>481</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref1476" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, Prologue, l. <fpage>290</fpage></citation>. ‘Seyne come ther <italic>sewes</italic> sere with solace ther-after.’ <citation id="ref1477" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>192</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sþenne ho sauereз with salt her <italic>seueз</italic> vchone.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 825.</p></fn><fn id="fn1971" symbol="page 331 note 5"><label><sup>page 331 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI sewe at meate, <italic>je taste</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘The sewer of the kitchin,<italic>anteambulo fercularius, prœgustator</italic>.’ Baret. <italic>Escuyer</italic>, m. an Usher or Sewer.’ Cotgrave. For an account of the duties of the Sewer see the Babees Boke, pp. 467 and 1567. ‘A Sewer, <italic>appositor ciborum. Appono</italic>, to sette vpon the table.’ Withals.</p></fn><fn id="fn1972" symbol="page 331 note 6"><label><sup>page 331 note 6</sup></label><p>A. curiously reads <italic>septuagesima</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1973" symbol="page 332 note 1"><label><sup>page 332 note 1</sup></label><p>Forby gives ‘<italic>Shailer</italic>, a cripple.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Gavar</italic>, shaling, splay-footed. <italic>Esgrailler</italic>, to shale or straddle with the feet or legs, &c. <italic>Goibier</italic>, baker-legged; also splay footed, shaling, ill-favoredly treading.’ ‘Good Mastres Anne, then ye do <italic>shayle</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1478" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shelton</surname></name>, <italic>Womanhood</italic>, &c. l. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. In the description of the giant in <italic>Morte Arthnre</italic>, we are told, l. 1098, that— ‘Shouelle-fotede was that schalke and <italic>schaylande</italic> hyme semyde,</p><p>With soliankeз vn-schaply, schowande togedyrs,’</p><p>where the word has been incorrectly explained by the editor as <italic>scaly</italic>. In Trevisa's Barthol. <italic>de Propriet</italic>. <citation id="ref1479" citation-type="other"><italic>Rerum</italic>, viii. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>, we read: ‘This sign is ealde Cancer þe orabbe, for þe scrabbe is <italic>schaylynge</italic> beste (<italic>shelynge</italic> beaste, ed. 1535, <italic>shelling</italic> beast, ed. 1582) and gooþ bakwarde, as þe sonne whan he gooþ in þat parti of þe cercle Zodiacus, þat is calde Cancer,’ the original Latin being <italic>nam cancer est animal retrogradum</italic>. ‘Shaylyng with the knees togyther, and the fete asonder, <italic>a eschais</italic>. I shayle with the fete. <italic>Jentretaille des piedz</italic>. I never sawe man have a worse pace, se howe he shaylleth. It is to late to beate him for it now, he shal shayle as longe as he lyveth.’ Palsgrave. ‘ <italic>Fauquet</italic>. A shaling, wry-legd fellow.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1974" symbol="page 332 note 2"><label><sup>page 332 note 2</sup></label><p>Kennett explains ‘Shack fork’ by ‘a fork of wood which threshers use to shake up the straw withall that all the corn may fall out from amongst it.’ ‘Shakfork, a straw-fork.’ Whitby Glossary. See also Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. <italic>Pastinatum</italic>? for <italic>pastinum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1975" symbol="page 332 note 3"><label><sup>page 332 note 3</sup></label><p>Cooper translates <italic>Numella</italic> by ‘a tumbrell wherein malefactours were punished, hauyng the neck, handes & legges therin; a payer of stockes.’ ‘A shackle or shackil, <italic>compes</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Oxebowe, above. A. S. <italic>sceacul</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1976" symbol="page 332 note 4"><label><sup>page 332 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. reads a Schakyllynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn1977" symbol="page 332 note 5"><label><sup>page 332 note 5</sup></label><p>'sShamefast, <italic>rubicundus, pudicus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Honte, f.</italic> shame, shamefulnesse, or shamefastnesse. <italic>Honteux</italic>, shamefast, bashful.’ Cotgrave. ‘Shamefast, <italic>pudens;</italic> bashfully, shamefastly, with shamefastnesse, <italic>pudenter</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sCom ner quoth he, my lady prioresse;</p><p>And ye, sir clerk, lat be youre <italic>schamefastnesse</italic></p><p>Ne studieth nat: ley hand to, every man.’ Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 840.</p><p>A. S. <italic>scamfœst</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1978" symbol="page 333 note 1"><label><sup>page 333 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe shambles or place where flesh is sold. <italic>Macellum</italic>.’ Baret. The word is derived from the A. S. <italic>scamel</italic>, a stool or bench, which occurs in <citation id="ref1480" citation-type="other"><italic>O. E. Homilies</italic>, i. <fpage>91</fpage></citation>: ‘ic alegge þine feond under þine <italic>fot-sceomele</italic>,’ and again:‘hys fot-<italic>scamel</italic>’ [footstool A. V.]. Matt. v. 35. So too in the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 166, we find, ‘ane stol to hore uet,’ where other MSS. read <italic>scheomel</italic> and <italic>schamal</italic>. From the original meaning of a stool or bench came that of a bench in a market place on which articles, not necessarily meat (see quotation below), were exposed for sale; then that of a butcher's stall, and lastly, a slaughter-house for cattle. The word continued to be spelt without the interpolated <italic>b</italic> at least as late as 1554, for in a Roll of the Guild Merchants of Totnes for that year is an entry: ‘Received ffor the fisshe <italic>shamells</italic> at the hands of James Pelliton, beeyng lett unto hym at ferme liij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>. More received for certaigne standyngs of sutche as did stande withowte the same <italic>shamells</italic> yn the streate iij<sup>s</sup>. v<sup>d</sup>. Summa ij<sup>li</sup>. –xvij<sup>s</sup>. j<sup>d</sup>.’ For the full history of the word see Prof. Skeat's note in Notes and Queries, 5th Ser. v. 261.</p></fn><fn id="fn1979" symbol="page 333 note 2"><label><sup>page 333 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe schadande blode ouer his <italic>schanke</italic> rynnys.’ <citation id="ref1481" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, <fpage>3845</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1980" symbol="page 333 note 3"><label><sup>page 333 note 3</sup></label><p>'sSchappyng knyfe of souters, <italic>tranchet</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1981" symbol="page 333 note 4"><label><sup>page 333 note 4</sup></label><p>'sPuberte is when þe neþer berde here groweþ firste in þe <italic>schare</italic>.’ Trevisa's trans. Barthol. <citation id="ref1482" citation-type="other"><italic>de Propriet. Rerum</italic>, vi. <fpage>6</fpage></citation>. Holland m his trans, of Suetonius, p. 270, says: ‘As Domitian was reading of a bill which hee preferred unto him, and therewith stood amazed, he stabbed him beneth in the very <italic>share</italic> neere unto his priue parts [<italic>suffodit inguenia</italic>];’ and so Wyclif, 2 Kings ii. 23: ‘Abner smoot hym in the <italic>sheer</italic> and strikide hym thurз.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1482">ibid.</xref> iii. 27 and iv. 6. In the <citation id="ref1483" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>272</fpage></citation>, we are told how the sons of Rechab stabbed Ishbosheth ‘adun into þe <italic>schere</italic>.’ ‘Schare, <italic>pubes</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 246. See P. Schore. A. S. <italic>scearu</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1982" symbol="page 333 note 5"><label><sup>page 333 note 5</sup></label><p>A spokeshave. ‘A shauing knife, <italic>scalprum</italic>.’ Baret. Compare Sohavynge knyfe, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn1983" symbol="page 333 note 6"><label><sup>page 333 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. Schavynge chathe. See Raster clathe, above. ‘A shauing clothe, <italic>linteum tonsorium</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1984" symbol="page 333 note 7"><label><sup>page 333 note 7</sup></label><p>See Raster house, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1985" symbol="page 333 note 8"><label><sup>page 333 note 8</sup></label><p>Compare a Schaue, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1986" symbol="page 334 note 1"><label><sup>page 334 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1484" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <year>1765</year></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sThane schotte owtte of the <italic>schawe</italic> schiltrounis many;’ and again, l. 1760—</p><p>'sThere <italic>schawes</italic> were scheene vndyr the schire eyneз,’</p><p>See also ll. 1723 and 2676, and Barbour's <citation id="ref1485" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, v. 589 and iii. <fpage>479</fpage></citation>. The Coke in his Tale describes the ‘prentice as ‘Gaylard …. as goldfynch in the <italic>schawe</italic>.’ C. Tales, 4367. Dan. <italic>skov</italic>, a wood, Icel. <italic>skögr</italic>.</p><p>'sTher foughte, and they slowe</p><p>Mo men then ynowe,</p><p>And bynomen that ilke men</p><p>Theo mores, theo <italic>schawes</italic>, and the fen.’</p><p><citation id="ref1486" citation-type="other"><italic>Kyng Alisaunder</italic> (Weber's Romances), p. <fpage>253</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sWorry with hyt in schyn wod <citation id="ref1487" citation-type="other"><italic>schaweз’ Allit. Poems</italic>, A. <fpage>284</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1987" symbol="page 334 note 2"><label><sup>page 334 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives <citation id="ref1488" citation-type="other">‘To make the <italic>shead</italic> [parting] in the haire with a pinne,’ and Florio, p. <fpage>483</fpage></citation>, ‘the dividing or shedding of a woman's haire of hir head.’ ‘<italic>Discrimen</italic>, the seed of the hede.’ Nominale MS. In the Trinity MS. of the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 18837, we read of Christ that ‘ In heed he had a <italic>sheed</italic> biforn As Nazarenus han þere þei are born.’ ‘<italic>La greve des cheveux</italic> (& <italic>les cheveux departis en greve</italic>), the shedding or shading of the haire; the parting thereof on the forehead (after the old fashion).’ Cotgrave. Still in use; see Mr. Peacock's Glossary. A. S. <italic>seáde</italic>. Horman says ‘The shede of the heer goeth vp to the toppe deuydynge the moolde. <italic>Equamentum capillorum ad summum verticem breyma diuidit</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Ma teste on moun cheef</italic>. <italic>La greve de moun cheef</italic> (the schod of my eved).’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 144. ‘<italic>Hoc discrimen</italic>, the shade of the hede,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1483">ibid.</xref> p. 206. In the later Wyclifite version of Judith x. 3 <italic>shede</italic> is used to translate the Vulgate <italic>discriminavit:</italic> ‘And sche waischide hir bodi, and anoyntide hir with beste myrre, and sche <italic>schedide</italic> [platte W.] the heer of hir heed.’ Chaucer in the <italic>Knigkte's Tale</italic>, 2009, has—</p><p>'sThe sleer of himself yet saugh I there, The nayl y-dryve in the <italic>schode</italic> a-nyght;</p><p>His herte-blood hath bathed al his here; The colde deth, with mouth gapyng upright.’</p><p>'sI schede ones heed, I parte the heares evyn from the crowne to the myddes of the forheed. <italic>Je mespartis mes cheueulx</italic>. Shedde your heares evyn in the myddes.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1988" symbol="page 334 note 3"><label><sup>page 334 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Merges</italic>, a grype of corne in reapyng; or so muche come or hay, as one with a pitche fovke or hooke can take vp at a time.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1989" symbol="page 334 note 4"><label><sup>page 334 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA case, a sheth, a scabberd, <italic>theca</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1990" symbol="page 334 note 5"><label><sup>page 334 note 5</sup></label><p>In hell, Hampole tells us, the wicked</p><p>'sSalle have mare schame of þair syn þare,</p><p>And þair <italic>schendsehepe</italic> salle be mare.’ <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 7145.</p><p>See also ll. 380, 1171, 3341, &c. William of Nassington in the proem to his <italic>Mirror of Life</italic>, l. 10, prays that there may be sent</p><p>'sTo the Fende scharae and <italic>schenschyppe</italic>, Hele of saule.’</p><p>And to зowe þat me heres als swa</p><p>See also <italic>William, of Palerne</italic>, ll. 556, 1803, <italic>Cursor Mwndi</italic>, 19448, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn1991" symbol="page 334 note 6"><label><sup>page 334 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bidens</italic>, a sheepe two зeres olde; an hogrell or hoggatte.’ Cooper. Ducange gives ‘<italic>Balans</italic>, ovis a <italic>balare</italic>, quod est oviuin vox; <italic>brebis, mouton. Berbica</italic>, ovis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1992" symbol="page 335 note 1"><label><sup>page 335 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Caulœ</italic>, munimenta ovium; <italic>barrières pour renfermer les moutons, pare</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘A fold, or sheepcote, <italic>l'estable de brebis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Bergerie</italic>, f. a sheep coat or sheep house.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn1993" symbol="page 335 note 2"><label><sup>page 335 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Pedum</italic>, a sheepe crooke.’ Cooper. See note to Cambake, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn1994" symbol="page 335 note 3"><label><sup>page 335 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Archimandrita</italic>, an abbot or ruler of heremites. <italic>Opilio</italic>, a sheephearde, Columella,’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1995" symbol="page 335 note 4"><label><sup>page 335 note 4</sup></label><p>In the duel between Gawayne and the strange knight we are told</p><p>'sThorowe scheldys they schotte, and <italic>scherde</italic> thorowe mailes,</p><p>Bothe <italic>schere</italic> thorowe schoulders a schaft-monde large.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 2545.</p><p>A. S. <italic>sceran</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn1996" symbol="page 335 note 5"><label><sup>page 335 note 5</sup></label><p>A kind of sedge, so called from its sharp cutting edge. Gerarde, <italic>Herbal</italic>, Bk. i. c. v. p. 7, says that ‘in Lincolnshire the Wilde Reede is called, <italic>Sheeregrasse</italic> or Henne.’ Probably identical with what Lyte, Dodoens, p. 575, calls ‘Reede grasse. <italic>Platanaria</italic>.’ Turner in his <citation id="ref1489" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. i. p. <fpage>89</fpage></citation>, has a chapter ‘Of Segge or <italic>shergres</italic>’ He says, ‘Carex is the latin name of an herbe, whiche we cal in english segge or <italic>shergresse</italic>.’</p><p>'sAnd lodging all night long he lies .among hard stones</p><p>Vpon a couch vnmade being fed with rough greene leaues,</p><p>And <italic>sheeregrasse</italic> sharpe, or sedge.’</p><p>Abr. Fleming, <citation id="ref1490" citation-type="other"><italic>Bucoliks, &c. of Virgil</italic>, 1589, Georgic iii. p. <fpage>44</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn1997" symbol="page 335 note 6"><label><sup>page 335 note 6</sup></label><p>'sA paire of sheares, or scissors, <italic>forfex</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn1998" symbol="page 335 note 7"><label><sup>page 335 note 7</sup></label><p>Baret says ‘a sheete, or blanket for a bed, <italic>lodix</italic>. But for more distinction you may say, <italic>lodix linea</italic>, a sheete, and <italic>lodix lanea</italic>, a blanket.’</p></fn><fn id="fn1999" symbol="page 335 note 8"><label><sup>page 335 note 8</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vagina</italic>, a Shede. <italic>Vagino</italic>, to shedyn. <italic>Euagino</italic>, to drawynoute off þe shede.’ Medulla, A sheath; a scabbard; a couering; a case; <italic>vagina</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2000" symbol="page 336 note 1"><label><sup>page 336 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Teda</italic>, f. a tree oute of whiche issueth a licour more thinne then pitche; unproperly it is taken for all woodde, which beyng dressed with rosen or waxe will burne like a torch; a torch. <italic>Titio</italic>, m. a fyer braune, or wood that hath been on fyer.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Tedula</italic>, a schyde of wode ’ Nominate MS. ‘Schyde of wode, <italic>buche; moule de buches</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Schide, <italic>vide</italic> Billet.’ Baret. ‘A schyde, billet, <italic>cala</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In P. Plowman, B. ix. 131, we are told how God</p><p>'sCome to Noe anon, and bad hym nouзt lette:</p><p>Swithe go shape a shippe of <italic>shides</italic> and of bordes.’</p><p>In the fight between Sir Gawan and Sir Galrun, we read that</p><p>'sSchaftis in <italic>shide</italic> wode thay shindre in <italic>schides</italic>.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, ed. Kobson, xxxix. Gawin Douglas renders Virgil, Eneid, ix. 568—</p><p>'sSom vthir presit with <italic>schidis</italic> and mony ane sill The fyre blesia about the rufe to fling;’ the original latin being <italic>ardentes tœdas alii ad fastigia jaetant</italic>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1482">ibid.</xref> p 207, <italic>Richard Coer de Lion</italic>, l. 1385, <italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, 1547, &c. In Arnold's Chronicle, 1500, p. 98 (ed. 1811) is printed a regulation ‘that euery Esex belet of one contayn in lengith with the carf iij. fote and half of assise and in gretnes in y<sup>e</sup> middes xv. ynches, and that euery Essex belet of more than one <italic>shide</italic> be of resonable proporciō and gretnes after the nombre of <italic>shyde</italic> that it be tolde fore also the rate of the sayd belet of one <italic>shyde</italic>, &c.’ ‘Ful wel kan ich cleuen <italic>shides</italic>’ <italic>Havelok</italic>, 917. A. S. <italic>scide</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>skið</italic>. See P. Astelle, a shyyd.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2001" symbol="page 336 note 2"><label><sup>page 336 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA shiue or shiuer, <italic>segmen, segmentum</italic>.’ Baret. Huloet gives ‘a shive of bread, <italic>minutal</italic>,’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘a shiue of bread, <italic>sectio panis</italic>.’ In the <italic>Forme of Cure</italic>, p. 98, we have ‘scher yt on <italic>schyverys</italic>;’ and again, p. 121, in making ‘Flawns’ for Lent, we are told to ‘kerf hem in <italic>schiveris</italic>.’ In the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 416, we read: ‘Gif heo mei sparien eni poure <italic>schreaden</italic>,’ where one MS. reads <italic>shiue</italic>. A shive is properly only a bit, slice or fragment (compare Schyfes of lyne), but the term appears to be used here in the meaning of a cake. We have already had <italic>collirida</italic> as the Latin equivalent of a Cramcake. Compare Stepmoder schyfe, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn2002" symbol="page 336 note 3"><label><sup>page 336 note 3</sup></label><p>See P. Crakkyn or sehyllyn nothys. In the <citation id="ref1491" citation-type="other"><italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, we read, p. <fpage>59</fpage></citation>, ‘<italic>schyl</italic> oysters and seeþ hem in wyne, &c.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2003" symbol="page 336 note 4"><label><sup>page 336 note 4</sup></label><p>'sShil or shirle, <italic>argutus, canorus, acutus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 9268, says of the music of heaven that</p><p>'sSwilk melody, als þar sal be þan, For swa swete sal be þat noyse and <italic>shille</italic></p><p>In þis werld herd never nan erthely man, And swa delitabel and swa sutille, &c.’</p><p>And in <citation id="ref1492" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, <fpage>38</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘so kenly and <italic>schille</italic>.’ In ‘The Christ's Kirk’ of James V, pr. in Poetic Remains of the Scottish Kings, ed. <citation id="ref1493" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chalmers</surname></name>, p. <fpage>145</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sTom Lutar was their minstrel meet, He played so <italic>schill</italic>, and sang so sweet,</p><p>O Lord ! as he could lanss [skip]! While Towsy took a transs [dance].’</p><p>A. S. <italic>scyll.</italic> ‘Then the soudan cried <italic>schill</italic> for ferd.’ The <italic>Song of Roland</italic>, l. 1003. ‘þe Saraзynes sone þut cry arereþ in tal þat host ful <italic>schille</italic>.’ <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 3020.</p></fn><fn id="fn2004" symbol="page 336 note 5"><label><sup>page 336 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Est.</italic> A. reads <italic>Aust.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn2005" symbol="page 337 note 1"><label><sup>page 337 note 1</sup></label><p>'sShame skrapeth his clothes & his <italic>shynes</italic> wassheth.’ P. Plowman, B. xi. 423. Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, l. 386, tells us that the Cook</p><p>'sOn his <italic>sehyne</italic> a mormal hadde he, For blankmanger that made he with the beste.’ See also Schanke.</p></fn><fn id="fn2006" symbol="page 337 note 2"><label><sup>page 337 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘a ship, such as was used in the church to put Frankincense in, <italic>acerra</italic>.’ Cooper renders <italic>Acerra</italic> by ‘a shippe wherin frankensens is put: some name it an aulter sette before a dead corpes, wheron insence was burned: some call it a cuppe, wherein they did sacrifice wine.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2007" symbol="page 337 note 3"><label><sup>page 337 note 3</sup></label><p>'sFor leuening in his sight cloudes <italic>schire</italic> Forth yheden, haile, and koles of fire.’</p><p><citation id="ref1494" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Psalter</italic>, Ps. xvii. <fpage>13</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sShyre nat thycke, <italic>delie</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Hampole says—</p><p>'sVermyn of helle salle ay lyfe,</p><p>And never deghe þe synfulle to gryefe,</p><p>The whilke salle lyfe in the flawme of fyre,</p><p>Als fyssches lyfes in water <italic>schyre</italic>.’ <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 6931.</p><p>And again he tells us that all the water on earth would not suffice to put out hell fire—</p><p>'sNa mare ban a drop of water <italic>shire</italic> If alle Rome brend, mught sleken þat fire.’ l. 6612.</p><p>'sHe watз schunt to þe schadow vnder <italic>schyre</italic> leueз.’ <citation id="ref1495" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>605</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1495">ibid.</xref> A. 28, B. 553, 1278, &c.</p><p>'sThane he schoupe hyme to chippe, and schownnes no lengere,</p><p>Scherys with a charpe wynde ouer the <italic>schyre</italic> waters.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3600. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1495">ibid.</xref> ll. 1760, 2169, 3846 and 4212. The verb occurs in the <citation id="ref1496" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>384</fpage></citation>: ‘al is ase nout aзean luue, þet <italic>schireð</italic> and brihteð þe heorte;’ and the adjective on pp. 144, 246, 382, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2008" symbol="page 337 note 4"><label><sup>page 337 note 4</sup></label><p>Bits of tow. Compare Hardes, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2009" symbol="page 337 note 5"><label><sup>page 337 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Satulares</italic> i. q. <italic>sotulares:</italic> calcei; <italic>souliers. Subtalares; souliers, pantoufles</italic>.’ D'Arnis. <italic>Millus</italic> is evidently the same as <italic>Mulleus</italic>, which Baret renders ‘a thick soled shoe called Mules.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2010" symbol="page 338 note 1"><label><sup>page 338 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTheire manner is for one to stande with a mell and breake the clottes small, another hath a <italic>showle</italic> and <italic>showleth</italic> the mowles into the hole, the third and all the rest have rammers for raraminge and beatinge of the earth downe into the hole.’ <citation id="ref1497" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming & Acct. Books</italic> of Henry Best, 1641, p. <fpage>107</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2011" symbol="page 338 note 2"><label><sup>page 338 note 2</sup></label><p>Apparently, to cry <italic>shoo</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2012" symbol="page 338 note 3"><label><sup>page 338 note 3</sup></label><p>See an Heppe tre, above. <italic>Schowpe</italic> is essentially the same word as <italic>hip</italic>, as Bhown by the Frisian and Flemish forms. Compare also ‘Schoups. The hips. N.’ Halliwell. ‘<italic>Scopetum</italic>, a place there scope tres growen.’ Medulla. In Cumberland the briar is still called <italic>choup tree</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2013" symbol="page 338 note 4"><label><sup>page 338 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. Scherdnes; corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2014" symbol="page 338 note 5"><label><sup>page 338 note 5</sup></label><p>In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. 4144, Sir Idrus says—</p><p>'sBot I forsake this gate, so me gode helpe,</p><p>And sothely alle <italic>sybredyne</italic> bot thy selfe one:’</p><p>and at l. 691, Arthur begs Mordred to accept the office of Viceroy ‘Ffor the <italic>sybredyne</italic> of me.’ In the <citation id="ref1498" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, ed. Morris, p. <fpage>729</fpage></citation>, l. 12673, we are told of St. James, that ‘Ihesu brother called was he For <italic>sibrede</italic>, worshepe and beaute.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>sibrœden</italic>. See also Wyclif, <citation id="ref1499" citation-type="other"><italic>Select Works</italic>, ed. Arnold, i. 318, 376, &c</citation>. Hume in his <citation id="ref1500" citation-type="other"><italic>Orthographie of the Briton Tongue</italic>, p. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>, says that ‘c and k are sa sib that the ane is a greek, and the other a latin symbol of one sound.’ ‘Til hir scho cald her <italic>sibmen</italic>.’ <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 20243.</p></fn><fn id="fn2015" symbol="page 338 note 6"><label><sup>page 338 note 6</sup></label><p>Compare Burde dormande, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2016" symbol="page 338 note 7"><label><sup>page 338 note 7</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. 311, l. 5313, we are told of Jacob that</p><p>'sHis berde was <italic>side</italic> with myche hare.’</p><p>This is the original meaning of the word. Thus in <italic>Beowulf</italic> we read: Helm ne gemunde by man <italic>side</italic>.’ Laзamon frequently uses <italic>side</italic> as an adverb, with the meaning of widely, far, in the phrase ‘wide and side’ = far and wide. Thus in l. 4963 we find—</p><p>'sHe sende his sonde oueral Borgoynes londe, And wide and <italic>side</italic> he somnede ferde.’ So also l. 17,018: ‘þa fonden gunnen riden widen & <italic>siden</italic>;’ and 29,902: ‘þis sone wes itald wide & <italic>side</italic>.’ So, too, in the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 5900:</p><p>'sForr wide & <italic>side</italic> spelledd iss</p><p>þurrh heore fowwre bokess</p><p>Off ure Laferrd Jesu Crist</p><p>& hu mann birrþ himm þeowwtenn:’</p><p>and again, l. 9174: ‘Ta wass Romess kinedom Full wid & <italic>sid</italic> onn eorþe.’ The form <citation id="ref1501" citation-type="other">‘side and wide’ occurs in Cædmon, p. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>, and in <citation id="ref1502" citation-type="other"><italic>Arthour & Merlin</italic>, p. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, l. 200. In P. Plowman, B. v. 193, Langland says of Avarice that</p><p>'sAs a letheren purs lolled his chekes, Wei <italic>sydder</italic> þan his chyn þei chiueled for elde.’ ‘Thei nakiden hym the <italic>side</italic> coote to the hele [<italic>tunica talari</italic>].’ Wyclif, Genesis xxxvii. 23. Fitzherbert in the <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xxxiib, mentions amongst ‘the ix. proportyes of a foxe. The fyrste is: to be prycke eared …. the fourth to be <italic>syde</italic> tayled;’ and again, he complains of the ‘mennes seruantes [being] so abused in theyr aray, theyr cotes be so <italic>syde</italic> that they be fayne to tucke them vp whan they ryde, as women do theyr kyrtels whan they go to the market or other places, the which is an vnconuenyent syght.’ fo. liii. Gawin Douglas uses ‘fute <italic>syde</italic>’ in the sense of ‘hanging down to the feet.’ <citation id="ref1503" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>229</fpage></citation>. ‘Sydenesse, <italic>longevr</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2017" symbol="page 339 note 1"><label><sup>page 339 note 1</sup></label><p>A side rope. ‘A staie or anything that holdeth backe, <italic>retinaculum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2018" symbol="page 339 note 2"><label><sup>page 339 note 2</sup></label><p>See Sekyr, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2019" symbol="page 339 note 3"><label><sup>page 339 note 3</sup></label><p>To strain. ‘A siling dish, <italic>vide</italic> Colander and Strainer.’ Baret. ‘A sile, <italic>coltim;</italic> to syle milke, <italic>colare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the <citation id="ref1504" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>, we read in a recipe for ‘Harus in a sewe,’ that ‘Alle rawe þo hare schalle hacked be,</p><p>In gobettis smalle, Syr, levys me:’</p><p>In hir owne blode seyn or <italic>syllud</italic> clene;’</p><p>and at p. 17, ‘sethe and <italic>syle</italic> hit thorowghe a cloth.’ Still in use: see Mr. Peacock's and Hay's Glossaries. In the Invent, of Robert Prat, taken in 1562, we find mentioned, ‘one kyrne with the staffe, one <italic>syell</italic>, j Vergeus barrell, vj mylk bowlls, ij kytts, &c.’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc), ii. 208; see also p. 224 and i. 207. In the <italic>Boke of Curtasye</italic> (pr. in Babees Book), l. 695, one of the Ewer's duties is stated to be that he</p><p>'sthurgh towelle <italic>syles</italic> clene His water into þo bassynges shene.’</p><p>In some of the Northern Counties a heavy downpour of rain, falling perpendicularly, is said to ‘<italic>sile</italic> down,’ as though it had passed through a sieve. Palsgrave gives ‘I sye mylke or clense. <italic>Je coulle du laict</italic>. This terme is to moche northerne.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2020" symbol="page 339 note 4"><label><sup>page 339 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Bysse</italic>, sorte d'étoffe de soie.’ Roquefort. In the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 38, the king of Hungary is described as ‘y-clothid alle in purpre and <italic>bisse</italic>.’ So in Wyclif,‘ Sum man was clothed in purpre and <italic>bysse</italic>’ (where the A. V. reads ‘fine linen’). Cooper renders <italic>Byssus</italic> by ‘a maner of fine flexe; silke.’ ‘Silke; fine flaxe, <italic>byssus</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2021" symbol="page 340 note 1"><label><sup>page 340 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Anabarathrum;</italic> a pulpite or other like place, whereunto a man ascendeth by ladders or greeses.’ Cooper. But probably the meaning here is hangings, or a canopy, as in <italic>Morte Arthare</italic>, 3194: ‘The kynge hyme selfene es sette, and certayne lordes,</p><p>Vndyre a <italic>sylure</italic> of sylke, sawghte at the burdez.’</p><p>The author of <italic>Piers the Ploughman's Crede</italic> describing the Dominican Convent, says that the Chapter-house was ‘coruen and couered and queyntliche entayled,</p><p>With semlich <italic>selure</italic> y-set on lofte.’ l. 200.</p><p>Compare P. Ceelyn with syllure. ‘Vndur a <italic>seler</italic> of sylke with dayntethis diзte.’ <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, st. xxvii.</p></fn><fn id="fn2022" symbol="page 340 note 2"><label><sup>page 340 note 2</sup></label><p>In <italic>Havelok</italic>, 779, we find mentioned, ‘wastels’ and ‘<italic>simenels</italic>:’ ‘Hic artocopus, A<sup>ce.</sup> symnelle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 198. ‘Simnell, bunne or cracknell, <italic>collyra</italic>.’ Baret, who adds, ‘it appeereth that this English word Simnell was first deriued of the Greeke worde σεμιδαλις id est Similia vel Similago, which signifieth fine wheate floure, of which simnels are made.’ By the ‘Assize of Bred in the Cite of London,’ the ‘ferthing <italic>symnell</italic>’ was to weigh 15¾ oz. See Liber Albus, iii. 411.</p></fn><fn id="fn2023" symbol="page 340 note 3"><label><sup>page 340 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>sinomiam</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2024" symbol="page 340 note 4"><label><sup>page 340 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sind</italic>, v. a. to rinse.’ Mr. C. Robinson's Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire.</p></fn><fn id="fn2025" symbol="page 340 note 5"><label><sup>page 340 note 5</sup></label><p>A musical instrument of some kind, the form of which is not known. The name is probably taken from the Vulgate version of Daniel iii. 5, where we have <italic>symphoniœ</italic>, rendered in the Auth. Version ‘dulcimers.’ ‘There I make hem heere songes, roundelles, and ballades, and swete sownes of harpes, of <italic>simphannes</italic>, of organs, and of oothere sownes, whiche were wel longe to telle al.’ De Deguileville, <citation id="ref1505" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, ed. Wright, p. <fpage>102</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2026" symbol="page 341 note 1"><label><sup>page 341 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sinopis</italic>, a redde stone commonly called Sinoper or Ruddle.’ Cooper. Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Synople, <italic>sinopis</italic>,’ and Huloet has ‘Synopev, stone red of coulour, <italic>sinopis:</italic> synyople, coulour or redde, <italic>miniacius:</italic> synople, or redde lede, <italic>minium</italic>.’ ‘Sinople, red led or vermilion, <italic>rubeus mindum</italic>.’ Baret. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Sinople;</italic> sinople, green colour (in Blazon).’ ‘<italic>Sinopis</italic>, a red stone commonly called Sinoper or ruddle. It seemeth to be Spanish Brown.’ Gouldman. Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. xii. Prol. l. 56, speaks of ‘The siluer scalit fyschis on the grete … With fynnys schinand broua as <italic>synopare</italic>.’ See Caxton's <citation id="ref1506" citation-type="other"><italic>Reynard the Fox</italic> (Arber reprint), p. <fpage>85</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2027" symbol="page 341 note 2"><label><sup>page 341 note 2</sup></label><p>See also Ley, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2028" symbol="page 341 note 3"><label><sup>page 341 note 3</sup></label><p>Mr. Robinson in his Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire gives ‘Soaddle, <italic>adj.</italic> timid, usually applied to a horse; and Ray in his Glossary has ‘Skaddle, scathie, <italic>adj.</italic> ravenous, mischievous; ab. A. S. scœððe, harm, hurt, damage, mischief; or <italic>seœðan</italic>, lædere, nocere.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2029" symbol="page 341 note 4"><label><sup>page 341 note 4</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North for ‘a dairy vessel;’ see Mr. C. Robinson's Gloss, of Yorkshire, and Ray. From this word we have the diminutive ‘skillet,’ a little pot or pan, also still in use. In the Inventory of Bertram Anderson taken in 1570 are given the following articles: ‘In the mylke Howse—thre shelues for cheases hanginge iiij<sup>s</sup>.—lxxxxiiij cheases iij<sup>l</sup>—a call and vj Chearnes xx<sup>s</sup>.—lxxxx mylke bowlles iij<sup>l</sup>.—x mylke <italic>skelves</italic> v<sup>s</sup>.—a castar for lyinge cheases of ij<sup>s</sup>.—viij <italic>skelles</italic> iij pynnes for caryage of drenk a feld—a Chease Trowe.’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soc.) i. 341. At p. 278 of the same vol. the form <italic>skill</italic> occurs, and at p. 207, in the Invent, of Robert Prat taken in 1563, are mentioned ‘ij great bowells, iij wodd <italic>shailles</italic>, one syle, &c.;’ see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1482">ibid.</xref> vol. ii. p. 27. ‘A little two gallon <italic>skeele</italic> to fetch water in’ is mentioned in the <italic>Farming Book</italic> of H. Best, 1641, p. 145. Compare Milke skele, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2030" symbol="page 341 note 5"><label><sup>page 341 note 5</sup></label><p>I cannot explain this: a wylte does not occur.</p></fn><fn id="fn2031" symbol="page 341 note 6"><label><sup>page 341 note 6</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North. Icel. <italic>skeppa</italic>, a measure, bushel.</p><p>'sSumwhat lene us bi thi <italic>skep;</italic> I shal зou lene, seide Josep.’ <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 4741. ‘A skeppe, a measure of corne.’ Manip. Vocab. Huloet has ‘skep or lyke coffen for corne, <italic>cumera</italic>.’ The term is frequently applied to a hive. ‘One pare of bed stockes, on spinninge wheill, one maunde, j straw <italic>skeipp</italic> & j hopp<sup>r</sup> xvj<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent, of Robert Prat, already quoted, p. 207. ‘Into <italic>skeppes</italic> newe hem haste as blyue.’ Palladius <citation id="ref1507" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>190</fpage></citation>, l. 105. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1507">ibid.</xref> pp. 68, l. 216 and 185, l. 178.</p></fn><fn id="fn2032" symbol="page 341 note 7"><label><sup>page 341 note 7</sup></label><p>A coal scuttle. ‘A fire pan, a warming pan or basen, <italic>batillus</italic>. A fire shovel, or a pan of iron to beare fire, a chalfing dish, <italic>batillum</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2033" symbol="page 342 note 1"><label><sup>page 342 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hymen</italic>, a skinne in the secreate partes of a maiden broken when she is defloured.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn2034" symbol="page 342 note 2"><label><sup>page 342 note 2</sup></label><p>See Peltry or a skynnery, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2035" symbol="page 342 note 3"><label><sup>page 342 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Gremium</italic>. A bosom or a skyrte or a woman's lappe.’ Ortus. ‘ “I have, he said, a wondir grete wille to slepe: Strecoh out thi <italic>skirthe</italic> [<italic>skyrt</italic> Camb. MS ] that I may rest me thereon and slepe a while.
And anon the woman was redy, and toke his hede into hir <italic>skirthe</italic>, and he began strangely for to slepe.’ <citation id="ref1508" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Momanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>188</fpage></citation>.</p><p>'sOf all women that ever were borne,</p><p>That bere chylder abyde and see,</p><p>How my sone Iyeth me beforne,</p><p>Upon my <italic>skyrte</italic> taken fro the tree.’</p><p><italic>Lamentation of V. Mary</italic>, c. 1460, quoted in the <italic>Chester Plays</italic>, ii. 207.</p><p>'s<italic>Hoc gremium, A<sup>cc.</sup></italic> soyrrte.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 196.</p></fn><fn id="fn2036" symbol="page 342 note 5"><label><sup>page 342 note 5</sup></label><p>The sley or reed of a weaver's loom. W. de Biblesworth says, ‘<italic>Jo ay purvu de une lame</italic> (a Blay).’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 157. Skelton in his <italic>Garlande of Laurell</italic>, 791, has— ‘To weve in the stoule sume were full preste,</p><p>With <italic>slaiis</italic>, with tavellis, with tredellis well dreste;’</p><p>and Gawain Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. 204, says of Circe—</p><p>'sWith subtell <italic>slayis</italic>, and hir hedeles slee, Riche lenze wobbis naitly weiffit sche.’</p><p>'s<italic>Lizos para texér</italic>, the owfe or threed of linnen wound vp on the two beames which the <italic>sleie</italic> doth weaue vp and downe.’ Percival, Spanish Dict.</p></fn><fn id="fn2037" symbol="page 342 note 6"><label><sup>page 342 note 6</sup></label><p>'sAt pasch of Jewes þe custom was</p><p>Ane of prison to <italic>slake</italic></p><p>Withouten dome to latt him pas</p><p>Ffor þat hegh fest sake.’</p><p>MS. Harl. 4196, lf. 209.</p><p>'sThe bran of wheate…. <italic>slaketh</italic> the swellings in womens brests.’ Gerarde, Herball, Bk. I. c. xl. p. 60. ‘þe oþer stape is þet me zette mesure ine þe loste and mid þe likinge of þe wille, þet me se him ne <italic>aslaky</italic> naзt to moche þane bridel to yerne to lostes of þe ulesse, ne to þe covaytise of þise wordle.’ <italic>Ayenbite of Inwyt</italic>, p. 253. The more common meaning of the word is to assuage, mitigate. In the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. 134, it is used intransitively in the sense of cease, leave of: ‘nullich neuer <italic>slakien</italic>, þe hwule þet mi soule is inline buke, to drien herd wiðuten, al so ase nest is, & softe beon wiðinnen.’ And in <italic>Generydes</italic>, l. 4190, ‘Atte last the wynde beganne to <italic>slake</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2038" symbol="page 343 note 1"><label><sup>page 343 note 1</sup></label><p>The sloe tree.</p></fn><fn id="fn2039" symbol="page 343 note 2"><label><sup>page 343 note 2</sup></label><p>The cloak or mantle worn by a palmer. Thus in <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. 3475, a pilgrim is described as provided</p><p>'sWith scrippe, ande with <italic>slawyne</italic>, and skalopis i-newe,</p><p>Both pyke and palme, alls pilgram hym scholde:’</p><p>and in <italic>Sir Isumhras</italic>, l. 497—</p><p>'sThe knyghte purvayed bothe <italic>slavyne</italic> and pyke, And made hymselfe a palmere like.’</p><p>Horn when changing clothes with the palmer says—</p><p>'shaue her clones mine,</p><p>'sClement fleygh and hys wyf yn fere,</p><p>Into Gascoyne as ye mowe here,</p><p>And also the Soudanes doughter dere</p><p>And tak me þi <italic>sclavyne</italic>.’</p><p>With hem gan fle;</p><p>In <italic>slaueyngs</italic> as they palmers were</p><p>Yede alle thre.’ <italic>Cotovian</italic>, l. 1547.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1508">ibid.</xref> l. 394, <italic>Sir Bevis</italic>, 2063.</p><p>'sAlle þe berdles burnes bayed on him euere,</p><p>And schomed him, ffor his <italic>slaueyn</italic> was of þe olde schappe.’</p><p><citation id="ref1509" citation-type="other"><italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, ed. Skeat, iii. <fpage>236</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2040" symbol="page 343 note 3"><label><sup>page 343 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. to Slavyr. ‘<italic>Bave, f.</italic> foam, froath, slaver, drivell: <italic>Baverette</italic>, f. a bib, mochet, or mocheter to put before the bosome of a slavering childe.’ Cotgrave. Amongst the signs of old age and approaching death Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 784, mentions that a man's</p><p>'stung fayles, his speche is noght clere, His mouth <italic>slavers</italic>, his tethe rotes, &c.’</p><p>'s<italic>L'enfaunt baue de nature</italic> (slaveryt of kynde);</p><p><italic>Pur sauver ses dras de baavure</italic> (from slavere,)</p><p><italic>Vus diret</italic> à <italic>sa bercere</italic> (notice,)</p><p><italic>Festes l'enfaunt une bavere</italic> (a brestclout.)’</p><p>W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 143;</p><p>where the Cambridge MS. for ‘brestclout’ has ‘slavering-clout.’ ‘I slaver, I drivell. <italic>Je bane</italic>. Fye on the knave, arte thou nat a shamed to slaver lyke a yonge chylde?’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Bavoso</italic>, slauering, a snaile, <italic>Salinosus, limax</italic>.’ Percival, Span. Dict. In the <citation id="ref1510" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>186</fpage></citation>, Jonah is described as having ‘slypped vpon a sloumbe, and <italic>sloberande</italic> he routes.’ In Henryson's version of the fable of the Wolf and the Lamb, <citation id="ref1511" citation-type="other"><italic>Moral Fables</italic>, p. <fpage>85</fpage></citation>, the former</p><p>'sWith girnand teeth and awfull angrie luke</p><p>Said to the Lambe, Thou Catiue wretched thing</p><p>How durst thou bee so bold to fyle the bruke</p><p>Where I should drinke with thy foule <italic>slauering</italic>?’</p><p>'sAnd Dauid … shewed himself as he had been madd in their handes, and stackered towarde the dores of the gate, and his <italic>slauerynges</italic> ranne downe his beerd.’ Coverdale, 1 Kings, xxi. 13.</p></fn><fn id="fn2041" symbol="page 343 note 4"><label><sup>page 343 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA slow worme, being blind, <italic>cœcilia</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2042" symbol="page 343 note 5"><label><sup>page 343 note 5</sup></label><p>'sþese hevens er oboyen us heghe,</p><p>Als clerkes says, þat er wise and <italic>sleghe</italic>.’</p><p><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 7569.</p><p>'sHwere mithe i finden ani so hey</p><p>So hauelok is, or so <italic>sley</italic>.’</p><p><italic>Havelok</italic>, 1084.</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>slœgr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2043" symbol="page 344 note 1"><label><sup>page 344 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA dray or sledde which goeth without wheeles, <italic>traha</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A trayle, sledde, <italic>traha</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab. Florio has ‘a trucke or sled with low wheeles.’ ‘<italic>Traine</italic>, f. a sled. <italic>Trainoir</italic>, m. a sled, a drag, or dray without wheelles.’ Cotgrave. ‘In the courte and other places, vij cares, viij pair hoits, ij stone <italic>sledds</italic>, viij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent, of W. Strickland, <citation id="ref1512" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills & Invent</italic>, p. <fpage>218</fpage></citation>. ‘They bring water in seas [soes] and in greate tubbes or hogsheads on <italic>sleddes</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1513" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <italic>Farming Book</italic>, 1641, p. <fpage>107</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Traha</italic>. An harwe or a slede.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2044" symbol="page 344 note 2"><label><sup>page 344 note 2</sup></label><p>Ducange has ‘<italic>Licinitorium</italic>, idem quod <italic>Licha. Licha</italic>, machina poliendis et Iævigandis telis et holosericis accommoda; <italic>calandre;</italic>’ and Cotgrave ‘<italic>Lisse</italic>, a rowler of massive glasse wherewith curriers doe sleeke, and glosse their leather, and <italic>Calendrine, pierre calendrine</italic>, a sleek-stone.’ Baret gives ‘Slieke, <italic>vide</italic> Polish and Smooth: To polish, or make smooth and slieke as with a pumish, <italic>pumico:</italic> To make smooth: to sleeke: to plane: to polish, <italic>lœuigo</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Calendrer</italic>, to sleeke, smooth, plane, or polish.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Amechon</italic>. A slyke ston.’ Medulla. The version of the gloss, on W. de Biblesworth printed in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 172 differs from that in Mr. Way's note, being as follows:</p><p>'s<italic>E dy d sonette he ele lusche</italic> (slike, szhike)</p><p><italic>De wne lerhefneyre</italic> (a slikestone) <italic>sur la husche</italic>.’</p><p>'s<italic>Beslichten</italic>. To Slick, Plaine, or Make even.’ Hexham Dutch Dict. 1660. ‘Slyckestone, <italic>lisse à papier, lice</italic>. I slecke, I make paper smothe with a sleke stone. <italic>Je fais glissant</italic>. You muste sleeke your paper if you wyll write Greke well.’ Palsgrave. ‘He sett up there an Image of E. Guido Gyant like, and enclosed the Sylver welles in the Meadowe with pure white <italic>slicke</italic> Stones like Marble, and there sett up a praty House open like a Cage covered, onely to keepe Comers thither from the Raine.’ <citation id="ref1514" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Leland</surname></name>, <italic>Itinerary</italic>, iv. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>. We have the verb used figuratively in the <italic>Owl & Nightingale</italic>, l. 839:</p><p>'sAlle thine wordes beoth <italic>i-sliked</italic>,</p><p>An so bisemed and bi-liked,</p><p>That alle theo that hi afoth,</p><p>Hi weneth that thu segge soth.’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1515" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. xii. Prol. p. <fpage>402</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2045" symbol="page 344 note 3"><label><sup>page 344 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 120, we read, ‘As water <italic>sleketh</italic> fire, so almesdede <italic>sleketh</italic> synne.’ Palsgrave gives ‘I sleeke, I quenche a fyre, <italic>je estanche</italic>,’ and Manip. Vocab. ‘to sleken, <italic>extinguere</italic>.’ ‘Slake or quenche, <italic>restinguo</italic>.’ Huloet. <citation id="ref1516" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 6312</citation>, says the mercy of God is so great that</p><p>'sAlle þe syn þat a man may do</p><p>It myght <italic>sleken</italic>, and mare þare-to.’</p><p>See also ll. 6558, 6596, 6763, &c.</p><p>'s “Loue,
he seyd, “<italic>slake</italic> now mi sore</p><p>That is dedeliche, as Y seyd ore.
