An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities
Identifieur interne : 004158 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 004157; suivant : 004159An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities
Auteurs : Richard L. Webber ; Judith K. MessuraSource :
- Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology [ 1079-2104 ] ; 1999.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Confidence intervals, Control modalities, Dental practice, Dentomaxillofac radiol, Diagnostic information, Diagnostic interest, Diagnostic performance, Diagnostic task, Imaging, International association, Intraoral, Intraoral site, Messura, Modality, Multiple projections, National institute, Oral pathol, Oral surg, Oral surgery, Panoramic radiographs, Pathology volume, Periapical radiographs, Projection, Projection geometry, Prototype, Prototype system, Radiograph, Radiographic, Radiographic data, Radiography, Radiol endod, Recurrent caries, Respective prognoses, Significant differences, Spatial distribution, Tact, Tact displays, Tomography, Total rating scores, Treatment options, Webber.
- Teeft :
- Confidence intervals, Control modalities, Dental practice, Dentomaxillofac radiol, Diagnostic information, Diagnostic interest, Diagnostic performance, Diagnostic task, Imaging, International association, Intraoral, Intraoral site, Messura, Modality, Multiple projections, National institute, Oral pathol, Oral surg, Oral surgery, Panoramic radiographs, Pathology volume, Periapical radiographs, Projection, Projection geometry, Prototype, Prototype system, Radiograph, Radiographic, Radiographic data, Radiography, Radiol endod, Recurrent caries, Respective prognoses, Significant differences, Spatial distribution, Tact, Tact displays, Tomography, Total rating scores, Treatment options, Webber.
Abstract
Abstract: Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. Study design. TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Results. A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; P < .001). Conclusions. TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:239-47)
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70122-8
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6FLe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</title><author><name sortKey="Webber, Richard L" sort="Webber, Richard L" uniqKey="Webber R" first="Richard L." last="Webber">Richard L. Webber</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Messura, Judith K" sort="Messura, Judith K" uniqKey="Messura J" first="Judith K." last="Messura">Judith K. Messura</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F</idno><date when="1999" year="1999">1999</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70122-8</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">004158</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">004158</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</title><author><name sortKey="Webber, Richard L" sort="Webber, Richard L" uniqKey="Webber R" first="Richard L." last="Webber">Richard L. Webber</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Messura, Judith K" sort="Messura, Judith K" uniqKey="Messura J" first="Judith K." last="Messura">Judith K. Messura</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YMOE</title><idno type="ISSN">1079-2104</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1999">1999</date><biblScope unit="volume">88</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="239">239</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="247">247</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1079-2104</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1079-2104</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Confidence intervals</term><term>Control modalities</term><term>Dental practice</term><term>Dentomaxillofac radiol</term><term>Diagnostic information</term><term>Diagnostic interest</term><term>Diagnostic performance</term><term>Diagnostic task</term><term>Imaging</term><term>International association</term><term>Intraoral</term><term>Intraoral site</term><term>Messura</term><term>Modality</term><term>Multiple projections</term><term>National institute</term><term>Oral pathol</term><term>Oral surg</term><term>Oral surgery</term><term>Panoramic radiographs</term><term>Pathology volume</term><term>Periapical radiographs</term><term>Projection</term><term>Projection geometry</term><term>Prototype</term><term>Prototype system</term><term>Radiograph</term><term>Radiographic</term><term>Radiographic data</term><term>Radiography</term><term>Radiol endod</term><term>Recurrent caries</term><term>Respective prognoses</term><term>Significant differences</term><term>Spatial distribution</term><term>Tact</term><term>Tact displays</term><term>Tomography</term><term>Total rating scores</term><term>Treatment options</term><term>Webber</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Confidence intervals</term><term>Control modalities</term><term>Dental practice</term><term>Dentomaxillofac radiol</term><term>Diagnostic information</term><term>Diagnostic interest</term><term>Diagnostic performance</term><term>Diagnostic task</term><term>Imaging</term><term>International association</term><term>Intraoral</term><term>Intraoral site</term><term>Messura</term><term>Modality</term><term>Multiple projections</term><term>National institute</term><term>Oral pathol</term><term>Oral surg</term><term>Oral surgery</term><term>Panoramic radiographs</term><term>Pathology volume</term><term>Periapical radiographs</term><term>Projection</term><term>Projection geometry</term><term>Prototype</term><term>Prototype system</term><term>Radiograph</term><term>Radiographic</term><term>Radiographic data</term><term>Radiography</term><term>Radiol endod</term><term>Recurrent caries</term><term>Respective prognoses</term><term>Significant differences</term><term>Spatial distribution</term><term>Tact</term><term>Tact displays</term><term>Tomography</term><term>Total rating scores</term><term>Treatment