’</p><p><citation id="ref1517" citation-type="other"><italic>Guy of Warwick</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sAlle þe meschefez on mold moзt hit not <italic>sleke</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1518" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>708</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also to Slokv<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline2"></inline-graphic>, below. A. S. <italic>sleccan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2046" symbol="page 344 note 4"><label><sup>page 344 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Mirror of St. Edmund (pr. in <italic>Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse</italic>, ed. Perry), p. 35, l. 11, we read, ‘it es a foule lychery for to delyte þe in rymes and <italic>slyke</italic> gulyardy.’ In the Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, 37, 5, we find—</p><p>'s<italic>Slic</italic> wordes als I you telle Sais Crist to dai, in our godspelle.’</p><p>See also p. 154. In the Reeve's Tale, one of the young clerks says—</p><p>'sI have herd say, men suld take of twa thinges,</p><p><italic>Slik</italic> as he fynt, or tak <italic>slik</italic> as he brynges.’ C. Tales, 4129.</p><p>O. Icel. <italic>slikr</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2047" symbol="page 345 note 1"><label><sup>page 345 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA slough, <italic>exuviœ</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Volutabrum</italic>, a place where swine doo walow.’ Cooper. A. S. <italic>slôg</italic>. MS. <italic>telqua</italic>; correctly in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2048" symbol="page 345 note 3"><label><sup>page 345 note 3</sup></label><p>'sFor ony fyre that he culd bring thairtill, It <italic>sloknit</italic> ay ilk tyme of the awin will.’</p><p>Stewart's trans, of Boece (Rolls Series), iii. 407.</p><p>The author of the Metrical Homilies says that ‘glotherers’</p><p>'sKindel baret wi bacbiting And <citation id="ref1519" citation-type="other"><italic>slokenes</italic> it wit thair glothering;’ p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>: and <citation id="ref1520" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Short Prose Treatises</italic>, p. <fpage>3</fpage></citation>, declares that ‘sothely na thynge <italic>slokyns</italic> sa fell flawmes, dystroyes ill thoghtes, puttes owte venemous affeccyons’ as ‘the name of Ihesu.’ Gawain Douglas heads one of his chapters of the <citation id="ref1521" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, Bk. y. p. <fpage>150</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sOf the fyre <italic>slokynnyng</italic>, quhilk the nauy deris.’</p><p>'sSchupe with watir to <italic>slokin</italic> the haly fyre.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1521">Ibid.</xref> Bk. ii. p. 61.</p><p>'sTo win the well that <italic>slokin</italic> may the fire In which I burn.’ <italic>The Kings Quair</italic>.</p><p>See to Sleke. above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2049" symbol="page 345 note 4"><label><sup>page 345 note 4</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1522" citation-type="other">‘Abbey of the Holy Ghost,’ (pr. in <italic>Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse</italic>, ed. Perry), p. <fpage>57</fpage>. l. 13</citation>. we are told ‘Sely ar the sawles Þat …. <italic>slomers</italic> noghte no slepis noghte in Þe slowthe of fleschely lustes;’ and Arthur declares that till Modred is slain he will not</p><p>'s<italic>Slomyre</italic> ne slepe with my slawe eyghne.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 4044.</p><p>'sOften tyme he hath taken his rest when tyme was best to trauayle, slepyng and <italic>slomeryng</italic> in the bed.’ Lydgate, <citation id="ref1523" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage</italic>, Bk. I. ch. xiii, p. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>. ‘Slummeringe euill or forgetfulnes. <italic>Lithargia</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2050" symbol="page 245 note 5"><label><sup>page 245 note 5</sup></label><p>'sThe slot of a door, <italic>pessulus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Slotte of a dore, <italic>locquet</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sFor he for-gnod yhates brased ware, And <italic>slottes</italic> irened brake he Þare.’</p><p><citation id="ref1524" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. cvi. <fpage>16</fpage>.</citation></p><p><citation id="ref1525" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawain</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>211</fpage></citation>, speaks of</p><p>'sRiche cieteia yettis, stapyllis and reistis, Grete lokkis, <italic>slottis</italic>, massy bandis square.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2051" symbol="page 345 note 6"><label><sup>page 345 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. slugly. In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 744, the Fairfax MS. reads—</p><p>'sþe nedder forb his way ys gan, Bot in his <italic>slughe</italic> was sathan.’</p><p>In Lord Surrey's Description of Spring, Bell's ed. p. 4, we read—</p><p>'sThe adder all her <italic>slough</italic> away she slings.’</p><p>See also p. 131. ‘For the better preservation of their health they strowed mint and sage about them; and for the speedier mewing of their feathers they gave them the <italic>slough</italic> of a snake, or a tortoise out of the shell, or a green lizard cut in pieces.’ Aubrey's Wilts. MS. p. 341.</p></fn><fn id="fn2052" symbol="page 345 note 7"><label><sup>page 345 note 7</sup></label><p>'sAne <italic>sluth-hwnd</italic> vith thaim can thai ta.’ Barbour's <citation id="ref1526" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, vi. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>. Icel. <italic>sloð</italic>, a track. See note to a <citation id="ref1527" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Braokett</surname></name>, p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1528" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Spanзelle</surname></name>, p. <fpage>351</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2053" symbol="page 345 note 8"><label><sup>page 345 note 8</sup></label><p>'sSluttish; filthie; vncleane; <italic>sordidus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Slutte, <italic>souilliart, uilotiere</italic>. Palsgrave.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2054" symbol="page 346 note 1"><label><sup>page 346 note 1</sup></label><p>Can this be a relic of the older adverbial ending as in ‘<italic>litlum</italic> and <italic>lytlum</italic>’ in P. Plowman, <italic>micklum</italic>, &c. ? If so, it is probably the latest instance. ‘Smally, <italic>minute</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2055" symbol="page 346 note 2"><label><sup>page 346 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Early Eng. version of the Psalter, Ps. cxxviii. 3 is thus rendered—</p><p>'sOver mi bak <italic>smithed</italic> sinful ai; Þair wickednesse for-lenghÞed Þai;’</p><p>where Wyclif's version reads ‘forgeden,’ the A. S. being <italic>timbradun</italic>. ‘O leoue зunge ancren, ofte a ful hawur amið <italic>smeoðið</italic> a ful woc knif.’ <citation id="ref1529" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>52</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2056" symbol="page 346 note 3"><label><sup>page 346 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Fugillare</italic>; ignem de petra <italic>fugillo</italic> extrahere: <italic>battre le briquet pour avoir du feu</italic>.’ Ducange. ‘<italic>Fusil, m.</italic> a fire-steele for a tinder box: <italic>pierre à fusil</italic>; a flint-stone.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Fugillo</italic>, to Smyte ffyre.’ Medulla. See a Fire yren and to strika Fire, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2057" symbol="page 346 note 4"><label><sup>page 346 note 4</sup></label><p>See the account of the story of St. Dunstan and the devil, in <citation id="ref1530" citation-type="other"><italic>Early English Poems</italic>, &c., p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, where we read that the saint had</p><p>'sA priuei <italic>smyÞÞe</italic> bi his celle…. For whan he moste of oreisouns reste for werinisse To worke he wolde his honden do to fleo idelnisse.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1531" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>88</fpage></citation>, is given as a proverb, ‘vrom mulne & from eheping, from <italic>smiðe</italic> & from ancre huse, me tiðinge bringeð.’</p><p>'sThe Pyote said: plene I nocht to the pape, Than in ane <italic>smedie</italic> I be smorit with smuke.’ <citation id="ref1532" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Lyndesay</surname></name>, <italic>Test, of Papyngo</italic>, p. <fpage>261</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2058" symbol="page 346 note 5"><label><sup>page 346 note 5</sup></label><p>Halliwell gives ‘Smit. Pleasure, recreation,’ but without any instance of such a meaning, nor have I been able to discover one. The Medulla explains <italic>oblectamentum</italic> as ‘<italic>leno</italic>, a lechoure,’ and <italic>oblacto</italic> as ‘to lykerousyn, delyten.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2059" symbol="page 346 note 6"><label><sup>page 346 note 6</sup></label><p>'sI do geue vnto An Jaxssonn one woode Cheast wch haithe a <italic>sneck</italic> locke wyth a coffer.’ Will of Eliz. Claxton, 1569, <citation id="ref1533" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>312</fpage></citation>. See Jack Upland's ‘Rejoinder,’ pr. in Wright's <citation id="ref1534" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>98</fpage></citation>, where we have the word ‘sneck-drawer,’ a latchlifter, used for a thief:</p><p>'sThese pore of whom thou spekyst that rune abowt as <italic>snek-drawers</italic> myзt not helpe hem selfe; ben neyther pore ne fabil.’</p><p>but зoure prowde losengerie</p><p>Thieves were also called ‘draw-lacches’ and ‘lacchedrawers;’ see <citation id="ref1535" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, C. ix. <fpage>288</fpage></citation>, and Prof. Skeat's note to Passus i. 45. Cf. P. Latohe or snekke. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Loquet d'une huis</italic>. The latch or snecket of a doore.’ See the Towneley Mysteries, 106. ‘<italic>Hoc pessulum</italic>, a snek.’ Wright's Vocab. 237. ‘Sneke latche, <italic>locquet, clicquette</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2060" symbol="page 347 note 1"><label><sup>page 347 note 1</sup></label><p>The same as sniffle, which see in Halliwell. ‘Snivil, <italic>mucus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Sneuell; the snat or filth of the nose, <italic>mucus</italic>.’ Baret. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Nifler</italic>; to snifter, or snuffle up snivell. <italic>Renifler</italic>, to snuffle or snifter often. <italic>Brouffer</italic>. To snurt or snifter with the nose, like a horse.’ In a Poem on Freemasonry, written about 1430, l. 711, the author gives the following advice:</p><p>'sFrom spyttynge and <italic>snyftynge</italic> kepe the also, By privy avoydans let hyt go.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2061" symbol="page 347 note 2"><label><sup>page 347 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA snig, <italic>anguillœ genus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Holland, in his trans, of Pliny's <citation id="ref1536" citation-type="other"><italic>Nat. Hist.</italic> i. <fpage>265</fpage></citation>, ed. 1634, says: ‘As for Yeels they rub themselues against rocks and stones, and those scrapings (as it were) which are fretted from them, in time come to take life and proue <italic>snigs</italic>, and no other generation have they.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2062" symbol="page 347 note 3"><label><sup>page 347 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Moucher</italic>; to snyte, blow, wipe or make cleane the nose; also to snuffe a candle. <italic>Mouché</italic>; snyted, wiped, snuffed.’ Cotgrave. See also Candel snytynge, above, and the <citation id="ref1537" citation-type="other"><italic>Bobees Boke</italic>, p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>, l. 284. ‘I snytte my nose. <italic>Je mouche</italic>. Snytte thy nose or thou shalte eate no buttered fysshe with me.’ Palsgrave. <citation id="ref1538" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Emunctorium</italic>, candel-snytels.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>snytan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2063" symbol="page 347 note 4"><label><sup>page 347 note 4</sup></label><p>Horman has ‘thy nose is full of <italic>snyuell</italic> and droppeth;’ and in the Metrical Vocab. pr. in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 175, <italic>reumaticus</italic> is glossed by ‘bysnevyllyd. ‘I snevell, I beraye anythynge with snyvell. <italic>Je amorue</italic>. See how this boye snyvelleth his cote. Snevyllysshe, full of snevyll, <italic>morueux</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2064" symbol="page 347 note 5"><label><sup>page 347 note 5</sup></label><p>Cooper translates <italic>Folipus</italic> by ‘a disease in the nose called <italic>Noli me tangere</italic>, breeding a peece of fleash that often times stifleth one, and stoppeth the wiiide.’ ‘Snot, <italic>pus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Sneuell; the snat or filthe of the nose, <italic>mucus</italic>.’ Baret. See also Cotgrave on <italic>morve</italic> and <italic>morveux</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2065" symbol="page 347 note 6"><label><sup>page 347 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. snotwte; correctly in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2066" symbol="page 347 note 7"><label><sup>page 347 note 7</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Contenance, f.</italic> The fan, or little skreene, which women hold before their faces, to preserve them from the scorching heat of a great fire; also the small looking glasse which some Ladies have usually hanging at their girdles; also one of their snuffkins or muffes (called so in times past when they used to play with it for fear of being out of countenance):’ and again, ‘<italic>Manchon, m.</italic> a Snuffekin,’ and ‘<italic>Bonne grace</italic>, a snuffkin or muffe.’ See Naree and Halliwell, s. v.</p></fn><fn id="fn2067" symbol="page 347 note 8"><label><sup>page 347 note 8</sup></label><p>'sForsoth зif thi brother shal synne in thee, go thou, and reprove hym, or <italic>snybhe</italic>, bitwixe thee and hym aloone; зif he shal heere thee, thou hast wonnen thi brother.’ Wyclif, Matthew xviii. 15. So in the <citation id="ref1539" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>38</fpage></citation>: ‘he <italic>snibbed</italic> him of his sinne.’ <citation id="ref1540" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawain</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. x. p. <fpage>308</fpage></citation>, uses the word in the sense of checking:</p><p>'swyntir to <italic>snyb</italic> the erth wyth frostis and schouris,’</p><p><citation id="ref1541" citation-type="other">‘I have my sone <italic>snibbed</italic> and yet shal.’ <name><surname>F.</surname><given-names>Chaucer</given-names></name> <fpage>688</fpage></citation>. Cf. Dutch <italic>snibbig</italic>, snappish. ‘Qua chastid me, me thoght nethyng, And <italic>snybbyd</italic> Þam Þair chastnyng.’</p><p><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 28097.</p><p>'sMi spirite for зeild i wend Þair <italic>snaiping</italic> was sa smert.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1521">ibid.</xref> 24007.</p></fn><fn id="fn2068" symbol="page 347 note 9"><label><sup>page 347 note 9</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Singultus</italic>. The зexing or Hich, a sobbing.’ Gouldman. ‘<italic>Singultus</italic>, yesking or sobbing.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabula</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2069" symbol="page 348 note 1"><label><sup>page 348 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Succubi</italic>, dæmones dicuntur qui sub humana specie, corporibus assumptis, se viris subjiciunt.’ Cooper. See <citation id="ref1542" citation-type="other"><name><surname>AndrewBoorde</surname></name>'s <italic>Breuiary of Health</italic>, c. cxix, where he states on the authority of ‘Saynt Thomas of Alquine in his fyrst parte of his diuinitie’ that ‘<italic>Incubus</italic> doth infeste and trouble women, and <italic>Succubus</italic> doth infest men.’ He adds that ‘some holdeth opynyon that Marlyn was begotten of his mother by the spirite named <italic>Incubus</italic>.’</citation>;</p></fn><fn id="fn2070" symbol="page 348 note 2"><label><sup>page 348 note 2</sup></label><p>Chaucer says of the tiger that</p><p>'sNe coude man, by twenty thousand part Countrefete the <italic>sophimes</italic> of his art.’</p><p><citation id="ref1543" citation-type="other"><italic>Squieres Tale</italic>, <fpage>554</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sSopheme, a doutfull questyon, <italic>sophisme</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2071" symbol="page 348 note 3"><label><sup>page 348 note 3</sup></label><p>'sSocke of a ploughe, <italic>soc de la cherue</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Soc d'une charrüe;</italic> the culter or share of a plough.’ Cotgrave. ‘Y<sup>e</sup> sucke of a plow, <italic>venter</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Sock, Plough-sock, sb. A ploughshare.’ Ray's North Country Words.</p><p>'sVpoun ane nycht his awin pleuch irnis staw, Baith <italic>sok</italic> and some culter and sle-band.’</p><p><citation id="ref1544" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stewart</surname></name>, <italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic>, iii. <fpage>274</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the Inventory of Sir J . Emson, taken in 1559, are mentioned ‘two lang wayne blayds. a howpe, a payre of olde whells, thre temes, a skelkil, a kowter, a <italic>soke</italic>, a muk fowe, a graype, 2 yerne forks, 9 ashilltresse and a plowe xxv<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1545" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>170</fpage></citation>: see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1545">ibid.</xref> ii. 122.</p></fn><fn id="fn2072" symbol="page 348 note 4"><label><sup>page 348 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>murus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2073" symbol="page 349 note 1"><label><sup>page 349 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vipa</italic>, pulmenti genus ex pane et vino oonfectum: <italic>soupe au vin, rôtie trempée dans le vin</italic>.’ D'Arnis. See Cotgrave, s. v. <italic>Soupe</italic>. Tusser, ch. 43, st. 31, mentions a plant (? pinks) called ‘Sops-in-wine,’ a name derived from the flowers being used to flavour wine or ale. Cf. Chaucer's <italic>Rime of Sir Thopas</italic>, B. 1950:</p><p>'sTher springen herbes grete and smale, And notemuge to putte in ale, The licoris and setewale, Whether it be moiste or stale.’</p><p>And many a clowe gilofre,</p><p>'sBring Coronations and <italic>Sops in wine</italic> worne of Paramoures.’ Spenser, <italic>Shep. Cal.</italic> April.</p><p>'sGarlands of Roses and <italic>Sopps in Wine</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1545">Ibid.</xref> May. E. K., in his Glossary, says: ‘<italic>Sops in Wine</italic>, a flowre in colour much like a <italic>coronation</italic> (carnation), but differing in smel and quantitye.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2074" symbol="page 349 note 2"><label><sup>page 349 note 2</sup></label><p>A.S. <italic>seóðan</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>sióða</italic>, to cook. This form of the past part, occurs in <italic>Iwaine & Gawaine</italic>, l. 1701, and in the <citation id="ref1546" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>, where we read of ‘an egge …. that hard is <italic>soÞun</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2075" symbol="page 349 note 3"><label><sup>page 349 note 3</sup></label><p>A strange mistake; see Þ<sup>e</sup> Sowthe.</p></fn><fn id="fn2076" symbol="page 349 note 4"><label><sup>page 349 note 4</sup></label><p>Anything eaten with bread as a relish. Havelok, when asked by Godrich if he will marry, replies—</p><p>'sI ne haue hws, y ne haue cote, I ne haue neyÞer bred ne <italic>sowel</italic>.’</p><p>Ne i ne haue stikke, y ne haue sprote, l. 1141; see also l. 767.</p><p>In P. Plowman, B. xvi. 11, we find the form <italic>saulee</italic> glossed in the MS. Laud 581 by <italic>edulium</italic>: see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1546">ibid.</xref> C. ix. 286. A. S. <italic>sufel</italic>, Danish <italic>suul</italic>. In Andrew Boorde's <citation id="ref1547" citation-type="other"><italic>Introd. to Knowledge</italic>, ch. i. p. <fpage>122</fpage></citation>, the Cornishman declares—</p><p>'sIche chaym yll afyngred, iche swere by my fay Iche nys not eate no <italic>soole</italic> sens yester daye:’</p><p>and again, p. 138, <citation id="ref1548" citation-type="other">‘A gryce is gewd <italic>sole</italic>.’ Wyclif, Select Wks. ii. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>, has: <citation id="ref1549" citation-type="other">‘Children, han зe ony <italic>sowvel?</italic> Þat is mete to make potage and to medle among potage;’ and again, i. <fpage>63</fpage></citation>: ‘þes two fishes ben two bokes Þat ben <italic>souel</italic> to Þes loves.’ In Genesis xxvii. 4 Isaac asks Esau to bring him ‘<italic>sowil</italic>, as thow knowe me to wiln.’ <citation id="ref1550" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc edulium, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> sowle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>199</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hoc edulium. A<sup>nce</sup></italic>. sowylle.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1550">ibid.</xref> p. 266. Turner in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii, lf. 66, says, ‘the most part vse Basil and eate it with oyle and gare sauce for a <italic>sowle</italic> or kitchen;’ and again: <citation id="ref1551" citation-type="other">‘The fyrste grene leaues [of elm tre] are sodden for kichin or <italic>sowell</italic> as other eatable herbes be.’ If. <fpage>169</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2077" symbol="page 350 note 1"><label><sup>page 350 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe kyngdam of heuenes is lie to <italic>sowre dowз</italic>, the whiche taken a womman hidde in three mesuris of meele til it were al <italic>sowrdowid</italic>.’ Wyclif, Matthew xiii. 33. <citation id="ref1552" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc fermentum, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> sur-dagh.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab, p. <fpage>201</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2078" symbol="page 350 note 2"><label><sup>page 350 note 2</sup></label><p>Souse or Sowse was the technical name for the pickled feet and ears of a pig. <citation id="ref1553" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, <italic>Descr. of England</italic>, ii. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>, gives the following account of its preparation: ‘he [the boar] is killed, scalded, and cut out, and then of his former parts is our brawne made; the rest is nothing so fat, and therefore it beareth the name of <italic>sowse</italic> onelie, and is commonlie reserued for the seruing man and hind, except it please the owner to haue anie part therof baked, which are then handled of custome after this manner. The hinder parts being cut off, they are first drawne with lard, and then sodden; being sodden they are sowsed in claret wine and vineger a certeine space, and afterward baked in pasties and eaten of manie in steed of the wild bore, and trulie it is verie good meat.’ <citation id="ref1554" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc succidium, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> sowse.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>199</fpage></citation>. Tusser in his chapter on ‘The fermers dailie diet’ (p. 28, ed. 1878), speaks of <italic>souse</italic> as a dish usually eaten first at Michaelmas:</p><p>'sAll Saints doe laie for porke and <italic>souse</italic> For sprats and spurlings for their house.’</p><p>A ‘clark of the <italic>sowce-tub</italic>’ is mentioned in the Entertainments at the Temple in 1561, pr. in Nichols' <citation id="ref1555" citation-type="other"><italic>Progress of Q. Elizabeth</italic>, i. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>. Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xxxvii<sup>bk</sup>. recommends the keeping of boars, ‘For a bore wyll haue as lytell kepynge as a hogge, & is moche better than a hogge, and more meet on hym and is redy at all tymes to eate in the wynter season, and to be layd in <italic>sowse</italic>.’ ‘I souce meate, I laye it in some tarte thynge, as they do brawne or suche lyke.’ Palsgrave. Derived from Lat. <italic>salsus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2079" symbol="page 350 note 3"><label><sup>page 350 note 3</sup></label><p>The author or copier has made a strange mistake here, in treating <italic>auster</italic> and <italic>boreas</italic> as identical in meaning.</p></fn><fn id="fn2080" symbol="page 350 note 4"><label><sup>page 350 note 4</sup></label><p>See also Chaumpe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2081" symbol="page 351 note 1"><label><sup>page 351 note 1</sup></label><p>To wean. ‘To spane, weane, <italic>oblactare, depellere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. The word appears to be still in use in the North: see the Whitby Glossary and Mr. Robinson's Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire. Icel. <italic>speni</italic>, Dut. <italic>speen</italic>, a teat, udder; German <italic>spänen</italic>. ‘Quen he was <italic>spaned</italic> fra Þa pap.’ <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 3018.</p></fn><fn id="fn2082" symbol="page 351 note 2"><label><sup>page 351 note 2</sup></label><p>In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 2060, Arthur in his duel with the Viscount of Valence</p><p>'swith a crewelle launce cowpeз fulle euene A-bowne the <italic>spayre</italic> a spanne, emange the schortte rybbys;’</p><p>where the meaning is probably the same as here. So also in De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage of the Lif of the Manhode</italic>, MS. St. John's Coll. Camb. If. 65<sup>b</sup>, we read: <citation id="ref1556" citation-type="other">‘on the lifte halfe Þere sette and lened hir on a stane a gentille womman Þat had hir a hande vndir hir <italic>spayer</italic>;’ and again, If. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>: ‘ga speke with the damesele that has hir hande Under hir <italic>spayere</italic>.’ In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 5825, when Moses was before Pharaoh, God we are told bade him</p><p>'s“þou put Þi hand in bosum Þn.
He put it eft in his <italic>spaier</italic>, He put his hand in fair in hele, And vte he drogh it, hale and fere,’</p><p>And vte he drogh it als mesel,</p></fn><fn id="fn2083" symbol="page 351 note 3"><label><sup>page 351 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe cur, or mastys, he haldis at smal availl, And culзeis <italic>spainзellis</italic>, to chace pertryk or quail.’ <citation id="ref1557" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Ænead.</italic>, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>514</fpage></citation>. According to Lydgate's <citation id="ref1558" citation-type="other"><italic>Hors, Shepe & Ghoos</italic>, p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, the proper technical terms for hounds are, ‘A brace of houndes, a kenel of recches, a copill of <italic>spaynels</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1559" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic oderinsicus. A<sup>ce</sup></italic> spaneзeole.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>187</fpage></citation>. See note to a <citation id="ref1560" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Braekett</surname></name>, p. <fpage>39</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2084" symbol="page 351 note 4"><label><sup>page 351 note 4</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>spear-hafoc</italic>, from <italic>spearwa</italic>, sparrow and <italic>hafoc</italic>, hawk. See <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 2680. where the Saracens are represented as flying before the French knights, ‘so doÞ Þe larke on someres clay Þe <italic>sperhauk</italic> Þet is in fliзte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2085" symbol="page 351 note 5"><label><sup>page 351 note 5</sup></label><p>We have already had this verse in a slightly different form under Iselle.</p></fn><fn id="fn2086" symbol="page 351 note 6"><label><sup>page 351 note 6</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Esparpiller</italic>, to scatter, disperse, disparkle asunder.’ Cotgrave. ‘To sparpill, <italic>segregare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Therefore do as Guido did, <italic>spercle</italic> the blod of a lombe in thi nest.’ <citation id="ref1561" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>108</fpage></citation>. ‘The appostles or they were <italic>sparpled</italic> abrode, they gadered them togyder in Jherusalem and made the Crede our byleve.’ <citation id="ref1562" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Chron. of Englond</italic>, pt. iv.p. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>, ed. 1520.</p><p><citation id="ref1563" citation-type="other">‘[Hengist] brouзte to gydras his knyзtes and men of arms Þit were <italic>to-sparpled</italic> and to-schad [<italic>dispersis</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, v. <fpage>287</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1564" citation-type="other">‘Forsothe there was the batayl <italic>sparpoild</italic> upon the face of all the loond.’ Wyclif, 2 Kings, xviii. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>. ‘Partonope made hym <italic>sparple</italic> wyde.’ <italic>Partonope</italic>. 1076. ‘He his lyfe has <italic>sperplit</italic> in the are.’ <citation id="ref1565" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. xi. p. <fpage>386</fpage></citation>; see also Bk. x. p. 331, and <italic>Generydes</italic>, l. 6049.</p></fn><fn id="fn2087" symbol="page 352 note 1"><label><sup>page 352 note 1</sup></label><p>'sUnnethes the hillinge hangith on the <italic>sparres</italic>.’ Wright's <citation id="ref1566" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit: Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>77</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1567" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>338</fpage></citation>, after Jonah had been in the whale's belly three days, we are told—</p><p>'sThenne oure fader to Þe fysch ferslych biddeз, þat he hym sput spakly vpon <italic>spare</italic> drye.’</p><p>See the directions for thatching in the <citation id="ref1568" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming Book</italic> of H. Best, of Elmswell, 1641, p. <fpage>148</fpage></citation>: ‘fasteninge it aboute eyerie <italic>sparre</italic> as they goe, and allsoe sowinge once aboute a latte, ever betwixt <italic>sparre</italic> and <italic>spavre</italic>.’ In the Inventory of Robert Atkinson, taken in 1596, are mentioned ‘v. bunche of lattes 2s. 6d. Fyve skore and x fir <italic>sparres</italic>, 18s. 4d.’ <citation id="ref1569" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, ii. <fpage>263</fpage></citation>. See also <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 8796.</p></fn><fn id="fn2088" symbol="page 352 note 2"><label><sup>page 352 note 2</sup></label><p>A battle axe or halberd. Chaucer in the <italic>Knightes Tale</italic>, 1662, says: ‘he hath a <italic>sparth</italic> of twentie pound of wighte.’ See also the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, l. 5978. Trevisa in his trans. of Higden, i. 351, says that the ‘Norwayes brouзt first <italic>sparthes</italic> in to Irlond [<italic>usum securium qui anglice</italic> sparth <italic>dicitur …. comportarunt</italic>];’ and again p. 353, he describes the Irish as fighting ‘wiÞ tweie dartes and speres, and wiÞ brode <italic>sparthes</italic>:’ see also i. 357. In <citation id="ref1570" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Gawayue</italic>, l. <fpage>209</fpage></citation>, the Green Knight is described as bearing in his one hand a ‘holyn bobbe,’ and</p><p>'sAn ax in his oÞer, a hoge & vn-mete, A spetos <italic>sparÞe</italic> to expoun in spelle quo-so myзt; þe hede of an elnзerde fe large lenkÞe hade.’</p><p>'sSparthe an instrument.’ Palsgrave. Icel. <italic>sparða</italic>. Cooper renders <italic>sparus</italic> by ‘a kinde of small dartes used in war.’</p><p>'sLoke me my <italic>sparthe</italic> wher that he stande, That y broughtt with me in my hande.’ Tundale's Vision, l. 87.</p></fn><fn id="fn2089" symbol="page 352 note 3"><label><sup>page 352 note 3</sup></label><p>The shoulder. O. Fr. <italic>espaule</italic>. Douglas in his trans, of Virgil, <citation id="ref1571" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. x. p. <fpage>342</fpage></citation>, speaks of a wild boar at bay <citation id="ref1572" citation-type="other">‘With <italic>spaldis</italic> hard and harsk, awfull and tene;’ and again, Bk. xii. p. <fpage>410</fpage></citation>, he describes the bull as ‘lenand his <italic>spald</italic> to the stok of a tre.’</p><p>'sDoun swakkis the knycht, syne with ane felloun fare, Founderis fordwart flatlingis on his <italic>spald</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1572">Ibid.</xref> Bk. x. p. 352.</p><p>'sLy stille therin now and roste, Ne noghte of thi <italic>spalde</italic>.’</p><p>I kepe nothynge of thi coste, <citation id="ref1573" citation-type="other"><italic>Perceval</italic>, <fpage>796</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Spenser also uses the word in the <citation id="ref1574" citation-type="other"><italic>Faery Queen</italic>, II. vi. <fpage>29</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sTheir mightie strokes their haberjeons dismayld, And naked made each others manly <italic>spalles</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2090" symbol="page 352 note 4"><label><sup>page 352 note 4</sup></label><p>Halliwell says ‘to founder as a ship,’ but it is more exactly to break up, fall to pieces, from ‘Spawl. A splinter as of wood.’ See Wedgwood s. v. Spall.</p><p>'sSum stikkit throw the coiat with the <italic>spalis</italic> of tre, Lay gaspand.’</p><p><citation id="ref1575" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, B. ix. <fpage>296</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Compare P. Spalle or chyppe, and O. Icel. <italic>spjall, spjald</italic>, a lath or thin board, whence the modern <italic>spill</italic>. In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3699, we have the verb:</p><p>'sBe thane speris whare spronngene, <italic>spaldyd</italic> chippys;’</p><p>and in l. 3264, Fortune's wheel is described as ‘splentide alle with <italic>speltis</italic> of siluer.’ ‘<italic>Assula</italic>, a spell or broken piece of stone, that cometh off in hewing and graving.’Gouldman. In <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l. 3392, we find the word in the form <italic>speld</italic>:</p><p>'sSpacli Þe oÞeres spere in <italic>speldes</italic> Þan wente;’ see also ll. 3603, 3855.</p></fn><fn id="fn2091" symbol="page 352 note 5"><label><sup>page 352 note 5</sup></label><p>Apparently the meaning is special, peculiar, and the word is connected with <italic>species</italic> not with <italic>speak</italic>, but probably there is some corruption or omission.</p></fn><fn id="fn2092" symbol="page 353 note 1"><label><sup>page 353 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA specke, <italic>cento</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Speck, a patch.’ Mr. Robinson's Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire. In the Invent, of H. Fisher, in 1578, <italic>spelk</italic> is used in the sense of odd pieces of wood, scraps: ‘cares and <italic>spelks</italic> and latts xx<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1576" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c</italic> p. <fpage>282</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2093" symbol="page 353 note 2"><label><sup>page 353 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA gymling, v<sup>s</sup>. A gang of <italic>speaks</italic> iij<sup>s</sup>. iij mould bords with plew heads, handles, sheirs, and stertres, ij<sup>s</sup>.’ Invent, of John Casse, 1576, <citation id="ref1577" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, &c. (Surtees Soc. vol. xxvi), p. <fpage>260</fpage></citation>. In the Invent, of R. Bishop, 1500, we find ‘a gang and a half of <italic>speykes</italic> x<sup>d</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invents</italic>. iv. 191. See the description of Fortune's wheel in <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3264: ‘The <italic>spekes</italic> was splentide alle with speltis of siluer.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2094" symbol="page 353 note 3"><label><sup>page 353 note 3</sup></label><p>Still in use; see Mr. Robinson's Glossary. In the Ormulum the author having given the letters of Adam's name says, l. 16440:</p><p>'sзiff Þatt tu cannst <italic>spelldrenn</italic> hemm Adam Þu findesst <italic>spelldredd</italic>;’ see also l. 16363.</p></fn><fn id="fn2095" symbol="page 353 note 4"><label><sup>page 353 note 4</sup></label><p>See Benes spelked, p. 28, Sprowtyd benys, and P. Baynyd, as benys or pesyn.</p></fn><fn id="fn2096" symbol="page 353 note 5"><label><sup>page 353 note 5</sup></label><p>'sNe he ne bereð no garsum bute gnedeliche his <italic>spense</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1578" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>350</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2097" symbol="page 353 note 6"><label><sup>page 353 note 6</sup></label><p><italic>Despencerie</italic>, a Spence, larder, storehouse for victuals.’ Cotgrave. ‘Spens, a buttrye. <italic>despencier</italic>.’ Palsgrave. <citation id="ref1579" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Promptuarium</italic>, spence or botrye.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>178</fpage></citation>, Horonan has ‘That is a leude spence that hath no meate ne drynke. <italic>Misera est cella vbi nec esculentœ nec poculentœ res sunt repositœ</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Penus</italic>. A clere (? celere) or spence.’ Medulla. Chaucer in the <italic>Sompnoure's Tale</italic>, 1931, says of the friars—</p><p>'sMe thinkith thay ben lik Jovynian, Al vinolent as botel in the <italic>spence</italic>:’</p><p>Fat as a whal, and walken as a swan;</p><p>and Lydgate, <italic>Bochas</italic>, Bk. vii. ch. 8, ed. 1554, has—</p><p>'sHis rich pimentes, his Ipocras of dispence Hing not in Costreles, nor hotels in Þe <italic>spence</italic>’</p><p>'s<italic>Despensier, qui a la garde de la viande</italic>, a spencar.’ Hollyband. In the Invent, taken in 1504 of the ‘ymplementes’ of the ‘Taylourys halle’ at Exeter we find: ‘yn the <italic>spence</italic> a tabell planke, and ij sylwes.’ <citation id="ref1580" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>327</fpage></citation>. Hence the name <italic>Spenser</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2098" symbol="page 354 note 1"><label><sup>page 354 note 1</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1581" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Homilies</italic>, p. <fpage>165</fpage></citation>: ‘Hir <italic>spense</italic> [<italic>spensar</italic> C.] knew hir fleysleye.’ ‘A clerk or <italic>spenser</italic> of a curat may parte Þes godis.’ <citation id="ref1582" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyclif</surname></name>, <italic>Eng. Works</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>413</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Clauiger</italic>. A keye berare, or a spensere.’ Medulla. ‘Cesar heet his <italic>spenser</italic> зeve Þe Greke his money.’ Trevisa's Higden, iv. 309; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1582">ibid.</xref> p. 331.</p><p>'sThe <italic>spencer</italic> came with keyes in his hand, Opned the doore and them at dinner fand.’</p><p><citation id="ref1583" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Henryson</surname></name>, <italic>Moral Fables</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also the <citation id="ref1584" citation-type="other"><italic>Cokes Tale of Gamelyn</italic>, l. <fpage>399</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sThanne seyde Adam, that was the <italic>spencer</italic>, “I have served thy brother this sixtene yeer, If I leete the goon out of this bour, He wolde say afterward I were a traytour.