options</term><term>Webber</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. Study design. TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Results. A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; P < .001). Conclusions. TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:239-47)</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>intraoral</json:string><json:string>tomography</json:string><json:string>radiograph</json:string><json:string>radiographic</json:string><json:string>webber</json:string><json:string>messura</json:string><json:string>confidence intervals</json:string><json:string>modality</json:string><json:string>intraoral site</json:string><json:string>projection geometry</json:string><json:string>multiple projections</json:string><json:string>treatment options</json:string><json:string>control modalities</json:string><json:string>respective prognoses</json:string><json:string>pathology volume</json:string><json:string>radiography</json:string><json:string>dental practice</json:string><json:string>spatial distribution</json:string><json:string>panoramic radiographs</json:string><json:string>oral surg</json:string><json:string>oral pathol</json:string><json:string>diagnostic information</json:string><json:string>prototype system</json:string><json:string>diagnostic performance</json:string><json:string>imaging</json:string><json:string>recurrent caries</json:string><json:string>oral surgery</json:string><json:string>national institute</json:string><json:string>international association</json:string><json:string>total rating scores</json:string><json:string>radiographic data</json:string><json:string>diagnostic task</json:string><json:string>diagnostic interest</json:string><json:string>radiol endod</json:string><json:string>tact displays</json:string><json:string>dentomaxillofac radiol</json:string><json:string>periapical radiographs</json:string><json:string>significant differences</json:string><json:string>prototype</json:string><json:string>tact</json:string><json:string>projection</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Richard L. Webber DDS, PhDa</name><affiliations><json:string>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Judith K. Messura DMDb</name><affiliations><json:string>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6H6-9CRWZTDK-X</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. Study design. TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Results. A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; P > .001). Conclusions. TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. 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The material in this article was presented at the 1998 International Association for Dental Research meeting held in Nice, France.</note><note>1079-2104/99/$8.00 + 0 7/16/99205</note><note>Reprint requests: Richard L. Webber, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Dentistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem NC 27157-1093</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Richard L.</forename><surname>Webber</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">DDS, PhDa</roleName><affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Judith K.</forename><surname>Messura</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">DMDb</roleName><affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70122-8</idno><idno type="PII">S1079-2104(99)70122-8</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YMOE</title><idno type="pISSN">1079-2104</idno><idno type="PII">S1079-2104(05)X7046-9</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1999"></date><biblScope unit="volume">88</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="239">239</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="247">247</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1999</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. Study design. TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Results. A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; P < .001). Conclusions. TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:239-47)</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1999">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier doc found" wicri:toSee="Elsevier, no converted or simple article"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 5.0.1//EN//XML" URI="art501.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr7"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr8" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr8"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr9" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr9"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr10" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr10"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><article docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>YMOE</jid><aid>99205</aid><ce:pii>S1079-2104(99)70122-8</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70122-8</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="1999">Mosby, Inc.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>☆</ce:label><ce:note-para>This research was sponsored in part by NIST Interagency Agreement 1 Y01-DE-10006-03. The material in this article was presented at the 1998 International Association for Dental Research meeting held in Nice, France.</ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>☆☆</ce:label><ce:note-para>1079-2104/99/$8.00 + 0 <ce:bold>7/16/99205</ce:bold></ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>★</ce:label><ce:note-para>Reprint requests: Richard L. Webber, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Dentistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem NC 27157-1093</ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:title>An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Richard L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Webber</ce:surname><ce:degrees>DDS, PhD<ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:degrees></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Judith K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Messura</ce:surname><ce:degrees>DMD<ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:degrees></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Winston-Salem, NC</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, <ce:sup>a</ce:sup>Professor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, <ce:sup>b</ce:sup>Assistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="8" month="2" year="1999"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="29" month="3" year="1999"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para><ce:bold>Objective.</ce:bold> The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. <ce:bold>Study design.</ce:bold> TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney <ce:italic>U</ce:italic> –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. <ce:bold>Results.</ce:bold> A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; <ce:italic>P</ce:italic> < .001). <ce:bold>Conclusions.</ce:bold> TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. <ce:bold>(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:239-47)</ce:bold></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></head><body><ce:sections><ce:para>Dental radiographs are used primarily to survey dental tissues for morphologic/pathologic changes of diagnostic interest. This often involves a search for lesions in calcified structures that may or may not be detected easily and/or assessed, depending on their location relative to the x-ray beam.<ce:cross-ref refid="bib1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref> A simple way to reduce the likelihood of inappropriate projection geometry is to increase the number of projections produced during any given examination. It can be shown that this approach amounts to the gathering of three-dimensional (3D) information.<ce:cross-ref refid="bib2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:para><ce:para>The spatial distribution of such information is necessarily determined by the number of and the different angles associated with the multiple projections involved.<ce:cross-ref refid="bib2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref> Through judicious selection of multiple projections taken from appropriate angles, it is possible to optimize the diagnostic yield by taking into account known aniso-tropic characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of lesions in the irradiated tissues. Much of the success of computerized tomography (CT) in medicine can be traced to the judicious use of multiple projections that, through projective redundancy, eliminate the effects of accidental obscurations having little to do with the specific task to be accomplished. Conversely, in the absence of 3D data, selecting an appropriate 2-dimensional (2D) projection geometry a priori presents a problem that only can be approached stochastically. This problem ultimately limits diagnostic performance irrespective of other factors influencing the radiographic process, such as image contrast and resolution, or conditions influencing the visual display of the images.<ce:cross-refs refid="bib3 bib4"><ce:sup>3,4</ce:sup></ce:cross-refs></ce:para><ce:para>This project is a logical extension of existing research directed toward the application of tomosynthesis in dentistry. The original idea was to incorporate multiple projection geometries into the system by design so that all geometries could be produced during a single, automated, exposure sequence. The resulting 3D data are then integrated into a computerized 2D display that is optimized for specific diagnostic tasks through interactive manipulation of a single focal plane through the digital data base making up the composite 3D image.</ce:para><ce:para>This investigation culminates a 5-year interagency research contract to the National Institute for Standards and Technology sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research to build and test a prototype intraoral dental tomosynthetic x-ray system. The intent was to fabricate a practical system that could produce 3D images from 2D radiographic projections obtained digitally from an x-ray–sensitive, intraoral charge-coupled device. Performance was to be evaluated in relation to that yielded by conventional systems characterized by a single projection per image to demonstrate scientifically the following:
<ce:list><ce:list-item><ce:label>1.</ce:label><ce:para>3D imaging that permits interactive display of contiguous “slices” without the need for significant additional patient exposure or inconvenience</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item><ce:label>2.</ce:label><ce:para>a relatively higher yield of diagnostically useful information that is less sensitive to the positioning of the patient during exposure</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item><ce:label>3.</ce:label><ce:para>improved accuracy in the assay of osseous changes occurring between x-ray examinations in comparison with conventional techniques</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item><ce:label>4.</ce:label><ce:para>instantaneous display and cost-effective archiving capability</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item><ce:label>5.</ce:label><ce:para>demonstrated potential for objective quantification of dental diagnostic data.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:para><ce:para>The system as originally conceived involved the use of an automated, rapid-exposure sequence designed in such a way that the focal spot of the x-ray source moved to different known positions in space to provide 3D information that could be recalled and displayed after the fact. In this respect, the approach surpassed the existing potential of CT, which, like conventional tomography, requires manipulation of the patient relative to the x-ray source to create a display comprised of multiple slices. The beauty of such a system, in addition to providing true 3D information, is that it has the potential to eliminate significant differences in projection geometry from one examination to the next. It is just such changes that must be measured accurately if active disease is to be diagnosed unequivocally.