’</p></fn><fn id="fn2099" symbol="page 354 note 2"><label><sup>page 354 note 2</sup></label><p>'sDore or wyndowe or anything that is shut and sparred on both sides. <italic>Valuœ</italic>.’ Huloet. Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 3835, says that the Pope bears the keys ‘wharwith he bathe opens and <italic>spers</italic> haly kirkes tresor’ of pardons, &c. ‘<italic>Barrer</italic>, to barre, or sparre, to boult; also to lattice or grate up. <italic>Barre</italic>, f. a barre or eparre for a doore. <italic>Barré</italic>, barred, sparred, boulted.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'sHwan Þat was Þouth, onon he ferde To Þe tour Þer he woren <italic>sperde</italic>,’ <citation id="ref1585" citation-type="other"><italic>Eavelok</italic>, <fpage>448</fpage></citation>. Still in common use in the North. A. S. <italic>sparrian</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>sperra</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2100" symbol="page 354 note 3"><label><sup>page 354 note 3</sup></label><p>'sIt sal wirk als Þe fire of Þe <italic>spere</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1586" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 4887</citation>. ‘The foundament of this Temple was cast round by a <italic>spere</italic> that by that forme the perdurablete of theire goddes sholde be shewed.’ <citation id="ref1587" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Caxton</surname></name>, <italic>Golden Legende</italic></citation>, fo. 345, col. 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn2101" symbol="page 354 note 4"><label><sup>page 354 note 4</sup></label><p>The smelt, <italic>osmerus eperlanus</italic>. We have the same latin equivalent used hereafter for a Sprotte.</p><p>'sMustard /is metest with alle maner salt herynge, Salt fysche, salt Congur, samoun with <italic>sparlynge</italic>, Salt ele, salt makerelle, & also withe merlynge.’</p><p><citation id="ref1588" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <italic>Boke of Nurture</italic> in Babees Book, p. <fpage>173</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the Manners and Household Expenses of Eng. p. 545, under the date 1464, occurs a payment ‘for a c. <italic>sperlyng</italic>, ij<sup>d</sup>.’ Tusser, in his <citation id="ref1589" citation-type="other"><italic>Susbandrie</italic>, p. <fpage>28</fpage></citation>, ch. xii. refers to the eating of sperlings at Michaelmas:</p><p>'sAll Saints do lay for pork and souse, For sprats and <italic>spurlings</italic> for their house.’ In a recipe for ‘Risshens’ in the <citation id="ref1590" citation-type="other"><italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>, we read:</p><p>'sLay hit in a roller as <italic>sparlyng</italic> fysshe, Frye hit in grece, lay hit in dysshe.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1590">ibid.</xref> p. 54. ‘<italic>Spurlings</italic> are but broad Sprats, taken chiefly upon our Northern coast; which being drest and pickled as Anchovaes be in Provence, rather surpass them than come behind them in taste and goodness …. As for Red Sprats and <italic>Spurlings</italic>, I vouchsafe them not the name of any wholesome nourishment, or rather of no nourishment at all; commending them for nothing, but that they are bawdes to enforce appetite, and serve well the poor mans turn to quench hunger.’ <citation id="ref1591" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Muffett</surname></name>, p. <fpage>169</fpage></citation>. The English name is a corruption of the French <italic>eperlan</italic>, a title given to the fish to describe its pearly appearance. In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 222, is given, <citation id="ref1592" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic sperlyngus, Hic thimalus</italic>, a sperlynge;’ and at p. <fpage>189</fpage></citation> ‘spyrlyng’ is glossed by <citation id="ref1593" citation-type="other"><italic>gamerus</italic>, which we have already had as the Lat. equivalent of Bafynstylkylle, p. <fpage>17</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Epimera</italic>. A spyrlynge.’ Medulla. See Notes and Glossary to Tusser.</p></fn><fn id="fn2102" symbol="page 355 note 1"><label><sup>page 355 note 1</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1594" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic apotecarius, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> spycere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>194</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2103" symbol="page 355 note 2"><label><sup>page 355 note 2</sup></label><p>'sA spiggott, <italic>vide</italic> Spout.’ Baret. ‘A spiggotte, <italic>epistonium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Pinteur, m.</italic> a tippler, pot-companion, spiggot-sucker.’ Horman has ‘Wynde flexe about the spygotte lest the tappe or faueette droppe. <italic>Spinam stuppa inuolue ne fistula perstillet</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1595" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Clepsidra</italic>, a spykket.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>178</fpage></citation>. Compare Tappe tre, hereafter. ‘Spygotte, <italic>broche a uin ou a lalle</italic>. Tappe or spygote to drawe drinke at—<italic>chantepleure</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘I ronne, as lycour dothe out of a vessell by a spigot, or faulset whan it ronneth styll after a stynte. <italic>Je coule</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1595">Ibid.</xref> ‘Lo! my wombe is aS must without <italic>spigot</italic> (ether a ventyng), that brekith newe vessels.’ Wyclif, Job xxxii. 19 (<italic>Purvey</italic>).</p></fn><fn id="fn2104" symbol="page 355 note 3"><label><sup>page 355 note 3</sup></label><p>A spike. Ducange renders <italic>taringa</italic> by ‘sedes ferreæ; <italic>broche de fer</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2105" symbol="page 355 note 4"><label><sup>page 355 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo spil, <italic>effundere</italic>.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘<italic>Respandre</italic>, to shed, spill, poure oute, scatter abroad.’ Cotgrave. ‘To spill, or shed, <italic>diffundo</italic>; spilled or shed, <italic>diffusus</italic>.’ Baret. A. S. <italic>spillan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2106" symbol="page 355 note 5"><label><sup>page 355 note 5</sup></label><p>In the provincial dialects a <italic>Spink</italic> or a <italic>Goldspink</italic> is a goldfinch: see <citation id="ref1596" citation-type="other"><name><surname>s. v.</surname><given-names>Jamieson</given-names></name> ‘<italic>Hic rostellus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> spynke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>189</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2107" symbol="page 355 note 6"><label><sup>page 355 note 6</sup></label><p>Sic in MS.</p></fn><fn id="fn2108" symbol="page 355 note 7"><label><sup>page 355 note 7</sup></label><p>Still in very common use ID Scotland under the form <italic>speer</italic>. ‘I spurre, I aske a questyon. <italic>Je demande vne question</italic>. This terme is farre northerne.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sAlle Þat he <italic>spured</italic> hym in space he expowned clane.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1606.</p><p>Noah is described in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 1760, as making the window in the ark</p><p>'sWid suilk a gin, Men mith it open and <italic>spere</italic> wid in.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2109" symbol="page 355 note 8"><label><sup>page 355 note 8</sup></label><p>'sA spittle, or Hospitall for poore folkes diseased, <italic>hospitium publicum</italic>: a spittle, Hospitall, or Lazarhouse for Lepres, <italic>hierocomium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hospital</italic>, m. an Hospitall or Spittle.’ Cotgrave: see also s. v. <italic>Hostel Dieu, Nosocome</italic>, and <italic>Ostiere</italic>. In the <citation id="ref1597" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p <fpage>148</fpage></citation>, is mentioned ‘<italic>spiteluvel</italic>,’ or leprosy, for the treatment of which disease hospitals were originally established. ‘Spyttle house, <italic>laderye</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2110" symbol="page 356 note 1"><label><sup>page 356 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Spittle</italic>, sb. the square board, with a short flat handle, used in putting cakes into an oven, is a <italic>baking-spittle</italic>. The very long-handled article of this kind, used by the few town bakers which exist is called a <italic>spittle</italic> too.’ Mr. C. Robinson's Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire.</p></fn><fn id="fn2111" symbol="page 356 note 2"><label><sup>page 356 note 2</sup></label><p>? A plait or curl of hair.</p></fn><fn id="fn2112" symbol="page 356 note 3"><label><sup>page 356 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Glaucitas</italic>; glaucoma: <italic>glaucome; opacite du cristallin</italic>.’ D'Arnis. See P. Perle in the eye, p. 394.</p></fn><fn id="fn2113" symbol="page 356 note 4"><label><sup>page 356 note 4</sup></label><p>'sSporge, an herbe, <italic>espourge</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Espurge</italic>, garden spurge, whereof there are two kinds, a greater and a less.’ Cotgrave. ‘Spurge, <italic>tithymalus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. <citation id="ref1598" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic tintimalius, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> spowrge.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>101</fpage></citation> ‘Stinking Gladdon is called …. in English stinking Gladdon and <italic>Spurgewoort</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1599" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gerarde</surname></name>, <italic>Herball</italic>, Bk. I. c. xxxvii. p. <fpage>53</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2114" symbol="page 356 note 5"><label><sup>page 356 note 5</sup></label><p>'sI spurge, as a man dothe at the foundement after he is deed. <italic>Je me espurge</italic>. There is nouther roan nor woman, but if they tary long unburyed and have no remedy provyded but they spourge when they be deed. I spurge, I dense, as wyne or ale dothe in the vessell. <italic>Je me purge</italic>. This ale spurgeth a great deale better for the cariage.’ Palsgrave. See the fable of the Cat and the Mouse in the <citation id="ref1600" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>314</fpage></citation>: ‘A mouse on a tyme felle into a barell of newe ale, that <italic>spourgid</italic>, and myght not come oute.’ ‘Also to enacte that euery vessell barell kilderkyn & firken of ale & bere kepe ther full mesur gawge & assise & that the brewars bothe of ale & biere sende with their cariage to fill up the vessels after thei be leyde on the gyest for by reason that the vessels haue not ben full afore tyme the occupiers haue had gret losse & also the ale & byere have palled & were nought by cause such ale & biere hathe taken wynde in <italic>spurgyng</italic>.’ Arnold's <citation id="ref1601" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, p. <fpage>85</fpage></citation>. Stanihurst speaks of a river ‘through the breach owt <citation id="ref1602" citation-type="other"><italic>spurging</italic>.’ Bk. ii. p. <fpage>59</fpage></citation>. In the <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, 10918, the verb is used actively: ‘Of flyes men mow hem weyl <italic>spourge</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2115" symbol="page 356 note 6"><label><sup>page 356 note 6</sup></label><p>'sSpringe or ympe that commeth out of the rote. <italic>Viburnum, Stolones</italic>.’ Huloet.</p><p>'sTo Carter (with oxen) this message I bring, Leaue not oxen abrode for anoieng the <italic>spring</italic>.’ Tusser, ch. xlviii. st. 11.</p><p>William Paston writing, in 1479, to Thomas Lynsted, asks him to desire ‘Jullis to find the means that the young <italic>spring</italic> may be saved,’ and adds <citation id="ref1603" citation-type="other">‘P. S. If Jullis have made a gate, it is the better for the <italic>spring</italic>.’ Paston Letters, iii. <fpage>248</fpage></citation>. The word is still in use; see Mr. Peacock's Glossary. ‘I springe, I come out of the erthe by myselfe, as yonge springes do or herbes. <italic>Je nays</italic>. Gather nat your parselay yet, it doth but begyn to spring now. I spring out, as buddes or blossomes. <italic>Je bourjonne</italic>. This flower begynneth to springe goodly.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2116" symbol="page 356 note 7"><label><sup>page 356 note 7</sup></label><p>Probably this means to sprain.</p></fn><fn id="fn2117" symbol="page 357 note 1"><label><sup>page 357 note 1</sup></label><p>MS. Sportte. Palsgrave has ‘Sprotte, a fysshe, <italic>esplene</italic>.’ ‘A sprot, <italic>halecula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. <citation id="ref1604" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hec epimera</italic>, a sprott.’ Wright's Vocab. p. <fpage>222</fpage></citation>. Compare Sperlynge, above. The word is latinised in the form <italic>sprottus</italic> in the Liber Custumarum, p. 407.</p><p>'sThe sely fysche can hym selfe not exousse, when yt ys spytted lyke a <italic>sprote</italic>.</p><p><italic>Piers of Fulham</italic>, l. 41, in <citation id="ref1605" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hazlitt</surname></name>, <italic>Early Pop. Poetry</italic>, ii. <fpage>3</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2118" symbol="page 357 note 2"><label><sup>page 357 note 2</sup></label><p>See Spelkyd benes, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2119" symbol="page 357 note 3"><label><sup>page 357 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Spole</italic>, a wevers instrument.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Fuseau</italic>, m. a spindle or spoole: <italic>fusée</italic>, f. a spooleful or spindleful of threade yarn, &c.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Spola</italic>, a weavers spoolingwheele or quill-twine.’ Florio, 1611. Cooper translates <italic>Panus</italic> by ‘a weaver's rolle, whereon the threade is wounden.’ See to Wynde spules, hereafter. <citation id="ref1606" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Les tremes</italic>, the spoles.’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>157</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2120" symbol="page 357 note 4"><label><sup>page 357 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘to be Squeamish, or nice; <italic>delicias facere</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Desdaigneux</italic>, disdainfull, scornefull, coy squeamish. <italic>Suerée</italic>, f. a nice, quaint, squeamish, or precise wenche.’ Cotgrave. In a version of the ‘Te Deum,’ composed about 1400, we read: ‘Thou were not <italic>skoymus</italic> of the maiden's wombe to delyuer mankynde.’ <citation id="ref1607" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maskell</surname></name>, <italic>Monumenta Ritualia</italic>, ii. <fpage>14</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Desdaigneux</italic>, squeamish, coye, disdainefull.’ Hollyband.</p></fn><fn id="fn2121" symbol="page 357 note 5"><label><sup>page 357 note 5</sup></label><p>Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Squinance</italic>, f. The Squinancy or Squinzie; a disease;’ and Cooper gives ‘<italic>Synanche</italic>, f. The sickenesse called the Quinse or squinancie.’</p><p>'sSom for glotoni sal haf Þare Als Þe <italic>swynacy</italic>, Þat greves ful sare;’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 2999.</p><p>'sThe swinsy, <italic>cynanche</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. For a remedy for the ‘squynancy’ see Sloane, MS. 5, leaf 35; see also the Poem on Blood-letting, A.B. 1380, printed at p. 959 of Halliwell's Dictionary. In <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 1188, Pharaoh when he discovered that Sara was, Abraham's wife,</p><p>'sSente after abraham ðat ilc sel, His wif and oðere birðe beren, And bitagte him his wif a-non, ða ðe <italic>swinacie</italic> gan him nunmor deren.’</p><p>And his yuel sort was ouer-gon,</p><p>In Trevisa's Higden, iii. 335, we read how Demosthenes, when he wished to escape pleading in a certain case, ‘com foorth with wolle aboute his nexk, and sayde that he hadde the <italic>squynacy</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Guttura</italic>, the Swynesy.’ Medulla. See Swynsy, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2122" symbol="page 357 note 6"><label><sup>page 357 note 6</sup></label><p>See Swerelle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2123" symbol="page 358 note 1"><label><sup>page 358 note 1</sup></label><p>A weapon of war consisting of a sling fastened to the end of a staff. ‘<italic>Potraria, fustibulum</italic>, staffslynge.’ Nominale MS. ‘Staffe slynge made of a clefte stycke, <italic>ruant</italic>. Slynge made in a shepherdes staffe, <italic>fonde hollette</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Lydgate describes David as armed only ‘with a <italic>staffe-slynge</italic>, voyde of plate and mayle;’ and in Chaucer's <italic>Rime of Sir Thopas</italic>, 2019, we read—</p><p>'sSir Thopas drow abak ful faste; This geaunt at him stones caste Out of a fel <italic>staf-slinge</italic>.’</p><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xvii. 343, amongst the engines of war used at the siege of Berwick we find— ‘Scaffatis, leddris, and coueryngis, Pykis, howis, and ek <italic>staff-slyngis</italic>.’</p><p>See also <italic>Richard Cœur de Lion</italic>, 4455. where the king is said to have set in the third line ‘hys <italic>staff-slyngeres</italic>.’</p><p>'sAne grete <italic>staf sloung</italic> birrand with felloun wecht Hynt Mezentius.’ <citation id="ref1608" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>298</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See a cut of soldiers armed with staff-slings in Fairholt's <citation id="ref1609" citation-type="other"><italic>Costume in England</italic>, p. <fpage>582</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2124" symbol="page 358 note 2"><label><sup>page 358 note 2</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1610" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Servicia deficata, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> stale ale.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>198</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2125" symbol="page 358 note 3"><label><sup>page 358 note 3</sup></label><p>A <italic>stag</italic> is properly the male of any animal: cf. Stegge = gander. ‘Stag, a colt, a young cock.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. ‘<italic>Pullus</italic>, the younge of everything; a foale; a chicken.’ Cooper. The word is generally taken as meaning a young horse ‘under 3 years old,’ but.the following quotations from the <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, vol. i disprove this. Probably it is an unbroken horse, for though R. Claxton bequeaths ‘an ambling stagg,’ yet one mode of teaching a young horse to amble was to strap his fore and hind legs together while he was yet in the field and <italic>before</italic> he was broken, and thus let him teach himself. The word certainly had no reference to colour or sex, nor, I think, to any particular age. They might be old enough to breed from: thus John Sherwode in 1533 bequeathed to Isabel his wife <citation id="ref1611" citation-type="other">‘a graye mayrand a <italic>stagge</italic> withe there folowers.’ p. <fpage>111</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1612" citation-type="other">‘To John Cowndon & Richard Fishborne either of them a colt <italic>stagge</italic>’ Will of John Trollope, 1522, p. <fpage>106</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1613" citation-type="other">‘Item I gyue to thomas pereson my graye fillie <italic>stagg</italic>. Item I geve to George Marley the yonger my other colt <italic>stagg</italic>.’ Will of T. Wrangham, 1565, p. <fpage>245</fpage></citation>. ‘I geve to George Claxton my sonne one bay meire. I geue to Christofor Claxton my sonne one whyt felly <italic>stagg</italic> two yeres old. I geve to thomas Claxton my sonne a folle of a yere old …. I geue to my said wyf Agnes Claxton my steaplead and one gray amling <italic>stagg</italic>.’ Will of Rauf Claxton, 1567, p. 275. <citation id="ref1614" citation-type="other">‘To Henrie Riddell my hole part of the cole mynes, att St. Edmunds, in Gatishead, one <italic>stagg</italic> of fower yere old, and 6<sup>li</sup>. 13<sup>s</sup>. 4<sup>d</sup>.’ Will of Ralph Richesom, 1585. p. <fpage>109</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1615" citation-type="other">‘Item, I bequeth to y<sup>e</sup> said Richard Preston, my servant, a stoned <italic>stagg</italic> of ij yeres old.’ Will of Francis Mauleverer, 1539, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1616" citation-type="other">‘Also I gyue vnto hym my bay horsse and my yowne merke gray <italic>stage</italic>, of iiij yeres of age with all my bokes in my stody.’ Will of C. Pickering, 1542, p. <fpage>34</fpage>.</citation></p><p><citation id="ref1617" citation-type="other">‘Unethes may I wag, man, for-wery in youre stabille, Whils I set my <italic>stag</italic>, man.’ <italic>Towneley Myst</italic> p. <fpage>311</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2126" symbol="page 358 note 4"><label><sup>page 358 note 4</sup></label><p>See Stowre.</p></fn><fn id="fn2127" symbol="page 358 note 5"><label><sup>page 358 note 5</sup></label><p>See note to Mughe, above, p. 245, where the distinction between the two terms is explained in a quotation from W. de Biblesworth. ‘A stacke, <italic>strues</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Then if there bee any hey to spare for which wee wante howse-roome, wee either <italic>stacke</italic> it abroade, or doe make it up in a pyke, setting our <italic>stacke</italic> or pyke in our barrenest close.’ <citation id="ref1618" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic> of H. Best, 1641 (Surtees Soc), p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1619" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic arcomus</italic> [read <italic>arconius</italic>] <italic>A</italic><sup>ce.</sup> a stathele. <italic>Hoc ffenile, A</italic><sup>ce.</sup> a hey-stakke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>264</fpage></citation>. <italic>Staggard or staggarth, i.e.</italic> stack-garth, the enclosure where the stacks are kept, ia of frequent occurrence; compare H. Best's <citation id="ref1620" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, p. <fpage>39</fpage></citation>: <citation id="ref1621" citation-type="other">‘Of these [grasse cockes] the little <italic>staggarth</italic> had seaven:’ and p. <fpage>60</fpage></citation>: ‘a good thatcher will in one day thatch a whole side of the stacke that standeth on the longe helme in the <italic>staggarth</italic>.’ The corresponding term in Ireland is <italic>Haggard</italic> or <italic>Haggarth = hay</italic> garth, which we also find as a not unusual surname.</p><p>'sQuhyll houssis and the stokkys flittis away The corne grangis and standand <italic>stakkys</italic> of hay.’</p><p><citation id="ref1622" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ii. p. <fpage>55</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2128" symbol="page 359 note 1"><label><sup>page 359 note 1</sup></label><p>'sFfurth he <italic>stalkis</italic> a stye by Þa stille enys.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3467.</p><p>'sBat woÞeз mo I-wysse fer ware, þe fyrre I <italic>stalked</italic> by Þe stronde.’ <citation id="ref1623" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. <fpage>152</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHalf <italic>stalkand</italic> on the ground ane soft pace.’ <citation id="ref1624" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vi. p. <fpage>169</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2129" symbol="page 359 note 2"><label><sup>page 359 note 2</sup></label><p>'sStallant, a horse, <italic>haras</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Stalland, <italic>admissarius equus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Estalon, m.</italic> a stalion for mares.’ Cotgrave. ‘I wyll not sell my stalant: <italic>non vendam equum admissarium</italic>’ Horman.</p><p>'sþe monk Þat wol be <italic>stalun</italic> gode, And kan set a-riзt his hode.’</p><p>Land of Cokaygne, in <citation id="ref1625" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>160</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2130" symbol="page 359 note 3"><label><sup>page 359 note 3</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Estamine, f.</italic> the stuffe Tamine; also a strainer, searce, boulter, or boulting cloth, so called, because made (commonly) of a thin kind thereof. <italic>Estaminer</italic>; to straine, searce, boult; to passe through a searce.’ See <citation id="ref1626" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>418</fpage></citation>, where we read that anchoresses were allowed to wear this material: ‘<italic>Stamin</italic> habbe hwose wule, and hwose wule mei beon buten.’ Another form of the word was stamell. Thus we find ‘Two peticotts thone of skerlet thother of <italic>stamell</italic> xxxv<sup>s</sup>,’ in the Invent, of Marg. Gascoigne, in 1567. <italic>Witts & Invents</italic>, i. 273. ‘Steming, stemyng. The cloth now called tamine or taminy.’ Jamieson. By the Act 25 Henry VIII, c. 5, it was enacted that ‘no person vsing the Craft or Mystery of Dying of Worsteds, <italic>Stamins</italic> or Sayes, or any of them …‥ shall vse to Callender any Worsteds, <italic>Stamins</italic>, or Sayes, or any other commodities made of Worsted Yarne.’ The material was of wool and linen mixed, of a coarse texture, as we see by its being used by penitents in the place of the hair shirt. Thus Caxton says: ‘He puttyng his flesshe under the seruytude of the spyryte ware for a shyrte a <italic>stamyn</italic> or streyner clothe.’ Golden Legende, p. 432. See Halliwell, who explains the word by <citation id="ref1627" citation-type="other">‘a kind of linsey-woolsey; or a dress made of that material.’ Compare P. Stemyne, p. <fpage>474</fpage></citation>, and Strayle, bedclothe, p. 478. The above is most probably the meaning here, but as there is no latin equivalent it may be well to point out that in the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3658, the word occurs with the meaning of the stem or bows of a ship: the sailors, we read,</p><p>'sStandis styffe on the <italic>stamyne</italic>, steris one aftyre.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2131" symbol="page 359 note 4"><label><sup>page 359 note 4</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Seven Sages</italic> (Weber, iii. 10) the Sages try the skill of a young prince by placing ‘Under ech <italic>stapel</italic> of his bed’ four ivy leaves: where the meaning is apparently the posts of the bed. In 1569 Elizabeth Claxton bequeathed vnto ‘An Jaxssonn one woode Cheast w<sup>ch</sup>.haithe a sneck locke wyth a coffer. It<sup>m</sup> one other cheast w<sup>ch</sup> haythe a <italic>stapply</italic> & a hespt also I do gyue vnto ye said An Jaxson on chamlet kyrtle the wch I do weare vpon ye hollyday.’ <citation id="ref1628" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. (Surtees Soo.) i. <fpage>312</fpage></citation>. In Trevisa's Higden, v. 273, the word is used for a stake: ‘Edol, duke of Gloucestre cauзte a <italic>stable</italic> [<italic>arrepto palo</italic>] and defended hym manliche.’ See also <citation id="ref1629" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>211</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sUnder the brygge ther is a swyke, And undernethe is an hasp, Corven clos, joynand queyntlyke; Schet with a <italic>stapyl</italic> and a clasp.’</p><p><italic>R. Cœur de Lion</italic>, 4084.</p><p>A. S. <italic>stapul</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2132" symbol="page 360 note 1"><label><sup>page 360 note 1</sup></label><p>The unweeldy joyntes <italic>starkyd</italic> with rudnesse, The cloudy sihte mystyd with dirknesse.’</p><p>Lydgate, <citation id="ref1630" citation-type="other"><italic>Minor Poems</italic> (Percy Soc), p. <fpage>241</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sNoe. To begyn such a wark No wonder if thay wark, My bonys are so <italic>stark</italic>, For I am fulle old.’</p><p><citation id="ref1631" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>27</fpage>.</citation></p><p>So in <italic>Ywaine & Gawin</italic>, 1880:</p><p>'sThe knyght and als the stede, <italic>Stark</italic> ded to the erth thai зede.’</p><p>Compare <italic>Ormulum</italic>, l. 1472: ‘Þe rihhte dom iss <italic>starrc</italic> & harrd;’ and <citation id="ref1632" citation-type="other"><italic>the Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>144</fpage></citation>: ‘Þe <italic>sterke</italic> dom of domesdei.’ A. S. <italic>steare.</italic> See Sterke, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2133" symbol="page 360 note 2"><label><sup>page 360 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Staithe</italic>, a landing-place. Now used to denote a portion of the foreshore of a river that is kept up by means of faggots or kids, or by timber or stone-work.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c.: see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1632">ibid.</xref> s. v. <italic>Stather</italic>. ‘<italic>Ripa</italic>, stæð’ Supp. to Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 54. In Peacock's <italic>Eng. Church Furniture</italic>, 217, under the date 1552, is an item ‘for mending and repairing of the churche <italic>stathe</italic> or wharffe y<sup>t</sup> same yere, viij<sup>li</sup>. xix<sup>s</sup>. x<sup>d</sup>.’ ‘Any Coal owner may employ or give Salaries to any fitter for disposing of his coals from his colliery or <italic>Staiths</italic>.’ Stow, <italic>Survey</italic>, ii. 319. In the Invent, of Bertram Anderson of Newcastle, Merchant & Alderman, taken in 1570, are mentioned ‘The Coles lyenge presently vpon the <italic>steyth</italic> by the water sideys xxiiij<sup>xx</sup> Tennes at xxvj<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup> everye Tenne vj<sup>o</sup> x<sup>l</sup>—The Coles lyenge presentlye vpon the <italic>steyth</italic> by the water side in darwand thirtye Tennes at xl<sup>s</sup> every Tenne iij<sup>xxl</sup>—the Coles presently vpon the meilmedowe <italic>stayth</italic> by the water side is fiftye Tennes at Thirtye shillings a tenne iij<sup>xx</sup>xxv<sup>l</sup>. Sum. vij<sup>o</sup> iij<sup>xx</sup> xv<sup>1</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, ii. 339. By the Statute 15 Henry VI, c. vii. § 1, it was enacted that, ‘de cy jour enavant null persone eskippe ne face. eskipper lains peaulx lanutz nautres marchandises perteinantz a lestaple, en null lieu deenz iceste roialme forsqe soulement a les keys & <italic>Stathes</italic> esteantz en les ports assignes par statuit.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2134" symbol="page 360 note 3"><label><sup>page 360 note 3</sup></label><p>See the account of Jacob's dream in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 3779, where we read—</p><p>'sIn slepe he sagh stand vp a <italic>sti</italic>, Apon Þe <italic>sti</italic> fat far was bun Fra his heued right to §e ski; Angels climand vp and dun.’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1633" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>46</fpage></citation>, Jacob on awaking from his dream says—</p><p>'sWhat have I herd in slepe and sene ? And spake to me, it is no leghe.’</p><p>That God leynyd him to a <italic>steghe</italic>,</p><p>In 1562 Robert Prat had in his ‘Smethey. Thre <italic>stees</italic> alias ledders xij<sup>d</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. 207. ‘Our longe <italic>styes</italic> lye allsoe under this helme all winter, and likewise our wheele barrowes.’ <citation id="ref1634" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic> of H. Best, 1641, p. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>. ‘In hempe, a carr, collecke, and two pare of trusse roips, ij<sup>a</sup>. iij<sup>d</sup>. A rakinge crocke, a chaire, iiij<sup>or</sup> stoills, and a <italic>stee</italic> and a baixow, xix<sup>d</sup>. A sadle, a wantowe, a brydle, and a halterr, xij<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent, of John Ronnson, 1568, <citation id="ref1635" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, p. <fpage>226</fpage></citation>. ‘A cownter, a almerye, a chaire and stolles xij<sup>s</sup>. Hay x<sup>s</sup>., <italic>stees</italic>, stanggs, pealts, old tenture tymber x<sup>s</sup>.’ Invent, of Rob. Sloweye, 1562, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1635">ibid.</xref> p. 152. Compare Sty, below, between which and the present word it is at times difficult to distinguish.</p></fn><fn id="fn2135" symbol="page 360 note 4"><label><sup>page 360 note 4</sup></label><p>Compare Ronge of a stee, above. ‘Steppe or staffe of a lader, <italic>eschellon</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Scalaris, pertinens ad scalam</italic>, or a laddere staff.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2136" symbol="page 361 note 1"><label><sup>page 361 note 1</sup></label><p>There is evidently some corruption here, which I cannot explain.</p></fn><fn id="fn2137" symbol="page 361 note 2"><label><sup>page 361 note 2</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North for a gander. Mr. Peacock in his Glossary gives ‘ Stegg, a gander (obsolete).’ ‘Item, vj gees with one <italic>stegg</italic>.’ Inventory of Thomas Robinson of Appleby, 1542. It also occurs in Ray's Gloss, of North Country Words. ‘A steg, gander, <italic>anser</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the Inventory of Richard Cook, 1570, we find mentioned ‘vij geyse and <italic>steygs</italic>. price iij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1636" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, p. <fpage>229</fpage></citation>. ‘One goose, j <italic>stegg</italic>, vj yong geise at Belsis 4<sup>s</sup>.’ Invent, of John Eden, 1588, <italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, ii. 329. Cf. a Sstagge.</p></fn><fn id="fn2138" symbol="page 361 note 3"><label><sup>page 361 note 3</sup></label><p>Probably a stile (see Stile, below), which is still So commonly pronounced in the North. In the description of the heavenly Jerusalem in <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 1001, we are told that amongst the precious stones which composed the foundation,</p><p>'sSaffer helde pe secounde <italic>stale</italic>;’</p><p>where the meaning is a stage: and again C. 513, God says that in Nineveh there are many who</p><p>'sbitwehe Þe <italic>stele</italic> & Þe stayre disserne noзt cunen;’</p><p>where the word would appear to be used in the sense of the steps of a ladder, as also in Shoreham, p. 3—</p><p>'sThis ilke laddre is charite, The <italic>stales</italic> gode theawis;’</p><p>and in the <citation id="ref1637" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>354</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sÞeos two <italic>stalen</italic> of Þisse leddre.’ Compare P. Steyle and Style.</p></fn><fn id="fn2139" symbol="page 361 note 4"><label><sup>page 361 note 4</sup></label><p>See Schyfe, above. The use of stepmother as an attributive here seems strange; stepmothers do not, as a rule, have the credit of giving cakes or such like to their stepchildren. Perhaps, however, <italic>collirida</italic> is to be taken as defined by the Ortus, ‘a thynne shyue of brede, or a cake.’ <citation id="ref1638" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic lesca, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> scywe.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>198</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2140" symbol="page 361 note 5"><label><sup>page 361 note 5</sup></label><p>'sIn that time, so it bifelle, A riche king, and swythe <italic>stark</italic>’</p><p>Was in the lon of Denemark <italic>Havelok</italic>, 341.</p><p>Into that land ane <italic>stark</italic> castell their stude, Vpoun ane craig besyde ane rynnand flude.’</p><p><citation id="ref1639" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stewart</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic>, l. 24, <fpage>444</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThis hounde ladde this holi man to an halle fair y-nouз, Gret and <italic>starc</italic> and suythe noble.’ <italic>St. Brandan</italic>, l. 121.</p><p>And in Wright's Lyric Poetry, xxx. p. 87—</p><p>'sNe is no quene so <italic>stark</italic> ne stour, Ne no levedy so bryht in bour.’</p><p>See Starke, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2141" symbol="page 361 note 6"><label><sup>page 361 note 6</sup></label><p>Anything used to steer or guide by. Thus we find it used in the <citation id="ref1640" citation-type="other"><italic>Towneley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>31</fpage></citation>, for the rudder or rather the tiller. Noah addressing his wife says:</p><p>'sWife, tent the <italic>stere-tre</italic>, and I shalle asay The depnes of the see that we bere, if I may.’</p><p>Wyclif, Proverbs xxiii. 34, uses the form ‘steerstaf.’ The simple form <italic>steer</italic> or <italic>stere</italic> for a helm is common: see for instance, Purvey's version of Wyclif, Prov. xxiii. 34; Barbour's <citation id="ref1641" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, iii. <fpage>576</fpage>, iv. <fpage>374</fpage>, <fpage>630</fpage></citation>; Chaucer, <italic>Leg. Good Women</italic>, 2413. Compare Stert and Sterne of y<sup>e</sup> sohype, below. In <italic>King Horn</italic>, 1421, <italic>stere</italic> is used.in the sense of <italic>stern</italic>, the part of the vessel where the steering was done, and in the <citation id="ref1642" citation-type="other"><italic>Land of Cockaygne</italic>, (Early Eng. Poems, ed. Furnivall), p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>, we have ‘wiÞ oris and wiÞ <italic>stere</italic>’ the meaning being rudder. We find the word also used for the handle of the plough, that by which it is guided, which, judging from the latin equivalent, is most probably the meaning here (see Plewghe handylle, above). Thus in the Invent, of Robert Prat, taken in 1562, we find ‘one hande sawe, one horse loke xvj<sup>d</sup>., ij plewghes, j culter, on socke, iij<sup>s</sup> iiij<sup>d</sup>., xxij fellowes, v donge forckes, x pleughe heads, vi plewe sheares, ij <italic>steretres</italic>, foure showells, two spaides vj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1643" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>207</fpage></citation>; so also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1643">ibid.</xref> p. 260, where are mentioned ‘iij mould bordes with plew heads, handells, sheirs and <italic>stertrees</italic> ij<sup>s</sup>.:’ see also <citation id="ref1644" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, &c. p. <fpage>138</fpage></citation>, where, in the Invent, of Francis Wandysforde in 1559, we find ‘pleugh heames, heds, shethes, <italic>steretres</italic>, handles, &c.’ W. de Biblesworth mentions amongst the parts of a plough, ‘<italic>Le chef</italic> (the plou heved) <italic>c le penoun</italic> (and the foot), <italic>Le manuel</italic> (the handele) <italic>e le tenoun</italic> (the sterte).’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 168; and again, in the next page <italic>moundiloun</italic> ia glossed by ‘the ploustare.’ ‘Stere for the ploughe. <italic>Trio.</italic>’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2142" symbol="page 362 note 1"><label><sup>page 362 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe nuthake with her notes nowe, The <italic>sterlynge</italic> set her notes full trewe.’</p><p><citation id="ref1645" citation-type="other"><italic>Squyr of Lowe Degre</italic>, <fpage>56</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sStaare, a byrde, <italic>estourneaux</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Estourneau</italic>, m. a stare or starling.’ Cotgrave; see also s. v. <italic>Sansonet</italic>. This name is still in common use. In the account of the Flood as given in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, we read, l. 1789—</p><p>'sTil Þer did na beist vn-quert þe aparhauk flough be Þe <italic>sterling</italic>.’</p><p>'sWiÞ mouth Þan chetereÞ Þe <italic>stare</italic>.’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 239; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1645">ibid.</xref> iv. 307. <citation id="ref1646" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Elyot</surname><given-names>T.</given-names><prefix>Sir</prefix></name> in his <italic>Governour</italic>, p. <fpage>40</fpage></citation>, ed. 1580, says: ‘he that hath nothing but language onely, may be no more praised the a popiniay, a pye, or a <italic>stare</italic>, when they speake feately.’ A. S. <italic>stœr</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>stari</italic>. <citation id="ref1647" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Estourneus</italic>, sterlinges.’ <name><surname>de Biblesworth</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>151</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2143" symbol="page 362 note 2"><label><sup>page 362 note 2</sup></label><p>The regular northern form of the word. Thus in the <citation id="ref1648" citation-type="other"><italic>Pricke of Cons.</italic> <fpage>995</fpage></citation>, Hampole tells TIS that in heaven</p><p>'sÞar es na corrupcion, but cler ayre, And fe planettes and <italic>sternes</italic> shynand.’ See also Il. 7571–2, in the former of which occurs the adjective <italic>sterned</italic> = starry:</p><p>'sSere hevens God ordaynd for sere thyng,… Þare Þe planetes and Þe <italic>sternes</italic> er alle, Ane es, Þat we Þe <italic>sterned</italic> heven calle, Þat men may se here, on nyght, schyne.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>steorra.</italic> Cf. Icel. <italic>stjarna</italic>, Dan. <italic>stierne</italic>. In</p><p><citation id="ref1649" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Homilies</surname><given-names>Metrical</given-names></name>, ed. Small, p. <fpage>66</fpage></citation>, we find—</p><p>'sThe Lord that syttes heght in troune, And schope hath <italic>sterne</italic>, sone, and mone.’</p><p>'sþat grete lightnesses maked he; þe mone and <italic>sternes</italic> in might of night.’</p><p>þe sunne in might of daies light, <citation id="ref1650" citation-type="other"><italic>Early English Psalter</italic>, Psalm cxxxv. <fpage>9</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2144" symbol="page 362 note 3"><label><sup>page 362 note 3</sup></label><p>See Brand's <citation id="ref1651" citation-type="other"><italic>Popular Antiquities</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Hazlitt</surname></name>, iii. <fpage>345</fpage>–<lpage>357</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2145" symbol="page 362 note 4"><label><sup>page 362 note 4</sup></label><p>Originally the rudder of a vessel. ‘<italic>Timón</italic>, the sterne wherewith a ship is guided. <italic>Timonéar</italic>, to steare at the rudder or helme.’ Minsheu, Span. Dict. 1623. ‘<italic>Aplauster</italic>. A sterel of a sshyp. <italic>Remex</italic>. A rothere off a sterysman.’ Medulla. In <citation id="ref1652" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. ix. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>, we have—</p><p>'sзif he ne rise Þe raÞer, and rauhte to Þe <italic>steorne</italic>, þe wynt wolde with Þe water Þe Bot ouer-Þrowe:’</p><p>and in Wyclif, Proverbs xxiii. 34, one MS. has ‘the <italic>steerne</italic> ether the instrument of gouernail.’ ‘pen hurled on a hepe Þe helme and Þe <italic>sterne</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1653" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>149</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHow shold a shippe withouten a <italic>sterne</italic> in the great sea be governed.’ <citation id="ref1654" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Test, of Love</italic>, Bk. i. p. <fpage>272</fpage>, ed. 1560</citation>. See also <citation id="ref1655" citation-type="other"><italic>Sous of Fame</italic>, <fpage>437</fpage></citation>, and Wright's Polit. Poems, ii. 109, where, in a poem dated 1401, we read—</p><p>'sNe were God the giour and kept the <italic>stern</italic> …, al schulde wende to wrak.’</p><p>This sense remained till the 17th century. In 1565 Churchyard in his <citation id="ref1656" citation-type="other"><italic>Churchyard Chippes</italic>, p. <fpage>192</fpage></citation> (ed. 1817), writes: <citation id="ref1657" citation-type="other">‘Who can bring a <italic>sternlesse</italic> barke aboute?’ and in 1647 H. More in his Poems, p. <fpage>82</fpage></citation>, has ‘withouten <italic>stern</italic>, or card, or Polar starre.’ ‘Stere or roder in a shyp, <italic>gouernail</italic>; sterne of a shyppe, <italic>gouernail</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See also <citation id="ref1658" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>131</fpage>, l. 21</citation>. Compare Stertre, above. Icel. <italic>stjorn</italic>, a rudder.</p></fn><fn id="fn2146" symbol="page 363 note 1"><label><sup>page 363 note 1</sup></label><p>'sBesyde the fut of ane litil montane there ran ane fresche reueir as cleir as berial, quhar I beheld the pretty fische vantounly <italic>stertland</italic> vitht there rede vermeil fynnis, ande there skalis lyik the brycht siluyr:’ <citation id="ref1659" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. Compare Barbour's <citation id="ref1660" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, iii. <fpage>704</fpage></citation>, where we find the expression, ‘a gret <italic>stertling</italic> off schippys.’ See Startle in Jamieson. Chaucer, <italic>Legend of Good Women</italic>, l. 1202, speaks of ‘a coursere <italic>startlyng</italic> as the fire;’ and in Tyndale's version, Mark v. 13 is rendered: ‘And the heerd <italic>starteled</italic>, and ran hedlyng into the see.’ ‘Þere was at Rome a bole of bras in Æe schap of Iupiter ouercast and schape to men Æat loked Þeron; Þat boole semed lowynge and <italic>startlinge</italic>.’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 225. ‘I startell as a man dothe that is amased sodaynly, or that hath some inwarde colde. <italic>Je tressaulx</italic>. As soone as he sawe me come in a dores, he starteled hake one that sawe the thynge whiche lyked hym nat over well.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2147" symbol="page 363 note 2"><label><sup>page 363 note 2</sup></label><p>Originally meaning a tail. A. S. <italic>steort</italic>. We frequently find this word used, as here, for a handle or anything resembling a tail. In <italic>Havelok</italic>, l. 2823, Godrich being bound</p><p>'sVpon an asse swithe unwraste His nose went unto the <italic>stert</italic>.’</p><p>Andelong, nouht ouerthwert,</p><p>Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. Di. uses the word in the sense of a stalk: ‘Dernolde groweth vp streyght lyke an hye grasse, and hath longe sedes on eyther syde the <italic>stert</italic>.’ We have already had <italic>manutentum</italic>, as the latin equivalent of the ‘hande staffe’ of a flail: see Flayle, p. 133. Compare P. Ploustert. ‘Stert of a plow, <italic>queue de la chareue</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Rough start which the tylman holdeth. <italic>Stiva</italic>.’ Huloet. The word is still in use in the North. See Stertre, above. <citation id="ref1661" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Stiva</italic>, solow-borde.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>180</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Le chef</italic> [the plou-heved] <italic>e le penoun</italic> [and the foot], <italic>Le manuel</italic> [the handele] <italic>e le tenonn</italic> [and the sterte].’</p><p><citation id="ref1662" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Biblesworfh</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>168</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2148" symbol="page 363 note 3"><label><sup>page 363 note 3</sup></label><p>Here probably the meaning is the same as in Palsgrave, ‘stert of frute, <italic>queue de fruit</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2149" symbol="page 363 note 4"><label><sup>page 363 note 4</sup></label><p>A cloth embroidered or worked in colours. In the Inventory dated 1502 and printed in the Paston Letters, iii. 408, we find: ‘Item, a <italic>stevenyd clothe</italic>, a crucifix …. xx<sup>d</sup>.’ Amongst the ‘gods of Thomas Arkyndalle’ in 1499, are mentioned ‘a <italic>stevynd clath</italic> vj<sup>d</sup>. A wyndaw clath iiij<sup>d</sup>., &c’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. 104. See also Pecock's <citation id="ref1663" citation-type="other"><italic>Repressor</italic>, pt. ii. p. <fpage>258</fpage></citation>, where describing some tapestry the author says: ‘in this <italic>steyned clooth</italic> King Herri leieth a sege to Harfleur.’ John Baret in his Will, dated 1463, printed in <citation id="ref1664" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic>, p. <fpage>33</fpage></citation>, bequeathed ‘to the seid Jone Baret, my nece, ij. sponys of silvir, a long grene coors of silke harneysid with silvir, and my <italic>steynyd cloth</italic> w<sup>t</sup> vij. agys, and a competent bed with ij. peyre shetys and al othir shetys and stuffe longyng to a bed, such as my executours wil assigne and delyue<sup>r</sup> acoordyng to here degre, and othir stuff of houssh old as they thinkke necessarye for hire.’ ‘<italic>Pollimita</italic>, a steyned cloth or a chekery. <italic>Pollimitarius</italic>, a motle wevare. <italic>Pollimiteus</italic>, diuerse coloure.’ Medulla. In the Invent, of the Wardrobe of William Duffield, Canon of York, in 1452, we find the following entries: ‘De xij<sup>s</sup>. de pretio ij costers panni linei, <italic>steuynd</italic> [printed <italic>stenynd</italic>] cum ymaginibus Sanctorum Johannis Evangelistæ et Sancti Johannis Beverlaci. De xv<sup>s</sup>. de pretio iij costers, <italic>steuynd</italic> cum angelis. De ij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>. de pretio ij auterclothes <italic>stened</italic> cum ymaginibus Trinitatis et Beatæ Mariæ, &c.’ <citation id="ref1665" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Eborac.</italic> iii. <fpage>135</fpage></citation>; and in 1479, Joan Caudell left ‘to Cristian Forman, my servaunt, a hailing of white <italic>stevend</italic> with vij warkes of mercy.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1665">Ibid</xref> p. 246.</p></fn><fn id="fn2150" symbol="page 363 note 5"><label><sup>page 363 note 5</sup></label><p>'sStewe or hotehouse, <italic>hypocaustum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A. stewe, <italic>hypocaustum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Baret also gives ‘a stewe; <italic>vide</italic> Hot house and Bath. A bathe, stewe or hoate house, <italic>vaporarium, hypocaustum</italic>. A Bayne or stewe; a washing place, <italic>nymphœum</italic>; the place in the house where the bayne or stewe is, <italic>Balnearium</italic>; the mayster of baynes or stewes, <italic>balneator</italic>. An hoat house or drie bayne or stue, <italic>laconicum, hypocaustum</italic>.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Estuves</italic>, f. stewes; also stoves or hot-houses.’ ‘She hyryd suche as were about hym to consent to hir iniquytie, so that vpon a season, wha he came out of his <italic>stewe</italic> or bayne, he axyd drynke, by the force whereof he was poy-oned, and dyed soone after.’ Fabyan, c. cxxv. p. 106. See the directions in Russell's <citation id="ref1666" citation-type="other"><italic>Boke of Nurture</italic> (Babees Book), p. <fpage>182</fpage></citation>, for ‘A bathe or <italic>stewe</italic> so called.’</p><p>'sSecretely he gan himself remue To be bathed in a prieuy <italic>stue</italic>.’</p><p>Lydgate, <italic>Bochas</italic>, Bk. ix. c. 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn2151" symbol="page 364 note 1"><label><sup>page 364 note 1</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>stîg</italic>. ‘He foren softe bi Þe <italic>sti</italic>, Til he come ney at grimesbi.’ <italic>Havelok</italic>, 2618. Orm describes our Lord as</p><p>'sþatt rihhte <italic>stih</italic> Þatt ledeÞÞ upp till heffne,’ l. 12916;</p><p>though here perhaps the meaning may be ladder: see Stee, above. In <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 3958, when his ass refused to pass the angel Balaam</p><p>'sBet and wente it to ðe <italic>sti</italic> Bitwen two walles of ston.’</p><p>The author of the Metrical Homilies warns us, p. 52, that</p><p>'sSatenas our wai wille charre, That we ga bi na wrange <italic>sties</italic> Forthi behoves us to be waire, For Satanas ful зern us spies.’</p><p><citation id="ref1667" citation-type="other">‘Set forth thyn other fot, stryd over <italic>sty</italic>.’ Wright's Lyric Poetry, xxxix. p. <fpage>111</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sFfurth he stalkis a <italic>stye</italic> by Þa stille enys, Stotays at a hey strette, studyamle hyme one.’</p><p><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 3467.</p><p><citation id="ref1668" citation-type="other">‘I will go never over this <italic>stye</italic> Tylle I have a slepe.’ <italic>Coventry Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>170</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1669" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>402</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2152" symbol="page 364 note 2"><label><sup>page 364 note 2</sup></label><p>See Stele, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2153" symbol="page 364 note 3"><label><sup>page 364 note 3</sup></label><p>In <italic>Genesis &c Exodus</italic>, 2287, we are told how when Joseph saw Benjamin</p><p>'sKinde luue gan him ouer-gon, ðat al his wlite wurð teres wet.’</p><p>Sone he gede ut and <italic>stille</italic> he gret.</p><p>And in Wyclif's version of Daniel iv. 16 we read, ‘thanne Danyel, to whom the name Balthasar, bygan with-yn hym self <italic>stilly</italic> for to thenke, &c.’ See also Genesis xxi. 21, 45; xxxvii. 11, &c.</p><p>'sThis knight hated Generides In herte <italic>stillie</italic>.’ <italic>Generides</italic> (Roxb. Club), l.1980.</p><p>See also <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1778. <italic>Still</italic> occurs as a verb in Wyclif, Ezekiel xxiv. 16, <italic>Sir Generydes</italic>, l. 9917, <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, l. 3319, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2154" symbol="page 364 note 4"><label><sup>page 364 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe knowledge of <italic>stilling</italic> is one pretie feat.’ Tusser, <italic>Husbondrie</italic>, ch. li. st. 33. ‘Styllyng or droppyng of lycour, <italic>distillation</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2155" symbol="page 364 note 5"><label><sup>page 364 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Calopodium</italic>, a stylte or a paten. <italic>Calopifex</italic>, a maker of patens or styltes.’ Ortus. ‘He that goeth on stilts or scatches, <italic>grallator</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Calopodium</italic>, A stylte or A pateyne.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2156" symbol="page 364 note 6"><label><sup>page 364 note 6</sup></label><p>'sA stillatory, <italic>clibanus, capitellum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Styllytory to styll herbes in, <italic>chappelle, chapele</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2157" symbol="page 365 note 1"><label><sup>page 365 note 1</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1670" citation-type="other">‘Among husbandmen, the second tilth or fallow called <italic>stirring</italic>’ Florio, p. <fpage>273</fpage></citation>. Gervase Markham explains it as ‘the second ploughing for barley.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2158" symbol="page 365 note 2"><label><sup>page 365 note 2</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North of England for heifers from calves to 2-years old, and in Scotland for either male or female cattle. Gawin Douglas, <italic>Eneados</italic>, iii. l. 489, has:</p><p>'sYe haif our oxin reft and slane, Bryttnyt our <italic>sterkis</italic>, and young beistis mony ane.