</ce:para><ce:para>The basis underlying this investigation derives from digital tomosynthesis.<ce:cross-refs refid="bib5 bib6 bib7 bib8"><ce:sup>5-8</ce:sup></ce:cross-refs> Tomosynthesis is similar to tomography, but whereas in tomography a single image is produced continuously, in tomosynthesis multiple discrete images are produced, each corresponding to a different relative position of the source and film plane. This results in a system that is characterized by multiple x-ray projections, each involving a different projection angle. By analyzing multiple projections simultaneously in appropriate registration, it can be shown that the resulting data contain 3D information.<ce:cross-refs refid="bib6 bib7 bib8"><ce:sup>6-8</ce:sup></ce:cross-refs> This 3D information then can be manipulated and displayed in a variety of ways, depending on the diagnostic task to be accomplished.</ce:para><ce:para>Other research findings derived from this project have demonstrated that significant complexity and expense associated with the first-generation prototype can be obviated through the use of a new method of integrating individual 2D projections into a unified 3D matrix.<ce:cross-refs refid="bib9 bib10"><ce:sup>9,10</ce:sup></ce:cross-refs> This method has come to be known as <ce:italic>tuned-aperture computed tomography</ce:italic> (TACT) because it is based on optical aperture theory. It precludes the need for patient stability between projections and permits task-specific x-ray–aiming options that are impossible to accommodate with any existing tomographic alternatives. It is this new imaging method that was used to synthesize the 3D displays reported here.</ce:para><ce:para>In vitro radiographic data from controlled clinical simulation studies already produced with the prototype machine confirm theoretical predictions that TACT significantly improves the ability of a clinician to determine 3D relationships in all of the applications tested to date.<ce:cross-refs refid="bib11 bib12 bib13 bib14 bib15"><ce:sup>11-15</ce:sup></ce:cross-refs> The goal of this in vivo experiment was to demonstrate in a controlled fashion the potential of TACT technology in a variety of clinical applications through assessments of quality of diagnostic information obtained from a randomized sample of adult patients in a large institutional dental practice. The underlying statistical hypothesis was that diagnostic performance obtainable from radiographic examination of oral tissues is improved through the use of 3D electronic images. The latter were produced from a prototype tomosynthetic dental x-ray system based on the principle of TACT. Performance from this system was compared with that obtained comparably from separate images produced through use of conventional 2D film-based x-ray projections.</ce:para><ce:section><ce:section-title>METHODS</ce:section-title><ce:para>In this controlled clinical investigation at a large institutional dental practice, 60 dental patients were recruited, each 18 years of age or older and requiring surgical treatment for one or more of the following disorders: (1) severe regional periodontal disease, (2) impacted teeth requiring extraordinary surgical extraction, (3) structurally strategic edentulism to be restored using one or more endosseous implants, (4) surgical management of an existing endosseous implant, (5) pulpal necrosis requiring endodontal (root-canal) therapy. All of these problems are relatively common and share the feature that proper treatment requires one or more additional radiographic examinations. Patients meeting these criteria were solicited as volunteers and each was assigned randomly to either the test group or the control group. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board, and each participating patient signed a detailed consent form. Randomization by group was accomplished by a coin flip until a catastrophic breakdown of the prototype system precluded further prospective recruitment of test patients. Subsequent control patients required to balance the distribution by modality were then solicited randomly from a qualified pool of patients admitted to the general practice over the same time interval. Although the typical number of conventional projections or TACT sequences per site was one, occasionally certain sites were reexposed for technical reasons. However, under no circumstance was a single site exposed to a total radiation exposure exceeding that required by the equivalent of 3 circularly collimated periapical radiographs. We considered this to be the maximum likely to be required conventionally for optimum angulation or to be needed for retrospectively determined retakes caused by inappropriate angulation, cone-cutting, or other technical difficulties commonly experienced in actual clinical examinations. The dose associated with one TACT sequence was constrained to be no greater than that associated with a single circularly collimated exposure of D-speed x-ray film. Because panoramic radiography always exposes a much greater diversity of radiosensitive tissues encompassed by the entire head, we limited the number of panoramic radiographs per person to a maximum of 2.</ce:para><ce:para>The technicians involved were trained thoroughly in the proper use of both test and control technologies through use of a special mannequin designed expressly for this purpose. This was done before radiography of actual dental patients was undertaken. The training included the use of clinical judgment to adjust projection geometry and other imaging parameters, such as exposure per projection as determined by intrinsic limits imposed by the respective x-ray transducers. TACT projections were generated through use of the first-generation prototype dental x-ray system schematized in Figs 1 and 2.
<ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 1</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Schematic design of prototype system consisting of 8 conventional grid-controlled dental x-ray tubes mounted inside a single gimbal housing. Tubes were positioned so that their focal spots were distributed symmetrically in square pattern shown in Fig 2.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr1"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 2</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Axial and lateral schematic layout of positions of x-ray tubes incorporated into prototype x-ray system. Lateral view also shows projection geometry as determined by positions of foci and size and length of collimating cone.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr2"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display></ce:para><ce:para>Measured at the tissue surface, the angle subtended by adjacent focal spots was approximately 12 degrees. Although under these conditions the rigid construction of this multi-tube source necessarily constrains the projection geometry subtending each specimen, the spatial distribution of x-ray foci that determines the effective optical aperture may be considered arbitrary, because the method used to calculate the projection geometry was completely independent of the geometry engineered into the multi-tube source. Indeed, one or more tubes could have moved between exposures without this change influencing either the quality of the reconstructions or the process used to produce them.</ce:para><ce:para>Each tube was operated at a constant potential of 70 kV and was switched on and off under computer control. The switching process was mediated by biasing a grid circuit that modulated the tube current during high-voltage activation. X-ray exposures were recorded by a direct digital x-ray detector (Sens-a-Ray, model #002000, Regam Medical System AB, Sundsvall, Sweden). The output from the detector was buffered into a custom-designed frame grabber capable of storing 8 separate x-ray projection images simultaneously in dynamic random-access memory. This combination permitted digital acquisition of 8 different x-ray exposures in less than 2 seconds.</ce:para><ce:para>With the aid of 2 fixed low-power laser beams that were produced by units attached to the head assembly and that converged at the focal point of the central rays, the technician was able to aim the multi-tube source in such a way that the intraoral sensor was not cone-cut by any of the x-ray beams. A single lead bead, 2 mm in diameter and with an adhesive backing (Y-Spot, Beekley Corp., Bristol, Conn), was attached to the facial aspect of the tooth nearest the region of diagnostic interest to serve as a fiducial reference suitable for implementation of the TACT reconstruction algorithm. The time per exposure ranged from 200 to 500 msec, depending on the perceived thickness of the tissues in the region of interest.</ce:para><ce:para>Exposure parameters associated with the conventional (control) imaging modalities were those used routinely in the dental clinic of a large urban hospital. They are consistent with the respective manufacturers’ recommendations for proper use of such equipment. All control machines used in this study were Gendex units operated at a minimum of 70 kV and a maximum of 90 kV. The film used was Kodak Ultraspeed #2 for the periapical radiographs and Kodak Pan/DF-75 with Dupont Cronex Par Speed screens for the panoramic radiographs. All processing was performed through use of an automated film processor (Air Techniques 2000), factory chemistry being maintained through a standardized replenishment/replacement schedule to assure reasonable quality control.</ce:para><ce:para>All radiographs from both groups were viewed independently by a panel of 2 (or more) dentists not associated with the surgery who likewise were well trained in the production and interpretation of images produced with the 2 technologies. Iteratively restored<ce:cross-ref refid="bib8"><ce:sup>8</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref> as well as direct TACT reconstructions<ce:cross-ref refid="bib10"><ce:sup>10</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref> were viewed interactively on a slice-by-slice basis on a high-resolution, 8-bit computer display (800 × 600 pixels) having an active area measuring 31 × 23 cm. The observers also had full viewing access to all of the 2D basis projections used to synthesize the 3D TACT slices. Control 2D periapical and panoramic radiographs were viewed under conventional clinical conditions through use of a standard opal-glass viewbox (Acculite Portable) with a mean luminance of approximately 0.135 sb. The following subjective assessments were obtained independently from each panel member for each modality based solely on the radiographic data thus displayed:
<ce:list><ce:list-item><ce:label>1.</ce:label><ce:para>On a scale of 1 to 10, estimate how useful you consider the existing radiographic information to be when considered only with regard to its potential for altering clinical treatment options.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item><ce:label>2.</ce:label><ce:para>On a scale of 1 to 10, estimate the extent to which you feel that you have all the information you need to be confident in your clinical assessment of the patient’s surgical prognosis.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:para><ce:para>The unpaired data for both questions were analyzed through use of a nonparametric comparison of the reported scale values. This approach, while relatively inefficient in terms of isolating treatment effects from intrinsic differences between patients, permitted each patient to participate in the research with no additional radiation burden over that expected conventionally. It also was considered to be intrinsically safer than a paired design if the test technique should harbor an unanticipated, undesirable treatment effect. The latter, if present, would necessarily be confounded with control effects if all patients were examined both ways.</ce:para></ce:section><ce:section><ce:section-title>RESULTS</ce:section-title><ce:para>The distribution of modality and observer by intraoral sites is presented in Table I, and the distribution of modality and observer by patients is presented in Table II.
<ce:display><ce:table colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="topbot"><ce:label>Table I</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Distribution by intraoral site of total rating scores broken down by observer and modality.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colsep="0"></colspec><colspec colname="col2" colsep="0"></colspec><colspec colname="col3" colsep="0"></colspec><thead><row><entry morerows="1">Observer</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center">Modality</entry></row><row><entry colname="col2" align="center">TACT</entry><entry align="center">Control</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>A</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">17</entry></row><row><entry>B</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">17</entry></row><row><entry>C</entry><entry align="center">29</entry><entry align="center">23</entry></row><row><entry>D</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">23</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></ce:table></ce:display><ce:display><ce:table colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="topbot"><ce:label>Table II</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Distribution by patient of total rating scores broken down by observer and modality</ce:simple-para></ce:caption><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1" colsep="0"></colspec><colspec colname="col2" colsep="0"></colspec><colspec colname="col3" colsep="0"></colspec><thead><row><entry morerows="1">Observer</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center">Modality</entry></row><row><entry colname="col2" align="center">TACT</entry><entry align="center">Control</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>A</entry><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center">17</entry></row><row><entry>B</entry><entry align="center">13</entry><entry align="center">17</entry></row><row><entry>C</entry><entry align="center">17</entry><entry align="center">23</entry></row><row><entry>D</entry><entry align="center">7</entry><entry align="center">23</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></ce:table></ce:display></ce:para><ce:para>The error-bar charts (Figs 3-10) illustrate the statistical distribution (95% confidence intervals) of the data broken down by modality and by observer, respectively.
<ce:display><ce:figure id="fig3"><ce:label>Fig. 3</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart compares observers’ perceived potential for altering a patient’s treatment options when data from test and control modalities are distributed by intraoral site and expressed as 95% confidence intervals.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr3"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 4</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart compares observers’ confidence in their respective prognoses when data from test and control modalities are distributed by intraoral site and expressed as 95% confidence intervals.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr4"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 5</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart compares observers’ perceived potential for altering a patient’s treatment options when data from test and control modalities are distributed by patient and expressed as 95% confidence intervals.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr5"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure id="fig6"><ce:label>Fig. 6</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart compares observers’ confidence in their respective prognoses when data from test and control modalities are distributed by patient and expressed as 95% confidence intervals.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr6"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure id="fig7"><ce:label>Fig. 7</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart shows 95% confidence intervals comparing observers’ perceived potential for altering a patient’s treatment options when data are distributed by intraoral site and by observer.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr7"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 8</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart shows 95% confidence intervals comparing observers’ confidence in their respective prognoses when data are distributed by intraoral site and by observer.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr8"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure><ce:label>Fig. 9</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart shows 95% confidence intervals comparing observers’ perceived potential for altering a patient’s treatment options when data are distributed by patient and by observer.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr9"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display><ce:display><ce:figure id="fig10"><ce:label>Fig. 10</ce:label><ce:caption><ce:simple-para>Chart shows 95% confidence intervals comparing observers’ confidence in their respective prognoses when data are distributed by patient and by observer.</ce:simple-para></ce:caption> <ce:link locator="gr10"></ce:link></ce:figure></ce:display>The obvious statistical significances demonstrated by modality (<ce:cross-refs refid="fig3 fig6">Figs 3-6</ce:cross-refs>) were confirmed nonparametrically through use of the Mann-Whitney <ce:italic>U</ce:italic> –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. The estimated probabilities by intraoral site and by patient were <ce:italic>P</ce:italic> < .001 for both measures of diagnostic performance evaluated in this study. Although inspection of error-bar charts by observer (<ce:cross-refs refid="fig7 fig10">Figs 7-10</ce:cross-refs>) suggests distribution differences, none was found to be statistically significant (<ce:italic>P</ce:italic> < .05) when the composite data both by intraoral site and by patient were analyzed by means of analyses of variance.