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1670">ibid.</xref> Bk. v. p. 138. Bellendene in his trans, of Boece, vol. I. p. lv. ed. 1821, says: ‘<italic>Steirkis</italic> quhen they ar bot young velis, ar othir slane, or ellis libbit to be oxin, to manure the land.’ Christopher Phillipson in his Will, 1566, bequeathed ‘two stotts, two whies, two whie <italic>striks</italic>, and twoo whie calves.’ <citation id="ref1671" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills</italic>, p. <fpage>189</fpage></citation>; and in the Inventory of John Widdington, taken in 1570, are included ‘xxj oxen, price xxj<sup>l</sup>. xx kyen <italic>stirks</italic>, xxxiij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>. viij<sup>xx</sup> & vij sheipe, xvj<sup>l</sup>. xiiij<sup>s</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. 322. ‘To Frances Tonstall one whye <italic>stirke</italic> to make hir one cowe of. To Grace Ward one whye <italic>stirke</italic>.’ Will of John Tonstall, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1671">ibid.</xref> ii. 80. <citation id="ref1672" citation-type="other">‘Stere, stirke, or yonge oxe. <italic>Iuuenculus, diminut</italic>.’ Huloet. Compare P. Hekfere, p. <fpage>234</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2159" symbol="page 365 note 3"><label><sup>page 365 note 3</sup></label><p>'sHauelok his louerd umbistode, With the hamer on the <italic>stith</italic>.’</p><p>And beten on him so doth the smith <italic>Havelok</italic>, 1877.</p><p>See <citation id="ref1673" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Knighte's Tale</italic>, 2020, Wyclif, Job xli. 15</citation>. ‘To Thomas Atkynson, my sone, my best <italic>stydye</italic> wyche I bowghte at Darlyngton, with my beste bellyees. To John Atkynson my sone the worsse <italic>stydy</italic> with the bellyees, a hamer with two payre of tongs.’ <citation id="ref1674" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills & Invent<sup>ies.</sup></italic> p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>, Will of Alysander Atkynson 1543. ‘Item I gyue to my sone germayne a <italic>studie</italic> w<sup>th</sup> a pyke, a read cowe & a flanders chist standing in the lofte hauing a round lidd.’ Will of John Tedcastle, 1569, <citation id="ref1675" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>. i. <fpage>301</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThare wappinnis to renew in all degreis, Set vp forgis and stele <italic>styddyis</italic> syne.’</p><p><citation id="ref1676" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vii. p. <fpage>230</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the Invent, of John Colan, of York, goldsmith, taken in 1490, we find ‘ij <italic>stethez</italic>, iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>. De ij sparhawke <italic>stethez</italic>, x<sup>d</sup>. De vi grett les forgeyng hamers, ij<sup>s</sup>. &c.’ <italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. 58.</p></fn><fn id="fn2160" symbol="page 365 note 4"><label><sup>page 365 note 4</sup></label><p>Dried cod, &c. Moffet & Bennet in their <citation id="ref1677" citation-type="other"><italic>Health's Improvement</italic>, 1655, p. <fpage>262</fpage></citation>, give the following account of it: ‘<italic>Stock-fish</italic>, whilst it is unbeaten is called Buckhorn, because it is so tough: when it is beaten upon the Stock, it is termed <italic>Stock-fish</italic>. Rondelitius calleth the first Merlucium, and <italic>Stock-fish</italic> Moluam; it may be Salpa Plinii, for that is a great Fish, and made tender by Age and Beating. Erasmus thinketh it to be called <italic>Stock-fish</italic>, because it nourisheth no more than a dried Stock.’ ‘As a <italic>stockfishe</italic> wrinkled is my skinne.’ Barclay, <italic>Cytezen & Uplondyshman</italic>, p. ix. ‘A stocke fish, a kind of fish that will not be sod till it be beaten, <italic>salpa</italic>.’ Baret. <citation id="ref1678" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Fungia</italic>, stokfyche.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>177</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Merlws</italic>, a Melwell or Kneeling, a kind of smale Cod, whereof stockfish is made.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Focace</italic>, stokffysch or purpeys.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2161" symbol="page 366 note 1"><label><sup>page 366 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA stopple, <italic>obstructorium</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A stoppell, anie thing stoppeth, <italic>obstructorium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Estoupillon</italic>, m. a stopple: <italic>Bouschon</italic>, m. a stopple.’ Cotgrave. <citation id="ref1679" citation-type="other">‘His fader was Macob the <italic>stoppelmstker</italic>, a moche stowt man.’ <italic>Reynard the Fox</italic>, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Stipula</italic>, a stopyl.’ Medulla. Sir E. Guylforde in his <citation id="ref1680" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgrymage</italic>, p. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>, says that at Venice ‘pryncypally we noted ij. peces of artyllary, wherof one was a pece of ordynaunce of brasse for a Galy bastarde, to be deuyded in two peces of .xij.M.cccc. and .xix. pounde weyght, with a <italic>stopel</italic> made by a vyce, and the sayde <italic>stopell</italic> joyned by a vyce, which shoteth of yrron .c.l. pounde weyght, and the sayde shot of yrron is .xxviij. ynches aboute.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2162" symbol="page 366 note 2"><label><sup>page 366 note 2</sup></label><p>Used both for a bullock, and a young horse or cob. ‘A stot, bullock, <italic>juvencus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Piers Plowman, B. xix. 262, we are told how Grace</p><p>'sGaue pieres of his goodnesse foure <italic>stottis</italic>, Al Þat his oxen eryed Þey to harwe after.’</p><p><citation id="ref1681" citation-type="other">‘Stotte, <italic>boveau</italic>.’ Palsgrave, In the Towneley Mysteries, p. <fpage>112</fpage></citation>, we find ‘aythor cow or <italic>stott</italic>.’ Icel. <italic>stutr</italic>, a bull: Swed. <italic>stut</italic>, a bullock: Dan. <italic>stud</italic>, an ox. William Allanson in his will, 1542, bequeathed ‘to my sunne Gwye one siluer deghte dagar, vj syluer sponithz, one iryn speitte, one great braspot, one chyste, ix iryn strakethz, with all ye dulle edges, and two <italic>stottithz</italic>, one white and one donnyd. Also I wyll and bequith to my wiffe one great donnyed cow.’ <citation id="ref1682" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c.</italic>, p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>; and in the Invent, of Roger Burghe taken in 1573 we find: ‘Newte at Burghe and Catricke ,xl. oxen .c<sup>l</sup>. xx kyne with ther calves l<sup>l</sup>, x kine withowte ther calves xx<sup>l</sup>. xxij <italic>stotes</italic> and <italic>stottreles</italic> and iiij bules xlij<sup>li</sup>. xix whies of ij and iij yeare olde, xxvj<sup>li</sup>. xiij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>. xiij fatt oxen and v fatt kyne xliiij<sup>li</sup>. xvj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1682">ibid.</xref> p. 248. The same meaning appears in Best's <citation id="ref1683" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c., Books</italic>, p. <fpage>144</fpage></citation>: ‘On Sunday, the 4th of September, wee sette open Mr. Hodgson's Sikes gate, and gave our kyne the groue of that close, which was well come on; there was at that time a bull, eleaven milch kyne, two fatte kyne, two fatte <italic>stottes</italic>, two lenne <italic>stottes</italic>, eight calves, two leane whies and fower horses.’ The word is still common in this meaning. In the St. John's Coll. MS. of De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, If. 97<sup>bk</sup>: ‘Sum says I am a yonge husbande, I pray зou giffe a <italic>stotte</italic> or twa to my plught;’ the meaning may be either bullock or horse. Chaucer on the other hand applies the term to a saddle-horse. When describing the Reeve, C. T. Prol. 617, he says</p><p>'sThis reeve sat upon a wel good <italic>stot</italic>, That was a pomely gray, and highte Soot.’</p><p>'s<italic>Caballus</italic>, a stot.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2163" symbol="page 366 note 3"><label><sup>page 366 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA stouke of corne, <italic>strues manipulorum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Stooks, s. <italic>pl.</italic> sheaves of corn.’ Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. A word in common use. H. Best in his <italic>Farming, &c, Books</italic> says: ‘When corne is fully ripe, and not infeckted with weedes, it neede not stande above a weeke in the <italic>stooke</italic> to harden, but if it be either greenish, or softe, it would stande nine or ten dayes afore it be ledde. There should be in everie <italic>stooke</italic> 12 sheaves; and theire manner in <italic>stookinge</italic> of winter corne is to sette nine of the sheaves with theire arses downe to the grownde, and theire toppes caven up so that they stand just fower square, having three sheaves on every side, and one in the midst; and then doe they take the other three sheaves that remaine, and cover the toppe of the standinge sheaves;’ p. 45. He also uses the verb to <citation id="ref1684" citation-type="other"><italic>stook</italic>, p. <fpage>43</fpage></citation>: ‘Those that binde and <italic>stooke</italic> are likewise to have 8<sup>d</sup> a day; for bindinge and <italic>stookinge</italic> of winter-corne is a man's labour and requireth as much and rather ability and toyle then the other.’ ‘One <italic>stooker</italic> will <italic>stooke</italic> after two binders or sixe sythes, and oftentimes after seauen or eight leyes, if the binders fauour him but soe farre as to throwe all his sheaues to one lande, but wee seldome desire to haue them <italic>stooke</italic> after aboue sixe sythes:’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1684">ibid.</xref> p. 48; see also p. 54. <citation id="ref1685" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc congelima, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> a schokke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>264</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2164" symbol="page 367 note 1"><label><sup>page 367 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Stowre, sb.</italic> a round of a ladder; a hedge-stake.’ Ray's Glossary. Mr. C. C. Robinson gives as still in use in Mid-Yorkshire ‘<italic>Stower</italic>, a cross-rail, or bar of wood. Also a natural cudgel, or hedgestake.’</p><p>'sAnd at ane vthir side with felloun fere Of heich sting or <italic>stoure</italic> of the fir tre, Mezentius the grym, apoun ane spere, The blak fyre blesis of reik inswakkis he.’</p><p><citation id="ref1686" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>295</fpage></citation>, l. 43.</p><p>Stewart in his <italic>Croniclis of Scotland</italic>, iii. 236, tells how a convoy, having no proper arms, fought</p><p>'swith stark <italic>stowris</italic> that war baith deip and lang.’</p><p>H. Best uses the word for the upright pieces of wood in the side of a cart, to which the planks are fastened:</p><p><citation id="ref1687" citation-type="other">‘putte in <italic>stowers</italic> wheare any are wantinge.’ <italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, 1641, p. <fpage>35</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2165" symbol="page 367 note 2"><label><sup>page 367 note 2</sup></label><p>'sþerof ne yaf he nouth a <italic>stra</italic>.’ Havelok, 315. A. S. <italic>streaw</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>strâ</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2166" symbol="page 367 note 3"><label><sup>page 367 note 3</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1688" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic fragus</italic>, a strebere wyse. <italic>Hoc fragum</italic>, a strebere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>226</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Fraga</italic>, strea-berige. <italic>Framen</italic>, streaberie wisan.’ Aelfric's Gloss, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1688">ibid.</xref> p. 31.</p></fn><fn id="fn2167" symbol="page 367 note 4"><label><sup>page 367 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>vehehemens</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2168" symbol="page 367 note 5"><label><sup>page 367 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1689" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>420</fpage></citation>, we read that a woman may well enough wear drawers of haircloth very well tied, with ‘<italic>Þe strapeles</italic> adun to hire uet, i-laced ful ueste,’ which seems to mean that they are to be tight round the ancles. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, v. 355, says that ‘âe Longobardes usede <italic>strapeles</italic> wiâ brode laces doun to pe sparlyver.’ ‘<italic>Tibiale</italic>, strapelyng off breche.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2169" symbol="page 367 note 6"><label><sup>page 367 note 6</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>perselitus</italic>: corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2170" symbol="page 367 note 7"><label><sup>page 367 note 7</sup></label><p>'sWhat meenith thi tipet, Iakke, as longe as a <italic>stremer</italic>?’ Wright's <citation id="ref1690" citation-type="other"><italic>Polit. Poems</italic>, ii. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>. ‘Stremer, a baner, <italic>estandart</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Cooper renders ‘<italic>Ceruchus</italic>’ by ‘the endes, and as it were hornes of the sayle yarde.’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Guaillardet</italic>, m. a streamer, Pennon, or Pendant, in Ships, &c. <italic>Pennon</italic>, m. a Pennon, Flag, or Streamer.’ See also s. v. <citation id="ref1691" citation-type="other"><italic>Peneau, Bausouin, Banderolle</italic>, &c. Compare Fayne of a scnipe, above, p. <fpage>122</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2171" symbol="page 367 note 8"><label><sup>page 367 note 8</sup></label><p>'sDay and nyзt with hoot and coolde Y was <italic>streynyd</italic> [angwischid P.].’ Wyclif, Genesis xxxi. 40.</p><p>'sIf she auowe and bi ooth <italic>streyne</italic> hir self.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1691">ibid</xref>, Numbers xxx. 14.</p><p>'sStyffe stremes and streзt hem <italic>strayned</italic> a whyle.’ <citation id="ref1692" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. <fpage>234</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2172" symbol="page 368 note 1"><label><sup>page 368 note 1</sup></label><p>In Sir J . Fastolf's kitchen, according to the Inventory of 1459, were ‘j dressyng knyfe, j fyre schowle, ij trays, j <italic>streynour</italic>.’ ‘Streygnour. <italic>Cola, colum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Et in ij <italic>strenyours</italic>, vj<sup>d</sup>.’ Invent, of Archdeacon tie Daldy, 1400; <italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. 19.</p></fn><fn id="fn2173" symbol="page 368 note 2"><label><sup>page 368 note 2</sup></label><p>'sSigebertus was i-drawe out of Þe abbay as it were for to <italic>strengÞe</italic> Þe knyзtes [<italic>ad milites roborandos</italic>].’ Trevisa's Higden, vi. 7. See <citation id="ref1693" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>86</fpage></citation>; P. Plowman, B. viii. 47, &c. ‘Strenghthyng, <italic>ratification</italic>. I strength. <italic>Je renforce</italic>. Thyse townes be greatly strengthyd syn I knewe them first.’ Palsgrave. ‘He wardide it for to kepe Bethsura that the peple shulde haue wardyng or <italic>strengtheing</italic> aзein the face of Idume.’ Wyclif, I Maccab. iv. 61. ‘And thei <italic>strengthide</italic> a <italic>strengthing</italic> in Bethsura.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1693">ibid.</xref> vi. 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn2174" symbol="page 368 note 3"><label><sup>page 368 note 3</sup></label><p>'sþatt blod tatt Þurrh Þe bisscopp wass þatt blod tacnede Cristess blod þær o Þa Þingess <italic>strennkedd</italic>, þatt зotenn wass o rode.’</p><p><italic>Ormulum</italic>, 1771.</p><p>'sþatt blod tatt he Þær haffde brohht, And warrp itt ter wiÞÞ <italic>strenness</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1693">ibid.</xref> 1095.</p><p>'sþou sal <italic>strenkil</italic> [on-strigdes] me over alle With <italic>strenkil</italic> [mid ysopan] and klensid be I salle.’</p><p><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. l. 9.</p><p>'sI schal <italic>strenkle</italic> my distresse & strye al togeder.’ <citation id="ref1694" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>307</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Bellendene in his trans, of Boece, ii. 219 (ed. 1821), has the expression ‘<italic>strinklit</italic> with dust and sweit of battal.’</p><p>'sBid hir in haist with water of ane flude Hir body <italic>strynkill</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1695" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>6, <italic>Eneados</italic>, Bk. iv. p. <fpage>122</fpage></citation>, l. 29.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1695">ibid</xref>, Bk. xi, p. 362, l. 53. <citation id="ref1696" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc aspersorium, A<sup>ce.</sup></italic> strynkylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>193</fpage></citation>. ‘Strenkyll, to cast holy water, <italic>uimpilon</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Ysopus</italic>, a sprenkylle; <italic>aspersorium</italic>, idem est.’ Nominale MS. ‘A strinkle, <italic>spergillum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's effects at Caistor, 1459, we find mentioned ‘j haly water stok, with j <italic>sprenkill</italic> and ij cruettes weiyng xij unces.’ Paston Letters, i. 470. See also <italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, Prologue, l. 138. John Beseby by his will, dated 1493, directed that a priest should ‘every daye, when he hath saide Messe, with, his vestment uppon him, take the holy water <italic>strynkill</italic>, and goe to the grave, and theruppon say <italic>De Profundis</italic>, with the <italic>Colett.…</italic> and cast holy water on the grave, for the space of a yere aftir my decesse.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2175" symbol="page 368 note 4"><label><sup>page 368 note 4</sup></label><p>According to Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 8543, in hell</p><p>'sþe damned Þat with syn er fyled And despysed and ay schent with-alle, Þare ogayne salle be revyled, And <italic>stresced</italic> agayne Þair wille als thralle.’</p><p>'sI stresse, I strayght one of his liberty, or thrust his body to guyther. <italic>Je estroysse</italic>. The man is stressyd to soore, he can nat styrre him.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2176" symbol="page 369 note 1"><label><sup>page 369 note 1</sup></label><p>Palsgrave has ‘Stryke to gyve mesure by, <italic>roulet à mesurer</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Hostio</italic>, to strike; <italic>hostorium</italic>, a strike to make euen a bushell or other measure.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Rouleau, m.</italic> The round pin, stritchell, or strickle used in the measuring of corn, &c. <italic>Lorgaulté, f.</italic> The strickle used in the measuring of corne.’ Cotgrave. Palladius, <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, tell us, p. 21, l. 559, that in feeding pigeons with wheat and millet ‘A <italic>strike</italic> is for vi<sup>xx</sup> oon daies mete.’ <citation id="ref1697" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hoc ostorium</italic>, A<sup>ce.</sup> stryke.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>201</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hoc osorium</italic>, a strikylle.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1697">ibid.</xref> p. 233. ‘When wee goe to take up corne for the mill, the first thinge wee doe is to looke out poakes, then the bushell and <italic>strickle</italic>, after that a sieve to rye the corne with.’ <citation id="ref1698" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic> of H. Best, 1641, p. <fpage>103</fpage></citation>. ‘If the miller bee honest you shall have an upheaped bushell of tempsed meale of a <italic>stricken</italic> bushell of come.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1698">ibid.</xref> p. 104. The editor quotes from the Corporation books of Richmond (Yorks.) the following: ‘Md. that the 10th of July 1608 the Earle of Cumberland's steeardes . … did wryatt and send Richard Cootes and William Parke, yeoman, to gett one pecke sealled with our standerd .… but this pecke to conteyne <italic>stryken</italic> with a <italic>strykell</italic> as mutche as our standerd pecke holdeth upheaped.’ ‘<italic>Hostio</italic>, to strekyn corn. <italic>Hostiorium</italic>, a streke.’ Medulla. ‘Stryke, or rolle to stryke a bushell or measure euen. <italic>Hostorium</italic>.’ Huloet. See also Tusser's <italic>Husbandrie</italic>, ch. xvii. st. 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn2177" symbol="page 369 note 2"><label><sup>page 369 note 2</sup></label><p>'sStryke of flaxe, <italic>poupee de filace</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In the Prologue to the Cant. Tales, 675. Chaucer describing the Pardoner says he</p><p>'sHadde heer as yelwe as wex, But smothe it heng, as doth a <italic>strike</italic> of flex.’</p><p><citation id="ref1699" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic linipolus</italic>, a stric of lyne.’ Wright's Vocab. p. <fpage>217</fpage></citation>. See also quotation from the <citation id="ref1700" citation-type="other"><italic>Wright's Chaste Wife</italic>, s. v. Swyngil stoke, below, and compare Lyne stryke, p. <fpage>217</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2178" symbol="page 369 note 3"><label><sup>page 369 note 3</sup></label><p>In A. this word follows the preceding in the same line. ‘<italic>Strum</italic>, a wicker-work basket somewhat like a bottle, used in brewing to put before the bung-hole of a mash-tub, to hinder the hops from coming through.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. ‘<italic>Qualus</italic>, a baskette oute of which wine runneth when it is pressed.’ Cooper. Baret gives ‘Paniers of osiers, <italic>quali</italic>.’ See P. ‘Thede, breuarys instrument.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2179" symbol="page 369 note 4"><label><sup>page 369 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThu singst worse Þan the hei-sugge, Þat fliЗÞ bi grunde among Þe <italic>stubbe</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1701" citation-type="other"><italic>Owl & Nightingale</italic>, <fpage>506</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sGawayne .… stode stylle as Þe ston, oÞer a <italic>stubbe</italic> auÞer.’ <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 2293.</p><p>'sA <italic>stubbe</italic> smote me throw the arme.’ <italic>Ipomydon</italic>, 1270. Tusser uses this word several times as a verb; thus he says—</p><p>'sLet seruant be readie, with mattock in hand, To <italic>stub</italic> out the bushes that noieth the land.’ Chapt. xxxv. 47.</p><p>See also chapt. 33, st. 47 and 56, and Bernardus <italic>De Cura Rei Famil.</italic> B. 107. ‘<italic>Chicot</italic>, a stub or stumpe.’ Cotgrave. ‘A stubbe, <italic>stipes</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p><p>'sWith knotty knarry bareyne trees olde Of <italic>stubbes</italic> scharpe and hidous to byholde.’</p><p><citation id="ref1702" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Chaucer</surname></name>, <italic>Knighte's Tale</italic>, 1120.</citation></p><p>A.S. <italic>stybb</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>stubli.</italic> ‘And all about old stockes and <italic>stubs</italic> of trees.’ Spenser, <citation id="ref1703" citation-type="other"><italic>F. Queene</italic>, i. 9. <fpage>34</fpage></citation>. ‘Yf the hedge be olde and be greate <italic>stubbes</italic> or trees and thyn in the bottom that beestes may go vnder or bytwene the trees, than take a sharpe axe and cut the trees or <italic>stubbes</italic> that grow a fote from the erthe or there about in a playn place, within an ynch or two ynches of the syde, and let them slaue downwarde.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xl<sup>bk</sup>. <citation id="ref1704" citation-type="other">‘Item, payd to the <italic>stubber</italic> of Northffolk, for xi. gret rotys <italic>stubbyng</italic> v<sup>s</sup>.’ Howard Household Books, Roxb. Club, p. <fpage>507</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1705" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Berners</surname><given-names>Lord</given-names></name>, in hia <italic>Arthur of Lytell Brytayne</italic>, p. <fpage>214</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘the <italic>stubbe</italic>’ of a broken arm. ‘I gyve to him the Stubbwodd and that piece of Cassell which he did <italic>stubb</italic>, giving twoe greine coits yearely, with all other things perteyning them upon Good Fridaie.’ Will of Solomon Swale, 1594, in <citation id="ref1706" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills & Invent</italic>, p. <fpage>175</fpage></citation>. See also Harrison, <italic>Descr. of Engl.</italic> i. 34, Lyndesay's <italic>Monarche</italic>, i. 1538, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2180" symbol="page 370 note 1"><label><sup>page 370 note 1</sup></label><p>In the Invent, of John Colan, of York, goldsmith, 1490, are mentioned: ‘i aid <italic>stoyll</italic>, vocato a <italic>stoyle</italic> of ease j<sup>d</sup>…‥ De j choppyng-<italic>stoyll</italic> cum j bord, j<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1707" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. <fpage>57</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2181" symbol="page 370 note 2"><label><sup>page 370 note 2</sup></label><p>Palsgrave gives ‘Stoure, rude as course clothe is, <italic>gros.</italic> Stowre of conversacyon, <italic>estourdy</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2182" symbol="page 370 note 3"><label><sup>page 370 note 3</sup></label><p>Cooper explains ‘<italic>Duracini</italic>’ as ‘kernelles of raisons, or grapes having harde skinnes or pilles. <italic>Duracina uva</italic>, a grape with a thick skinne. <italic>Duracina persica</italic>, peaches, the meate whereof groweth harde to the stones.’ ‘<italic>Durascenus</italic>: a Sture tree. <italic>Durascenum</italic>: a sture apple.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn2183" symbol="page 370 note 4"><label><sup>page 370 note 4</sup></label><p>Mr. C. C. Bobinson, in his Gloss, of Mid-Yorkshire, gives ’Stoath, v. a. to lath and plaster.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2184" symbol="page 370 note 5"><label><sup>page 370 note 5</sup></label><p>'sBut she spake somwhat thycke, Her felow dyd stammer and <italic>stut</italic>.’</p><p><citation id="ref1708" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Skelton</surname></name>, <italic>Elynour Rummyng</italic>, <fpage>339</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In Seager's <italic>Schoole of Vertue</italic>, l. 705, printed in Babees Book, p. 346, we are warned against hastiness in speech, which</p><p>'swyll cause thee to erre, To <italic>stut</italic> or stammer is a foule crime.’</p><p>Or wyll thee teache to <italic>stut</italic> or stammer.</p><p>'sThe tunge of <italic>stuttynge</italic> men schal speke swiftli and pleynli.’ Wyclif (Purvey), Isaiah xxxii. 4. ‘No man shulde rebuke and scorne a blereyied mā or gogylyed, or toungetyed, or lypsar, or a <italic>stuttar</italic> or fumblar, or blaberlypped, or boūchebacked, or suche other, that haue a blemysshe of nature: for than he blameth god that made them.’ Horman. Baret gives ‘To stut: to stagger in speaking or going: to stumble: <italic>titubo</italic>: stuttingly, <italic>titubanter</italic>: a stutting or stammering in utterance, <italic>titubatio</italic>’ Palsgrave has ‘I stutte, I can nat speake my wordes redyly, <italic>je besque</italic>.’ ‘To stoote, stutte, <italic>titubare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Chanceller</italic>, to stammer, stut, faulter in speech. <italic>Chancellement</italic>, m. a stutting, stammering, faultering in speech.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Balbucie.</italic> A stutting or stammering.’ ibid. Still in use in the North. ‘Stuttyng. <italic>Tertiatia verborum</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Begueyer</italic>, to stut, to stammer. <italic>Begayement</italic>, a stutting, a stammering.’ Hollyband.</p></fn><fn id="fn2185" symbol="page 371 note 1"><label><sup>page 371 note 1</sup></label><p>In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 4043, Arthur swears that till Mordred be slain he will</p><p>'sneuer soiourne .… In cete ne in <italic>subarbe</italic> setle appone erthe:’</p><p>see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1708">ibid.</xref> Il. 2466 and 3122, and Pecock's <citation id="ref1709" citation-type="other"><italic>Repressor</italic>, pp. <fpage>379</fpage>, <fpage>280</fpage></citation>. Trevisa In his trans, of Higden, v. 403, speaks of the ‘<italic>subarbes</italic> of Constantynoble.’ See also the Ordinances of Worcester, in <citation id="ref1710" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>383</fpage></citation>, where it is forbidden for wool to be given’ out to be worked ‘but it be to men or women dwelly nge w<sup>t</sup>yn the seid cite or <italic>subbarbea</italic> of the same.’ Wyclif, Works, ed. Arnold, ii. 119, has ‘in Þis <italic>subarbe</italic> was a garden;’ see also his Works, ed. <citation id="ref1711" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>364</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1712" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Suburbanus</italic>, se Þe sit buton ðære berig.’ A. S. Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>84</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2186" symbol="page 371 note 2"><label><sup>page 371 note 2</sup></label><p>'sThe ordre fifte <italic>Sudedkne</italic> hys, For <italic>Sudeakne</italic> bereth the chalys</p><p>That chastete enjoyeth; To the auter and aolyveth.’</p><p>See Subdeyk<inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline2"></inline-graphic>, below. W. de Shoreham, p. 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn2187" symbol="page 371 note 3"><label><sup>page 371 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Sudarium</italic>, a swetynge cloth.’ MS. Harl. 2270, leaf 183. ‘<italic>Sudary</italic>, to wype the face whych sweateth.’ Huloet. ‘A napkin or handkerchiefe, <italic>cœsitium, sudarium</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sHis <italic>sudary</italic>, his wyndyng clothe, There were thei lafte, I say hem bothe.’</p><p><citation id="ref1713" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic> (Trinity MS.), p. <fpage>1015</fpage></citation>, l.17963;</p><p>where the Cotton MS. reads <italic>fasciale</italic>, the Göttingen <italic>faciale</italic>, and the Fairfax <italic>sudary</italic> (misprinted <italic>fudary</italic>). ‘It is sayd for certeyn that he bare alway a <italic>sudary</italic> in his bosom with whiche he wyped the teres that ran from his eyen.’ Caxton, <italic>Golden Legende</italic>, fo. ccii. col. 4. In the <citation id="ref1714" citation-type="other"><italic>Digby Mysteries</italic>, p. <fpage>95</fpage></citation>, l. 1049, Peter on reaching the sepulchre exclaims: ‘Here is nothyng left butt a <italic>sudare</italic> cloth.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2188" symbol="page 371 note 4"><label><sup>page 371 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. adds ‘<italic>vbi</italic> departynge.’ Evidently some word has been omitted between Sum tyme and to Sunder: probably Sundering.</p></fn><fn id="fn2189" symbol="page 372 note 1"><label><sup>page 372 note 1</sup></label><p>'s(1) A short coat worn over the other garments; especially the long & flowing drapery of knights, anterior to the introduction of plate armour, & which was frequently emblazoned with the arms of the family: a tabard. (2) A short robe worn by females at the close of the eleventh century, over the tunic, and terminating a little below the knee.’ Fairholt, <italic>Hist, of Costume</italic>. <citation id="ref1715" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, <italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> i. <fpage>125</fpage></citation>, tells us that a Knight of the Garter is to weare on St. George's day ‘his mantell with the George and the lace, without either whood, collar or <italic>surcote</italic>.’ In <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, l. 1929, the knight is described as wearing</p><p>'sa bleaunt of blwe, Þat bradde to Þe erÞe, His <italic>surkot</italic> semed hym wel, Þat softe watз forred;’</p><p>and in <italic>Emare</italic>, l. 652, we are told</p><p>'sHer <italic>surcote</italic> that was large and wyde, With the hynther lappes.’</p><p>Therwith her vysage she gan hyde,</p><p>Arthur in his dream saw</p><p>'sA duches dereworthily dyghte in dyaperde wedis, In a <italic>surcott</italic> of sylke fulle selkouthely hewede.’ <italic>Morte Arthwre</italic>, 3252.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1715">ibid.</xref> 2434; <citation id="ref1716" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Eglamour</italic>, p. <fpage>173</fpage>, &c.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2190" symbol="page 372 note 2"><label><sup>page 372 note 2</sup></label><p>A long upper girth which often went over the parmel or saddle. ‘A sursingle, <italic>perizonium</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Either smote other in the midst of their shields, that the paitrels, <italic>sursengles</italic>, and croupers brake.’ Malory's <citation id="ref1717" citation-type="other"><italic>Arthur</italic> (ed. 1634), ch. 133, p. <fpage>244</fpage></citation>. ‘Let the beasts head be tyed vnto a <italic>sursingle</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1718" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Mascal</surname></name>, <italic>Govt. of Cattle</italic>, p. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>. ‘Surcyngle or girth. <italic>Perizoniwn</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2191" symbol="page 372 note 3"><label><sup>page 372 note 3</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>sâr</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>sâr</italic>. ‘A sore, <italic>morbus, ulcus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2192" symbol="page 372 note 4"><label><sup>page 372 note 4</sup></label><p>Properly an additional name (<italic>super-nomen</italic>) as in Barbour's <citation id="ref1719" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xix. <fpage>259</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sAnd Eduuard hys sone that wes ying, And <italic>surnome</italic> off Wyndyssor:’</p><p>In Ingland crownyt wes to king,</p><p>and in the Metrical Chronicle of England, l. 982, printed in Eitson's <citation id="ref1720" citation-type="other"><italic>Metrical Romances</italic>, ii. <fpage>311</fpage></citation>:</p><p>Anon afterward, Reignede ys sone Richard, Richard queor de lyoun, That was his <italic>sourname</italic>.’</p><p>The author of the Catholicon, however, seems to take the word to mean a family name, a surname in the modern sense, as also does Huloet, who gives ‘Surname. <italic>Agnomen, Cognomen, Cognomentum</italic>, whyche is the fathers name. Surnamed, or called after the father's name. <italic>Agnominatus, Cognominatus</italic>. Surnamen. <italic>Agnomino, Cognomino</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2193" symbol="page 372 note 5"><label><sup>page 372 note 5</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1721" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Swad</italic>, in the North, is a pescod shell.’ Blount, p. <fpage>627</fpage></citation>. Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Soussu</italic>, coddy, hully, huskie, swaddy. <italic>Sousse</italic>, f. the huske, swad, cod, hull of beanes, pease, &c.’ Still in use. MS. a Swagynge.</p></fn><fn id="fn2194" symbol="page 373 note 1"><label><sup>page 373 note 1</sup></label><p>A whirlpool. Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, i. 65, says: ‘Þere beeÞ many <italic>swolwynges</italic> and whirlynges of wateres by Þe see brynkes; tweyne beeÞ in fe see of myddel erÞe bytwene Itali and Þe londe Sicilia. þilke tweie <italic>swolwes</italic> beeÞ i-cleped Scylla and Charybdis, of Þe whiche spekeÞ Virgil .… OÞere <italic>swelowes</italic> and perils of wateres beeÞ in ocean; oon is in Þe west elif of litel Bretayne, and is i-cleped Þe nauel of fe see; Þe toÞer is bytwene Bretayne and Gallicia, and it is i-seide Þat Þese <italic>swelowes</italic> twyes in Þe nyзt and day sweloweÞ ynne stremes and flodes, and casteÞ hem vp aзe:’ see also v. 139, where we are told that Helena when she found the true cros, ‘dede tweyne of f e nayles in here sones bridel, and Þe Þridde in an ymage of f e roode, and sche Þrewe fe fourÞe nayl into Þe see Adriaticus, Þat was toforehonde a <italic>swolouз</italic> ful perilous to seille Þerby.’ Gr. Douglas in his <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. i. p. 16, speaks of a ‘sowkand <italic>swelth</italic>,’ and Wyclif in his Works, ed. <citation id="ref1722" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>97</fpage></citation>, of ‘<italic>Swolwis</italic> of Þe see and helle, Þat resceyuen al Þat Þei may & зelden not aзen.’ See also Job, xxxvi. 27. ‘<italic>Swolow</italic> is a depe place in a ryuer, and hath that name, for he awolowyth in waters that come therto and castyth and throwyth theym vp ayen.’ <citation id="ref1723" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Glanvil</surname></name>, <italic>De Propriet. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xiii. ch. xvii. p. <fpage>448</fpage></citation>. Maundeville says of the Fosse of ‘Mennon’ that ‘somme men seyn that it is a <italic>sweloghe</italic> of the grauely.’ See <citation id="ref1724" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Voiage</surname></name>, p. <fpage>33</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Caribdis</italic>, a swolow off the se.’ Medulla. ‘Swallow, gulffe or such lyke. <italic>Vorago</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2195" symbol="page 373 note 2"><label><sup>page 373 note 2</sup></label><p>A square: see Swyre, below. In the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 3967, Meriones, King of Crete, is described as having ‘a hard brest .… & his back <italic>sware</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2196" symbol="page 373 note 3"><label><sup>page 373 note 3</sup></label><p>The swathe or row of grass cut down by a reaper. Grose defines it ‘grass just cut to be made into hay.’ In <italic>Morte Artkure</italic>, l. 2508, we read—</p><p>'sIn the myste mornynge one a mede falles, Mawene and vne-made, maynoyrede bott lyttylle, In <italic>swathes</italic> sweppene downe fulle of swete floures.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>swaðu</italic>. Compare Shakspeare, <italic>Troilus & Gressida</italic>, v. 5. ‘<italic>De faux</italic> [a ssythe] <italic>fauchet</italic> [mowe] <italic>une andeyne de pree</italic> [a swathe, a swethe of mede].’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 154. ‘Take hede that thy mower mow clene and holde downe the hynder hand of his sith, that he do not endent the grasse, and to mowe his <italic>swathe</italic> cleane throwe to that that was laste mowen before, that he leaue not a mane betwene.’ <citation id="ref1725" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fitzherbert</surname></name>, <italic>Husbandry</italic>, fo. D. <fpage>3</fpage></citation>. ‘Swarth of grasse newe mowen. <italic>Gramen</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2197" symbol="page 373 note 4"><label><sup>page 373 note 4</sup></label><p>A pore in the skin. <citation id="ref1726" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic porus</italic>, a swete holle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>209</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2198" symbol="page 373 note 5"><label><sup>page 373 note 5</sup></label><p>To play with swords was the usual phrase for fencing and gladiatorial contests. Compare a Bucler plaer, above, p. 46. In the <citation id="ref1727" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>212</fpage></citation>, we have the expression ‘<italic>pleieð</italic> mid sweordes.’ In Holinshed's <citation id="ref1728" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, vol. iii. p. <fpage>1333</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘tigres, panthers, beares, and <italic>swordplaiers</italic> incountring one another to the death; and in Giraldus’ <citation id="ref1729" citation-type="other"><italic>Hist, of Ireland</italic>, in Holinshed, ii. <fpage>27</fpage></citation>, is mentioned ‘the plaie or game of <italic>swordplaiers</italic> or maisters of defence.’ ‘<italic>Gladiatura</italic>, a bokelere pleying.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2199" symbol="page 374 note 1"><label><sup>page 374 note 1</sup></label><p><italic>Chirogrillus</italic>, according to Cooper, is a hedgehog. See Squyrelle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2200" symbol="page 374 note 2"><label><sup>page 374 note 2</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1730" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Flayle</surname></name>, p. <fpage>133</fpage></citation>, and P. Fleyle Swyngyl.</p></fn><fn id="fn2201" symbol="page 374 note 3"><label><sup>page 374 note 3</sup></label><p>The ‘lex talionis,’ the law of returning ‘like for like,’ of which Lydgate speaks in his <citation id="ref1731" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle of Troy</italic>, Bk. ii. c. <fpage>12</fpage>:</citation></p><p>'sFor to perfourme the payne of <italic>talyon</italic>, Rehersed is vnto our aldershame.’</p><p>For wronges olde, of which yet the fame</p><p>The Ortus renders <italic>Talio</italic> by ‘recompensatio in malis vindicta.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2202" symbol="page 374 note 4"><label><sup>page 374 note 4</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1732" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Squynaoy</surname></name>, above, p. <fpage>357</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2203" symbol="page 374 note 5"><label><sup>page 374 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>suculus</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2204" symbol="page 374 note 6"><label><sup>page 374 note 6</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1733" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Dregbaly</surname></name>, p. <fpage>108</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2205" symbol="page 374 note 7"><label><sup>page 374 note 7</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Excudia</italic>, a swingle-head.’ Coles. ‘This is a Wooden Instrument made like a fauchion, with an hole cut in the top of it to hold it by: it is used for the clearing of Hemp and Flax from the large broken Stalks or Shoves by the help of the said Swingle-Foot, which it is hung upon, which said Stalks being first broken, bruised, and cut into shivers, by a brake.’ <citation id="ref1734" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Holme</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, ch. vi. § iv. p. <fpage>285</fpage></citation>. A. S. <italic>swingele</italic>. ‘<italic>Excudia</italic>, a swyngelhande.’ Ortus. See the <citation id="ref1735" citation-type="other"><italic>Wright's Chaste Wife</italic>, Il. <fpage>514</fpage>–<lpage>516</lpage></citation>:</p><p>'sHe wauyd vp a strycke of lyne, By-fore the <italic>swyngell tre</italic>;’</p><p>And he span wele and fyne</p><p>and l. 527—</p><p>'sHe herde noyse that was nott ryde A-nother <italic>swyngelyd</italic> good and fyne Of persons two or thre; By-fore the <italic>swyngyll tre</italic>.’</p><p>One of hem knockyd lyne,</p><p>'sOne tempse, two heckells, iiij fannes, and one basket, 3/. Two <italic>swinglinge</italic> stockes withe theire <italic>swynglinges</italic>, two cheise bords, and iij reales 20<sup>d</sup>.’ are mentioned in the Invent, of John Thompsone, 1585, <italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, ii. 78. ‘To swingil hempe, <italic>verberare</italic>.’ Manip.</p><p>Vocab. ‘<italic>Ejo vus pri, dame Muriel, De escucher on estonger vostre lyn Le donez à votre pessel</italic> (a Bwingle stok). (to swingle thi flax).’</p><p><italic>Ne ublet pas le pesselin</italic> (the swingle),</p><p>W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 156.</p></fn><fn id="fn2206" symbol="page 375 note 1"><label><sup>page 375 note 1</sup></label><p>The bar that swings at the heels of the horses when drawing a harrow. R. Holme, 1688, says: ‘These are made of wood, and are fastned by iron hooks, stables, chains, and pinns to the Coach-pole, to the which Horses are fastned by their Harnish when there is more then two to draw the Coach.’ Bk. iii. ch. viii. no. 33. ‘They [the horses] must have hombers or collera, holmes withed about theyr neckes, tresses to drawe by, and a <italic>swyngletre</italic> to holde the tresses a brode, and a togewith to be bytwene the <italic>swyngletre</italic> and the harowe.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. C 5. ‘If it be Horse, then they are two-fold, as Single or double; single, as when they draw in length one horse after another, and then there is needfull but the plow devise, and <italic>swingle-tree</italic>, treates, collers, harnesse, and cart bridles.’ <citation id="ref1736" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Markham</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>The Countrey Farme</italic>, 1616, p. <fpage>533</fpage></citation>. ‘A swingle-tree. <italic>Protectorium</italic>’ Gouldman. The word was also used for a flail or instrument for dressing flax, as in the quotation from the <italic>Wright's Chaste Wife</italic> given above, ‘I bete and <italic>swingile</italic> flex.’ <citation id="ref1737" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq</italic>. ii. <fpage>197</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sSwingle-staff, or bat to beat flax. <italic>Scutula</italic>.’ Gouldman.</p></fn><fn id="fn2207" symbol="page 375 note 2"><label><sup>page 375 note 2</sup></label><p>This appears to be the same as Swingle-stock. Huloet gives ‘Swynglyngbatte, or staffs to beate flaxe. <italic>Scutula</italic>,’ which is also probably the same.</p></fn><fn id="fn2208" symbol="page 375 note 3"><label><sup>page 375 note 3</sup></label><p>A disease amongst swine, also called swine-pox. Baret renders <italic>porrigo</italic> by ‘Seurf or scales of the heade.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2209" symbol="page 375 note 4"><label><sup>page 375 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. Swynpylle. ‘A swipple. The part of a flail which strikes the corn: the <italic>blade</italic> of a flail as it were.’ Halliwell. H. Best in his <citation id="ref1738" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic>, p. <fpage>143</fpage></citation>, says: ‘each of them [thrashers] shall have a threave of strawe every weeke, which is supposed to bee allowed for buyinge and furnishing them with <italic>swipples</italic> and flaile bandes.’ See the account of the fight in the <citation id="ref1739" citation-type="other"><italic>Tournament of Tottenham</italic>, <fpage>167</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sOf sum were the hedys brokyn, of sum the brayn-pannes, Wyth swyppyng of <italic>swepyls</italic>.’</p><p>And yll were thay besene, or thay went thanns,</p></fn><fn id="fn2210" symbol="page 375 note 5"><label><sup>page 375 note 5</sup></label><p>A carpenter's square. ‘Leauell, line, or Carpenter's rule, <italic>amuisis, perpendiculum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Squyer for a carpentar, <italic>esquierre</italic>. Squyer, a rule, <italic>riglet</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Compare Swore, above. See the account of the building of the Tower of Babel in the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, which, we are told, 1 2231, they intended to raise</p><p>'sWit <italic>suire</italic> and scantilon sa euen, Þat may reche heghur Þan heuen;’</p><p>and again, l. 1664, God tells Noah to make the ark ‘o <italic>suare</italic> tre.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1739">ibid.</xref> l.8808. ‘I squyer, I rule with a squyer, as a carpynter doyth his worke or he sawe it out. <italic>Je esquarre</italic>. Squyer this borde or you sawe it.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2211" symbol="page 375 note 6"><label><sup>page 375 note 6</sup></label><p>I can make nothing of this, unless it means to mow grass in swathes.</p></fn><fn id="fn2212" symbol="page 375 note 7"><label><sup>page 375 note 7</sup></label><p>'sIlka vayne of Þe man's body, Had a rote festend fast Þarby, And in ilka <italic>taa</italic> and fynger of hand War a rote fra Þat tre growand.’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>P. of Cons.</italic>, 1910.</p><p><citation id="ref1740" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>305</fpage></citation>, has ‘standand on his <italic>tip-tais</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>ta</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2213" symbol="page 375 note 8"><label><sup>page 375 note 8</sup></label><p>According to Strutt the Tabard was ‘a species of mantle which covered the front of the body and the back, but was open at the sides from the shoulders downwards; in the early representations of the tabard it appears to have been of equal length before and behind, and reached a little lower than the loins.’ ‘Tabard, a garment; <italic>manteau</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘A jaquet or sleeveless coat worn in times past by noblemen in the warres, but now only by heraults, and is called theyr coat of annes in servyse.’ Speght's Glossary, 1597. The tabard worn by Chaucer's Plowman was probably like our smock-frock.</p></fn><fn id="fn2214" symbol="page 376 note 1"><label><sup>page 376 note 1</sup></label><p>A chess or draught board. ‘<italic>Aliarium</italic>, a place Þer tabelys byn. <italic>Aliator</italic>, a tabyl pleyare.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2215" symbol="page 376 note 2"><label><sup>page 376 note 2</sup></label><p>Men used at the game of Tables, draughtsmen. See the quotation from the Will of Joan Stevens in note to a paire of Tabyls, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2216" symbol="page 376 note 3"><label><sup>page 376 note 3</sup></label><p>Of. Burde dormande, above, p. 47. See an Inventory taken about 1500, printed in <italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. 291, where are mentioned ‘iij <italic>dormondes bordes</italic> cum tripote.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2217" symbol="page 376 note 4"><label><sup>page 376 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA paire of Tables to plaie at dice, or the boxe out of which the dice are cast: a chesse boorde or tables, <italic>alueus, alveolus</italic>: They spend whole daies in plaieng at tables or chestes.’ Baret. Amongst the articles enumerated in the Paston Letters, iii. 436, as having been taken away at the Duke of Suffolk's attack on Hellesdon, is ‘Item, a <italic>payr of large tabelles</italic> of box, pris vj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ See <italic>Boke of the Duchesse</italic>, l. 50. The author of the <italic>Ayenbite</italic> mentions as <citation id="ref1741" citation-type="other">‘Þe tende boз of auarice …‥ kneade gemenes, ase lyeÞ Þe gemenes of des and of <italic>tables</italic>.’ p. <fpage>45</fpage></citation>. In <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 2225, Naymes describing the amusements of the French, says: ‘Summe of hem [pleyeÞ] to iew-de-dame, and summe to <italic>tablere</italic>.’ See also <citation id="ref1742" citation-type="other"><italic>Life of St. Alexius</italic>, p. <fpage>65</fpage></citation>, l. 989. ‘Tables to playe wyth dice and men. <italic>Tabula</italic>. Table playing. <italic>Alea</italic>. Table player. <italic>Aleator</italic>.’ Huloet. Francis Pynner in his will, 1639, bequeathed to his son-in-law his ‘inlaid playeing <italic>tables</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1743" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>180</fpage></citation>; and in the Will of Joan Stevens, of Bury, 1459, occurs, ‘vnum par de <italic>tablis</italic> cum chesemen et <italic>tabilmenys</italic>.’ Lib. <citation id="ref1744" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hawlee</surname></name>, p. <fpage>65</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2218" symbol="page 376 note 5"><label><sup>page 376 note 5</sup></label><p>Compare P. Hand Tablys. Here perhaps the meaning may be the original one, viz., tablets containing the names of the dead for whose souls the priest was to pray, which were hung up in the porch or some other public part of the church.</p></fn><fn id="fn2219" symbol="page 376 note 6"><label><sup>page 376 note 6</sup></label><p>'sI taboure, I playe upon a tabouret. <italic>Je tabourine</italic>. I will tabour, play thou upon the flute therwhyles.’ Palsgrave. ‘Tymbres and <italic>tabornes</italic>, tulket among.’ <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. 1414. ‘Tabour, <italic>tympanum, tympanizo</italic>, to playe on a tabour. Tabourer, <italic>tympanista</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘Tympanys and <italic>tawbernis</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1745" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. ix. p. <fpage>299</fpage></citation>. See also Lyndesay's <italic>Monarche</italic>, i. 2505.</p></fn><fn id="fn2220" symbol="page 376 note 7"><label><sup>page 376 note 7</sup></label><p>'sA buckle: a tach: a claspe, <italic>fibula</italic>. A tache: a buckle: a claspe: a bracelet, <italic>spinter</italic>.’ Baret. In the <italic>Legends of the Holy Hood</italic>, p. 143, the Virgin Mary says—</p><p>'sIn me weore <italic>tacched</italic> sorwes two.’</p><p>Robert of Brunne says, p. 30, that Charles the king of France sent to Athelstane</p><p>'sA suerd of gold, in Þe hilte did men hide <italic>Tached</italic> on Þe croyce, Þe blode Þei out lete;’</p><p>Two of Þo nailes, Þat war Þorh Ihesu fete</p><p>and in <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, l. 219, the Green Knight's axe is described as having ‘tryed tasseleз зerto <italic>tacched</italic>:’ see also l. 2176:</p><p>'sÞe knyзt kacheз his caple, & com to Þe lawe, Liзteз doun laflyly, & at a lynde <italic>tacheз</italic> Þe rayne.’</p><p>'sLoke what hate oÞer any gawle Is <italic>tached</italic> oper tyзed Þy lymmeз by-twyste.’</p><p><citation id="ref1746" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. <fpage>464</fpage>.</citation></p><p><citation id="ref1747" citation-type="other">‘Tho thy chyld was an-honge, <italic>I-tached</italic> to the harde tre.’ Shoreham, p. <fpage>86</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1748" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, i. p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>. Coverdale in his version of Numbers xxxi. 50, speaks of ‘bracelettes, rynges, earinges and <italic>taches</italic>:’ and Lionell Wall in his Will, 1547, bequeathed ‘to Alyson & Margret my dowghters my ij beat <italic>taches</italic> & to Elasabethe & augnes other ij <italic>taches</italic> & to Jenet my dowghtter a <italic>tache</italic> and to Alyson my dowghter a pare of beids w<sup>th</sup> ij Ryngs at tham.’ <citation id="ref1749" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>128</fpage></citation>. ‘one <italic>tache</italic> of sylver gylt’ is also mentioned <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1749">ibid.</xref> p. 229; and in 1558 Alice Conyers.bequeathed ‘a payre of sylver crooks and a <italic>tache</italic> boythe gylt.’ <citation id="ref1750" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>128</fpage></citation>. ‘Aaron had a broche or a <italic>tatche</italic> fastned vnder his breste that was cleped racionale in whiche was wryten these wordes, “Dyscrecion in iugement trouthe and trewe doctryne.’