</ce:para></ce:section><ce:section><ce:section-title>DISCUSSION</ce:section-title><ce:para>Practical limitations underlying an unpaired experimental design in a busy institutional dental practice made it difficult to establish a well-balanced sample, inasmuch as the availability of unbiased observers necessarily varied from one evaluation session to the next. Fortunately, the observed significance by modality was more than adequate to eclipse the effects of nonoptimal samp-ling on associated variance estimates. To offset any concern for the disproportionate number of multiple intraoral sites examined within TACT patients in comparison with controls, we also analyzed the data by patient. The net effect was to increase the estimated variance for TACT observations relative to that of controls. Despite this more stringent test, the significance of TACT relative to controls by patient was sustained at nearly the same level of confidence as that derived from the intraoral site data.</ce:para><ce:para>The various observer effects appeared to vary somewhat by task, but considered together they were not pronounced enough to demonstrate significant differences, even when they were estimated parametrically by means of an analysis of variance. Hence, we conclude that information observed from TACT displays, as implemented in this investigation and compared with information from film-based x-ray control imaging modalities, was sufficient to significantly alter perceived treatment outcomes and diagnostic confidence, irrespective of the presumed sampling unit.</ce:para></ce:section><ce:section><ce:section-title>SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS</ce:section-title><ce:para>A prototype 3D intraoral x-ray system has been built and tested. Controlled in vitro investigations have shown that this system can significantly improve diagnostic performance for a variety of different tasks and applications in comparison with conventional film-based dental radiography. The present report culminates this development effort by clinically testing the prototype in vivo. It involves the compilation of independent radiologic observations of test and control radiographs produced from a variety of adult dental patients in an active institutional clinical practice. The data indicate a statistically significant preference for 3D (TACT) images over 2D (controls) irrespective of the diagnostic task. The tasks included interpretations of severe periodontal lesions, difficult dental impactions, implants and implant sites, and endosseous periapical lesions. All observers were licensed dentists and were unbiased to the extent that none was directly involved in the clinical management of the patients whom they were evaluating. Their observations reflected their perceived confidence in assessing both the patient’s condition and the anticipated effect that the examination would have on altering their perception of available treatment options.</ce:para></ce:section></ce:sections><ce:acknowledgment><ce:section-title>Acknowledgements</ce:section-title><ce:para>We express our appreciation for the diligent efforts of Ms Susan Morris, who served as the primary x-ray technician on this project. 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Res</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>32</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1998</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>23</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>30</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference></ce:bibliography-sec></ce:bibliography></tail></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Richard L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Webber</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">DDS, PhDa</namePart><affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Judith K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Messura</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">DMDb</namePart><affiliation>Winston-Salem, NCWAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, aProfessor, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, bAssistant Professor and Director of Resident Education, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1999</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1999</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic information obtained by means of 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and by means of conventional radiography of patients requiring surgery. Study design. TACT produced digital images that yielded a series of tomographic slices viewed interactively. Controls were conventional periapical and/or panoramic radiographs. Each of 4 independent dentists performed 2 tasks, one requiring an estimation of confidence in their clinical assessments of the patient and the other requiring an estimation of the resulting diagnostic potential for altering associated treatment options. Data were analyzed through use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U –Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Results. A statistically significant difference for both tasks was observed (2-sided; P < .001). Conclusions. TACT displays were more diagnostically informative and had more impact on potential treatment options than did conventional radiographs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:239-47)</abstract><note>This research was sponsored in part by NIST Interagency Agreement 1 Y01-DE-10006-03. The material in this article was presented at the 1998 International Association for Dental Research meeting held in Nice, France.</note><note>1079-2104/99/$8.00 + 0 7/16/99205</note><note>Reprint requests: Richard L. Webber, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Dentistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem NC 27157-1093</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>YMOE</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199908</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">1079-2104</identifier><identifier type="PII">S1079-2104(05)X7046-9</identifier><part><date>199908</date><detail type="volume"><number>88</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue-pages"><start>6A</start><end>253</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>239</start><end>247</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6H6-9CRWZTDK-X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70122-8</identifier><identifier type="PII">S1079-2104(99)70122-8</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1999 Mosby, Inc.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-HKKZVM7B-M">elsevier</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Mosby, Inc., ©1999</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/842D13B01D214DB277198EEC1D3FDA896D6F6A6F/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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