Lydgate, <italic>Pylgremage</italic>, Bk. iv. ch. 33. ‘Tache. <italic>Confibula, fibula, spinther</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Spinther</italic>, a claspe or tach.’ Stanbridge, <italic>Vocabula</italic> ‘I tacke a thyng, I make it faste to a wall or suche lyke. <italic>Je attache</italic>. Tacke this same upon a wall. I tacke to with a nayle. <italic>Je affiche</italic>. Tacke it faste with a nayle, and than ye maye be sure it wyll holde. I tache a gowne or typpet with a tacke. <italic>Je agraffe</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2221" symbol="page 377 note 1"><label><sup>page 377 note 1</sup></label><p>See Mr. Way's quotation from John de Garlandia in Introd. to Promptorium, p. lxviii.</p></fn><fn id="fn2222" symbol="page 377 note 2"><label><sup>page 377 note 2</sup></label><p>A tack, or little nail. ‘A M <italic>takettes</italic>’ are included in the inventory of John Wilkinson, 1571 Wills & Invent. (Surtees Soc), i. 361; see also p. 415, where in the Invent, of Thomas Leddell are included ‘vj pounde crosebowe thread iij<sup>s</sup>.—dosen of home golde ij<sup>s</sup>. —xij thowsand smale <italic>tacketts</italic> x<sup>s</sup>.—xix thowsand great <italic>tacketts</italic> xix<sup>s</sup>.—xix dosen smale toles for Joyners xij<sup>s</sup>.’ ‘A tacket, <italic>vide</italic> Naile.’ Baret. ‘A tacket or tache. <italic>Vide</italic> Naile.’ Minsheu. ‘A tacket, <italic>clauulus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2223" symbol="page 377 note 3"><label><sup>page 377 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>fabulo</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2224" symbol="page 377 note 4"><label><sup>page 377 note 4</sup></label><p>I can make nothing of this. Talghe is of course tallow, but the ‘lafe’ is unintelligible, and the latin equivalent does not help us. ‘<italic>Congiarium</italic>,’ according to Baret, is a ‘dole or gift.’ O. Dutch <italic>talg</italic>. ‘Tallowe of beastes, <italic>seuum</italic>: tallowe candles, <italic>Sebaceæ candelæ</italic>.’ Baret. In Palladius <citation id="ref1751" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>17</fpage></citation>, l. 444, to make a cement to stop holes in a cistern we are bidden to</p><p>'sTake pitche and <italic>talgh</italic>, as nede is the to spende, And seeth hem tyl thai boile up to the brynke.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2225" symbol="page 378 note 1"><label><sup>page 378 note 1</sup></label><p>See P. Tongge of a knyfe. That part of a knife or fork which passes into the haft or handle.</p></fn><fn id="fn2226" symbol="page 378 note 2"><label><sup>page 378 note 2</sup></label><p>A hanging cloth of any kind, as tapestry, the cloth for a suinpter-horse, &c. ‘Tappet, a cloth, <italic>tappis</italic>’ Palsgrave. ‘Tapestrie, or hangings, in which are wrought pictures of diuers coloures: a carpet, <italic>tapetum</italic>.’ Baret.</p><p>'sAlle his hallys And <italic>tapite</italic> hem ful manyfolde.’</p><p>I wol do peynte with pure golde, <italic>Boke of the Duchesie</italic>, l. 258.</p><p>In Sir <italic>Gawayne</italic>, 77, over Guenevere's head is said to have been fixed</p><p>'sA selure .… Of tryed Tolouse, of Tars <italic>tapites</italic> innoghe:’</p><p>and at l. 568, the knight when about to arm stands on ‘a tule <italic>tapit</italic> tyзt ouer Þe flet:’ see also l. 858. Wyclif in his Works, ed. Matthew, p. 246, complains that the ladies in his time preferred for the parish priest ‘a trippere on <italic>tapitis</italic>, or huntere or haukere, or a wilde pleiere of someres gamenes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2227" symbol="page 378 note 3"><label><sup>page 378 note 3</sup></label><p>See Spygott, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2228" symbol="page 378 note 4"><label><sup>page 378 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cardo</italic>, a thystelle or a tasell.’ Nominale MS. ‘<italic>Tasyll</italic> whyche towkers do use.’ Huloet. ‘Tasle, <italic>virga pastoris</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Prof. Skeat's notes to P. Plowman, C. xii. 15 and B. xv. 446. A. S. <italic>tœsel</italic>. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Chardon</italic>, m. a thistle : <italic>chardon à foullon</italic>, The Tazell, Fullers Thistle, Card Tazell. <italic>Chardonner le drap</italic>, to raise, or lay the nap thereof, to dresse it, with the Tazell.’ ‘<italic>Chardon</italic>, teysyll.’ Palsgrave. Compare to Tese, below. ‘A cardue, ether a <italic>tasil</italic>, which is in the Liban sente to the cedre of the Liban and seide.’ Wyelif, 2 Paral. xxv. 18 P.</p></fn><fn id="fn2229" symbol="page 378 note 5"><label><sup>page 378 note 5</sup></label><p>In A. the last three latin equivalents are inserted wrongly under Tavern.</p></fn><fn id="fn2230" symbol="page 378 note 6"><label><sup>page 378 note 6</sup></label><p>A. reads only Techeabylle; <italic>docibilis</italic>, wrongly putting the rest of the article under to Teche.</p></fn><fn id="fn2231" symbol="page 379 note 1"><label><sup>page 379 note 1</sup></label><p>Here follow <italic>restructorium, retinaculum</italic>, inserted wrongly by the scribe from Tedyr.</p></fn><fn id="fn2232" symbol="page 379 note 2"><label><sup>page 379 note 2</sup></label><p>See Tyle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2233" symbol="page 379 note 3"><label><sup>page 379 note 3</sup></label><p>To empty.</p></fn><fn id="fn2234" symbol="page 379 note 4"><label><sup>page 379 note 4</sup></label><p>See the quotation from Randle Holme in Halliwell.</p></fn><fn id="fn2235" symbol="page 379 note 5"><label><sup>page 379 note 5</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>tempylle</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2236" symbol="page 379 note 6"><label><sup>page 379 note 6</sup></label><p>'sIn the Gardener. A borde w<sup>th</sup> ij trestes & ij <italic>tetneses</italic> ij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>. ix seves and ryddels & j greet bolle iiij<sup>s</sup>. vj<sup>d</sup>. & saks and ij walletts xiij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>. Invent, of Jane Lawson, 1557, <citation id="ref1752" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>159</fpage></citation>. ‘In the bowltinge house. One <italic>temsinge</italic> troghe, j mouldinge board, j leauen tubb, iiij sackes, and j poake, 9<sup>s</sup>.’ Invent, of R. Widrington. 1599, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1752">ibid.</xref> ii. 287. See also <citation id="ref1753" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1754" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>46</fpage></citation>. ‘The course which wee take, to try the millers usuage, is to take the same bushell or scopp that wee measured the corne in, and to measure the meale therein, after it is brought hoame, just as it commeth from the milne-eye, and afore it be <italic>temsed</italic>;.… If the miller bee honest you shall have an upheaped bushell of <italic>tempsed</italic> meale of a stricken bushell of corne; and of meale that is undressed, an upheaped bushell and an upheaped pecke.’ <citation id="ref1755" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic> of H. Best, 1641, p. <fpage>103</fpage></citation>. Tusser speaks of a ‘temmes-loaf,’ oh. xvi. 11, by which is meant a loaf made of a mixture of wheat and rye, out of which the coarser bran only is taken.</p></fn><fn id="fn2237" symbol="page 379 note 7"><label><sup>page 379 note 7</sup></label><p>See the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 17, where in the allegory of the blind and the lame men we read, ‘Þe blind, <italic>scil</italic>. pe lewde men most holde vp Þe laame men, <italic>scil</italic>. men of holy chirch, thoroз almesse offeringys and <italic>tendingys</italic>,’ where the word is wrongly explained in the Glossary. Roger Thornton in his will, 1429, bequeathed ‘to the vicare of seint Nicholas kyrk for forgetyn <italic>tendes</italic> c<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1756" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>.</p><p>'sOure fader us bad, oure fader us kend That oure <italic>tend</italic> shuld be brend.’ <citation id="ref1757" citation-type="other"><italic>Tovmley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>9</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the A.-S. version of Luke xviii. 12 (Hatton MS.), the Pharisee is represented as saying, ‘ic fæste twige on wuca. ic gife <italic>teondunge</italic> ealles Þas Þe ich hæbbe.’ In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 1062, we are told of Noah that</p><p>'sRightwis he was, and godds freind, And leli gaf he him his <italic>tend</italic>:’</p><p>see also ll. 515, 968 and 978. ‘The <italic>teyndis</italic> of my cornis ar nocht alanerly hychtit abufe the fertilite that the grond maye bayr, bot as veil thai ar tane furtht of my handis be my tua tirran brethir.’ <citation id="ref1758" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaynt of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>123</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1758">ibid.</xref> p. 168.</p></fn><fn id="fn2238" symbol="page 380 note 1"><label><sup>page 380 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tendron</italic>, m. a tendrell, or the tender branche or sprig of a plant.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2239" symbol="page 380 note 2"><label><sup>page 380 note 2</sup></label><p>The author of <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic> tells us, l. 2596, how the mother of Moses made</p><p>'sAn fetles, of rigesses wrogt, <italic>Terred</italic>, Sat water dered it nogt:’</p><p>see also l. 662. In the <citation id="ref1759" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c.</italic>, p. <fpage>228</fpage></citation>, is a charge: ‘Johne Gaunte beyonde byer for <italic>terre</italic> and a chesse, v<sup>s</sup>. vd.’ See Paston Letters, iii. 212.</p></fn><fn id="fn2240" symbol="page 380 note 3"><label><sup>page 380 note 3</sup></label><p>See Taselle, above. ‘I toose wolle, or cotton, or suche lyke. <italic>Je force de la laine</italic>. It is a great craft to tose wolle wel.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2241" symbol="page 380 note 4"><label><sup>page 380 note 4</sup></label><p>A pipe or funnel: a louvre. ‘In the back of the smith's forge, against the fire-place, is fixed a thick iron plate, and a taper pipe in it about five inches long which comes through the back of the forge, and into which is placed the nose of the bellows: this pipe is called a tewel, or a tewel-iron.’ Kennett MS. leaf 411.</p><p>'sAnd soch a smoke gan out wende, As doth where that men melt lede, Out of the foule trumpes ende, Lo, all on hie from the <italic>tewell</italic>.’</p><p>Blacke, blue, grenishe, swartish, rede, Chaucer, <italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, v 1654,</p><p>See also the <italic>Sompnour's Tale</italic>, 2148. ‘Swellyng of the tewell or fundement. <italic>Condyloma</italic>.’ Huloet. In the directions given in the <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic> for ‘lampruns baked,’ the cook is directed to make ‘in mydrles Þo lydde an <italic>tuel</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1760" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Condyloma</italic>. A swelling of the tuell or fundament.’ Cooper. Lyte, Dodoens, p. <fpage>271</fpage></citation>, says that Dill ‘burnit or parched, taketh away the swelling lumpes and riftes or wrincles of the <italic>tuell</italic> or fundement, if it be layde thereto.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2242" symbol="page 380 note 5"><label><sup>page 380 note 5</sup></label><p>A tanner. More commonly spelt <italic>tawer</italic>. Lydgate in his <italic>Bochas</italic>, Bk. viii. ch. 13, says—</p><p>'sHis skin was take <italic>Tawed</italic> after by precept and byddyng, Souple and tendir as they coulde it make.’</p><p>Wyclif in his version of Acts ix. 43 speaks of ‘Symound, sum coriour or <italic>tawier</italic>.’ Fitz. herbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xlix. b. applies the word to flax: ‘but how it [flax] shold be sowe, weded, pulled, repeyled, watred, wasshen, dryed, beten, braked, <italic>tawed</italic>, hekled, spon, wonden, wrapped, & wouen, it nedeth nat for me to shew.’ Palsgrave gives I tewe leather, <italic>je souple</italic>. ‘I tawe a thyng that is styffe, to make it <italic>softe, je souple</italic>.’ ‘To tawe leather, <italic>alutam operari</italic>; to tew ledder, <italic>pelles condire</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A tawer of leather, <italic>alutarius</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Megissier</italic>, m. a tawer or tawyer: a Fell-monger, a Leather-dresser: <italic>megisserie</italic>, f, the tawing or dressing of (thin) skins for gloves, purses, &c.’ Cotgrave. See also s. v. <italic>Courroyer</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2243" symbol="page 380 note 6"><label><sup>page 380 note 6</sup></label><p>Still in common use. ‘Nam ic wyrðe Þat ðu ga under Þacu minne.’ Rushworth Gospels, Matth. viii. 8.</p><p>'sThe toune of Tyre In furious flambe kendlit and birnand schire, Spredand fra <italic>thak</italic> to <italic>thak</italic>, baith but and ben, Als wele ouer tempillis as housis of othir men.’</p><p><citation id="ref1761" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. iv. p. <fpage>123</fpage></citation>, l. 40.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1761">ibid.</xref> Bk. vii. Prol. l. 137, where he speaks of</p><p>'s Scharp halstanys mortfundit of kynd, Hoppand on the <italic>thak</italic> and on the causay by.’</p><p>'sSanct Androis kirk, as that my author sais, That <italic>thekit</italic> wes with coper in tha dais.’</p><p>Stewart, Cronic. of Scotland, iii. 190.</p><p>'sIn Sommersetshire, about Zelcestre and Martok, they doo shere theyr wheate very lowe, and all the wheate strawe, that they pourpose to make <italic>thacke</italic> of, they do not thresshe it, but cutte of the eares, and bynde it in sheues, and call it rede: and therwith they <italic>thacke</italic> theyr houses.’ Fitzherbert, <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. D v<sup>b</sup>. <citation id="ref1762" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hec tectura</italic>, thak.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>237</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Sartitector</italic>, a thakkare.’ Medulla. ‘Thacke of a house, <italic>chaume</italic>. Thacker, <italic>couureur de chaume</italic>. I thacke a house. <italic>Je couuers de chaulme</italic>. I am but a poore man, sythe I can not tyle my house, I must be fayne to thacke it.’ Palsgrave. Tusser, in his <italic>Five Hundred Points</italic>, ch. lvii. st. 14, says—</p><p>'sIn champion countrie a pleasure they take, To mowe up their hawme for to brew and to bake. And also it stands them in steade of their <italic>thack</italic>, Which being well inned, they cannot well lack.’</p><p>See also chapt. liii. st. 12, <citation id="ref1763" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>34</fpage></citation>, and Halliwell s. v. Thacke. A. S. <citation id="ref1764" citation-type="other"><italic>Þæc.</italic> H. Best in his Farming, &c. Book, p. <fpage>147</fpage></citation>, has the following: ‘Many will (after a geastinge manner) call the thatcher hang-strawe and say to him—</p><p>“<italic>Theaker, theaker</italic>, theake a spanne, Come of your ladder and hang your man:
the mans answeare—</p><p>“When my maister hayth thatched all his ‘strawe Hee will then come downe and hange him that sayeth soe :’
</p><p>and again he tells us: ‘Thatchers allwayes beginne att the eize, and soe <italic>thake</italic> upwards till they come to the ridge:’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1764">ibid.</xref> p. 139; see also p. 138. In Barbour's <citation id="ref1765" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, iv. <fpage>126</fpage></citation>, the word <italic>thak-burd</italic> occurs, that is the ridge-board of a thatched roof. ‘Strawe for thacke. <italic>Stipula</italic>. Thacke a house. <italic>Sarcire tecta, tego</italic>. Thacke iryge, holme or strawe. <italic>Stipula</italic>. Thacked houses. <italic>Cannitice</italic>. Thacker, <italic>tector</italic>.’ Huloet. By the Act 17 Edw. IV, c. 4 ‘for the regulation of the true, seasonable, and sufficient making, whiting and annealing of Tile, called plaine Tile, otherwise called <italic>Thaktile</italic>, Roofetile, or Creastile, Cornertile & Guttertile .… every such plaine Tile shall containe in length ten inches and an halfe, and in breadth sixe inches and a quarter of an inch, and in thicknes halfe an inch and halfe a quarter at the least.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2244" symbol="page 381 note 1"><label><sup>page 381 note 1</sup></label><p>There is a confusion in this and the following words. Compare to adylle Mawgry, p. 231.</p></fn><fn id="fn2245" symbol="page 381 note 2"><label><sup>page 381 note 2</sup></label><p>This word occurs in <citation id="ref1766" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. vii. <fpage>269</fpage></citation>, where Piers says he has only <citation id="ref1767" citation-type="other">‘a <italic>therf</italic> cake.’ In Mandeville, p. <fpage>121</fpage></citation>, we read, <citation id="ref1768" citation-type="other">‘They make the sacrament of the Awtier of <italic>therf</italic> breed;’ and in Wyclif's Works, ii. <fpage>287</fpage></citation>, ‘Fadris maden Þ<italic>erfe</italic> brede for to ete Þer Pask lomb.’ ‘<italic>Panis sine fermento</italic>, therf breed.’ MS. Gloss, in <citation id="ref1769" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>6</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sWith <italic>therf</italic>-breed and letus wilde, Which that groweth in the filde.’</p><p><citation id="ref1770" citation-type="other"><italic>Cwrsor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>353</fpage></citation>, l. 6079.</p><p>'sAnd hem goon into his hows, he made a feest, sethede <italic>therf</italic> breed, and thei eten.’ Wyclif, Gen. xix. 3; see also Exodus xii. 8, Luke xxii. 1, &c. In the later version of Matthew xxvi. 17 Purvey has, ‘in the firste dai of <italic>therf</italic> looues the disciplis camen to Ihesu, &c.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, v. 9, says, ‘Þe oyst schulde be of Þ<italic>erf</italic> brede [<italic>de azymopane</italic>].’ In the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 1590, we are told that</p><p>'s<italic>perrflinng</italic> bræd isa elene bræd, & alle clene Þæwess Forr Þatt itt iss unnberrmedd, & clene Þohht, & clene word, & itt bitacneÞÞ clene lif, & alle clene dedess.’</p><p>See also l. 997: ‘bræd all <italic>Þeorrf</italic> wieÞÞuten berrme.’ ‘Derf-brood, <italic>panis azymus, non fermentatus</italic>.’ Kilian. See the note in Mr. Holt's ed. of the <citation id="ref1771" citation-type="other"><italic>Ormulum</italic>, ii. <fpage>575</fpage></citation>. <citation id="ref1772" citation-type="other">‘Avena Vesca, common Otes, is .… used in .… Lancashire, where it is their chiefest bread corne for Jannocks, Hauer cakes, <italic>Tharffe</italic> cakes.’ Gerarde. Herball, Bk. i. ch. xlviii. p. <fpage>68</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2246" symbol="page 382 note 1"><label><sup>page 382 note 1</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North. In <citation id="ref1773" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, <fpage>787</fpage></citation>, the French in pursuing the Saracens</p><p>'sOf sum Þe heuedes <italic>Þay</italic> gerde, And summe Þay stykede Þorз guttes and Þ<italic>earmes</italic>’</p><p>'sA, my heede! The dewille knok outt thare harnes.’</p><p>A house fulle of yong <italic>tharmes</italic>, <citation id="ref1774" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>108</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A. S. <italic>Þearm</italic>. ‘<italic>Hoc trutum, An<sup>ce.</sup></italic> a tharme.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 247. ‘<italic>Lumbricus</italic>, a Worm in the tharmys. <italic>Macia</italic>, a tharme.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2247" symbol="page 382 note 2"><label><sup>page 382 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Cursor Mundi, p. 316, l. 5425, Jacob says to Joseph—</p><p>'sIf I euer fande any grace wiÞ Þe, þou lay Þi hande vnder my <italic>the</italic>.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1774">ibid.</xref> 3940, Levit. xi. 21, and Isaiah xlvii. 2. A. S. Þ<italic>eoh</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2248" symbol="page 382 note 3"><label><sup>page 382 note 3</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1775" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hic fur, An<sup>ce.</sup></italic> a nyte thefe. <italic>Tempore nocturno fur aufert, latro diurno</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>275</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2249" symbol="page 382 note 4"><label><sup>page 382 note 4</sup></label><p>See Thacke, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2250" symbol="page 382 note 5"><label><sup>page 382 note 5</sup></label><p>Probably the Buckthorn. In the version of Psalms lvii. 10 in the <italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic> we have ‘Ar-til Þai undre-stande biforn Of youre thornes of <italic>thevethorn</italic>;’ where Wyclif has, ‘befor that youre thornes shulden vnderstonde the <italic>theue thorne</italic>’ and Purvey, ‘bifore that youre thornes vnderstoden the <italic>ramne</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Ramnus</italic>. A whyte thorne or A. thepe (<italic>sic</italic>) bushe.’ Medulla. <citation id="ref1776" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Morus</italic>, thew-thorn.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>181</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Ramnus</italic>, coltetræpe, Þefanðorn.’ Gloss. MS. Cott. Cleop. A. iii. lf. 76. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1776">ibid.</xref> p. 285. ‘<italic>Rhamnus</italic>. Þefe-Þorn.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1776">ibid.</xref> p. 68.</p></fn><fn id="fn2251" symbol="page 382 note 6"><label><sup>page 382 note 6</sup></label><p>See Mr. Way's note to Kukstole, p. 282. The <italic>thewe</italic> was properly a sort of pillory reserved for women. Thus in the <citation id="ref1777" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Albus</surname><given-names>Liber</given-names></name>, p. <fpage>458</fpage></citation>, it is appointed as the punishment for bawds and prostitutes; at p. 602, for false measures and <italic>pro putridis piscibus venditis</italic>; and at p. 603 for any quarrelsome and foul-tongued woman.</p></fn><fn id="fn2252" symbol="page 383 note 1"><label><sup>page 383 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA thimble, or anie thing couering the fingers, as finger stalles, &c, <italic>digitale</italic>’ Baret. Fitzherbert in his <italic>Boke of Husbandry</italic>, fo. xlviii, advises farriers to carry with them ‘penknyfe, combe, <italic>thymble</italic>, nedle, threde, point, lest y<sup>t</sup> thy gurth breke.’ ‘Thymble to sowe with, <italic>deyl</italic>.’ Palsgrave. In the Invent, of Thomas Passmore, of Richmond, taken in 1577, are included ‘<italic>thembles</italic> and nedles, iiij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1778" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>269</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s Save nedle & threde, & <italic>thymelle</italic> of lether, Here seest thow nought.’</p><p><citation id="ref1779" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Occleve</surname></name>, <italic>De Regim. Principum</italic>, p. <fpage>25</fpage>.</citation></p><p>A. S. <citation id="ref1780" citation-type="other"><italic>Þŷfmel</italic>. Compare a Fyngyr stalle, p. <fpage>131</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2253" symbol="page 383 note 2"><label><sup>page 383 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1781" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>, we read, ‘if ony <italic>thirle</italic> or make an hole in a feble walle of a feble nous, in entent Þat Þe lord of Þe nous make Þe wall strenge for perill of thefis, Þat Þei entre not so liзtely if thei come;’ and in Chaucer, <italic>Knigh's Tale</italic>, 1851—</p><p>'sAl were they sore hurt, and namely oon, That with a spere was <italic>thirled</italic> his brest boon.’ A. S. <italic>Þyrel</italic>, a hole; <italic>Þyrlian</italic>, to pierce, <italic>drill</italic>. ‘I thrill, I perce or bore thorowe a thyng. <italic>Je penetre</italic>. This terme is olde and nowe lytell used.’ Palsgrave. <citation id="ref1782" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Glanvil</surname></name>, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xvi. ch. 74, p. <fpage>576</fpage></citation>, gives the following curious derivation: ‘a stone hyghte Petra. a name of grewe and is to vnderstonde sad or stedfast. and a stone hath this name of penetrando. <italic>thyrlyng</italic>. for he <italic>thyrlyth</italic> the fote whan he is harde thruste in the throte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2254" symbol="page 383 note 3"><label><sup>page 383 note 3</sup></label><p>According to the Latin equivalents this would mean a slice, or spatula. See Sclioe, above, p. 322. ‘A thyuil, <italic>rubicula</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. But Ray gives it as another form of <italic>dibble</italic>: ‘Thible, Thivil, a stick to stir a pot. Also a dibble, or setting stick.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2255" symbol="page 383 note 4"><label><sup>page 383 note 4</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1783" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hec acia</italic>, a thyxylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>234</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Hec acia</italic>, a tyxhyl.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1783">ibid.</xref> p. 275.</p><p>'sAls in wodes of trees Þat are þaire yhetes with axes Þai doune-schare; In him selven, at Þe laste, In ax and in <italic>thixil</italic> [hatchet, Wyclif, a brood fallinge ax, Purvey] Þai it doun-caste.’</p><p><citation id="ref1784" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Psalm lxxiii. <fpage>6</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In 1542 ‘Edward Pykerynge of Scelmisyer’ bequeathed <italic>inter alia</italic>, ‘a <italic>tixell</italic> and a chysell, iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1785" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>35</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Ascia</italic>. A thyxyl or a brod ex. <italic>Asciola</italic>, a lytyl thyxy.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2256" symbol="page 383 note 5"><label><sup>page 383 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTo thole, suffer, <italic>sustinere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2257" symbol="page 384 note 1"><label><sup>page 384 note 1</sup></label><p>The great toe. Halliwell quotes from the Thornton MS. ‘Thane blede one the fute on the same syde, and one the veyne that is bitwix the <italic>thomelle taa</italic> and the nexte.’ If. 301.</p></fn><fn id="fn2258" symbol="page 384 note 2"><label><sup>page 384 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHyt raynyd and lygnyd and <italic>thonryd</italic> fast And alle we were sore agaste.’</p><p><italic>Seven Sages</italic>, ed. Wright, 2213.</p><p>A. S. <italic>Þunerian, Þunrian</italic>, to thunder; <italic>Þunor</italic>, thunder.</p></fn><fn id="fn2259" symbol="page 384 note 3"><label><sup>page 384 note 3</sup></label><p>Harrison in his <italic>Descript. of Eng.</italic> ii. 20, divides the fish of this country into five sorts, the first of which, the flat-fish, he again subdivides into three classes, and says ‘of the third are our chaits, maidens, kingsons, flash and <italic>thornbacke</italic>.’ Cooper renders ‘<italic>uranoscopus</italic>’ by ‘a certaine fishe, hauing one eye in his heade.’ ‘A thornbacke, fish, <italic>achantia</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Probably the ray, for which we have had the same latin equivalent, see p. 299.</p><p>'s<italic>Uranuscopus</italic>, a plays or a thornbak.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2260" symbol="page 384 note 4"><label><sup>page 384 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTo thawe, or resolue that which is frosen, <italic>regelo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘I thawe, as snowe or yce dothe for heate. <italic>Je fons</italic>. Sette the potte to the fyre to thawe the water. It thaweth, as the weather dothe, whan the frost breaketh. <italic>Il desgele</italic>’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Degelat</italic>, thowes.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 201.</p></fn><fn id="fn2261" symbol="page 384 note 5"><label><sup>page 384 note 5</sup></label><p>Still in use in the North, and generally taken as a measure of twenty-four sheaves or two stooks of corn. The word occurs in the <citation id="ref1786" citation-type="other"><italic>Townley Myst.</italic> p. <fpage>12</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sI wille chose and best hafe This hold I thrift of all this <italic>thrafe</italic>.’</p><p>In the Invent, of William Lawson, taken in 1551, are mentioned ‘An c <italic>threve</italic> of wheit and rye at ij<sup>s</sup>. vi<sup>d</sup>. a <italic>thrave</italic> xv<sup>l</sup>. A cxx <italic>Thraue</italic> of otts at xij<sup>d</sup>. a <italic>thraue</italic>, vj<sup>l</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1787" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>34</fpage></citation>: and in the Invent, of Christopher Thomson, 1544, we find, ‘Item ten <italic>threffes</italic> of rye, vj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>, Item, three <italic>threffes</italic> of wheat, iij<sup>s</sup>. Item xxij <italic>threffes</italic> of oytts, vij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1788" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>. ‘Hee agreed with the threshers againe the 8th of November, 1629 … every one of them to have a <italic>threave</italic> of strawe a weeke, if they threshed the whole weeke, or else not.’ <citation id="ref1789" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Books</italic> of H. Best, p. <fpage>132</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref1790" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvi. <fpage>55</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2262" symbol="page 384 note 6"><label><sup>page 384 note 6</sup></label><p>To twist or turn. Still used in Scotland, where a perverse or obstinate person is said to have a <italic>thraw</italic> or <italic>twist</italic>. ‘To thraw or turne, <italic>tornare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Mr. Peacock in his Glossary of Manley, &c., gives ‘Thraw, a turning lathe.’ See also Halliwell, s. v. The verb <italic>throw</italic> is still used for the winding or twisting of silk, and the person who winds or twists the silk is termed a <italic>throwster</italic>. ‘And yit thair is hæretiks …. quha quhen thay may nocht compræhend be thair dull sensis yis maist highe mysterie, (quhilk is rather reuerentlie to be adored, yan curiouslie discussed) dar deny it, malitiouslie <italic>thrawing</italic> and wresting ye words of ye Gospell albeit thay be meast plane ….’ Adam King's trans, of Canisius’ Catechism, 1588, fo. 77. Thrawin in the sense of stern or grim occurs in <citation id="ref1791" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>221</fpage></citation>, l. 32—‘Alecto hir <italic>thrawin</italic> vissage did away.’ Hislop gives amongst the proverbs of Scotland, ‘A <italic>thrawn</italic> question should hae a thrawart answer.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2263" symbol="page 385 note 1"><label><sup>page 385 note 1</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1792" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. v. <fpage>357</fpage></citation>, where we are told how Glutton ‘stumbled on Þe <italic>thresshewolde</italic>, an threwe to Þe erthe.’ <citation id="ref1793" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Biblesworth</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>170</fpage></citation> says: ‘<italic>a l'enire del hus est la lyme</italic> [the therswald].’ ‘Dame tonge the maystresse is pute oute of hyr place, by cause of her ryote, and not by the dore but vnder the <italic>threshfold</italic>, drawen oute.’ Lydgate, <citation id="ref1794" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic>, ed. 1483, Bk. iii. c. ix. fol. <fpage>56</fpage></citation>. Wyclif uses the forms <citation id="ref1795" citation-type="other"><italic>threwold, threswald</italic>, &c, as in Exodus xii. <fpage>23</fpage></citation>: ‘whanne he seeth the bloode in the <italic>threswald</italic>;’ and verse 7: ‘in the <italic>thresshwoldes</italic> of the howses.’</p><p>'sTho to the dur <italic>threswald</italic> cummin are thay.’ <citation id="ref1796" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>164</fpage></citation>, l. 7.</p></fn><fn id="fn2264" symbol="page 385 note 2"><label><sup>page 385 note 2</sup></label><p>In the Will of John Baret, 1463, we find the expression ‘sum <italic>thrifty</italic> man,’ the meaning being well-to-do. <citation id="ref1797" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>26</fpage></citation>. The use is not yet obsolete in the provinces.</p></fn><fn id="fn2265" symbol="page 385 note 3"><label><sup>page 385 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. lxxii. 22 is thus rendered—</p><p>'sAnd I am to noghte for-Þi <italic>Thrungen</italic>, and na-thing wist I;’</p><p>see also v. 20. In the <italic>Owl & Nightingale</italic>, 794, we have—</p><p>'sTweie men goth to wraslinge An either other faste <italic>thringe</italic>.’</p><p>Chaucer, <italic>Troylus & Cresseid</italic>, iv. 10, has: ‘He gan yn <italic>thringe</italic> forth with lordis old;’ see also <italic>Merchant's Tale</italic>, 1105. In <italic>Sir Eglamour</italic>, 1023, the hero, we are told,</p><p>'sWaxe bothe bolde and stronge; Ther myзt no man with-sytt hys dynte Yn yustyng ne yn turnament, But he to the erthe them <italic>thronge</italic>.’</p><p>Wyclif's version of Luke viii. 43 runs: ‘And Ihesus seith, Who is it that touchide me? Sothli alle men denyinge, Petre seide, and thei that weren with him, Comaundour, cumpanyes <italic>thringen</italic>, and turmentyn thee, and thou seist, Who touchide me?’ In the <italic>Song of Roland</italic>, l. 290, the word is used apparently in the sense of cover, load: ‘his thies <italic>thryngid</italic> with silk, as I say.’</p><p><citation id="ref1798" citation-type="other">‘My guttys wille outt <italic>thryng</italic>, Bot I this lad hyng.’ Towneley Myst. p. <fpage>145</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <citation id="ref1799" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. i. p. <fpage>21</fpage></citation>, l.10.</p></fn><fn id="fn2266" symbol="page 386 note 1"><label><sup>page 386 note 1</sup></label><p>See Hampole's <italic>Pricke of Consc.</italic> 6165, where the righteous are represented as saying to Christ, ‘When myght we Þe <italic>thresty</italic> se And gaf Þe drynk with herte fre;’ and again, l.3254, where we are told that in Purgatory sinners</p><p>'sSal haf Þare bathe hunger and <italic>threst</italic>.’</p><p>'sAnd drinc to the <italic>thristere</italic> he shal don awei.’ Wyclif, Isaiah xxxii. 6 See <citation id="ref1800" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, pp. <fpage>64</fpage>, <fpage>317</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2267" symbol="page 386 note 2"><label><sup>page 386 note 2</sup></label><p>This word seems to be used indifferently for the thrush or the blackbird. ‘<italic>E ment chaunte maviz</italic> (a throstel-kok) <italic>en boysoun</italic> (bosc).’ W. de Biblesworth, in Wright's Vol. of Voeab. p. 164. In the <italic>Owl & Nightingale</italic>, 1657, are mentioned ‘thrusche, and <italic>throstle</italic>, wudewale.’ In the <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, 7481, ‘a <italic>Þrostyl</italic>’ is used as the English equivalent for <italic>merle</italic>:</p><p>'sAs seynt Benet sate yn his celle, Yn a lykness of a bryde— To tempte hym com a fend of helle, A <italic>Þrostyl</italic> ys Þe name kryde.’</p><p>In the Land of Cockaygne we are told</p><p>'sþer beÞ birddes mani and fale, Chalandre and wodwale.’</p><p><italic>þrostil</italic>, Þruisse, and niзtingal, <citation id="ref1801" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>158</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also Gower, i. 54, Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 203, &c,, and <citation id="ref1802" citation-type="other"><italic>Rime of Sir Thopas</italic>, <year>1959</year>.</citation></p><p>'sThrustell cocke, <italic>maulvis</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sThe nyзtyngale, the <italic>throstylcoke</italic>, The popejay, the joly laveroke.’ MS. Porkington 10, leaf 55.</p><p>'s<italic>Mauvis</italic>, f. a Mavis: a Throstle or Thrush.’ Cotgrave.</p><p>'sThey threpide wyth the <italic>throstilles</italic>, thre hundreth at ones.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 930.</p><p>'sThenne I bethought me vppon the byrdes as thrusshes, and <italic>thrustels</italic>, and stares, whiche I haue sene syttynge in assemble vpon an hye tre.’ Lydgate, <citation id="ref1803" citation-type="other"><italic>Pylgremage of the Sowle</italic> (repr. 1859), Bk.v. ch. v. p. <fpage>76</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Thyrstylles</italic> and nyghtyngales synge in tyme of loue.’ <citation id="ref1804" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Glanvil</surname></name>, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xii. ch. i. p. <fpage>406</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2268" symbol="page 386 note 3"><label><sup>page 386 note 3</sup></label><p>The ball or apple in the throat, commonly called Adam's-apple. See Chaucer, <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, 353, where the Miller is described as having</p><p>'sBy the <italic>throte-bolle</italic> caught Alleyn, And on the nose he smot him with his fest.’</p><p>And he hent him dispitously ageyn,</p><p>Barnabe Googe in his trans, of Heresbach's <citation id="ref1805" citation-type="other"><italic>Husbandrie</italic>, ed. 1586, p. <fpage>144</fpage><sup>bk</sup></citation>. says: ‘The hee goate woulde bee softer heared, and longer, his necke short, his <italic>Throateboll</italic> deeper, his legges flesshy, his eares great and hanging.’ See also <italic>Sir Bevis</italic>, 2703, <citation id="ref1806" citation-type="other"><italic>Ywaine & Gawaine</italic>, <year>1993</year></citation>, &c.</p><p>'sþi make and Þi milte, Þi liure and Þi lunge, And Þi <italic>prote bolle</italic> Þat Þu mide sunge.’</p><p>Poem on Death in <citation id="ref1807" citation-type="other"><italic>An Old Eng. Miscell.</italic> p. <fpage>178</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Herbiere</italic>, f. The throat-bole, throat-pipe, or gullet of a beast. <italic>Gueneau</italic>, m. The throttle, or throat-boll.’ Cotgrave. ‘The throtte bolle, <italic>le gargate</italic>.’ W. de Biblesworth's Gloss, in <citation id="ref1808" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq.Antiq.</italic> ii. <fpage>78</fpage></citation>. In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, vii. 584, we have the form <italic>throppil</italic>, and as <italic>thrapple</italic> it still survives in Scotland. Our modern <italic>throttle</italic> is evidently merely a shortened form of <italic>throat-boll</italic>, as shown in the quotation from Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Centrum</italic>, Þrotbolla.’ MS. Harl. 3376.</p></fn><fn id="fn2269" symbol="page 386 note 4"><label><sup>page 386 note 4</sup></label><p>The author of the life of St. Juliana tells us how her body was placed in ‘a stanene, Þruh hehliche as hit deh halhe to donne.’ ed. Cockayne, p. 77, l. 16. ‘<italic>Sarcofagum</italic>, Þruh.’ Suppl. to Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 49. ‘<italic>Sarcofagum</italic>, ðurh,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1808">ibid.</xref> p. 85.</p><p>'sHi wende to Þulke stede: Þer as heo was ileid er & heuede vp Þe lid of Þe Þ<italic>rou</italic>з: & fonde Mr ligge Þer Faire & euene as heo dude er: so lute lyme Þer nas þat ne lai as he furst dude: fair miracle Þer was.’</p><p><citation id="ref1809" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>70</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the <citation id="ref1810" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>378</fpage></citation>, we have ‘ine stonene Þ<italic>ruh</italic> biclused heteueste.’ In the Early English Psalter, Psalin lxvii. 7 reads—</p><p>'sAls-swa Þai Þat smertes ai, þat herde in <italic>throghes</italic>, night & dai;’</p><p>where Wyclif reads <italic>sepulcris</italic>. See also <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. 11820.</p><p>'sThe cors that dyed on a tre was berid in a stone, The <italic>thrughe</italic> beside fande we, and in that graue cors was none.’</p><p>Towneley Myst. p. 290.</p><p>'sA through of stone, of paper, <italic>quadratus lapis: integra charta</italic>.’ Manip. Vooab.</p><p>'sThe thridde day he aros aзeyn Of the <italic>thronз</italic> tner men hime leyde.’ W. de Shoreham.</p><p>Sir W. Scott uses the phrase ‘<italic>through-stane</italic>,’ in the sense of a grave-stone, in the ‘Antiquary,’ chap, xvi and xxiii. ‘<italic>Mausoleum</italic>. A graveston or A throw.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>Þruh</italic>. See Jamieson, s. v. Thruch stane.</p></fn><fn id="fn2270" symbol="page 387 note 1"><label><sup>page 387 note 1</sup></label><p>'sThe extremities of a weaver's warp, often about nine inches long, which cannot be woven.’ Halliwell. Horman says, ‘The baudy thrummes of the carpettes toke me faste by the feet, <italic>Sordidi tapetium et gausapium fratelli pedes mihi implicuerunt</italic>.’ In the <citation id="ref1811" citation-type="other"><italic>Manners and Household Expenses of England</italic> (1466), p. <fpage>346</fpage></citation>, the word is used for coarse yarn: <citation id="ref1812" citation-type="other">‘Item, paid for <italic>thrommes</italic> for hyche mapolles, ij<sup>d</sup>.’ Lyte, Dodoens, p. <fpage>203</fpage></citation>, applies the term to thread-like appendages of flowers: ‘out of the middest of this flower [Dogges Tooth] there hange also sixe smal <italic>thrommes</italic> or short threds, with little titles or pointed notes like as in the Lillies.’ In the Will of Edmund Lee, executed in 1535, the testator bequeaths ‘to Alys Mannyng …‥ iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>. and on new <italic>thrombyd</italic> hate.’ <citation id="ref1813" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>126</fpage></citation>. Here the meaning probably is a hat with a very long nap, resembling shaggy fur. A ‘sylke <italic>thrummed</italic> hatt’ occurs in the Will of Eliz. Bacon of Hessett. in 1570. ‘<italic>Irto</italic>, thrommed, rough, heavie.’ Thomas, <italic>Ital. Dictionary</italic>, 1548. In the Invent, of Sir J. Byndley, 1565, we find ‘ij <italic>thrommed</italic> quishings.’ <citation id="ref1814" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. <fpage>220</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2271" symbol="page 387 note 2"><label><sup>page 387 note 2</sup></label><p>See the description of the giant in <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 1100, where he is said to have had</p><p>'sThykke theese as a <italic>thursse</italic>, and thikkere in the hanche.’</p><p>'sIchabbe iseheh Þene Þ<italic>urs</italic> of helle.’ <citation id="ref1815" citation-type="other"><italic>Seinte Marherete</italic>, p. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>. See also <citation id="ref1816" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>280</fpage></citation>. J. R., in his translation of Mouffet's <citation id="ref1817" citation-type="other"><italic>Theater of Insects</italic>, p. <fpage>1048</fpage></citation>, says of the woodlouse: ‘The Latines call it <italic>Asellum, Cutionem, Porcellionem; Pliny</italic> said not well to call it <italic>Centipes</italic>, since it hath but fourteen feet: the English from the form call them <italic>Sowes</italic>, that is, little Hogs: from the place where they dwell, <italic>Tylers-louse</italic>, that is, Lice in roofs of houses: they are called also <italic>Thurstows</italic>, or Jovial Lice, from a spirit that was not hurtful, to whom our Ancestors superstitiously imputed the sending of them to us. In some places also they call them <italic>Cherbugs</italic>, and <italic>Cheslips</italic>, but I know not why.’ According to Halliwell the millipes is called a <italic>Hob-thrush-louse</italic>. I can offer no suggestion as to the origin or meaning of the latin equivalents here given.</p></fn><fn id="fn2272" symbol="page 387 note 3"><label><sup>page 387 note 3</sup></label><p><citation id="ref1818" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Timpus</italic>, Þunwang.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>. Compare Walter de Biblesworth, as quoted by Mr. Way in note to Thun wonge:</p><p>'s<italic>mon haterel</italic> (nol) <italic>oue les temples</italic> (Þonewonggen),’</p><p>of which a different version is given in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 144—</p><p>'s<italic>moun haterel</italic> (my nape) <italic>ouweke les temples</italic> (ant thonewon[ggen]).’</p><p>In the Romance of <italic>Roland and Otuel</italic>, 82, Naymes describes Charles as</p><p>'sFaire of flesche & fell, With a floreschede <italic>thonwange</italic>’</p></fn><fn id="fn2273" symbol="page 388 note 1"><label><sup>page 388 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA thwangue, <italic>lorum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A thong, a latchet, <italic>corrigia</italic>.’ Baret. In Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, p. 10, St. John the Baptist says—</p><p>'sI me self es noht worthi To les the <italic>thnanges</italic> of his shon.’</p><p>So in the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 10412—</p><p>Þa shollde an oÞerr cumenn forÞ & shollde unnbindenn Þin <italic>sho</italic>Þ<italic>wang</italic> Off all Þat illke maÞÞзe, Swa summ Þe boc himm tahhte:’</p><p>and <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 12823—</p><p>'si am noght worthe to Lese Þe <italic>thuanges</italic> of his sco.’</p><p>'sA rone skyne tuk he thare-of syne, And schayre a <italic>thwayng</italic> all at laysere.’</p><p><citation id="ref1819" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyntoun</surname></name>, <italic>Chronicle</italic>, viii, xxxii. <fpage>51</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See <italic>also Sir Gawayne</italic>, ll. 194, 579. ‘To hym [Hengist] was i-graunted as mocne londe to bulde on a castel as a <italic>Þwonge</italic> myзte by cleppe.’ Trevisa's Higden, v. 267. A. S. <italic>Þwang</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2274" symbol="page 388 note 2"><label><sup>page 388 note 2</sup></label><p>'sI <italic>thwyte</italic> a stycke, or I cutte lytell peeces from a thynge. <italic>Je coypelle</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Chaucer in the Reeve's Tale, 3933, describing the Miller of Trumpington says—</p><p>'sA scheffeld <italic>thwitel</italic> bar he in his hose.’</p><p>'sTo thwite, <italic>excidere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>Þwitan</italic>. ‘<italic>Trencher</italic>, to cut: carve: slice, hack, hew: to thwite off, or asunder. <italic>Trenchant</italic>, slicing, hewing, thwiting off or asunder.’ Cotgrave. In the Babees Boke, p. 256, we are told—</p><p>'sKutte nouhte youre mete eke as it were Felde men, That to theyre mete haue suche an appetyte That they ne rekke in what wyse, where ne when, Nor how ungoodly they on theyre mete <italic>twyte</italic>.’ l.176.</p><p>See Trevisa's Higden, iv. 329 : ‘OÞer dayes Þay wolde digge Þe erÞe wiÞ a chytelle [<italic>dolabro</italic>],’ where one MS. reads <italic>Þwitel</italic> and Caxton <italic>thwytel</italic>.</p><p>'sA Scotts <italic>thewtill</italic> undir thi belt to ber.’ <citation id="ref1820" citation-type="other"><italic>Wallace</italic>, i. <fpage>219</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sKytte the graf and <italic>thwyte</italic> it on bothe sydes euyn in maner of a wedge as fere as it shall goo into the clyfte of the stokke. it must be so euen <italic>thweten</italic> that the eyer may not come bytwene the clyfte and the graf.’ Arnold's <citation id="ref1821" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, 1502 (ed. 1811), p. <fpage>169</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2275" symbol="page 388 note 3"><label><sup>page 388 note 3</sup></label><p>The author of <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic> tells us, l. 662, how Nimrod advised his subjects to build the tower of Babel,</p><p>'sWel heg and strong, Of <italic>tigel</italic> and ter, for water-gong.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1821">ibid.</xref> ll. 461, 2552 and 2891; Wyclif, Isaiah xvi. 11 and Genesis xi. 3; and the <citation id="ref1822" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>59</fpage></citation>. <italic>Telers</italic> are mentioned in the list of workmen in Troy, <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 1586.</p></fn><fn id="fn2276" symbol="page 388 note 4"><label><sup>page 388 note 4</sup></label><p>'sCain. Mother, for south I tell yt thee, A <italic>tylle man</italic> I am, and so will I be.’</p><p><citation id="ref1823" citation-type="other"><italic>Chester Plays</italic>, i. <fpage>37</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Agricultor</italic>. A tylman.’ Medulla. ‘Tylman, <italic>laboureur de terre</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2277" symbol="page 389 note 1"><label><sup>page 389 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Cremaillere</italic>, f. A hook to hang anything on: especially a pot-hook, or pot-hanger.’ Cotgrave. Compare Rekande, above, p. 302.</p></fn><fn id="fn2278" symbol="page 389 note 2"><label><sup>page 389 note 2</sup></label><p>The branches of the horns. Markham in his <citation id="ref1824" citation-type="other"><italic>Countrey Farme</italic>, 1616, p. <fpage>684</fpage></citation>, says, ‘You may likewise judge of their age by the <italic>tynes</italic> of their homes.’ The word is still in common uae in the West and North for the teeth of a harrow, as well as for the branches of a deer's antlers. In <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. 76, we find it used for a branch of a tree:</p><p>'sAs bornyst syluer Þe lef onslydeз, Þat Þike con trylle on vcha <italic>tynde</italic>.’</p><p>In Lydgate's <citation id="ref1825" citation-type="other"><italic>Minor Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>203</fpage></citation>, we have—</p><p>'sMaale deer to chaase and to fynde .… Vndir hire daggyd hood of green;’</p><p>That weel can beere with a <italic>tynde</italic></p><p>and <citation id="ref1826" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, vii. p. <fpage>224</fpage></citation>, speaks of a</p><p>'shart of body bayth grete and square, With large hede and <italic>tyndis</italic> birnist sare:’</p><p>see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1826">ibid.</xref> p. 402, l. 22, and <italic>Syr Tryamoure</italic>, 1085—</p><p>'sThe thrydd hounde fyghtyng he fyndys, The herte stoke hym wyth hya <italic>tyndys</italic>’</p><p>'sTheez staues by their <italic>tines</italic> seem naturallie meete for the bearing of armoour.’ <citation id="ref1827" citation-type="other"><italic>R. Laneham's Letter</italic>, 1575, ed. Furnivall, p. <fpage>9</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2279" symbol="page 289 note 3"><label><sup>page 289 note 3</sup></label><p>Of not uncommon occurrence. See Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, iv. 269; v. 529. In the <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 231, we are told that when Jonah was thrown overboard</p><p>'sHe watз no <italic>tytter</italic> out-tulde Þat tempest ne sessed.’</p><p>'sAnd had i noght bene <italic>titter</italic> boun .… The water sone had bene my bane.’</p><p><italic>Ywaine & Gawin</italic>, l.1852.</p><p>'sPharao. Go, say to hym we wylle not grefe, Bot they shalle never the <italic>tytter</italic> gayng.’</p><p>Towneley Myst. p. 62.</p></fn><fn id="fn2280" symbol="page 389 note 4"><label><sup>page 389 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA tittil, <italic>apex</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See quotation from Lyte, s. v. Thrwme, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2281" symbol="page 389 note 5"><label><sup>page 389 note 5</sup></label><p>According to Bp. Kennett, ‘a field where a house or building once stood.’ The word occurs in the Prologue to P. Plowman, l. 14—</p><p>'sI seigh a toure on a <italic>toft</italic>, trielich y-maked.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2282" symbol="page 390 note 1"><label><sup>page 390 note 1</sup></label><p>A town-hall, prison or gaol. ‘And when Ihesus passide thennis he sei3 зa man sittynge in a <italic>tolbothe</italic> [<italic>telonium</italic> V.], Matheu by name.’ Wyclif, Matthew ix. 9. ‘<italic>Hoc toloneum</italic>, a tol-boythe. Qui mausoleum producit, aut canopeum</p><p>Seu toloneum, non reor ease reum.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 236.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1827">ibid.</xref> p. 274.</p></fn><fn id="fn2283" symbol="page 390 note 2"><label><sup>page 390 note 2</sup></label><p>A receiver of tolls.</p><p>'sTutivillus. I was youre chefe <italic>tollare</italic>, Now am I master Lollar, And sithen courte rollar, And of sich men I meke me.’</p><p>Towneley Mysteries, p. 310.</p><p>'sA gode ensample now Þe here Of Pers Þat was a <italic>tollere</italic>’</p><p>R. de Brunne, <italic>Handlyng Synne</italic>, 5572.</p><p>Langland, in <citation id="ref1828" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. Prol. <fpage>220</fpage></citation>, speaks of ‘taillours and tynkeres & <italic>tolleres</italic> in marketis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2284" symbol="page 390 note 3"><label><sup>page 390 note 3</sup></label><p>'sGo, pray alle the religlus of this cite <italic>To-morne</italic> that they wold dyne with me.’</p><p><citation id="ref1829" citation-type="other"><italic>Sir Amadace</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Robson</surname></name>, xxiv. <fpage>10</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sGud king, forouten mair delay, Ordane Þow haill for the battale.’</p><p><italic>To-morn</italic>, als soyn as je Þe day, Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xii. 201.</p><p>See also <italic>Morte Artkure</italic>, 1587, <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 4666, &c. The word is still in use in Yorkshire.</p></fn><fn id="fn2285" symbol="page 390 note 4"><label><sup>page 390 note 4</sup></label><p>In the Romance of <italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, 556, we read how</p><p>'sÞe Saraзene Þan a lepe he made, & hit hym on Þ<sup>e</sup> hede, A stroke to Roland for sothe he glade, Þat almoste <italic>top ouer tayle</italic> he rade.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1829">ibid.</xref> ll. 923, 1301.</p><p>'sHe lap till ane and can hym ta Till <italic>top our taill</italic> he gert hym ly.’</p><p>Richt be the nek full felouly, Barbour's <citation id="ref1830" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, vii. <fpage>745</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sFor to distrubil the foresaid mariage <italic>Latinus</italic> houshald, purpois, and counsale.’</p><p>And quyte peruert or turnit <italic>top ouer tale</italic></p><p><citation id="ref1831" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>Gawin</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, vii. p. <fpage>221</fpage></citation>, l. 18.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1832" citation-type="other"><italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l. 2776, and Robert of Brunne, p. <fpage>70</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2286" symbol="page 390 note 5"><label><sup>page 390 note 5</sup></label><p>See Croppe, p. 83.</p></fn><fn id="fn2287" symbol="page 390 note 6"><label><sup>page 390 note 6</sup></label><p>An executioner. In the Seconde Nonne's tale, of St. Cecilia, we read—</p><p>'sThre stokes in the nekke he smoot hir tho, The <italic>tormentour</italic>, but for no maner chaunce, He myghte nought smyte at hir nekke atwo.’ l. 526.</p><p>Compare <italic>Tormentor</italic> in Matt, xviii. 34, and see Eastwood and Wright's ‘Bible Word Book.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2288" symbol="page 390 note 7"><label><sup>page 390 note 7</sup></label><p>'sTormentil, <italic>heptaphillon</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. The plant ‘setfoil.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2289" symbol="page 390 note 8"><label><sup>page 390 note 8</sup></label><p>A toasting iron or fork. ‘To toste, <italic>torrere, assare</italic>.’ Manip Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2290" symbol="page 390 note 9"><label><sup>page 390 note 9</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1833" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Merytotyr</surname></name>, above, p. <fpage>235</fpage></citation>, and P. Wawyn or waueryn yn a myry totyr, p. 518. In Trevisa's Higden, ii. 387, we are told how the Athenians, having in accordance with the oracle, sought the bodies of Icarus and his daughter everywhere on earth in vain, ‘for to schewe Þe deuocion and wil Þat Þey hadde forto seeke, and forto beseie besiliche in anoÞer element Þat Þey myзte nouзt fynde in erÞe .… heng vp ropes in Þe ayer and men <italic>totrede</italic> Þeron, and meued hider and Þider .… And whan men fel of Þe <italic>totres</italic> and were i-herte sore, it was i-ordeyned among hem Þat images i-liche to Þe bodies sohulde be sette in Þe <italic>totros</italic>, and meue and <italic>totery</italic> in stede of hem Þat were a-falle. Þat game is cleped <italic>ocillum</italic> in Latyn, and is compowned and i-made of tweyne, of <italic>cilleo, cilles</italic>, Þat is forto mene <italic>toterynge</italic>, and <italic>os, oris</italic>, Þat is a mouÞ; for Þey Þat <italic>totered</italic> so mouede aзenst men mouÞes.’ In the play of <italic>Queen Esther</italic>, 1561 (Collier repr. 1862), we read:</p><p>'sEven as honestly, As he that from steylyng goth to sent Thomas watryng In his yong age; So they from pytter pattour, may come to <italic>tytter totur</italic>, Even the same pylgrimage.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2291" symbol="page 391 note 1"><label><sup>page 391 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare κωμψδία from κώμη, village (<citation id="ref1834" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bentley</surname></name>, <italic>Phalaris</italic>, p. <fpage>337</fpage></citation>). ‘<italic>Comedia</italic>, a toun gong. <italic>Comedio</italic>, a wrytare of toun songys.’ Medulla. In Aelfric's Glossary <italic>comedia</italic> is rendered by ‘racu, tunlic spæo.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 27. Compare Pley in P. p. 404.</p></fn><fn id="fn2292" symbol="page 391 note 2"><label><sup>page 391 note 2</sup></label><p>These words are repeated in A. on the next leaf.</p></fn><fn id="fn2293" symbol="page 391 note 3"><label><sup>page 391 note 3</sup></label><p>Arthur in entrusting to Neordred the regency of England during his absence says—</p><p>'sAs I <italic>traysta</italic> appone the, be-traye thowe me neuer.’ <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, 669.</p><p>See also <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 1359, 6297, 7339. &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2294" symbol="page 391 note 4"><label><sup>page 391 note 4</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1835" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gilder</surname></name>, above, p. <fpage>155</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2295" symbol="page 391 note 5"><label><sup>page 391 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA traue, <italic>numelli, numellœ</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Phillips gives ‘<italic>Traves</italic>: a kind of shackles for a horse that is taught to amble his pace.’ Reginald Hynmer, in 1574. bequeathed ‘ix hogesheads in the buttrie with the gantrees and <italic>traves</italic> there.’ <citation id="ref1836" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondthire Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>251</fpage></citation>. In the <citation id="ref1837" citation-type="other"><italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, 1555, pref. p. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, the author says: ‘After that he [the Deuill] had fettred the worlde in the <italic>trailers</italic> of his toies …. he trained it whole to a wicked worship.</p></fn><fn id="fn2296" symbol="page 392 note 1"><label><sup>page 392 note 1</sup></label><p>'sзe bileoueÞ on æis Maumetз: ymaked of treo & ston Þat no miracle ne mowe do: namore æan so moche <italic>treo</italic>. Of mie louerdes Miracles some: bi mie staf Þu schalt iseo.’</p><p><citation id="ref1838" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Poems</italic>, p. <fpage>63</fpage>.</citation></p><p>So also in Trevisa's Higden, iii. 235: ‘he wroot al Þe kynges purpos in tables of <italic>tre</italic>.’ See also the <italic>Sege of Melayne</italic>, l. 448. The adjective <italic>treen</italic>= wooden is not uncommon: thus Trevisa, in his trans, of Bartholomew <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, xvii. 112, has: ‘Oyle ÞrolleÞ and spredeÞ it selfe, and is Þerfore better kepte in glasen vessel, Þan in <italic>treen</italic> vessel, with many holes and pores.’ [In vasis vitreiis, quam in <italic>lignosis</italic> melius custoditur]. <citation id="ref1839" citation-type="other">‘Item, for ij. <italic>tren</italic> platers, j.d.’ Howard Household Books (Roxb. Club) p. <fpage>392</fpage></citation>. See also Tusser, Five Hundred Points, ch. lxxxv. 10; Trevisa's Higden, vi, 295, where he speaks of ‘Þe <italic>treen</italic> brigge .… ouer Þe Ryne;’ Palladius <citation id="ref1840" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, pp. <fpage>137</fpage></citation>, l. 916, and 153, l. 120; and Spenser, <italic>F. Q.</italic> ii. 39.</p></fn><fn id="fn2297" symbol="page 392 note 2"><label><sup>page 392 note 2</sup></label><p>See Professor Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. ii. 147.</p></fn><fn id="fn2298" symbol="page 392 note 3"><label><sup>page 392 note 3</sup></label><p>'sMy baselard hath a <italic>trencher</italic> kene, Fayr as rasour scharp and schene.’</p><p>Songs and Poems on Costume (Percy Soc), p. 50.</p><p>Here the meaning evidently is <italic>blade</italic>, that which cuts.</p></fn><fn id="fn2299" symbol="page 392 note 4"><label><sup>page 392 note 4</sup></label><p>Halliwell gives ‘<italic>Trenket</italic>, A shoemaker's knife,’ and Palsgrave has ‘Trenket, an instrument for a cordwayner, <italic>batton a torner</italic>,’ which is probably the meaning here. <italic>Ansorium</italic> is explained in Diefenbach's Supplt. as a scraping knife of shoemakers and leather-dressers, and as <italic>sardo</italic> occurs for <italic>cerdo</italic>, a leather-dresser, perhaps <italic>sardocopum</italic> may be a barbarous compound to signify a similar tool.</p></fn><fn id="fn2300" symbol="page 392 note 5"><label><sup>page 392 note 5</sup></label><p>See A Trissoure, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2301" symbol="page 392 note 6"><label><sup>page 392 note 6</sup></label><p>In the Will of Cristofer Dodisworth, executed in 1551, we find the following paragraph: ‘Also I will (by the lycence of my Mr) that my <italic>tractable</italic> wyfe Maybell, after my deceasse, shall have full enterest in all suche fermeholding as I have in ferine and occupation at this daye in Jolbie, accordinge to the trewe effect and menynge of my lease.’ <citation id="ref1841" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmondshire Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>72</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sHeil, trewe, trouthfull, and <italic>tretable</italic>, Heil cheef ichosen of chastite.’</p><p>Hymn to Virgin, in Warton, ii. 108, st. 1.</p><p>Wyclif, in his Works, ed. <citation id="ref1842" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Matthew</surname></name>, p. <fpage>305</fpage></citation>, uses this word to render the latin <italic>suadibilis</italic>. Horman says: ‘A colde and a <italic>treatable</italic> man is well loued.’ See also <citation id="ref1843" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, p. <fpage>94</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref1844" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, p. <fpage>115</fpage></citation>, l. 18, where the word is used to translate the latin <italic>tractabilis</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2302" symbol="page 393 note 1"><label><sup>page 393 note 1</sup></label><p>In the translation of Palladiua <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, the farmer ia advised, when desirous of finding out the nature of the soil,</p><p>'sa clodde avisely to take, and with gode water weel it wete, And loke if it be glewy, tough to <italic>trete</italic>.’ Book i. l. 75. See alao iii. 741.</p></fn><fn id="fn2303" symbol="page 393 note 2"><label><sup>page 393 note 2</sup></label><p>A plaster. See the recipe for the preparation of ‘a whyte <italic>trett</italic> that is callyd plasture istia or syne,’ printed by Halliwell in his Dictionary, p. 479, from a MS. of the 15th century. Turner, speaking of the ‘Myrt tre,’ says: ‘The raw leues or elles burnt with a <italic>trete</italic> made of wex heal burnyng whit flames and agnayles.’ Herbal, pt. ii. lf. 61.</p></fn><fn id="fn2304" symbol="page 393 note 3"><label><sup>page 393 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA little worme that eateth wood: sometime a moth that eateth garments, <italic>teredo</italic>’</p></fn><fn id="fn2305" symbol="page 393 note 4"><label><sup>page 393 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe <italic>trewis</italic> on his half gert he stand And gert men kep thame lelely.’</p><p>Apon the marchis stabilly, Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xix. 200.</p><p>Here the word is used as a plural, but it is constantly used as a singular; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1844">ibid.</xref> xiv. 96, xv. 126, &c. O. Fr. <italic>truwe, triuwe, triuve, trive</italic> (see <italic>trive</italic> in Burguy); whence <italic>trèves</italic> in mod. French. ‘A trewce, league, <italic>fœdus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2306" symbol="page 393 note 5"><label><sup>page 393 note 5</sup></label><p>The turning beam of a spindle. ‘Trendle of a mil, <italic>molucrum</italic>: to trendle, <italic>rotare</italic>: a trendil, <italic>rota</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘<italic>Insubulus</italic>, a Webster's trendyl.’ MS. Harl. 1738, The author of the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, describes Medea as having ‘me as a <italic>trendull</italic> turned full rounde.’ l. 453. ‘<italic>Iusubulus</italic>, a webstare's trendyl.’ Medulla. Compare a Weffer tryndylle, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2307" symbol="page 393 note 6"><label><sup>page 393 note 6</sup></label><p>See the description of the preparations for the feast in <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 884, where we read—</p><p>'sSone watз telded vp a tapit, on <italic>tresteз</italic> ful fayre;’</p><p>and again, l.1648—</p><p>'sÞenne Þay teldet tableз on <italic>trestes</italic> alofte.’</p><p>In the Inventory of John Comefurth, taken in 1574, are included ‘foure swawles and foure <italic>trists</italic> v<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1845" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, p. <fpage>249</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThai set <italic>trestes</italic> and bordes on layd.’ <italic>Seuyn Sages</italic>, 3874.</p><p>'sItem j mete-burde with ij par of <italic>trystylls</italic>.’ Invent, of J. Carter, of York, 1485, <citation id="ref1846" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>300</fpage></citation>. ‘A trestle; a treuel; a three footed stoole, or anie thing that hath three feet, <italic>tripus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A tristil, <italic>tripes</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. <citation id="ref1847" citation-type="other"><italic>See Richard Cœur de Lion</italic>, <fpage>102</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sthey sette <italic>tresteles</italic>, & layde a borde;’ and Wyclif, Exodus xxvi. 20 (Purvey): ‘twenti tablis, hauynge fourti silueren foundementis or <italic>trestles</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2308" symbol="page 393 note 7"><label><sup>page 393 note 7</sup></label><p>Posts or stations in hunting: see <citation id="ref1848" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Strutt</surname></name>, <italic>Sports & Pastimes</italic>, ed. 1810, p. <fpage>19</fpage></citation>. O. Icel. <italic>treysta</italic>. ‘<italic>Trista</italic>, a station or post in hunting.’ <citation id="ref1849" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bailey</surname></name>. In the <italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>332</fpage></citation>, the word ia explained as follovra: ‘<italic>Tristre</italic> is Þer me sit mid Þe greahundes forte kepen Þe hearde, oðer tillen Þe nettes aзean hem.’ In the <italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, iii., Arthur calls his nobles together ‘To teche hom to hor <italic>tristurs</italic>, quo truly wille telle; To hor <italic>tristurs</italic> he hom taзte, quo truly me trowes. Þenne watз he went, er he wyst, to a wale <italic>tryster</italic>, Þer Þre Þro at a Þrich Þrat hym at ones.’ <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 1712.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1849">ibid.</xref> ll.1146 and 1170. We have the word also in R. de Brunne's <citation id="ref1850" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>, l. 856; ed. <citation id="ref1851" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hearne</surname></name>, p. <fpage>94</fpage></citation>; and the <italic>Squyr of lowe Degre</italic>, 767—</p><p>'sA lese of grehound with you to stryke, And hert and hynde and other lyke, Ye shal be set at such a <italic>tryst</italic>, That herte and hynde shall come to your fyst.’</p><p>'sI stande at my <italic>tristur</italic> when othere men shoues.’ Towneley Mysteries, p. 310.</p></fn><fn id="fn2309" symbol="page 394 note 1"><label><sup>page 394 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA bush of haire crisped, or curled; <italic>cincinnus</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2310" symbol="page 394 note 2"><label><sup>page 394 note 2</sup></label><p>In Chaucer's <italic>Miller's Tale</italic> we are told how the Carpenter, in order to save his wife from the predicted flood ‘goÞe and geteÞ him a knedeinge <italic>troughe</italic>.’ <italic>C. T.</italic> A. 3620. ‘<italic>Alueus, A<sup>ce</sup></italic> a trowh.’ Medulla. A. S. <italic>trog</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>trog</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2311" symbol="page 394 note 3"><label><sup>page 394 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe primary meaning of this word [<italic>trutannus</italic>] has not been accurately ascertained, but it seems to have been most generally used for a person who wandered about, and gained his living by false pretences, or passed himself under a different character to that which really belonged to him. It is applied sometimes to abbots and priors who lived abroad, and neglected their monasteries, or to monks who had quitted their houses, as in a passage of Giraldus Cambrensis (<citation id="ref1852" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wharton</surname></name>, <italic>Anglia Sacra</italic>, vol. iii. p. <fpage>575</fpage></citation>).’ Note by Mr. Wright in <citation id="ref1853" citation-type="other"><italic>Political Songs</italic>, Camden Soc. p, <fpage>376</fpage></citation>, on the following line from a song on the Scottish Wars, <italic>temp.</italic> Edw. I: ‘Fallax die prœlii fugit ut <italic>trutannus</italic>.’ Caxton, in the <italic>Golden Legend</italic>, fo. 359, col. 4, applies the term to vagrancy: ‘There were thenne two felawes one lame and that other was blynde The lame taught the blynde man the weye and the blynd bare the lame man and thus gate they moche money by <italic>truaundyse</italic> [<italic>mendicantes</italic>].’ Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Truand, m.</italic> a common beggar, vagabond, rogue, a lazie rascall, an upright man [see Audeley & Harman, ed. <citation id="ref1854" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Furnivall</surname></name>, p. <fpage>4</fpage></citation>]; also a knave, varlet, scowndrell, filthy or lewd fellow. <italic>Faire le goupillon</italic>, to play the Truant.’ Baret has ‘Truand, he that loitereth, wandering abroade, or lurking in corners, <italic>emansor, vagus</italic>.’ Wyclif in his Controversial Tracts, Wks. iii. 421, has, ‘þer is no witte in Þo wordes Þat <italic>trewauntis</italic> casten oute in Þis mater.’ In the <citation id="ref1855" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>330</fpage></citation>, the author says, ‘mid iseli <italic>truwandise</italic> heo [humility] hut euer hire god, & scheaweð forð hire pouerte.’ In the <citation id="ref1856" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, pp. <fpage>174</fpage>, <fpage>194</fpage></citation>, we have <italic>truon</italic> used for a beggar. ‘<italic>Discolus</italic>, a tront or an ydyot. <italic>Trutanus</italic>, a trawnte.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2312" symbol="page 394 note 4"><label><sup>page 394 note 4</sup></label><p>'sA trowell, truell, <italic>rotula, tkrulla</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Baret renders <italic>Trulla</italic> by ‘a Treie, or such hollowe vessell occupied about a house, that laborers carrie morter in to serue Tilers, or Plasterers.’ ‘<italic>Truelle</italic>, f. a trowell.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2313" symbol="page 395 note 1"><label><sup>page 395 note 1</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Troute, sb. pi.</italic> curds taken off the whey when it is boiled: a rustick word. In some places they call them <italic>trotters</italic>.’ Ray's Glossary.</p></fn><fn id="fn2314" symbol="page 395 note 2"><label><sup>page 395 note 2</sup></label><p>'sWanne me seyde hym of suche wondres, Þat God anerÞe sende,</p><p>Þat yt was hys lupernesse, to <italic>trufle</italic> he yt wende,’ Robert of Gloucester, p. 417.</p><p>'sÞanne sayde Ogier Þe Deneys: “Hit nys bote <italic>trufle</italic> Þat Þou seys.
’ <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 3459.</p><p>'sÞe clergye of cryst counted it but a <italic>trufle</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1857" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xii. <fpage>140</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sFor trygetours and <italic>tryflours</italic>, that tauernes haunte Haue trouth and temperaunce, troden under foote.’</p><p>W. de Worde, Treatyse of a Galaunte, 1520, repr. 1860, p. 16.</p><p>'s<italic>Truffler</italic>, to mock, deride, flowt, jeast, or gibe at.’ Cotgrave. ‘All these are butt <italic>triffolys</italic> and delays.’ <italic>Generides</italic>, 4664.</p></fn><fn id="fn2315" symbol="page 395 note 3"><label><sup>page 395 note 3</sup></label><p>'sAnd the seuene aungels, that hadden seuene trumpis, maden hem redi, that thei schulden <italic>trumpe</italic>’ [synge in trumpe W.]. Wyclif, Purvey, Apocalypse viii. 6. ‘And the thridde aungel <italic>trumpide</italic>.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1857">ibid.</xref> v. 10.</p><p>'sOn the morn aum-deill airly, Intill the host syne <italic>trumpit</italic> thai.’</p><p>Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xix. 428.</p><p>Glanvil, in Ma trans, of Bartholomew <citation id="ref1858" citation-type="other"><italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xiv. ch. xxxv. p. <fpage>480</fpage></citation>, says:</p><p>'sMount Synay hyghte also the mount of <italic>trompes</italic> and of <italic>trompynge</italic>.’</p><p>'sThere herd I <italic>trumpen</italic> Messenus, And alle that usede Clarioun Of whom that speketh Virgilius: In Cataloigne and Aragoun, There herd I <italic>trumpe</italic> Joab also, That in her tyme famous were Theodomas and other mo, To lerne, saugh I <italic>trumpe</italic> there.’</p><p>Chaucer, <italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, pt. 2, l. 153.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1859" citation-type="other"><italic>Avowynge of Arthur</italic>, lxvii. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Buccino</italic>, to Trumpyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2316" symbol="page 395 note 4"><label><sup>page 395 note 4</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>amicinant</italic>ur.</p></fn><fn id="fn2317" symbol="page 395 note 5"><label><sup>page 395 note 5</sup></label><p>Mr. F. K. Robinson, in his Whitby Glossary, gives ‘<italic>Trunking</italic>, lobster and crab matching with trunk-shaped framings of wand-work covered with netting, having sufficient ingress for the captured but no return. Baited inside, they are sunk in the sea with lines and weights. <italic>Trunker</italic>, a crab or lobster catcher.’ <italic>Nassa</italic>, which the Prompt, gives as an equivalent for Trunke, is, according to Baret, ‘a weele or bowe net to take fish,’ See A Welle, hereafter.</p></fn><fn id="fn2318" symbol="page 395 note 6"><label><sup>page 395 note 6</sup></label><p>In <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. 3592, we read—</p><p>'sNowe bownes the bolde kynge with his beste knyghtes, Gers trome and <italic>trusse</italic>, and trynes forth aftyre;’</p><p>and in <italic>Uavelok</italic>, l. 2016—</p><p>'sSoth was, Þat he wolden ruin bynde Of hise in arke or in kiste.’</p><p>And <italic>trusse</italic> al Þat he mithen fynde</p><p>See also <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, ll. 1667, 4189, and 4193. ‘I trusse stuffe to cary it. <italic>Je trousse</italic>. Trusse up al my bookes, for I can wante none of them. I trusse in a male. <italic>Je emmalle</italic>. Trusse up my geare in the male, for I wyll ryde to morrow.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Trousser</italic>, to trusse, tucke, packe, bind or girt in: <italic>trousseau, m.</italic> a little trusse, fardle, bundle or bunch.’ Cotgrave. ‘A trusse, <italic>sarcina</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘He was halowid and y-huntid, and y-hote <italic>trusse</italic>.’ <italic>Richard the Redeles</italic>, iii. 228. See the <italic>Song of Roland</italic>, l. 48. In <italic>Generydes</italic>, 4399, the word is used in the sense of a bundle: ‘their <italic>trusses</italic> on ther hedis all redy bounde.’ ‘To lade, or burden; to trusse up; to stuffe up, <italic>suffarcino</italic>.’ Baret. In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, v. 395 and xvii. 859, the word is spelt <italic>turss</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2319" symbol="page 396 note 1"><label><sup>page 396 note 1</sup></label><p>A basket used for conveying large parcels of goods. Called also a <italic>trussing-basket</italic>. In the Paston Letters, iii. 432, Margaret Paston writes to her husband—‘I can not ner Daubeney nowther, fynd your wyght boke: it is not in the <italic>trussyng-cofyr</italic>, ner in the sprucheste nothyr.’ ‘There few men here dessyre his retorne hythir agayne. He came hythir with a smale male, but he comyth whom with his <italic>trussyng coffers</italic>.’ State Papers, 1535, Henry VIII, vol. ii. p. 244. In the Invent, of the goods of W. Duffield, Canon of York, taken in 1453, are mentioned ‘j paris Gardeviance iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.; et j paris <italic>trussyngcofers</italic> ij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1860" citation-type="other"><italic>Testam. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1860">ibid.</xref> p. 163.</p></fn><fn id="fn2320" symbol="page 396 note 2"><label><sup>page 396 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Ciconia</italic>; machina lignea ad hauriendam e puteo aquam; <italic>machine à puiser l'eau dan sun puit</italic>.’ D'Arnis. ‘<italic>Tollenon</italic> is the engyne to draw water wyth, hauynge a greate payse at the ende.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Cimbula</italic>, a tomerel.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2321" symbol="page 396 note 3"><label><sup>page 396 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTunder, tinder, or burnt rag.’ Whitby Gloss. See <citation id="ref1861" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xvii. <fpage>245</fpage></citation>. The word also occurs in De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, &c. p. 134. O. Icel. <italic>tundr.</italic> Still in use. Turner, in his <italic>Herbal</italic>, pt. ii. lf. 29, says: ‘Som make <italic>tunder</italic> [of todestoles] bothe in England and Germany for their gunnes.’ ‘Tunder boxe—<italic>boytte de fusil</italic>. Tunder to lyght a matche—<italic>fusil</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Napta</italic>, a chene or herdys or tundere.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2322" symbol="page 396 note 4"><label><sup>page 396 note 4</sup></label><p>'sTong of a balaunce, <italic>languette</italic>.’ Palsgrave. <citation id="ref1862" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Examen</italic>, wæge-tunge.’ Aelfrio's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>37</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2323" symbol="page 396 note 5"><label><sup>page 396 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTuppe, <italic>aries</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. See Jamieson s. v. In his directions for July, the translator of Palladius <citation id="ref1863" citation-type="other"><italic>On Susbondrie</italic>, viii. <fpage>74</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sNowe putte amonge the shepe thaire <italic>tuppes</italic> white;’</p><p>see also ll. 76, 77, and 95. ‘Soe soone as our sheepe beginne to ride wee fetch hoame our riggous and young <italic>tuppes</italic>.’ Best, <citation id="ref1864" citation-type="other"><italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. <fpage>28</fpage></citation>. The word is used as a verb. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1864">ibid.</xref> p. 3: ‘some of the ewes will <italic>tuppe</italic>, and come later.’ It is still in use.</p></fn><fn id="fn2324" symbol="page 396 note 6"><label><sup>page 396 note 6</sup></label><p>Mr. Wedgwood, judging from the latin equivalents, suggests that the meaning here is a kind of pigeon, as given by Webster, ‘<italic>Turbit</italic>, A variety of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short beak;’ but in Neckam's <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 98, I find in a list of fishes, <italic>turtur</italic> glossed by turbut as here.</p><p>'sHe tok Þe sturgiun, and Þe qual, And Þe <italic>turbut</italic>, and lax with-al.’ <italic>Havelok</italic>, 753.</p></fn><fn id="fn2325" symbol="page 397 note 1"><label><sup>page 397 note 1</sup></label><p>Mr. Robinson, in his Whitby Glossary, gives ‘Turf-greaving, the cutting of turves.’ Cf. P. Turvare. ‘He dalf up <italic>torves</italic> of Þe grounde, and made up an hiз wal, so Þat tofore Þe wal is Þe diche Þat <italic>torves</italic> were i-dolve of.’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. v. p. 45. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1864">ibid.</xref> i. 263, where the author says that ‘Men of Frisia …. makeÞ hem fuyre of <italic>torues</italic>.’ Trevisa, in his trans, of Bartholomew <citation id="ref1865" citation-type="other"><italic>De Propriet. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xv. c. lviii. p. <fpage>509</fpage></citation>, states that ‘there ben in Flaundres in some places marises and mores, in whyehe they dygge <italic>turues</italic>, and make fyre therof in stede of wood.’ See <citation id="ref1866" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tusser</surname></name>, <italic>Husbandrie</italic>, ch. lii. st. <fpage>12</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2326" symbol="page 397 note 2"><label><sup>page 397 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘Garments new dressed, <italic>vestimenta interpola</italic>: renewed; redressed; new dressed; new soured; polished; <italic>interpolus</italic>: to dresse new as fullers do; <italic>interpolo</italic>: to furbush, renew, or dresse, <italic>interpolo</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2327" symbol="page 397 note 3"><label><sup>page 397 note 3</sup></label><p>A spiral staircase. ‘<italic>Coclea</italic>, a wyndyng steyr.’ Nominale in Way's note to Tresawnce, and see a Vyoe, below. ‘This tournyng stayre gothe so rounde that it maketh me tourne sicke, if I go up hastely: <italic>Geste vis va si ront quelle me bestourne si je monte hastiuement</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Jamieson quotes from Wallace, ix. 510:</p><p>'sA cruell portar gat apon the wall, Powit out a pyn, the portculys leit fall— Rychard Wallace the <italic>turngreys</italic> weill has seyn: He folowit fast apon the portar keyn;’</p><p>and he also gives <italic>Turn-pyke</italic> or <italic>Turnepeck</italic> as used in the same sense:</p><p>'sSyne the colis and crelis wyth-all A-pon the <italic>turne-pyk</italic> lete he fall.’</p><p>Wyntoun, viii. xxxviii. 74.</p></fn><fn id="fn2328" symbol="page 397 note 4"><label><sup>page 397 note 4</sup></label><p>Wyclif, in his version of Isaiah xix. 14, has: ‘The Lord mengde in his myddel the spirit of <italic>turnegidy</italic>’ [<italic>vertiginis</italic> Vulg.].</p></fn><fn id="fn2329" symbol="page 397 note 5"><label><sup>page 397 note 5</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Tounoir</italic>, m. A turne, a turning wheele or Turner's wheele, called a Lathe, or Lare.’ Cotgrave. In the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, l. 1586, we find mentioned, ‘Taliours, Telers, <italic>Turners</italic> of vesselles.’ Wyclif, in 3 Kings vi. 18, speaks of the Temple as ‘hauynge his <italic>turnours</italic> [<italic>tornaturas</italic> V.] and his iuncturis forgid.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2330" symbol="page 397 note 6"><label><sup>page 397 note 6</sup></label><p>Tn the Prologue to the <italic>Canon's Yeoman's Tale</italic>, l. 623, we read that the Canon was so clever that</p><p>'sAl this ground on which we been rydinge, He coude al clene <italic>turne</italic> it <italic>up so doun</italic>, Til that we come to Canterbury toun, And paue it al of siluer and of gold;’</p><p>and in <italic>P. of Conscience</italic>, 7230, ‘Þai sal be turned <italic>up-swa-doune</italic>.’ See also <citation id="ref1867" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, B. xx. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>. Wyclif, in his Works, ed. Arnold, ii. 229, has, ‘Cristis hous is turned amys <italic>up so doun</italic>.’ See also Exodus xxiii. 8, Luke xv. 8, and <citation id="ref1868" citation-type="other"><italic>Oesta Bomanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>99</fpage></citation>: ‘Þei sawe Þe cradill i-tornid <italic>vpsodoune</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2331" symbol="page 398 note 1"><label><sup>page 398 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTo butt as a ram.’ Halliwell. Compare also to Jur, which occurs in the same sense.</p></fn><fn id="fn2332" symbol="page 398 note 2"><label><sup>page 398 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Columellares</italic>, the cheeke teeth.’ Cooper.</p><p>'sHe rushes vppe mony a rote With <italic>tusshes</italic> of iij fote.’ <citation id="ref1869" citation-type="other"><italic>Avowynge of King Arther</italic>, xii. <fpage>14</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sÞe froÞe femed at his mouth vnfayre bi Þe wykeœ Whetteœ his whyte <italic>tuscheз</italic>.’</p><p><italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 1573.</p><p>In the description of an ‘ypotame’ in <italic>Alisaunder</italic>, 5189, we are told that ‘Y-potame a wonder beest is, More than an olifaunt, I wis: Toppe and rugge, and croupe, and cors Is semblabel to an hors, A short beek, and a crokyd tayl He hath, and bores <italic>tussh</italic>, saunz fayle. Blak is his heued as pycche:’</p><p>and again, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1869">ibid.</xref> l. 6546, the rhinoceros is described as having ‘croked <italic>tuxes</italic> as a dog.’ See also <italic>Octouian</italic>, 929, <italic>Eglamour</italic>, 383, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2333" symbol="page 398 note 3"><label><sup>page 398 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA twibill, wherewith Carpenters do make mortasies, <italic>bipennis</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Twyble, an instrument for carpenters, <italic>beruago</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sЗe, зe, seyd the <italic>twybylle</italic> I-wys, i-wys, it wylle not bene, Thou spekes ever ageyne skylle, Ne never I thinke that he wylle thene.’</p><p>MS. Ashmole, 61, in Halliwell.</p><p>A.S. <italic>twibill</italic>. ‘Twyble or Twybil, <italic>bipennis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Amongst the farmer's tools mentioned in Palladius <citation id="ref1870" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>, l. 1153, are ‘The mattok, <italic>twyble</italic>, picoy, &c.’ ‘<italic>Bipennis</italic>. A twybyl or An ex.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Bipennis securis</italic>, twilafte æx, <italic>uel</italic> twibile.’ MS. Harl. 3376.</p></fn><fn id="fn2334" symbol="page 398 note 4"><label><sup>page 398 note 4</sup></label><p>'sAn that with torche in <italic>twylightinge</italic> he treades the romye streets.’ Drant's <italic>Horace, Sat.</italic> iv. p. c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2335" symbol="page 399 note 1"><label><sup>page 399 note 1</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 3445, we are told of Rebecca that</p><p>'sOf <italic>twinlinges</italic> hir Þouзte no gamen Þat fauзte ofte in hir wombe samen.’</p><p>Wyclif, in his version of Genesis xxv. 24, has: ‘Now tyme of beryng was comen, and loo! <italic>twynlingis</italic> in the wombe of hir weren foundun.’ Tusser, in his <italic>Husbandrie</italic>, &c. ch. 35, st. 28, says—</p><p>'sEwes yeerly by twinning rich maisters doo make, The lamb of such twinners for breeders go take, For <italic>twinlings</italic> be twiggers, eucrease for to bring, Though sorn for their twigging <italic>Peccavi</italic> may sing.’</p><p>'s<italic>Gemellus, Gemella</italic>. A twynlyng.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2336" symbol="page 399 note 2"><label><sup>page 399 note 2</sup></label><p>'sHe stoupeth doun, and on his back she stood. And caught hire by a <italic>twist</italic>, and up she goth.’</p><p>Chaucer, <italic>Merchant's Tale</italic>, 10224.</p><p>See also <italic>Squyeres Tale</italic>, l. 434, and Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, vii. 188. Stubbes, in his <citation id="ref1871" citation-type="other"><italic>Anatomie of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>76</fpage></citation>, says: ‘So long as a sprigge, <italic>twiste</italic>, or braunche is yong, it is flexible and bowable to any thing a man can desire.’</p><p>'sAmiddis ane rank tre lurkis a goldin beuch. With aureate leuis, and flexibil <italic>twistis</italic> teuch.’</p><p><citation id="ref1872" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, vi. p. <fpage>167</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1872">ibid.</xref> pp. 242, 414, and the <italic>Police of Honour</italic>, Prol. pt. i. st. iii, and <citation id="ref1873" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>37</fpage>—</citation></p><p>'sThe birdis sat on <italic>twistis</italic> and on greis.’</p><p>In the King's Quair, ii. st. 14, we have—</p><p>'sOn the small grene <italic>twistis</italic> sat The lytil suete nyghtingale.’</p><p>'s<italic>Frondator.</italic> A braunche gaderyd [? gaderer] or a tosemose.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2337" symbol="page 399 note 3"><label><sup>page 399 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>nugax</italic>; corrected in A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2338" symbol="page 399 note 4"><label><sup>page 399 note 4</sup></label><p>Here A. incorrectly gives the latin equivalents for to make Vayne, which occurs just below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2339" symbol="page 399 note 5"><label><sup>page 399 note 5</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1874" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>420</fpage></citation>, is a direction that anchoresrses may have ‘ine sumer … leaue uorto gon and sitten baruot; and hosen wiðuten <italic>uaumpez</italic>; and ligge ine ham hwoso liktð’ Strutt gives a drawing showing the sock worn over the <italic>vampeys</italic>, both being witliin the shoe. In J. Russell's <italic>Boke of Nurture</italic> (<citation id="ref1875" citation-type="other"><italic>Babees Book</italic>, p. <fpage>177</fpage></citation>), l. 894, the servant is directed to be careful to have his master's</p><p>'sStomachere welle y-chaffed to kepe hym fro harme, his <italic>vampes</italic> and sokkes, Þan all day ha may go warme.’</p><p><citation id="ref1876" citation-type="other">‘<italic>Hec pedana. Anglice</italic> wampe.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. <fpage>196</fpage></citation>; ‘<italic>hoc antepedale. Anglice</italic> wampe.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1876">ibid.</xref> p. 197; ‘<italic>Pedana</italic>, yampey.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1876">ibid.</xref> p. 182. ‘<italic>Pedula</italic>, a Vampey or a lytyl ffoot.’ Medulla. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's Wardrobe at Caistor, in 1459, we find ‘Item, j payre of Wake hosyn, <italic>vampayed</italic> with lether.’ Paston Letters, i. 477; see also p. 486. ‘Vampey of a hose, <italic>auant pied</italic>. Vauntpe of a hose, <italic>uantpie</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Fore <italic>vaunpynge</italic> of a payre for the said Lew vj<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1877" citation-type="other"><italic>Howard Household Book</italic>, 1467, p. <fpage>396</fpage></citation>. ‘Item, the same day mastyr payd to hys cordwaner in Sothewerke ffor <italic>vawnpayinge</italic> of his botys, viij.d.’ <citation id="ref1878" citation-type="other"><italic>Manners & Household Exps. of Eng.</italic> 1464, p. <fpage>255</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2340" symbol="page 400 note 1"><label><sup>page 400 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare Flekked, above, p. 134.</p></fn><fn id="fn2341" symbol="page 400 note 2"><label><sup>page 400 note 2</sup></label><p>The ferule of a knife. Compare Vyrelle of a knyfe, below. ‘<italic>Tolus</italic>, the bolle of a stepyl, or the Verel, or the pomell oif a knyff.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Virole</italic>, f. An iron ring set about the end of a staffe, &c, to strengthen it, and keep it from riving: <italic>virollé</italic>; bound about with an Iron ring or hoop.’ Cotgrave. ‘Vervelled or varvelled—having small rings attached.’ Boutell's Heraldry. See <italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. 2568.</p></fn><fn id="fn2342" symbol="page 400 note 3"><label><sup>page 400 note 3</sup></label><p>'sVerdiuice made of unripe grapes or other fruit, <italic>omphadum</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Verjus</italic>, m. verjuice.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Verjuice</italic>, or green juice, which, with vinegar formed the essential basis of sauces, and is now extracted from a species of green grape, which never ripens, was originally the juice of sorrel; another sort was extracted by pounding the green blades of wheat.’ Lacroix, Manners, <citation id="ref1879" citation-type="other"><italic>Customs and Dress</italic>, p. <fpage>167</fpage></citation>. See <citation id="ref1880" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Plowman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, A. v. <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, and <italic>Verjuice</italic> in the Index to <italic>Babees Boke</italic>, and compare P. Veriowce and Vertesawce. Tusser, in his <citation id="ref1881" citation-type="other"><italic>Husbandrie</italic>, &c, xix. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>, recommends the farmer—</p><p>'sBe sure of <italic>vergis</italic> (a gallond at least) so good for the kitchen, so needfull for beast, It helpeth thy cattel, so feeble and faint, if timely such cattle with it thou acquaint.’</p><p>See also ch. xviii. st. 48. ‘I serve of vinegre and <italic>vergeous</italic> and of greynes that ben soure and greene.’ <citation id="ref1882" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Deguileville</surname><given-names>De</given-names></name>, <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>. The Invent, of W. Duffield, in 1452, includes ‘ij barelles pro <italic>vergust</italic> xij<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1883" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>139</fpage></citation>; and in that of John Cadeby, about 1450, we find ‘j <italic>verjous</italic> barell cum le <italic>verjous</italic>,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1883">ibid.</xref> p. 100.</p></fn><fn id="fn2343" symbol="page 400 note 4"><label><sup>page 400 note 4</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Ventose</italic>, f. a cupping-glasse: <italic>ventoser</italic>, to cup, or apply cupping glasses: <italic>ventousé</italic>; cupped with a cupping-glasse.’ See additional note to a Garse.</p></fn><fn id="fn2344" symbol="page 400 note 5"><label><sup>page 400 note 5</sup></label><p>A copy of the handkerchief of St. Veronica with which our Lord is said to have wiped His face, when His likeness remained imprinted on it. See Profs Skeat's note to P. Plowman, C. viii. 168, for a full account of the origin of the term. Such copies were frequently worn by pilgrims; thus Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Cant. Tales, l. 685, represents the Pardoner as wearing ‘a <italic>vernicle</italic> sowed on hia cappe.’ In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, l. 18859, we have the form <italic>verony</italic>:</p><p>'sLike his modir was that childe Sene hit is by the <italic>verony</italic>, With faire visage and mode ful mylde; And bi the yraage of that lady.’</p><p>In <citation id="ref1884" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Artkure</italic>, <fpage>297</fpage></citation>, Aungers vows vengeance on the Romans by ‘Criste, and Þe haly <italic>vernacle</italic>, vertuus and noble.’ <citation id="ref1885" citation-type="other"><italic>See Legends of the Holy Rood</italic>, pp. <fpage>170</fpage>–1</citation> (where two old drawings of a <italic>vernacle</italic> are reproduced), the Coventry Mysteries, p. 318.</p></fn><fn id="fn2345" symbol="page 401 note 1"><label><sup>page 401 note 1</sup></label><p>Compare Verejouse, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2346" symbol="page 401 note 2"><label><sup>page 401 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Lenticula</italic>; a littell vessell out of which Princes were anoynted; a Chrysmatorie.’ Cooper.</p></fn><fn id="fn2347" symbol="page 401 note 3"><label><sup>page 401 note 3</sup></label><p>'sUgely, <italic>horridus</italic>: Uged, <italic>feedus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In describing the pains of hell Hampole says they</p><p>'ser swa fel and hard, Þat ilk man may <italic>ugge</italic>, bathe yuunge and alde, Als yhe sal here be red aftirward, Þat heres Þam be reherced and talde.’</p><p><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 6416.</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1886" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>92</fpage></citation>. Compare to Huge, &c. In the <italic>Story of Genesis & Exodus</italic>, l. 2826, Moses, when bidden by God to go to Pharaoh, says:</p><p>'sLouerd, sent him ðat is to cumen, <italic>Vgging</italic> and dred me haueð numen.’ See also l. 950. In l. 2850 we have <italic>vglike</italic> = ugly. ‘And last by the <italic>vgsomnes</italic> of our synnes many trybulacyons be engendred in our soules.’ Bp. Fisher, Works, p. 53; see also p. 69. Wyclif, in his Treatises (Select Works, iii. 34), speaks of a person ‘<italic>uggynge</italic> for drede and wo.’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1886">ibid.</xref> p. 117.</p><p>'sAnd doun ane tempest sent als dirk as nicht, The streme wox <italic>vgsum</italic> of the dym sky.</p><p>G. Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. v. p. 127, l. 37.</p><p>'sA thoner and a thick rayne Þrublet in the skewes, With an <italic>ugsom</italic> noise, noy for to here.’ <italic>Destruct. of Troy</italic>, 12497.</p><p>Stubbes, in his <citation id="ref1887" citation-type="other"><italic>Anat. of Abuses</italic>, p. <fpage>72</fpage></citation>, uses the form <italic>ugglesome</italic>. In Lord Surrey's Translation of the Second Book of the <citation id="ref1888" citation-type="other"><italic>Æneid</italic>, p. <fpage>144</fpage></citation>, in Bell's edition, Æneas describing his escape from Troy, says—</p><p>'sIn the dark night, looking all rovmd about, In every place the <italic>ugsome</italic> sights I saw.’</p><p>Lauder, in his <citation id="ref1889" citation-type="other"><italic>Godlie Tractate</italic>, ed. Furnivall; p. 18, l. <fpage>469</fpage></citation>, says—</p><p>'sI <italic>vg</italic> зour Murthour and Hirschip to declare.’</p><p>See Wedgwood, <citation id="ref1890" citation-type="other"><italic>Dict of Eng. Etymology</italic>, Introd. p. <fpage>xxxvii</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2348" symbol="page 401 note 4"><label><sup>page 401 note 4</sup></label><p>See the quotation from Rokewode's Hist, of Suffolk in. Mr. Way's note to Fane, p. 148, and Trevisa's Higden, ii. 71: ‘buldes wiÞ <italic>vice</italic> arches’ [<italic>cocleata</italic>]. ‘<italic>Vis</italic>, m. The vice or spindle of a presse; also a winding staire: <italic>vis brisée</italic>; a stair?, which haying foure or fiue steps upright, then turnes and hath as many another way.’ Cotgrave. Caxton, in his <citation id="ref1891" citation-type="other"><italic>Description of Britain</italic>, p. <fpage>16</fpage></citation>, says: ‘There were somtyme houses with <italic>vyce</italic> arches and voutes in the maner of rome.’ ‘Vyce, a tournyng stare, <italic>uis</italic>.’ Palsgrave. See the Will of John Baret, executed in 1463, who directs the ‘Seynt Marie preest to haue a keye of my cost of the <italic>vys</italic> dore goyng vp to the candilbein.’ <citation id="ref1892" citation-type="other"><italic>Bury Wills, &c.</italic>, p. <fpage>29</fpage></citation>. Cf. the editor's note at p. 244. See a Turne grece, above, p. 397. ‘Then an aungell came downe from the stage on hygh by a <italic>vyce</italic>’ Caxton, <italic>Chronicle of England</italic>, pt. vii. p. 136<sup>b</sup>, ed. 1520. In the description of ‘The Bird. Mary's Cage,’ from the Porkington MS. ed. Halliwell (Warton Club, 1855), p. 4, it is said that</p><p>'sthe pynnaculs schalle go alle by <italic>vysse</italic>, Within and withowte.’</p><p>Horman has, ‘I go into my chambre by a wyndynge stayre [<italic>per coclium</italic>].’ Fabyan tells us that amongst the presents sent to Charlemagne by the King of Persia ‘was an horologe or a clocke of laten, of a wonder artyficiall makyng, that at euery oure of the daye & nyght, whan the sayde clocke shulde stryke, imagys on horse backe aperyd out of sondrye placis, and after departyd agayne by meane of sertayne <italic>vyces</italic>’</p></fn><fn id="fn2349" symbol="page 402 note 1"><label><sup>page 402 note 1</sup></label><p>A. incorrectly adds <italic>propago</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2350" symbol="page 402 note 2"><label><sup>page 402 note 2</sup></label><p>Compare Verelle, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2351" symbol="page 402 note 3"><label><sup>page 402 note 3</sup></label><p>'sA visor, <italic>laruale</italic>; visored, <italic>laruatus</italic>’ Manip. Vocab. In the<citation id="ref1893" citation-type="other"><italic>Anturs of Arthur</italic>, xxxii <fpage>5</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'sThen he auaylit vppe his <italic>viserne</italic> fro his ventalle.’</p><p>This I take to be the meaning here, but compare a Soarle, above, p. 321. Neckam, <italic>De Utens.</italic>, gives ‘<italic>larvam</italic>, visere,’ which he explains by ‘<italic>larvatam ymaginem priapi</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 113.</p></fn><fn id="fn2352" symbol="page 402 note 4"><label><sup>page 402 note 4</sup></label><p>See Lappe, above, p. 208. The <italic>umbe</italic>- is the A. S. <italic>ymbe</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>umb-, um</italic>-, around, after. Hampole tells us that as for the wicked vermin shall</p><p>'sIn Þam fest Þair clowes full depe; Þai salle <italic>umlapp</italic> Þam alle aboute.’</p><p><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 6936.</p><p>'sSaiand, God forsoke him ai; And <italic>um-lappes</italic> him on ane,’</p><p>Filiyhes bathe be night and dai, For Þat outakes es it nane.’</p><p><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. lxx. 11.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1893">ibid</xref>, xxxix. 13. In <italic>Sir Gamayne</italic>, l. 628, a pentangle is described as</p><p>'sa figure Þat haldeз fyue poynteз, & vche lyne <italic>vmbe-lappeз</italic> & Ioukeз in oзer,’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1894" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>426</fpage></citation>, we have ‘<italic>vmbelapped</italic> with so many synnea.’ Compare also <italic>Rauf Coilзear</italic>, l.412.</p></fn><fn id="fn2353" symbol="page 402 note 5"><label><sup>page 402 note 5</sup></label><p>'sзis king sal be <italic>umset</italic> wit sele.’ <citation id="ref1895" citation-type="other"><italic>Antichrist</italic>, l. <fpage>277</fpage></citation>. Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Consc.</italic> 5420, has—</p><p>'sÞai sal be <italic>umset</italic> swa on ilka side, Þat Þai may nouthir fle ne Þam hide.’</p><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, ix, 331, we read how Bruce</p><p>'sTil Perth is went with all his rout And <italic>vmbeset</italic> the toune about.’</p><p>See also l. 706.</p><p>'sÞe Mirmydons to Menon myghtily Þronge, <italic>Vmbset</italic> hym on yche side.’ <italic>Destr. of Troy</italic>, 10433.</p><p>'sWhan the Steward was thus <italic>vnbesette</italic> with thise iij bestes he was right sory.’ <citation id="ref1896" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>281</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2354" symbol="page 403 note 1"><label><sup>page 403 note 1</sup></label><p>'sSathanas. Nay, I pray the do not so, <italic>Umthynke</italic> the better in thy mynde.’</p><p>Towneley Mysteries, p. 251;</p><p>see also pp. 4 and 327. <citation id="ref1897" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hampole</surname></name>, <italic>Short Prose Treatises</italic>, p. <fpage>10</fpage></citation>; has: ‘<italic>Vmbethynke</italic> the Þat thou halowe Þi halydaye.’</p><p>'s“A schir <italic>vmbethinkis</italic> зow,
said he, “How neir to зow that I suld be.
’</p><p>Barbour's <citation id="ref1898" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, v. <fpage>613</fpage>.</citation></p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1898">ibid.</xref> xvi. 84, xvii. 40, 771, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2355" symbol="page 403 note 2"><label><sup>page 403 note 2</sup></label><p>A. S, <italic>uncuð</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2356" symbol="page 403 note 3"><label><sup>page 403 note 3</sup></label><p>After death, Hampole tells us, all shall turn</p><p>'sTil poudre and erthe and vyle clay; Þat <italic>unnethes</italic> any man wille se And wormes sal ryve hym in sondie; What he was, and what he sal be.’</p><p>And Þarfor haf I mykel wondere <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 888.</p><p>A. S. <italic>uneuðe</italic>. ‘Scantly, hardly, <italic>uneth</italic>.’ Baret. In the Paston Letters, i. 182, we read: ‘The lond is so out of tylthe that <italic>anedes</italic> any man wol geve any thyng for it.’ The form <italic>unnethes</italic> is not uncommon, but I know of but a single instance of <italic>unnes</italic>, which is the Northumbrian form.</p><p>'s<italic>Unnes</italic> youre mynnyng make, if ye be never so wrothe.’ Towneley Myst. p. 325.</p></fn><fn id="fn2357" symbol="page 403 note 4"><label><sup>page 403 note 4</sup></label><p>'sQuhy dred thou nocht to put thy handis in the <italic>vnctit</italic> kyng of the lord?’ <italic>Compl. of Scotland</italic>, p. 120. Wyclif uses the verb <italic>ointen</italic>, to anoint, in Mark xvi. l. ‘<italic>Oinct, m. oincte, f.</italic> annointed, greased, besmeared, smeared: <italic>oindre</italic>, to anoint, &c.’ Cotgrave. In Lord Surrey's Fourth Book of the Æneid, ed. Bell, p. 156, we read—</p><p>'sParis now, with his unmanly sort, With mitred hats, with <italic>ointed</italic> bush and beard.’</p><p>Major Moor, in his Suffolk Glossary, gives ‘<italic>Aaint, aint</italic>, to anoint.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2358" symbol="page 403 note 5"><label><sup>page 403 note 5</sup></label><p>See <italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, l. 3131 and note. Wyclif, in his version of 1 Corinth, i. 17, has: ‘that the cros of Criat be not <italic>voydid</italic> awey.’ ‘Holowe diches and dennes ben lefte vnder the erthe whan stones and metall ben <italic>voyded</italic> and take thens.’ Glanvil, <citation id="ref1899" citation-type="other"><italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xiv. ch. lv. p. <fpage>487</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2359" symbol="page 404 note 1"><label><sup>page 404 note 1</sup></label><p>An advocate. Halliwell quotes—</p><p>'sTo consente to a fals juggyng, Or hyredyst a <italic>voket</italic> to a swyche thyng.’</p><p>MS. Harl. 1701, leaf 36.</p><p>In the fable of the Cat and the Fox in <citation id="ref1900" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>372</fpage></citation>, we are told that ‘bi the foxe are vndirstondyn <italic>vokettes</italic> …‥ Þat han xviij<sup>en</sup> sleightes. and wiles passyng tho a pokefull.’ ‘<italic>Vokettys</italic> ten or twelfe may none help at thia nede.’ Towneley Mysteries, p. 305. ‘<italic>Causidicus</italic>, a Voket.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2360" symbol="page 404 note 2"><label><sup>page 404 note 2</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘a woman's cap, hood, or bonet, <italic>calyptra, caliendrum</italic>.’ In the description of Alison given in the <italic>Miller's Tale</italic> we read—</p><p>'sThe tapes of hir white <italic>volupere</italic> Weren of the same sute of hire colere.’ l. 3241. See also the <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, 4303: ‘She wende the Clerke had wered a <italic>volupere</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2361" symbol="page 404 note 3"><label><sup>page 404 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Voute</italic>. f. A vault or arch; also a vaulted or embowed roofe.’ Cotgrave. ‘<italic>Hec archus</italic>, a vowt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 236. In Trevisa's Higden, i. 221, we have the curious form <italic>fot</italic>: ‘adamant stones Þat were in the <italic>fot</italic> [<italic>in arcubus</italic>].’ In the <italic>Destruct. of Troy</italic>, 1607, we have the word used for an underground passage or channel: ‘the water .… gosshet through Godardys and other great <italic>vautes</italic>.’ See Vawte, above, p. 400, and the quotation from Caxton s. v. Vyce, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2362" symbol="page 404 note 4"><label><sup>page 404 note 4</sup></label><p>'sThe <italic>hyrchon</italic> …. yf he mete ony beste that wold doo hym harme, he reduyseth hym self as rounde as a bowle.’ Caxton, <italic>Myrrour of the World</italic>, pt. ii. ch. xv. p. 100; and again, ‘The <italic>Hyrchon</italic> whan he fyndeth apples beten or blowen doun of a tree he waloweth on them tyl he be chargid and laden with the fruyt stykyng on their pryckes.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1900">ibid.</xref> Horman says ‘<italic>Yrchyns</italic> or hedge hoggis full of sharpe prykyllis whan they know that they be hunted make them rounde lyke a balle; and again, ‘Porpyns haue longer prykels than <italic>yrchyns</italic>.</p><p>'s Hilles hegh til hertes ma, And Þe stane, bi dai and night Vntil <italic>irchones</italic> es toflight.’</p><p><citation id="ref1901" citation-type="other"><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. ciii. <fpage>18</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Lyte, Dodoens, p. 729, says that chestnuts are enclosed in ‘very rough and prickley huskes lyke to a Hedgehogge or <italic>Vrchin</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Irnicius</italic>, an Vrchin.’ Medulla. See the curious remedy ‘for hym that haves the squynansy,’ given in <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. 51, the principal ingredients of which are the guts of a ‘fatte katte and the grees of an <italic>urcheon</italic>, and the fatte of a bare, &c.’ ‘<italic>Histrix est animal spinosum</italic>, an vrchen.’ Ortus. ‘Echinus, <italic>erehon</italic> fisshe is, as I gesse.’ Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. 58, l. 404. Wyclif, in his version of Isaiah xiv. 23, has: ‘I shall putte it [Babylon] in to the possessioun of an <italic>irchoun</italic> and in to myres of watres;’ and again, Psalm ciii. 18: ‘the ston refut to <italic>irchounes</italic>.’ In the description of Danger in the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, 3135, it is said, that ‘like sharpe <italic>urchons</italic> his haire was grow.’ See the burlesque poem from a 15th cent. MS. in <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. 81: ‘A <italic>norchon</italic> by the fyre rostyng a greyhownde.’ At p. 302 of the same volume in the ‘Booke of Hawkyng, after Prince Edward, Kyng of Englande,’ c. 1450, is given the following recipe: ‘For the cramp in hawkes legges. Fede hym with an <italic>Irchyn</italic>, and but that avayle, take the hote blode of a lambe, and anoynt his leggs unto the tyme he be hole;’ see also p. 304.</p></fn><fn id="fn2363" symbol="page 405 note 1"><label><sup>page 405 note 1</sup></label><p>An ore.</p></fn><fn id="fn2364" symbol="page 405 note 2"><label><sup>page 405 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. Vrnynalle, corrected by A.</p></fn><fn id="fn2365" symbol="page 405 note 3"><label><sup>page 405 note 3</sup></label><p>Commonly used in the expression <italic>weylaway</italic>, i.e. woe! lo! woe! A. S. <italic>wa.</italic> See Walaway, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2366" symbol="page 405 note 4"><label><sup>page 405 note 4</sup></label><p>'sWad, an herbe wherewith cloth is died blue, <italic>glastmn</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Wadde, or woad, <italic>glastrum</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>wad</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2367" symbol="page 405 note 5"><label><sup>page 405 note 5</sup></label><p>'sTo wag, or wauer. to moue unconstantlie, not to stand sure, to be vnconstant, <italic>vacillo</italic>.’ Baret. ‘Þey gnowe at Þe Rote of Þe tree with alle theire myght …. in so muche that the wrecchid man felt it <italic>wagge</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1902" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>110</fpage></citation>. See also P. Plowman, B. xvi. 41. ‘Thou must suffre thyself to be holde whyle the arrowheed is plucked out, for the leste <italic>wagging</italic> in the worlde is jeopardous.’ <citation id="ref1903" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Horman</surname></name>, p. <fpage>239</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2368" symbol="page 405 note 6"><label><sup>page 405 note 6</sup></label><p>'sA wagtaile, or waterswallowe, <italic>motacilla, matacula</italic>’ Baret. Cooper, on the other hand, gives ‘<italic>Todi</italic>, littell birdes; it may be the titmouse;’ in which he is followed by Halliwell. The Manip. Vocab., however, is clear on the point, for it has ‘Wagstarte, <italic>motacilla</italic>.’ A. S. <italic>steort</italic>, a tail.</p></fn><fn id="fn2369" symbol="page 405 note 7"><label><sup>page 405 note 7</sup></label><p>'sPlantaine or waibred. <italic>Plantago</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Plantain, m.</italic> Plantaine, Way-bred.’ Cotgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2370" symbol="page 405 note 8"><label><sup>page 405 note 8</sup></label><p>'sWayke, <italic>imbecillis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2371" symbol="page 406 note 1"><label><sup>page 406 note 1</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>wœgn</italic>, O. Icel. <italic>vagn</italic>, a waggon.</p></fn><fn id="fn2372" symbol="page 406 note 2"><label><sup>page 406 note 2</sup></label><p>A cheek-tooth, from A. S. <italic>wang</italic>, a cheek. It occurs in Chaucer, <italic>Monk's Tale</italic>, 3234: ‘And of this asses cheke that was dreye, Out of a <italic>wang-tooth</italic> sprang anon a welle.’ ‘<italic>Molares, vel genium</italic>, wang-teÞ.’ Aelfric's Gloss, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 43. ‘<italic>En bouche sunt les messeleres</italic> [wang-teÞ].’ W. de Biblesworth, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1903">ibid.</xref> p. 146. ‘<italic>Maxillaris</italic>, a Wangtoth.’ Medulla. Wyclif, in his version of Judges xv. 19, has, ‘And so the Lord opnede a <italic>woong tooth</italic>, in the cheek boon of the asse.’ See also Prov. xxx. 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn2373" symbol="page 406 note 3"><label><sup>page 406 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. Watt. Neckam, Treatise <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 106, says that in a fortress there should be</p><p>veytes veliables noyse noyse sun</p><p>'s<italic>excubie vigiles, cornibus suis strepitum et clangorem et sonitum facientes</italic>.’ The word now only survives in the Christmas <italic>waits</italic>. ‘<italic>Hic excubus, A<sup>e</sup></italic> wayte,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1903">ibid.</xref> p. 194. ‘The lady that Þou herde play with instrumentes and that beres a home, that es the <italic>wayte</italic> that wakens the kynge alle tymes by hir blawynge. De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, St. Jomi's MS. If. 130<sup>bk</sup>. ‘<italic>Archubius: ille qui cubat in arce, Anglice</italic>, waytynge in a towre.’ Ortus. ‘A knyghte fat highte Strabo stode in a <italic>weytes</italic> place [<italic>e specula</italic>]. Trevisa's Higden, ii. 191. See <italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, ll. 856, 903. ‘At the last by fortune he came to a castell, and there he herde the <italic>wayters</italic> on the walles.’ Copland's <italic>Kynge Arthur</italic>, 1557, Bk. vii. ch. xxxi. ‘Rude entendement hath maad him an espyour of weyes, and a <italic>waytere</italic> of pilgrimes.’ De Deguileville, <citation id="ref1904" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, ed. Wright, p. <fpage>79</fpage></citation>; see also pp. 35 and 154. ‘And the child <italic>weyter</italic> heuede vp his eyen and bihelde.’ Wyclif, 2 Kings xiii. 34. ‘He <italic>weytyde</italic> hym there not oonys, ne twyes.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1904">ibid.</xref> 4 Kings vi. 10. ‘I wayte, I lye awayte for one to hurte hym, or to spye what he dothe. <italic>je guette</italic>. I wyll wayte him here tyll to morowe but I wyll have hym.’ Palsgrave. G. Douglas, in his trans, of the <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. iii. p. 75, has—</p><p>'sMisenus the wate on the hie garrit seis And with his trumpet thame ane takin maid;’</p><p>the latin being <italic>specula</italic>: and again, Bk. xi. p. 392, he uses the phrase <italic>at the mate</italic>= in wait. See Gower, ii. 149, and compare Sawdyour, above, and the following word.</p></fn><fn id="fn2374" symbol="page 406 note 4"><label><sup>page 406 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Wake men</italic> and watches and wardes ben sette and ordeyned in walles and toures.’ Glanvil, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. ix. ch. xxiv. p. 361. ‘Cranes ordeyne watches, and the <italic>wakes</italic> etondyth vpon oo fote,’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1904">ibid.</xref> Bk. xii. ch. xvi. p. 424.</p></fn><fn id="fn2375" symbol="page 406 note 5"><label><sup>page 406 note 5</sup></label><p>See Way, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2376" symbol="page 406 note 6"><label><sup>page 406 note 6</sup></label><p>The Wolds. ‘Thus the ridge of hills in the <italic>East</italic>, and part of the <italic>North Riding</italic> of Yorkshire is called; and sometimes the country adjoining is called the <italic>wands</italic>.’ Ray's Gloss. E. Dial Soc. p. 72.</p></fn><fn id="fn2377" symbol="page 406 note 7"><label><sup>page 406 note 7</sup></label><p>The use of the verb to <italic>Walk</italic> in the sense of to <italic>Full</italic> has not yet died out in some rural localities of Yorkshire. The noun, <italic>Walker</italic>, a fuller, is general to Mid-Yorkshire and the North, where is also used a <italic>walking-mill</italic>, a fulling-mill, which we find in the Towneley Mysteries, p. 313—</p><p>'sHis luddokys thai lowke like <italic>walk-mylne</italic> clogges;’</p><p>and in Holland's Pliny, Bk. xxxv. c. 11, ‘Simus took pleasure in painting a yong boy lying asleep in a <italic>waulke-mill</italic> or Fullers worke-house.’ In the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>, 1587, amongst the trades of Troy are mentioned ‘wrightes, websters, <italic>walkers</italic> of clothe.’ Trevisa in his trans, of Higden, iv. 409, says that ‘Þe Iewes stened Þis James for wrecke Þat Þey myзte nouзt slee Poule, and aftirward Þey smyte out his brayn with a <italic>walkere</italic> his perche [<italic>pertica fullonis</italic>].’ In the Ordinances of Worcester, 1467, printed in Mr. Toulmin Smith's <citation id="ref1905" citation-type="other"><italic>English Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>383</fpage></citation>, is an order forbidding any inhabitant of the town to ‘put out eny wolle in hurting of the seid cite, or in hynderynge of the pour comynalte of the same, wher they be persones ynogh and people to the same, to dye, carde, or spynne, were, or <italic>cloth-walke</italic>, withyn the seid cyte.’ See the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 21144, and <italic>Destr. of Troy</italic>, 1587. ‘<italic>Fullo, id est decorare, leniter tangere</italic> [?<italic>tingere</italic>], to walke or to full clothe.’ Ortus. ‘Walker, a fuller: walk mill, a fulling-mill.’ Ray's Glossary. ‘<italic>Walker's earth</italic>, sb. for scouring the cloth.’ Thoresby's Letter to Ray. Cf. German <italic>walken</italic>, to full. The MS. has a Walke.</p></fn><fn id="fn2378" symbol="page 407 ntoe 1"><label><sup>page 407 ntoe 1</sup></label><p>There is evidently some confusion here, which I cannot clear up: <italic>paludamentum</italic> is, of course, properly a cloak.</p></fn><fn id="fn2379" symbol="page 407 note 2"><label><sup>page 407 note 2</sup></label><p>Properly a Walsh <italic>i.e.</italic> a foreign nut. The true form occurs in Arnold's <citation id="ref1906" citation-type="other"><italic>Chronicle</italic>, 1502, p. <fpage>165</fpage></citation> (ed. 1811): ‘Yf thou wylt plante analmaunde tree, or a <italic>Walsh nott</italic> tree, or a chery tree.’ Glanvil, <italic>De Propr. Serum</italic>, Bk. xvii.ch.cviii. p. 671, calls them ‘Frenshe nottes.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2380" symbol="page 407 note 3"><label><sup>page 407 note 3</sup></label><p>'sI welte a garment, I set a welte or edge about the borders of it. <italic>Je escolte</italic>. Some welte their kotes for pride, but I wyll do it for profyte.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Bordure d'habillement</italic>, a border or welt of a garment. <italic>Border & couvrir le bord</italic>, to border, to welt.’ Hollyband. ‘<italic>Hoc intercucium, A<sup>e</sup></italic> welte.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 201.</p></fn><fn id="fn2381" symbol="page 407 note 4"><label><sup>page 407 note 4</sup></label><p>'sWallwort: This herbe groweth in vntilled places, it is hot and drie, <italic>humilis sambucus</italic>.’ Baret. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Byeble</italic>, m. Dwarfe Elderne, Danewort, Wallwort, Woodwort.’ ‘With <italic>walwort</italic> that goode lande wol signifie.’ Palladius <citation id="ref1907" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>4</fpage></citation>, l. 68.</p></fn><fn id="fn2382" symbol="page 407 note 5"><label><sup>page 407 note 5</sup></label><p>Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Allecter</italic>, to wamble as a queasie stomach doth.’ Still in use in the North. Cf. Dregbaly. ‘It [vomiting] is also good for him that is harte-burned, and hath moche spyttelle, or his stomacke <italic>wambleth</italic>.’ Elyott, <italic>Castell of Health</italic>, Bk. iii. c. iv. p. 56. ‘I wamble as ones stomacke dothe. <italic>Je allecte</italic>.’ Palsgrave. Lyte, in his trans, of Dodoens, p. 6, says of wormwood that it ‘is good against .… the boyling up or <italic>wambling</italic> of the stomacke;’ see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1907">ibid.</xref> pp. 329, 704. Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden, v. 235, says of Homericus, ‘<italic>he wambled</italic> ful of wormes.’ ‘Wamble stomached, to be. <italic>Nauseo</italic>. Wambling of stomach, or disposition, or will to vomit. <italic>Nausea</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2383" symbol="page 407 note 6"><label><sup>page 407 note 6</sup></label><p>Unwashed wool. Baret gives ‘moist with the oile or sweat that is within it, vnwashed out, <italic>succidus; lana succida</italic> Plin. <italic>laine avec le suin</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2384" symbol="page 407 note 7"><label><sup>page 407 note 7</sup></label><p>See Waynge tothe, above.</p></fn><fn id="fn2385" symbol="page 408 note 1"><label><sup>page 408 note 1</sup></label><p>'sWan, <italic>pallidus, ;lividus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2386" symbol="page 408 note 2"><label><sup>page 408 note 2</sup></label><p>D'Amis renders <italic>Reno</italic> by ‘Pellicium, vestis ex pellibus confecta, quæ humeros et latera tegit; <italic>pelisse qwi tombe depuis les épaules jusquau bas du dos</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2387" symbol="page 408 note 3"><label><sup>page 408 note 3</sup></label><p>A dinner mat. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Garde-nappe, f.</italic> A wreath, ring, or circlet of wicker, &c, set under a dish at meale times, to save the Table cloth from soyling. <italic>Nappe, f.</italic> A table-cloth.’ See also Jamieson s. v. Gardnap, and Ducange s. v. <italic>Gardenappa. ‘Linus, quedam vestis; Anglice</italic>, a sancloth [?sauecloth].’ Ortus. ‘Garnappe, <italic>Basis</italic>. To be laid under the pot upon the table to save the table cloth clean.’ Withals. ‘A garnop, <italic>basis poculi</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab.</p></fn><fn id="fn2388" symbol="page 408 note 4"><label><sup>page 408 note 4</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Warden</italic> appulles rosted, stued, or baken, be nutrytyue, and doth comfort the stomache, specyally yf they be eaten with comfettes.’ Andrew Boorde's <citation id="ref1908" citation-type="other"><italic>Dyetary</italic>, p. <fpage>284</fpage></citation>. And again, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1908">ibid.</xref> p. 291, as a remedy for the Pestilence: ‘Let hym vse to eate stued or baken <italic>wardens</italic>, yf they can be goton, yf not, eate stued or baken peers, with comfettes: vse no grosse meates, but those the which be lyght of dygestyon.’ ‘A wardeyne, tree, <italic>volemus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Palsgrave gives ‘Warden tree; <italic>poyrier</italic>. Warden frute, <italic>poire a cuire</italic>;’ and again, ‘I stewe wardens, or any frutes or meates. <italic>Je esteuue.</italic> They must stewe your wardens, can you nat eate them rawe?’ See the burlesque tales in <italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. 83, in one of which we are told ‘Petur askud Adam a full greyt dowtfull question, and seyd, “Adam, Adam, why ete thu the apull unpard?
“Forsothe,
quod he, “for y had no <italic>wardyns</italic> fryde.
’</p></fn><fn id="fn2389" symbol="page 408 note 5"><label><sup>page 408 note 5</sup></label><p>See Barbour's <citation id="ref1909" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, v. <fpage>1</fpage></citation>:</p><p>'sThis wes in <italic>were</italic>, quhen vyntir tyde Wes ourdriffin.’</p><p>Vith his blastis, hydwis to byde</p><p>'sThe warld begouth in <italic>veir</italic> baith day and nycht.’</p><p>G. Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. vi. prol. p. 160.</p><p>'sIn <italic>veer</italic> is thaire sewynge. Resewe in hervest hem that seede shall brynge.’</p><p>Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, Bk. iv. l. 251.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1910">ibid.</xref> Bk. i. l. 389.</p></fn><fn id="fn2390" symbol="page 408 note 6"><label><sup>page 408 note 6</sup></label><p>To change, veer about.</p></fn><fn id="fn2391" symbol="page 408 note 7"><label><sup>page 408 note 7</sup></label><p>'sThou sall, to get thi <italic>warisoune</italic>, Ga till Pirrus.’ Barbour's <citation id="ref1910" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xx. <fpage>544</fpage></citation>. See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1910">ibid.</xref> x. 526, and Robert de Brunne, p. 24.</p></fn><fn id="fn2392" symbol="page 408 note 8"><label><sup>page 408 note 8</sup></label><p>In Wyclif's version of Deut. xxxii. 28, two MSS. read, ‘Israel is a folk with out counsel, and with out <italic>warnesse</italic> [wisdom W.].’</p></fn><fn id="fn2393" symbol="page 409 note 1"><label><sup>page 409 note 1</sup></label><p>A store. This word occurs in the St. John's MS. of De Deguileville's <italic>Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode</italic>, leaf 94, where we find—‘͇if a pore man hase ane ox or a swyne to kepe for his <italic>warnestore</italic> echo takis Þam, and neuere rekkes.’</p><p>'sIn eche stude heo sette Þere strong <italic>warnesture</italic> and god Of folk of ]ris lond here, and of here owne blod.’</p><p>Robert of Gloucester, p. 94.</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1910">ibid.</xref> p. 180, where the form <italic>warinstour</italic> is used.</p><p>'sI will remayn quhill this <italic>warnetor</italic> began.’ Wallace, ix. 1197, in Jamieson.</p><p>The verb to <italic>warnys</italic> = to store, furnish with provisions, occurs frequently in Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>. ‘I shal <italic>warnestoore</italic> myn hous with toures, swiche as han Castelles, and othere manere edifices.’ Chaucer, <italic>Tale of Melibeus</italic>, l. 2523 (6-Text edition). ‘<italic>Warnstoringe</italic> .… of hegh toures and grete edifices apperteined somtimti tofinde.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1910">ibid.</xref> In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 1698, God bids Noah to ‘mak a boure, For to hald in Þi <italic>wermestore</italic>;’ where the other MSS. read <italic>warnestoure, warnistoure</italic>, and <italic>wardestoure</italic>. See also <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, l.1121.</p></fn><fn id="fn2394" symbol="page 409 note 2"><label><sup>page 409 note 2</sup></label><p>'sTo warp an <italic>egge</italic>; <italic>ouum ponere</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Bay also gives the word in his Glossary of North Country Words, E. Dial. Soc. ed. Skeat, 72. A. S. <italic>weorpan</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2395" symbol="page 409 note 3"><label><sup>page 409 note 3</sup></label><p>A. S. <italic>wearr</italic>. In Douglas, <citation id="ref1911" citation-type="other"><italic>Mneados</italic>, Bk. xii. p. <fpage>440</fpage></citation>, the word is used for a tough or hard knot in a tree: ‘fessynnyt sa is in the <italic>ware</italic> the grip.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2396" symbol="page 409 note 4"><label><sup>page 409 note 4</sup></label><p>For a full account of Werewolves see the Introduction to Prof. Skeat's edition of <italic>William of Palerne</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2397" symbol="page 409 note 5"><label><sup>page 409 note 5</sup></label><p>See P. Wose, p. 532. The author of the <italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, speaking of the Ichthiophagi, says that ‘they builde them preaty cabanea of the ribbes of whales .… Those do they couer with the <italic>woose</italic>, and the wiedes of the sea tempered together.’ Pt. i. ch. vi. p. 105. Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden, i. 63, says: ‘in Þe sides of Þe hulles of Caspii salt veynes mulleÞ and <italic>woseth</italic> oute humours.’ In the <italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, 1742, we read of ships being ‘nat yit ysetelid, ne -fixid in the <italic>wose</italic>.’ ‘Whan the heete is sharped by dryenesse heete dealyth the humours, and the humours soo dealed. <italic>woosyth</italic> outwarde. and makith the thynge safte and smothe.’ Glanvil, <italic>De Propr.Rerum</italic>, bk. iv. ch. iii. p. 82. William Fletewood, Recorder of London, writing to Lord Burleigh in 1575, on the manner of tanning leather in different parts of England, says, ‘the <italic>owse</italic> of the Oken barke dronke, is the extremest binder that can be founde in phisicke; and even so it bindeth the lether.’ Ellis, <citation id="ref1912" citation-type="other"><italic>Original Letters</italic>, Ser. I. vol. iii. p. <fpage>30</fpage></citation>. See also P. Plowman, C. xiii. 229, and <citation id="ref1913" citation-type="other"><italic>Ayenbite</italic>, pp. <fpage>87</fpage>, <fpage>89</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2398" symbol="page 410 note 1"><label><sup>page 410 note 1</sup></label><p>See Wayt, above, p. 406.</p></fn><fn id="fn2399" symbol="page 410 note 2"><label><sup>page 410 note 2</sup></label><p>The second best quality of bread, the best being <italic>simnel</italic>; and the third <italic>cocket</italic>. Mr. Wright (Vol. Vocab. p. 198) suggests that the origin of this word is the old Fr. <italic>gasteau</italic>, a cake. Baret renders <italic>Libum</italic> by ‘a kinde of bunne, or cake; a wafer made of cleane wheate with honie and oyle; <italic>gasteau</italic>.’ Cotgrave has ‘<italic>Gasteau</italic>, a great cake; <italic>gastelet</italic>, a little cake.’ ‘<italic>Hoc placentum, A<sup>e</sup></italic> wastelle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 199.</p></fn><fn id="fn2400" symbol="page 410 note 3"><label><sup>page 410 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Wath, sb.</italic> a water-ford.’ Ray's Glossary. A. S. <italic>wadan</italic>, to wade; <italic>wað</italic>, a ford.</p></fn><fn id="fn2401" symbol="page 410 note 4"><label><sup>page 410 note 4</sup></label><p>Tusser, in his <italic>Five Hundred Pointes, &c.</italic> ch. 19, st. 7, writes—</p><p>'sSeede husbandly sowen, <italic>water-furrow</italic> thy ground, That raine when it commeth may run away round.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>furh</italic>, a furrow.</p></fn><fn id="fn2402" symbol="page 410 note 5"><label><sup>page 410 note 5</sup></label><p>A water-snake. ‘<italic>Hydrus</italic>, a water serpent.’ Cooper. ‘A watirnedir, <italic>hydrus</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 223. See Neddyr, p. 250.</p></fn><fn id="fn2403" symbol="page 410 note 6"><label><sup>page 410 note 6</sup></label><p>The milky-way, of which the following description is given in Chaucer, <citation id="ref1914" citation-type="other"><italic>Hous of Fame</italic>, pt. 2, ll. <fpage>427</fpage>–<lpage>435</lpage></citation>:</p><p>'sNow, quod he thoo, cast up thyn eye: That ones was ybrente wyth helte Se yonder, loo. the <italic>galoxie</italic>, When the sonnes sonne, the rede, Whiche men clepeth the milky weye, That highte Phetoun, wolde lede For hit ys white: and somme, parfeye, Algate his fader carte, and gye.’</p><p>Kallen hyt <italic>Watlynge strete</italic>.</p><p>See also the Towneley Mysteries, p. 308: ‘let us go to this dome up <italic>Watlyn Slrete</italic>.’ In Batman upon Glanvil, <italic>De Propr. Serum</italic>, 1582, Bk. viii. ch. xxxii. lf. 134, col. 2, we are told: ‘Where starres be coniunct nigh togethe[r]s, they give the more lyght, and bee more fayre and bright. As it fareth in the Seuen Starres, & in the stars of the circle the which is called <italic>Galaxia</italic>, that is <italic>Watlingstrete</italic>.’ In Henrysone's ‘Traitie of Orpheus,’ Edinburgh, 1508, he is represented as going to heaven to seek hia wife:</p><p>'sBy <italic>Wadlyng strete</italic> .… but tarying.’</p><p>'sIn the stil heuin mone cours we se Arthurys hufe, and Hyades betaiknyng rane, Syne <italic>Watling Strete</italic>, the Horne and the Charle Wane.’</p><p>G. Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. iii. p. 85.</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1915" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>58</fpage></citation>, we jead of a comet ‘in the quhyt circle callit circulus lacteua, the quhilk the marynalis callis <italic>vatlant streit</italic>.’ Other countries have also named this ‘pathway in the sky’ after terrestrial roads; thus Aventin, a German writer of the 10th century, called it <italic>Euring Strasse</italic>, after Euring, a mythological hero. The Italians, similarly, named it ‘<italic>Santa Strada di Loretto</italic>,’ and in the North of Spain and South of France it is known as Jacob's Way, <italic>Jacobstrasse</italic>. Similarly, Mahommedans call it the ‘Hadji's way,’ and in Norfolk it was known as Walsingham Street, as though pointing the way to the famous shrine at Walsingham.</p></fn><fn id="fn2404" symbol="page 411 note 1"><label><sup>page 411 note 1</sup></label><p>O. H. Ger. <italic>waga</italic>, a wave. A. S. <italic>wœg</italic>, a wave; <italic>wagian</italic>, to fluctuate.</p><p>'sÞe godis of Þis grounde aren like to Þe grete <italic>wawes</italic>.’ P. Plowman, B. viii. 40.</p><p>'sUpon the <italic>wawis</italic> welt'ring to and fro.’ <citation id="ref1916" citation-type="other"><italic>The King's Quhair</italic>, ed. Chalmers, p. <fpage>33</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2405" symbol="page 411 note 2"><label><sup>page 411 note 2</sup></label><p>Enlarged and inflamed glands in the neck. Baret has ‘A kernel, a hard impostume gathered in the bodie, <italic>scirrus</italic>: a waxe kernell about the eares, or necke; <italic>parolis, glans</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Glandula, nodus sub cute</italic>, a waxynge curnelle.’ Medulla. In the Royal MS. 17, C. xvii, <italic>de infirmitatibus</italic> are mentioned ‘<italic>Glandulli</italic>, wax kyrnel.’ ‘Waxyng kyrnels; <italic>glande, glanders</italic>. Kyrnell or knobbe in the necke, or other where; <italic>glandre</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘Waxynge kernell. <italic>Tolles</italic>.’ Huloet. Andrew Boorde, in his <italic>Breuiary of Health</italic>, 1552, devotes three chapters to ‘lytle <italic>cornels</italic>’ or ‘<italic>carnels</italic>.’ in the flesh: ‘The cause of harde <italic>Carnelles</italic> cometh of colerycke humours, and the softe <italic>carnelles</italic> doth come of corrupt bloud myxte with fleume.’ ch. clxv. fo. 59; see also chh. xiv. and lxxix. Lyte, Dodoens, p. 719. says that ‘The leaues of the figge tree do wast and consume away the king's euil or <italic>swelling hernelles</italic> in the throte.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2406" symbol="page 411 note 3"><label><sup>page 411 note 3</sup></label><p><italic>Webbe</italic> (A. S. <italic>webba</italic>) is a male weaver in Chaucer, Prol. 362; the feminine is both <italic>webbe</italic> (A.S. <italic>webbe</italic> in Beowulf, ed. Grein, 1942) and <italic>webster</italic> as here. Compare <italic>spynnesters</italic> in P. Plowman, B. v. 216, and <italic>wollewebsteres</italic> in B Prol. 219. The distinction between the forms does not appear to have been strictly adhered to. Thus in P. Plowman, C. vii. 221, we find—‘My wif was a <italic>webbe</italic>, and woollen cloth made.’ Similarly, in Wright's Vocab. p. 214, <italic>baxter</italic> and <italic>brewster</italic> are masculine, while at p. 216 they are feminine. ‘<italic>Hic textor, A<sup>e.</sup></italic> webstere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn2407" symbol="page 411 note 4"><label><sup>page 411 note 4</sup></label><p>To deposit as security. In Sir Amadace, xxxiii. the knight ‘waxes wille of wone</p><p>'sQuen he thoзte on his londus brode, That were a-way euerichon; His castels hee, his townus made, That he had sette and <italic>layd to wedde.</italic>’</p><p>'sEthelstan leyde his knyf <italic>to wedde</italic> [<italic>pro vadio</italic>] uppon seint John his auзter.’ Higden, Trevisa, vi. 433. ‘<italic>Depositum</italic>, a wedleyd. <italic>Pignus</italic>, a Wedde.’ Medulla. ‘I wedge, I lay in pledge. <italic>Je gaige</italic>. I wedge my heed it is nat so.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2408" symbol="page 412 note 1"><label><sup>page 412 note 1</sup></label><p>Used in a variety of senses, but usually in that of a stovm, as in P. In <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 3059, it is applied to the plague of hail, ‘and wurð ðis <italic>weder</italic> sone al stille;’ and Wyclif, in Deut. xxxii. 2, uses it to render the latin <italic>imber</italic>; ‘flowe as dewe my speohe, as <italic>wedre</italic> vpon the erbe, where the A. V. reads ‘as the small rain.’</p><p>'sÞo <italic>weders</italic> grete & vnstable lord, make gode & sesonable.’</p><p><citation id="ref1917" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>36</fpage></citation>, l. 390.</p><p>'sGod ordains here, als es his wille, Of Þe tyms and <italic>wedirs</italic> and sesons Sere variaunce for certayn skille, In taken of Þe worldes conditions.’</p><p>Hampole, <italic>Pricke of Cons.</italic> 1424.</p></fn><fn id="fn2409" symbol="page 412 note 2"><label><sup>page 412 note 2</sup></label><p>See Fayne of a shippe, p. 122. veder-coc</p><p>'s<italic>Cheruca tamen proprie dicitur ventilogium, quod in Gallico dicitur</italic> cocket.’</p><p>Neckam, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 115.</p></fn><fn id="fn2410" symbol="page 412 note 3"><label><sup>page 412 note 3</sup></label><p>Hampole tells us that those who enter heaven shall know the secrets of God, amongst others—</p><p>'sWhi som er ryche here, and some pore, And som Þat er in lele <italic>wedlayk</italic> born, And whi som childer geten in hordom, Ar Þai be cristened, er dad and lorn.’</p><p>Er baptized, and has cristendom; <italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 8258.</p><p>A, S. <italic>wedlak</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2411" symbol="page 412 note 4"><label><sup>page 412 note 4</sup></label><p>See Tryndelle of a webster, above, p. 393.</p></fn><fn id="fn2412" symbol="page 412 note 5"><label><sup>page 412 note 5</sup></label><p>'sYf thai [service-trees] nyl bere, a <italic>wegge</italic> oute of a bronde Ywrought dryve in the roote.’ Palladius <citation id="ref1918" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, l. 246.</p></fn><fn id="fn2413" symbol="page 412 note 6"><label><sup>page 412 note 6</sup></label><p>A contrivance for cleansing grains of corn; according to Halliwell it is like a sieve, but without holes in the bottom, and is usually made of sheepskin. The Medulla explains <italic>Capisterium</italic> as ‘a ffane,’ that is a fan or winnowing contrivance. ‘<italic>Capisterium</italic>. A cribbe or sieve to cleanse corn withal.’ Littleton.</p></fn><fn id="fn2414" symbol="page 412 note 7"><label><sup>page 412 note 7</sup></label><p>That is a <italic>weigh scale</italic>. In the Invent, of John Cadeby, of Beverley (bef. 1451), we find mentioned ‘j par <italic>weyengscales</italic> de ligno iiij<sup>d</sup>. Item j scale pro grano ponendo vj<sup>d</sup>.’ iii. 9.</p></fn><fn id="fn2415" symbol="page 412 note 8"><label><sup>page 412 note 8</sup></label><p>See Candylweke, above, p. 53.</p></fn><fn id="fn2416" symbol="page 413 note 1"><label><sup>page 413 note 1</sup></label><p>A wicker trap for fish. Compare a Trunk, above, p. 395. Tusser, in his ‘Februaries Abstract,’ bids the farmer</p><p>'sWatch ponds, go looke to <italic>weeles</italic> and hooke, Knaues seld repent to steale in Lent.’</p><p><citation id="ref1919" citation-type="other"><italic>Five Hundred Pointes</italic>, ch, xxxvi. st. <fpage>31</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Horman has ‘One hath robbed my wyele: <italic>Predo nassam diripuit</italic>.’ In the Harleian MS. trans, of Higden, ii. 319, we are told how ‘Moyses …‥ was putte in a <italic>weele</italic> made of rishes.’ ‘They putte hym in a <italic>wele</italic> in to the sea [<italic>in fiscella</italic>]’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1919">ibid.</xref> iv. 353. ‘<italic>Fuscina</italic>, a wheel or leap.’ Stanbridge. ‘<italic>Gurgens</italic>, wæl.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 80. ‘Weyle to take fyshe. <italic>Excipula</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2417" symbol="page 413 note 2"><label><sup>page 413 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Story of Genesis & Exodus</italic>, l 1914, we read of Joseph that his father</p><p>'swulde ðat he sulde hem ten ðat he <italic>welðewed</italic> sulde ben.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>Þeaw</italic>, manner, custom.</p></fn><fn id="fn2418" symbol="page 413 note 3"><label><sup>page 413 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>. p. 17, is given a recipe for a ‘Potage of <italic>welkes</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Turbin, m.</italic> The shelle fish called a whelke or winkle.’ Cotgrave. ‘A welke, fish. <italic>Turbo</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. <italic>weoloc.</italic> The word occurs again below, p. 418.</p></fn><fn id="fn2419" symbol="page 413 note 4"><label><sup>page 413 note 4</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1920" citation-type="other"><italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, p. <fpage>81</fpage></citation>, l. 1255, the Trinity MS. reads</p><p>'sFor <italic>welewed</italic> in Þat gres grene Þat euer siÞÞen haÞ ben sene.’</p><p>See also p. 644, l. 11213—</p><p>'she Þat Þe <italic>walud</italic> wand moght ger, in a night leif and fruit ber.</p><p>A. S. <italic>wealowian, wealwian</italic>, to fade, become yellow. ‘Thei ben maad as the hei of the feeld, and as grene eerbe of roouys, which is dried, or <italic>welewide</italic>, bifor that it cam to ripe. nesse.’ Wyclif, 4 Kings xix. 26 (P.). See also Isaiah xix. 6, Joshua xviii. 3, and Mark iv. 6. In the <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 475, Jonah on waking is described as finding the gourd</p><p>'sAl <italic>welwed</italic> & wasted Þo worÞelych leues.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2420" symbol="page 413 note 4"><label><sup>page 413 note 4</sup></label><p>Herbis wox dry, <italic>wallowing</italic> and gan to faid.’ G. Douglas, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk, iii. p. 72. In a poem written c. 1300, we have the following:</p><p>'sSuch serewe hath myn sides thurh-doht, When y shal murthes mete.’</p><p>That al y <italic>weolewe</italic> a-way to noht, Wright's Lyric Poetry, xv. p. 50.</p><p>'sThe fayrenesse of the worlde was <italic>welwed</italic> wyth brennyng of thre fyres.’ <citation id="ref1921" citation-type="other"><italic>Myroure of our Ladye</italic>, p. <fpage>216</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2421" symbol="page 413 note 5"><label><sup>page 413 note 5</sup></label><p>A frequentative formed from A. S. <italic>wealtian</italic>, to roll, totter (Lye). Baret gives ‘to turne or waiter in mire, as hogges do, <italic>voluto</italic>.’ In the struggle between Arthur and the giant we read—</p><p>'sЗitt es the warlow so wyghte, he <italic>welters</italic> hyme vndere, Wrothely thai wrythyne and wrystille togederз <italic>Welters</italic> and walowes ouer with-in thase bushes.’ <italic>Morte Arthur;</italic>, 1140.</p><p>See also ll. 890, 2147. ‘He was <italic>waltryd</italic> bifor hir feet, and he lay without soule and wretchidful.’ Wyclif, Judges v. 27 (Purvey). ‘Thou welterest in the myer, as thou were a sowe. I walter, I tumble. <italic>Je me voystre</italic>. Hye you, your horse is walterynge yonder.’ Palsgrave. In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xi. 24, we are told that</p><p>'sA litill stane oft, as men sayis, May ger <italic>weltir</italic> ane mekill wane.’</p><p>'sBy lytel and lytel he synketh in to the fylthy pleasure of it, even as an hors the softer myre or claye he <italic>waltreth</italic> hymaselfe in the more easely he lyeth and emprynteth deper his symilytude in it.’ Bp. Fisher, Works, p. 204. ‘A! in woo I <italic>waltyr</italic>, as wavys In Þe wynd!’ Digby Mysteries, p. 86, l. 819. ‘Wallowyng, or full of waltryng. <italic>Volutabundus</italic>.’ Huloet.</p></fn><fn id="fn2422" symbol="page 414 note 1"><label><sup>page 414 note 1</sup></label><p>A patch.</p></fn><fn id="fn2423" symbol="page 414 note 2"><label><sup>page 414 note 2</sup></label><p>Douglas, in his trans, of Virgil, Bk. viii. p. 251, uses this word in the sense here given of strangle:</p><p>'stwa grete serpentis perfay, The quhilk he <italic>weryit</italic> with his handis tway.’</p><p>Jamieson quotes from the <italic>Lamentation of Lady Scotland</italic>, A. iii. a 6—</p><p>'sSum <italic>wyrreit</italic> was, and blawin in the air.’</p><p>Wyntoun, III. iii. 129, has the word in its modern use of worry:</p><p>'sIt hapnyde syne at a huntyng Wytht wolwys hym to <italic>weryde</italic> be;’</p><p>and also Douglas, Bk. x. p. 394—</p><p>'sHe has .… <italic>werryit</italic> the nolthird on the plane.’</p><p>In <italic>Havelok</italic>, 1921, we read—</p><p>'sOn the morwen, hwan it was day, llc on other <italic>wirwed</italic> lay.’</p><p>See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1921">ibid.</xref> l.1915. Hampole tells us the world is like a wilderness</p><p>'sÞat ful of wild bestes es sene, Þat wald <italic>worow</italic> men bylyve;’</p><p>Als lyons, libardes, and wolwes kene,</p><p>where the Addit. MS. 11305 reads for the last line,</p><p>'sThe whilke wol a man <italic>strangly</italic> and destrye.’</p><p>See also the <italic>Romaunt of the Rose</italic>, 6264, <italic>Worry</italic> in Atkinson's Gloss, of the Cleveland Dialect, and Ray's North-Country Glossary. A. S. <italic>wyrgan</italic>. See also To Worowe, below. ‘There is ouer mony doggis in Scotland that <italic>virreis</italic> there master as Acteon vas <italic>virreit</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1922" citation-type="other"><italic>Complaint of Scotland</italic>, p. <fpage>156</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2424" symbol="page 414 note 3"><label><sup>page 414 note 3</sup></label><p>'sThe weasan of a man's throte; the windpipe, <italic>curculio</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Oeson</italic>, m. The weason or throte-pipe.’ Cotgrave. See also Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, vii. 584. A. S. <italic>wæsand</italic>. ‘Wesant of the throte. <italic>Curculio</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘<italic>Hic ysofagus. A<sup>e</sup></italic> waysande.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 185. Compare Throttle bolle, above, p. 386. In one MS., Harl. 4789, of Trevisa's trans, of Bartholomæus <italic>De Propr. Rerum, wosen</italic> is constantly used where other MSS. read arteries. Thus in bk. v. ch. xxxvii. lf. 40<sup>b</sup>, he writes: ‘In a man Þe herte is as a rote and a more in a tree ¶ <italic>Þe wosen</italic> Þat comeÞ of Þe lifte wombe of Þe herte is licke Þe stok & Þe body of a tree ¶ & fer fro Þe tree hert he wexeÞ forked in tweye partyes, one .… vpward & Þe oÞer dounward ¶ & Þilke partyes ben y-braunchid & i-forked and departed as a зerd y-made of rys & of sprayes, bowes & twygges in to alle Þe body y-sprad anon to Þe weyes of here in Þe skyn, ¶ & whan Þe hert closeÞ, Þei closen also;’ and again, ch. lxi. If. 49: ‘And alle Þe veynes be made of [o]curtel and nouзt of two as Þe arteriea ben & <italic>wosen</italic>, for Þe arteries fongen spirites & kepeÞ & saueÞ hem. Also Þese arteries ben made & compowned of two small lederne pipes Þat ben cleped curteles.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2425" symbol="page 415 note 1"><label><sup>page 415 note 1</sup></label><p>'sA with, <italic>restis</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A willowe tree, or withie, <italic>salix</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Har., f.</italic> A with of greene stickes.’ Cotgrave. ‘Take an arme greet <italic>withi</italic> bough,’ Palladius <italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. 75, l. 412. A. S. <italic>wiððe, wiðig</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2426" symbol="page 415 note 2"><label><sup>page 415 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Hoc serum, A<sup>e</sup></italic> way.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 200.</p></fn><fn id="fn2427" symbol="page 415 note 3"><label><sup>page 415 note 3</sup></label><p>'sTo whake, <italic>trepidare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. At the end of the world, says Hampole,</p><p>'sÞe erthe Þat Þai sal on stand sal scake, Thurgh Þair syn, and tremble and <italic>whake</italic>.’</p><p><italic>P. of Cons.</italic> 5410.</p><p>'s<italic>Contremo</italic>, to whakyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2428" symbol="page 415 note 4"><label><sup>page 415 note 4</sup></label><p>Chaucer says that the</p><p>'sHous of Fame was ful Of <italic>qwalme</italic> of folke & eke of bestes.’ Pt. 2, l. 878.</p></fn><fn id="fn2429" symbol="page 415 note 5"><label><sup>page 415 note 5</sup></label><p>See a Drawynge whele, above, p. 107. ‘<italic>Anclea</italic>. A wheell off a drauthe welle. <italic>Haustia</italic>. A wheel Þ<sup>t</sup> drawyth water.’ Medulla. Horman uses a similar word: ‘there must be made a <italic>truce-whele</italic> [<italic>tympanum</italic>] to wynd vp stone,’</p></fn><fn id="fn2430" symbol="page 415 note 6"><label><sup>page 415 note 6</sup></label><p>See Questane, above, p. 297.</p></fn><fn id="fn2431" symbol="page 415 note 7"><label><sup>page 415 note 7</sup></label><p>'sTo whistle shrilly, as plovers do.’ Jamieson. Hence our interj. ‘Whew!’</p></fn><fn id="fn2432" symbol="page 416 note 1"><label><sup>page 416 note 1</sup></label><p>In Ray's <italic>Gloss. of North Country Words</italic>, ed. Skeat, is given ‘Wbye, <italic>sb.</italic> juvenca Danis hodiernis et Scotis <italic>qvie—Nicholson</italic>. Whee, or whey, <italic>sb.</italic> an heifer. The only word used here (in the East Riding of Yorkshire) in that sense.’ ‘<italic>Why</italic>, an heifer,’ also occurs in Thoresby's Letter to Ray, 1703. Jamieson gives ‘Quey, Quy, Quoy, Quyach, Quoyach, Queoch, Quyoch, <italic>s.</italic> A cow of two. years old.’ Cf. Dan. <italic>qvie</italic>, a heifer. ‘<italic>Hec juvenca, Anglice</italic> quee.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 204. ‘<italic>Hec juvenca</italic>, a qwye.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1922">ibid.</xref> p. 218.</p><p>'sAugt. 24, 1462. Codicillus. Coram Deo et hominibus, etc. It is my will yat my sister haue ij kye, i <italic>qwye</italic>, xl yerds of lyncloth, xl yerds of herden cloth.’ Will of Simon Merflet, Vicar of Waghen, <italic>Test, Ebor.</italic> ii. 261. ‘Item, I geue to him vj oxen iiij<sup>or</sup> kye or <italic>qwhyes</italic> to be taken out of my store at Newbiggine.’ Will of E. Michell, 1565. <italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. 230. ‘Item I gyue vnto Jane wate my dowghter one quye calfe.’ Will of C. Cotts, 1568, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1922">ibid.</xref> p. 293.</p></fn><fn id="fn2433" symbol="page 416 note 2"><label><sup>page 416 note 2</sup></label><p>Qwylke does not occur: perhaps qwylte is meant.</p></fn><fn id="fn2434" symbol="page 416 note 3"><label><sup>page 416 note 3</sup></label><p>A cushion, see Qwhischen, p. 298. In <italic>Sir Gawaine</italic>, 877, are mentioned ‘<italic>Whyssynes</italic> vpon quildepoyntes, Þat koynt wer boÞe.’ The Invent, of W. Duffield, in 1452, includes ‘iij <italic>whisshons</italic> de tapisteriwerke.’ <citation id="ref1923" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>139</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2435" symbol="page 416 note 4"><label><sup>page 416 note 4</sup></label><p>The term witch was applied to persons of both sexes. Thus the author of <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, speaking of the magicians of Egypt, says that Pharaoh ‘sente after <italic>wiches</italic> kire;’ l. 2919: see also l. 2927, and <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 1577: ‘<italic>wycheз</italic> and walkyrieз wonnen to Þat sale.’ Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden, ii. 321, renders <italic>augures</italic> by <italic>wicches</italic>: ‘theire <italic>wicches</italic> зafe answere;’ and again, iv. 167, he says of Julian the Apostate, ‘Зis Julianus in his childehode lerned nygromancie and <italic>wicchecraft</italic> .… and a fend shewed hym to hym by the doynge of a <italic>wicche</italic> [<italic>mago mediante apparuit</italic>].’ ‘In Þat Persida bygan first <italic>wicche craft</italic> [<italic>ars magica</italic>] in Nemproot Þe geauntes tyme.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1923">ibid.</xref> i. 95; see also iii. 177, and v. 87. In the <italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. 402, we read of ‘A man that was of false bileue and a <italic>wich</italic>, that leuyd not on the sacremente.’ ‘And some of the laughed him to scorne .… and .… called hym a <italic>wytche</italic>.’ Copland's <italic>Kynge Arthure</italic>, 1557, Bk. I. ch. viii. See <citation id="ref1924" citation-type="other"><italic>Handlynge Synne</italic>, <fpage>351</fpage></citation>, Hampole, <citation id="ref1925" citation-type="other"><italic>Prose Treatises</italic>, p. <fpage>9</fpage></citation>, &c.</p><p>'sDriзmenn, weppmenn & wifmenn ec Þatt follзhenn <italic>wicche crafftess</italic>.’</p><p><italic>Ormulum</italic>, 7077.</p><p>In <italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, l. 1151, we have <italic>wichede</italic>= bewitched. ‘<italic>Hic sortilagus, A<sup>e</sup></italic> wyche.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 195. See Wyche, below.</p></fn><fn id="fn2436" symbol="page 417 note 1"><label><sup>page 417 note 1</sup></label><p>A quiver. ‘<italic>Hec feretra, Anglice</italic>, qwywere.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 196. ‘Item ij. bowes and a <italic>whyver</italic> and xviij shafts xij<sup>s</sup>.’ Invent, of Anne Nycolson, 1557, <italic>Richmond. Wills</italic>, &c. p. 107.</p></fn><fn id="fn2437" symbol="page 417 note 2"><label><sup>page 417 note 2</sup></label><p>'sWhorle or wherne for a spindle, <italic>spondilus</italic>.’ Huloet. ‘A wherle or wherne that women put in their spindles, <italic>spondylus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Peson, m.</italic> A wherne or wherle to put on a spindle.’ Cotgrave ‘A whorle, <italic>verticillum, splendilus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘I tryll my whirlygyg rounde aboute. <italic>Je pirouette</italic>. I holde the a peny that I wyll tryll my whirlygyg longer about than thou shalte do thyne.’ Palsgrave. ‘<italic>Giraculum</italic>, a chyldys whyrle.’ Medulla. See Paston Letters, iii. 270, where are mentioned ‘vj soketes with branches to remove, iij <italic>wherwhilles</italic> to the same, &c.’ See Qwherel, above, p. 298.</p></fn><fn id="fn2438" symbol="page 417 note 3"><label><sup>page 417 note 3</sup></label><p>See Qwhirlbone, above, p. 298.</p></fn><fn id="fn2439" symbol="page 417 note 4"><label><sup>page 417 note 4</sup></label><p>See A Weche, above, p. 416.</p></fn><fn id="fn2440" symbol="page 417 note 5"><label><sup>page 417 note 5</sup></label><p>These latin equivalents appear to have been inserted by a mistake of the copier, whose eye perhaps was caught by Wicked and Wickidnes.</p></fn><fn id="fn2441" symbol="page 417 note 6"><label><sup>page 417 note 6</sup></label><p>Manip. Vocab. gives ‘The wike of the eye, <italic>hirquus</italic>.’ In <italic>Sir Gawaine</italic>, 1572, we read of the boar that ‘Þe froÞe femed at his mouth vnfayn bi Þe <italic>wykeз</italic>,’ where the meaning is the corners of the mouth. H. Best, in his <italic>Farming, &c. Book</italic>, p. 14, uses it in the same sense: ‘this discease proceeds from a defeckt in nature, for a greate parte of theire meate. whiles that they are chewing of it, workes forth of the <italic>wykes</italic> of theire mouthe.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2442" symbol="page 418 note 1"><label><sup>page 418 note 1</sup></label><p>See <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. ll. 501, 857. In Neckam, Treatise <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, viket is used apparently for a small window. Speaking of the room in which a scribe writes he says—</p><p>viket fenestrat les asauz</p><p>'s<italic>habeat et lodium, cujus benefieio lux intrare possit si forte fenestrellam impugnet insultus</italic> del norз <italic>nenti aquilonaris</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 117.</p></fn><fn id="fn2443" symbol="page 418 note 2"><label><sup>page 418 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Item</italic> j basket of <italic>wykers</italic>.’ Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods, at Caistor, 1459, in Paston Letters, i. 482.</p></fn><fn id="fn2444" symbol="page 418 note 3"><label><sup>page 418 note 3</sup></label><p>MS. wyne. ‘A wild vine, <italic>labrusca, labruscum</italic>.’ Baret, who adds, ‘<italic>Labrusca autem, dicta est (teste seruio) quod in agrorum, labris, hoc est marquicibus et sepibus nascatur</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2445" symbol="page 418 note 4"><label><sup>page 418 note 4</sup></label><p>See a Welke, above, p. 413.</p></fn><fn id="fn2446" symbol="page 418 note 5"><label><sup>page 418 note 5</sup></label><p>'sA wimble, or auger, <italic>terebra</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Toret</italic>, m. a small wimble.’ Cotgrave. ‘Make an hole with a <italic>wymbulle</italic>, and what colour that thou wylt dystemper with water, and put hit in at the hole, the fruite schalbe of the same colour.’ Treatise on Grafting, &c., from the Porkington MS. Percy Soc. p. 68. See the directions for grafting olives in Palladius <citation id="ref1926" citation-type="other"><italic>On Husbondrie</italic>, p. <fpage>190</fpage></citation>, l. 85: ‘Unto the pith a ffrensh <italic>wymble</italic> in bore.’ ‘<italic>Dolabellum</italic>. A lytyl wymbyl.’ Medulla. Tusser, amongst the farmer's ‘Husbandlie Furniture,’ mentions ‘cart ladder and <italic>wimble</italic>, with percer and pod.’ ch. xxiii.st. 6. ‘<italic>Terere</italic>, wymble (naugere).’ W. de Biblesworth in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p.. 170.</p></fn><fn id="fn2447" symbol="page 418 note 6"><label><sup>page 418 note 6</sup></label><p>Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Guimple</italic>, f. The crepine of a Frenche hood.’ Baret renders <italic>Peplum</italic> by ‘an imbrodered vesture, or manner of hoode to couer the heade; it is now vsed for a kerchiefe, worne specially as women do going to church.’ Gower uses the verb <italic>bi-wympled</italic>, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134. leaf 4. A.S. <italic>winpel</italic>. In Trevisa's trans, of Higden, vol. v. p. 33, it is stated that Sother the pope ‘ordeynede Þat a nonne, a mychoun, schulde nouзt handle Þe towyales of the awter, noÞer doo ensens [yn Þe encenser], but sche schal bere a veile on hire heed,’ where the Harl. version reads ‘sche scholde use a <italic>wymple</italic>,’ the Latin being <italic>velum in capite portet</italic>. See also <citation id="ref1927" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, pp. <fpage>46</fpage>, <fpage>124</fpage>, <fpage>383</fpage></citation>, &c.</p></fn><fn id="fn2448" symbol="page 418 note 7"><label><sup>page 418 note 7</sup></label><p>In a letter from Margaret Paston to John Paston, 1449, <italic>Padon Letters</italic>, i. 82, we read—‘I prey зee to gete some crosse bowis and <italic>wyndacs</italic> to bind them with and quarrels;’ on which Sir J. Fenn, the editor, says ‘<italic>wyndacs</italic> are what we call now grappling irons with which the bow-string is drawn home.’ Again, at p. 487, we find ‘iij grete crosbowes of stele, with one grete dowble <italic>wyndas</italic> ther too.’ See also iii. 34. Dutch <italic>windas</italic>, Fr. <italic>guindas</italic>, a winding axle. See <italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, C. 103, where the seamen</p><p>'sWiзt at Þe <italic>wyndas</italic> weзen her ankres.’</p><p>Neckam, in his Treatise <italic>De Utensilibus</italic>, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 115, speaking of the fitting out of a ship, says—</p><p>sedem windeyse grace lant ro</p><p>'s<italic>juxta transtrum assit troclea, et dicitur a troclos, quod est rotundum, vel a rota</italic> kables. cordes <italic>dictum, instrumentum, eo quod circumvolvitur troclea ut rudentes circumligati jirmiores</italic> veil diverseté venti suslevé avalé <italic>sint, et ut velum, per variacionem aure nunc superioretur, nunc inferioretur. Dicitur</italic> vindoyse <italic>troclea rotunda moles</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2449" symbol="page 419 note 1"><label><sup>page 419 note 1</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref1928" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Clewe</surname></name>, p. <fpage>67</fpage></citation>. ‘To wind vp as a thred, <italic>glomerare</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2450" symbol="page 419 note 2"><label><sup>page 419 note 2</sup></label><p>See Spule, above, p. 357.</p></fn><fn id="fn2451" symbol="page 419 note 3"><label><sup>page 419 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1929" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>270</fpage></citation>, we are told that Ish-bosheth lay and slept and had set a woman to be keeper of the gate ‘Þat <italic>windwede</italic> hweate;’ and the sons of Rechab, Remmon and Baanah, came and found that the woman had left off ‘hire <italic>windwunge</italic>.’ In a recipe for ‘Furmente,’ in the <italic>Liber Cure Cocorum</italic>, p. 7, we are told to take wheat, pick it clean and ‘Þen <italic>wyndo</italic> hit wele.’ See also <italic>Forme of Cury</italic>, Recipe No. 1. Maundeville tells us how Julian the Apostate dug up the body of John the Baptist, ‘and let <italic>wyndwe</italic> the Askes in the wynd.’ p. 107.</p><p>'sHimm shollde brinngenn inn hiss hannd & forr to clennsenn himm hiss corn.’</p><p>Hiss <italic>winndell</italic> for to <italic>winndwenn, Ormulum</italic>, 10483.</p><p>In the Invent, of Master George Nevill, taken in 1567, are mentioned ‘one grindstone and one <italic>windoclothe</italic> iij<sup>s</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1930" citation-type="other"><italic>Richmond. Wills, &c.</italic> p. <fpage>211</fpage></citation>; see also p. 61; and in the Invent, of Thomas Arkyndal, in 1449, we have ‘a stevynd clathe vj<sup>d</sup>. A <italic>wyndaw</italic> clath iiij<sup>d</sup>.’ <italic>Wills & Invents</italic>, i. 104; and in that of Hugh Grantham, in 1410, is an item ‘de iij<sup>s</sup>. de iij saccis cum j <italic>wyndoyngclathe</italic>.’ <citation id="ref1931" citation-type="other"><italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iii. <fpage>49</fpage></citation>. Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden, iv. 341, has: ‘misbileued men … <italic>wynewde</italic> Þe askes awey with Þe wynde [<italic>pulvis in aere ventilatus esf</italic>].’ ‘<italic>Ventilo</italic>, to wyndyn or sperplyn.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hoc ventilabrum, A<sup></sup></italic> wyndylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 201.</p></fn><fn id="fn2452" symbol="page 419 note 4"><label><sup>page 419 note 4</sup></label><p>Baret gives ‘<italic>Vpupa</italic>, a bastard Plouer or blacke Plouer.’ Halliwell says this is the Lapwing, but the <italic>Upupa</italic> is properly the Hoopoe. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Hupe</italic>, f. The Whoope or dunghill Cocke, a bird that nestles in mans ordure.’ Cooper, in his Thesaurus, says ‘<italic>Vpupa</italic>. A birde no bigger then a thrush, and hath a creste from his bill to the vttermost parte of his heade, which he strouteth vp, or holdeth downe accordynge to his affection: wherefore it can not be our lapwynge, as it hath been taken for. It is rather to be called an Houpe.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2453" symbol="page 420 note 1"><label><sup>page 420 note 1</sup></label><p>'sTo kicke; to spurne; to winse; <italic>Calcitro, recalcitro</italic>. A kicking, or winsing. <italic>Calcitratus</italic>. A kicker, or winser, <italic>calcitro</italic>.’ Baret. Cotgrave gives ‘<italic>Regimber</italic>, to winse, kick, spurn, strike back with the feet. <italic>Regimbeur, m.</italic> a winser, kicker, spurner.’ See also s. v. <italic>Calcitrer, Recalcitrer, Ruer des pieds</italic>. ‘I wynche as a horse dothe, <italic>je regymbe</italic>.’ Palsgrave. ‘To winche or wince, <italic>calcitrare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. Derived by Stratmann from O. Fr. <italic>guincher</italic>, q. v. in Cotgrave. In the <italic>Morte Arthure</italic> we find—</p><p>'sQwarelles qwayntly swappeз thorowe knyghteз With iryne so wekyrly, that <italic>wynche</italic> they neuer.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2454" symbol="page 420 note 2"><label><sup>page 420 note 2</sup></label><p>Amongst the rooms mentioned in the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's castle at Caistor, 1459, we find ‘The utmost chamber nexte <italic>Winter Halle</italic>’ called again ‘<italic>Aula Temalis</italic>.’ Paston Letters, i. 486, 487. ‘<italic>Zetas hiemales</italic>, winter-selde; <italic>zetas œstivales</italic>, sumer-selde.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 57.</p></fn><fn id="fn2455" symbol="page 420 note 3"><label><sup>page 420 note 3</sup></label><p>Fate or destiny. The <italic>weird sisters</italic> of Shakspere, Macbeth, I. iii. 32, &c, are the Parcæ or Fates, of whom Pecock, in the <citation id="ref1932" citation-type="other"><italic>Repressor</italic>, p. <fpage>155</fpage></citation>, says: ‘iij sistris (whiche ben spiritis) comen to the cradilis of infantis forto sette to the babe what schal bifalle to him.’ In the <citation id="ref1933" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, A. <fpage>249</fpage></citation>, we have: ‘what, <italic>wyrde</italic> hatз hyder my iuel vayned ?’ see also l. 273. ‘Þou hatз called Þy <italic>wyrde</italic> a Þef,’ and B. 1224.</p><p>'sAs hus <italic>werdes</italic> were ordeined by wil of owre lorde.’ P. Plowman, C. iv. 241.</p><p>In Barbour's <italic>Bruce</italic>, xviii. 45, we read—</p><p>'sWe ar few, our fais ar feill God may richt weill our <italic>werdis</italic> deill.’</p><p>A.S. <italic>wyrd</italic>, fate.</p><p>'sThis goddes ettillit, gif <italic>werdes</italic> war not contrare, This realme to be superior and maistres To all landis.’ <citation id="ref1934" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. i. p. <fpage>13</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'sThe <italic>weird</italic> sisteris defendis that suld be wit.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1934">ibid.</xref> Bk. iii. p. 80.</p><p>'sWorÞe hit wele, oÞer wo, as Þe wyrde Iykeз hit hafe.’ <italic>Sir Gawayne</italic>, 2134.</p><p>The word occurs several times in the <italic>Destruction of Troy</italic>: thus at l. 4499, Calchas goes to the temple of Apollo,</p><p>'spraiond hym full prestly, as a pure god, To warne hym full wightly which <italic>wirdis</italic> shuld happyn.’</p><p>See also ll. 629, 4188, and 7051, and <citation id="ref1935" citation-type="other"><italic>Rauf Coilзear</italic>, <fpage>379</fpage></citation>, where the Collier, when his wife dissuades him from venturing to Paris, exclaims, ‘lat me wirk as I will, the <italic>weird</italic> is mine awin.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2456" symbol="page 421 note 1"><label><sup>page 421 note 1</sup></label><p>'sI wyte, I blame or put one in faulte, <italic>je encoulpe</italic>. I lay the faulte, I laye the wyte or the blame to a person. <italic>Je luy donne tort</italic>. I layed the wyte upon, hym: <italic>je luy donnay le tort</italic>. I laye the wyte of an offence to one's charge. <italic>Je encoulpe</italic>.’ Palsgrave.</p><p>'sðe <italic>wite</italic> is hise, ðe right is hire.’ <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, l. 2035.</p><p>'sÞan hym spak ayre Sortybrant; “<italic>Wyt</italic> Þat Þe selue, syr Amyrant.
’</p><p><italic>Sir Ferumbras</italic>, 5127.</p><p>See also the <citation id="ref1936" citation-type="other"><italic>Sege off Melayne</italic>, <fpage>555</fpage></citation>: ‘Þe <italic>wyte</italic> is all in the;’ and <italic>Roland & Otuel</italic>, 1326, and the <italic>Song of Roland</italic>, l. 90. ‘To wite, <italic>culpare</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In the <citation id="ref1937" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>304</fpage></citation>, we read— ‘Gif Þu <italic>witest</italic> eni Þing Þine sunne bute Þi suluen.’ A. S. <italic>witan</italic>, to blame, reproach. See also P. Plowman, A. x. 73, <italic>William of Palerne</italic>, 519, and Ray's Gloss, of North-Country Words. In the ‘Kings Quair,’ pr. in Poetic Remains of Scottish Kings, ed. Chalmers, p. 98, we read—</p><p>'sWho should me <italic>wite</italic> to write thereof?’</p><p>See also <citation id="ref1938" citation-type="other"><italic>Allit. Poems</italic>, B. <fpage>76</fpage></citation>, and C. 501. In the <citation id="ref1939" citation-type="other"><italic>Reliq. Antiq.</italic> i. <fpage>197</fpage></citation>, is a Ballad on ‘Man his owne woe,’ the burden of which is—</p><p>'sI may say, and so may mo, I <italic>wyte</italic> mysylfe myne owene woo.’</p><p>In King Solomon's Book of Wisdome, l. 42, we are advised</p><p>'sÞer while Þi sones зonge beÞ Þou hem chastise & lere; Wite Þi douttren with eye wel, Þat Þai haue of Þa fere,’</p></fn><fn id="fn2457" symbol="page 422 note 1"><label><sup>page 422 note 1</sup></label><p>A covenant, testament, or legacy. O. Icel. <italic>vitorð</italic>.</p><p>'sFestnes es Laverd him dredand to,</p><p>And his <italic>wite-word</italic> [<italic>testamentum</italic>] fat he schewed in Þo.’</p><p><italic>Early Eng. Psalter</italic>, Ps. xxiv. 14.</p><p>In the Kirkton-in-Lindsay Church Accounts, under date 1513, is an item, ‘Received for Will. Briggs bereall and for his <italic>wytward</italic> vj<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.’ The verb to wite = to bequeath occurs very commonly in 15th and 16th century wills. Thus in the <italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. 41, in the Will of Robert Pynkney, Chantry-priest at Hornby, in 1489, we read: ‘for my mortuary I <italic>wite</italic> my best moveable. Also I <italic>wite</italic> v pund of wax to be burnyd at myn obiet. Also I <italic>wite</italic> to evere preist dwellyng in Hornby forsaid viij<sup>d</sup>.’ And again, p. 77, in the Will of John Brown, of York, 1492, ‘I <italic>wit</italic> a grete brasse pot to Seynt Anton gild, to be prayed for.’ ‘The residue, my dettes paied and my <italic>witworde</italic> fulfilled, I <italic>wit</italic> to Richard Wynder, Pewterer, and to Robert Preston, glasier.’ <italic>Test. Ebor.</italic> iv. 88, Will of W. Wynter, 1493. ‘My <italic>wytword</italic> fulfyllyd, then I will that my wyfe have hal the tone half.’ Will of John Ferrily, 1470, <italic>Test. Ebor</italic>, iii. 180. In the York Hours of the Cross, pr. in the <citation id="ref1940" citation-type="other"><italic>Lay-Folks Mass-Book</italic>, p. <fpage>86</fpage></citation>, l. 55, we read—</p><p>'sAt Þe tyme of none iesu gun cry, he <italic>wylte</italic> his saul to his fadyr.’</p><p>See the Editor's note at p. 309.</p></fn><fn id="fn2458" symbol="page 422 note 2"><label><sup>page 422 note 2</sup></label><p>A week. A. S. <italic>wice, wuce</italic>. In the <italic>Cursor Mundi</italic>, 2857, is a curious legend about Lot's wife, that</p><p>'sanes o Þe <italic>wok</italic> day And Þan Þai find hir on Þe morn, Þan es sco liked al away, Hale als sco was ar be-forn;’</p><p>where the other MSS. have <italic>woke, wouke</italic>, and <italic>wike</italic>; see also l.11012; <citation id="ref1941" citation-type="other"><italic>Morte Arthure</italic>, l. <fpage>354</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref1942" citation-type="other"><italic>Tale of Beryn</italic>, <fpage>19</fpage></citation>; and the <citation id="ref1943" citation-type="other"><italic>Knight of La Tour Laundry</italic>, p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>. Maundeville says that ‘in the Kyngdoms of Georgie, of Abchaz and of the little Armenye, ben gode Cristene men and devoute. For thei schryuen hem and howsele hem evermore ones or twyes in the <italic>Woke</italic>.’ p. 261.</p><p>'sShe drof forth hir dayes in hir depe thoght, With weping and wo all the <italic>woke</italic> ouer.’ <citation id="ref1944" citation-type="other"><italic>Destruct. of Troy</italic>, <fpage>499</fpage>.</citation></p><p>Barbour, in his <citation id="ref1945" citation-type="other"><italic>Bruce</italic>, xiv. <fpage>132</fpage></citation>, has ‘refreschit weill ane <italic>owk</italic> or mair;’ where other MSS. read <italic>wouk, oulk</italic>, and <italic>weeke</italic>; and Lyndesay, <citation id="ref1946" citation-type="other"><italic>Dreme</italic>, p. <fpage>284</fpage></citation>, ed. 1866, has—</p><p>'sHe mycht pas round aboute, and cum agane, In four зeris, saxtene <italic>oulkis</italic>, and dayis two,’</p><p>In the Ordinances of the Gild of St. George, Norwich, is one that ‘ye pouer brother or sister shall haue, in ye <italic>woke</italic>, viij<sup>d</sup>.’ <citation id="ref1947" citation-type="other"><italic>Eng. Gilds</italic>, p. <fpage>18</fpage></citation>. Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden's account of Britain, says that ‘Þere beeÞ salt welles fer fram Þee see, and beeth salte alle Þe <italic>woke</italic> longe forto Saturday at none; and fresche fram Saturday at none for to Monday;’ ii. 25; and again, v. 415, he says of ‘Seynt John Þe Aumener, patriark of Alexandria,’ that ‘he vsede twyes a <italic>wooke</italic> to sitte al day to fore fe chirche dore for to acorde men fat were in stryf.’ See also Genesis xxix. 28, and Exodus xxxiv. 22. The form <italic>wuke</italic> occurs in the <italic>Ormulum</italic>, 4173, and <italic>Genesis & Exodus</italic>, 2473. ‘Ape was the pharisee that with oute shewede him clothed with bountee, counterfetirige that he was juste and livede wel, and, as he seyde, fastede twyes in the <italic>woke</italic>.’ De Deguileville's <citation id="ref1948" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, p. <fpage>123</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Dieretus</italic>, the woke day. <italic>Ebdomadas</italic>, a woke.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2459" symbol="page 423 note 1"><label><sup>page 423 note 1</sup></label><p>A wild crab tree. See Crab of Þ<sup>e</sup> wod, p. 79.</p></fn><fn id="fn2460" symbol="page 423 note 2"><label><sup>page 423 note 2</sup></label><p>See a Pryse of wodde, p. 291.</p></fn><fn id="fn2461" symbol="page 423 note 3"><label><sup>page 423 note 3</sup></label><p>Compare P. Bowde, p. 46, and Malte Bowde, p. 323.</p></fn><fn id="fn2462" symbol="page 423 note 4"><label><sup>page 423 note 4</sup></label><p>See Treworme, above, p. 393.</p></fn><fn id="fn2463" symbol="page 423 note 5"><label><sup>page 423 note 5</sup></label><p>Wormwood. ‘I am more hastyf than coles and more soure than <italic>wurmode</italic>.’ De Deguileville, <citation id="ref1949" citation-type="other"><italic>Pilgrimage</italic>, p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>. ‘<italic>Absinthium</italic>, aloigne, wermod.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 139.</p></fn><fn id="fn2464" symbol="page 423 note 6"><label><sup>page 423 note 6</sup></label><p>See to Wery, above, p.414.</p></fn><fn id="fn2465" symbol="page 424 note 1"><label><sup>page 424 note 1</sup></label><p>A hangnail.</p></fn><fn id="fn2466" symbol="page 424 note 2"><label><sup>page 424 note 2</sup></label><p>See a Woke, above, p. 422.</p></fn><fn id="fn2467" symbol="page 424 note 3"><label><sup>page 424 note 3</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Wowerys</italic> ther come ful many oon.’ <italic>Lyvys of Seyntys</italic>, 1447 (Roxb. Club.), p. 62. See <italic>Sir Eglamour</italic>, 1064, and Wyclif, Judges, xiv. 20. ‘To wowe, <italic>procare, ambire</italic>: a wower, <italic>procus</italic>.’ Manip. Voeab. ‘Males of byrdes drawe to company of females, and <italic>wowe</italic> wyth beckes and voyoe.’ Glanvil, <italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xii. ch. i. p. 405. ‘<italic>Procus</italic>. A wower.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 176. ‘<italic>Procax</italic>, a woware or covetous.’ Medulla. ‘<italic>Hernia</italic> (broke-ballockyd) <italic>prava proco</italic> (a wowere) <italic>spurcum genus</italic>.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 176.</p><p>'sThanne <italic>wowed</italic> wronge wisdoms ful зerne.’ P. Plowman, B. iv. 74.</p><p>Again, in Passus, xi. 71, the Author rebukes the False Friars—</p><p>'sBy my faith, frere, quod I, Þe faren lyke Þeise <italic>woweres</italic>, Þat wedde none wydwes, but forto wedde here godis.’</p><p>In ‘The Christ's Kirk’ of James V, pr. in Poetic Remains of the Scottish Kings, we read—</p><p>'sWas never in Scotland heard nor seen Such dancing nor deray … As was of <italic>wowaris</italic> as I ween At Christ's Kirk on a day.’</p><p>A. S. <italic>wogian</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2468" symbol="page 424 note 4"><label><sup>page 424 note 4</sup></label><p>A kind of musical instrument. Baret gives ‘a Wrest to time with, <italic>plectrum, pecten</italic>;’ and again, ‘a quill, or like thing to plaie on a harp, or such other musicall instrument; the little bowe to plaie on a rebeck, <italic>plectrum</italic>.’ The Manip. Vocab. also has ‘A wrest for an instrument, <italic>plectrum</italic>.’ ‘<italic>Hoc plectrum, A<sup>e.</sup></italic> wrastt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 202. Wyclif, in his Tracts, ed. Matthew, uses this word several times in the sense of tune: thus, at p. 341, he says ‘sorowe of trespasse .… shal <italic>wraste</italic> Þis harpe to a-corde welle;’ and ‘many men fallen in Þis <italic>wrastyng</italic> and in goostly syngyng aftur.’ See Sir W. Scott's <italic>Legend of Montrose</italic>, ch. ix. ‘<italic>Plectrum, extrema pars lingue</italic> or a wrest. <italic>Pecten</italic>, a playse, a comb, a wrest, a Rake.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2469" symbol="page 425 note 1"><label><sup>page 425 note 1</sup></label><p>Probably a slip for Wase. A pad of straw worn on the head to relieve the weight of any burden. ‘A Wase, or wreath to be laid under the vessel that is borne upon the head, as women use a wispe; <italic>cesticillus</italic>.’ Baret. ‘A wase, <italic>circus</italic>.’ Manip. Vocab. In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 180, <italic>wase</italic> is identified with <italic>stupa</italic>, which we have already had, p. 175, as the latin equivalent for Hardes:</p><p>wase stoppe</p><p>'s<italic>Cum grossa stupa rimas edis bene stupa</italic>.’</p></fn><fn id="fn2470" symbol="page 425 note 2"><label><sup>page 425 note 2</sup></label><p>MS. <italic>Pretereit</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2471" symbol="page 425 note 3"><label><sup>page 425 note 3</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1950" citation-type="other"><italic>Avowynge of King Arther</italic>, xii. <fpage>13</fpage></citation>, we read of the wild boar which the king is hunting, that</p><p>'sWith wrathe he be-gynnis to <italic>wrote</italic>, With tusshes of iij fote, He ruskes vppe mony a rote, So grisly he gronus!’</p><p>In the <citation id="ref1951" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Romanorum</italic>, p. <fpage>148</fpage></citation>, we are told how a certain Emperor laid out a garden, but that ‘a sweyne enterid into hit, and wrotide [MS. wrotithe], and shent the yonge plantis.’ ‘Al swa Þat wilde swin, Þat <italic>wroteð</italic> зeond Þan grouen.’ Laзamon, 469. ‘Delphyns knowe by smelle yf a deed man. that is in the see ete euer of Delphyns kynde, and yf the deed hath ete therof he etyth hym anone. and yf he dyde not he kepyth and defendyth hym fro etynge and bytynge of other fisshe. and showyth hym and bryngyth him to the clyffe with his owne <italic>wrotynge</italic>.’ Glanvil, <citation id="ref1952" citation-type="other"><italic>De Propr. Rerum</italic>, Bk. xiii. ch. xxvi. p. <fpage>460</fpage></citation>.</p><p>'sGod wayned a worme Þat <italic>wrot</italic> vpe Þe rote.’ <italic>Allit.Poems</italic>, C. 467.</p><p><citation id="ref1953" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harrison</surname></name>, <italic>Descr. of Engl.</italic> ii. <fpage>52</fpage></citation>, says that sheep are so fond of the saffron bulbs that they ‘will <italic>wroot</italic> for them in verie eger maner.’ ‘I wroote or wroute as a swyne dothe. <italic>Je fouille du museau</italic>. He wroteth lyke a swyne.’ Palsgrave.</p></fn><fn id="fn2472" symbol="age 426 note 1"><label><sup>age 426 note 1</sup></label><p>See Mr. Way's notes to Þowton, p. 535, and зytynge, p. 538.</p></fn><fn id="fn2473" symbol="age 426 note 2"><label><sup>age 426 note 2</sup></label><p>'s<italic>Vibex</italic>. A spotte remaynyng in the skinne after healing; the marke or printe of a stripe.’ Cooper. ‘<italic>Liuor</italic>: a bloonesse or enuy.’ Ortus.</p></fn><fn id="fn2474" symbol="age 426 note 3"><label><sup>age 426 note 3</sup></label><p>See P. Ichyn, or ykyn, or зykyn, p. 258. In the <citation id="ref1954" citation-type="other"><italic>Ancren Riwle</italic>, p. <fpage>80</fpage></citation>, we read of ‘<italic>зicchinde</italic> earen;’ and at p. 238, ‘Þeo hwule Þe <italic>зichinge</italic> ilest, hit Þuncheð god for to guiden.’ ‘<italic>Yuck</italic>, to itch,’ is given in Ray's Collection of North Country Words, and <italic>Yeeke</italic> in Thoresby's Letter to Ray, 1703. See also <italic>Yuke</italic> in Mr. C. Robinson's Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire and Jamieson. Turner, in his <citation id="ref1955" citation-type="other"><italic>Herbal</italic>, 1551, p. <fpage>171</fpage></citation>, tells us that ‘Bitter fitches. … are .… good for kybes or mould helles, and for itche or <italic>yeewk</italic> that goeth ouer the hole body.’ ‘The Lord smyte thee with scabbe and <italic>зicchyng</italic>.’ Wyclif, Deut. xxviii. 27. ‘<italic>Prurigo. зyte. Prurio</italic>, to зytyn.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2475" symbol="age 426 note 4"><label><sup>age 426 note 4</sup></label><p>'sYeast or God's good. <italic>Vide</italic> Barme. Barme, <italic>flos vel spuma ceruisiœ</italic>.’ Baret.</p></fn><fn id="fn2476" symbol="age 426 note 5"><label><sup>age 426 note 5</sup></label><p>Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden, v. 15, says that ‘Adrianus was konnynge of gravinge, of <italic>зetynge</italic> and of castynge of bras;’ and again, vi. 185, ‘Þis picher het зit Dunstan [<italic>fundimandaverat</italic>].’ See also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1955">ibid.</xref> i. 233. In the Thornton MS. leaf 192<sup>b</sup> is a piece ‘Of the Vertuз of the haly name of Ihesu. Ricardus Herimita super versiculo, oleum effusum nomen tuum in Cantic., &c.,’ which begins by rendering the versicle as. follows: ‘That es on Inglysce, Oyle <italic>owt-зettide</italic> is thi name.’ ‘Newe lawe is newe wyn Þat Crist haÞ <italic>зetid</italic> in her hertis.’ Wyclif, Works, <citation id="ref1956" citation-type="other">ed. <name><surname>Arnold</surname></name>, ii. <fpage>147</fpage></citation>. ‘The whiche whanne he hadde takun, he fowrmyde with <italic>зetun</italic> werk, and made of hem a <italic>зotun</italic> oalf.’ <italic>id.</italic> Exodus xxxii. 4. ‘That God wole now weel allowe .… ymagis <italic>yзutte</italic> of gold and siluer and bras and of othere metallis, and none ymagis graued of tre or of stoon.’ Pecock, <italic>Repressor</italic>, pt. ii. eh. ii. p. 138. ‘Some worship the sonne, some y<sup>e</sup> moone, other, ymagis of <italic>yoten</italic> metall.’ <italic>Fardle of Facions</italic>, pt.ii. ch. viii. p. 188. In 1407 Cecilia de Horneldon bequeathed ‘<italic>Thomesynœ filiœ Johannis Paule unam ollan œream, et unam</italic> зettyng.’ <citation id="ref1957" citation-type="other"><italic>Wills & Invent</italic>, i. <fpage>45</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn2477" symbol="age 426 note 6"><label><sup>age 426 note 6</sup></label><p>'sThe yexing, or hicket, a sobbing, <italic>singultus</italic>. To yexe, sobbe, or haue the hicket, <italic>singultire</italic>. In yexing, or after the fashion of the hicket, <italic>singultim</italic>.’ Baret. ‘<italic>Hoqueter</italic>: to yex or clocke; to have the Hickup. or Hickock. <italic>Hoquet, m.</italic> The Hickock or yexing.’ Cotgrave. Chaucer, in the <italic>Reeve's Tale</italic>, 4151, tells us that the Miller</p><p>'s<italic>зaxeÞ</italic> and he spekeÞ Þoruhe Þe nose, As he war on Þe quakke or one Þe pose.’</p><p>See Jamieson s. v. Yeisk. A. S. <italic>giscian</italic>, singultire: <italic>giscung</italic>, singultus.</p><p>'sWith зedire <italic>зoskinges</italic> and зerre.’ <citation id="ref1958" citation-type="other"><italic>King Alexander</italic>, ed. Stevenson, p. <fpage>172</fpage>.</citation></p><p>In the Harl. MS. trans, of Higden, v. 389, we are told of a pestilence at Rome that ‘was so soore that thei were infecte in the way, at the table, in disportes, pereschynge moche peple in <italic>Þoskenge</italic> or nesynge.’</p><p>'sAne laithlie smok he <italic>зeiskis</italic> black as hell.’ <citation id="ref1959" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. viii. p. <fpage>250</fpage>.</citation></p><p>'s<italic>Ructuus</italic>, зyskyng.’ Medulla.</p></fn><fn id="fn2478" symbol="page 427 note 1"><label><sup>page 427 note 1</sup></label><p>An ewe. See Ducange s. v. <italic>Berbica</italic>, ovis, Fr. <italic>breiis</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2479" symbol="page 427 note 2"><label><sup>page 427 note 2</sup></label><p>In the <citation id="ref1960" citation-type="other"><italic>Anturs of Arther</italic>, vii. <fpage>8</fpage></citation>, we read—</p><p>'s<italic>зauland</italic> ful зamerly, with mony loude зelles, Hyt <italic>зaulit</italic>, hit зamurt, with wlonkes ful wete;’</p><p>and again, ix. 3—</p><p>'sHit <italic>зaulut</italic>, hit зamurt lyke a woman Nauther of hyde, nyf of heue, no hillyng hit had.’</p><p>'sOn this thing Y shal weile and <italic>зoule</italic>.’ Wyclif, Micah i. 8. ‘With a greet <italic>зowlyng</italic> he wept.’ Genesis xxvii. 37.</p><p>'sWith mony <italic>goule</italic>, and an ful pietuous rerde.’ <citation id="ref1961" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Douglas</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <italic>Æneados</italic>, Bk. xi. p. <fpage>363</fpage></citation>, l.10.</p><p>'sWith <italic>gowling</italic> and with voicis miserabil.’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1961">ibid.</xref> p. 367, l. 37.</p></fn><fn id="fn2480" symbol="page 427 note 3"><label><sup>page 427 note 3</sup></label><p>An udder. ‘<italic>Uber, -is; Anglice</italic> hyddere.’ MS. Keg. 17 C. xvii. lf. 38<sup>b</sup>. ‘<italic>Uber; idem est quod mamma</italic>; a pappe.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 186. ‘<italic>Uber</italic>, a breaste, pappe or udder.’ Cooper. ‘An udder, <italic>uber</italic>.’ Baret. Mr. Robinson, in his Glossary of Mid-Yorkshire, gives ‘<italic>Ure</italic>, an udder.’ Compare Icel. <italic>jugr</italic>, an udder.</p></fn><fn id="fn2481" symbol="page 428 note 1"><label><sup>page 428 note 1</sup></label><p>Here, in the MS. follow six blank leaves, and on the seventh is written, in the same hand as the corrections throughout the text, the following table of relationships with their latin equivalents:—</p><p><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S2042170200007944_inline10"></inline-graphic></p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Catholicon Anglicum</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>CATHOLICON ANGLICUM</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Catholicon Anglicum</title></titleInfo><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1882-12</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1882</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Camden New Series</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Camden New Series</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><note type="content">Catholicon Anglicum an English-Latin Wordbook, Dated 1483</note><identifier type="eISSN">2042-1702</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">RHN</identifier><part><date>1882</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>30</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>428</end><total>428</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">AF5FFAC5F21069C71C3F36C3EF9DC97D05BBC480</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-23KBGJKV-S</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1017/S2042170200007944</identifier><identifier type="PII">S2042170200007944</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">00794</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1882</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1882</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AF5FFAC5F21069C71C3F36C3EF9DC97D05BBC480/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>gif</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AF5FFAC5F21069C71C3F36C3EF9DC97D05BBC480/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><author></author><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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