Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs
Identifieur interne : 000369 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000368; suivant : 000370Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs
Auteurs : Stephan Lautenschlager ; Lawrence M. Witmer ; Perle Altangerel ; Emily J. RayfieldSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Edentulism and beaks (rhamphothecae) are distinguishing features among extant birds and are traditionally regarded as a response to weight-saving demands for the evolution of flight. However, keratin-covered beaks paralleled by edentulism appeared in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and as early as the Early Cretaceous. Here, high-resolution, digital biomechanical models of the skull of the Cretaceous therizinosaur
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310711110
PubMed: 24297877
PubMed Central: 3870693
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs</title><author><name sortKey="Lautenschlager, Stephan" sort="Lautenschlager, Stephan" uniqKey="Lautenschlager S" first="Stephan" last="Lautenschlager">Stephan Lautenschlager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Earth Sciences,<institution>University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 1RJ,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witmer, Lawrence M" sort="Witmer, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Witmer L" first="Lawrence M." last="Witmer">Lawrence M. Witmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine,<institution>Ohio University</institution>, Athens,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45701</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Altangerel, Perle" sort="Altangerel, Perle" uniqKey="Altangerel P" first="Perle" last="Altangerel">Perle Altangerel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Mongolian Museum of Natural History,<institution>National University of Mongolia</institution>, Ulaanbaatar 21,<country>Mongolia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rayfield, Emily J" sort="Rayfield, Emily J" uniqKey="Rayfield E" first="Emily J." last="Rayfield">Emily J. Rayfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Earth Sciences,<institution>University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 1RJ,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24297877</idno><idno type="pmc">3870693</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870693</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3870693</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1310711110</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000369</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000369</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs</title><author><name sortKey="Lautenschlager, Stephan" sort="Lautenschlager, Stephan" uniqKey="Lautenschlager S" first="Stephan" last="Lautenschlager">Stephan Lautenschlager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Earth Sciences,<institution>University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 1RJ,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witmer, Lawrence M" sort="Witmer, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Witmer L" first="Lawrence M." last="Witmer">Lawrence M. Witmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine,<institution>Ohio University</institution>, Athens,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45701</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Altangerel, Perle" sort="Altangerel, Perle" uniqKey="Altangerel P" first="Perle" last="Altangerel">Perle Altangerel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Mongolian Museum of Natural History,<institution>National University of Mongolia</institution>, Ulaanbaatar 21,<country>Mongolia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rayfield, Emily J" sort="Rayfield, Emily J" uniqKey="Rayfield E" first="Emily J." last="Rayfield">Emily J. Rayfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Earth Sciences,<institution>University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 1RJ,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Edentulism and beaks (rhamphothecae) are distinguishing features among extant birds and are traditionally regarded as a response to weight-saving demands for the evolution of flight. However, keratin-covered beaks paralleled by edentulism appeared in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and as early as the Early Cretaceous. Here, high-resolution, digital biomechanical models of the skull of the Cretaceous therizinosaur <italic>Erlikosaurus andrewsi</italic> are used to investigate the functional significance of these morphological specialisations and adaptations occurring in non-avian, maniraptoriform dinosaurs. Results of finite-element analyses provide evidence that keratinous beaks play an important role in enhancing cranial stability by mitigation stress and strain during feeding and represent an evolutionary innovation developed early in derived theropod dinosaurs.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24297877</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3870693</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201310711</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1310711110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Biomechanical innovations in dinosaurs</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lautenschlager</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Witmer</surname><given-names>Lawrence M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Altangerel</surname><given-names>Perle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rayfield</surname><given-names>Emily J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>School of Earth Sciences,<institution>University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 1RJ,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine,<institution>Ohio University</institution>, Athens,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45701; and</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Mongolian Museum of Natural History,<institution>National University of Mongolia</institution>, Ulaanbaatar 21,<country>Mongolia</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>glzsl@bristol.ac.uk</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Ophir Klein, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board November 3, 2013 (received for review June 5, 2013)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: S.L., L.M.W., and E.J.R. designed research; S.L. and E.J.R. performed research; S.L., L.M.W., and P.A. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.L. and E.J.R. analyzed data; and S.L., L.M.W., and E.J.R. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>110</volume><issue>51</issue><fpage>20657</fpage><lpage>20662</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201310711.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Edentulism and beaks (rhamphothecae) are distinguishing features among extant birds and are traditionally regarded as a response to weight-saving demands for the evolution of flight. However, keratin-covered beaks paralleled by edentulism appeared in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and as early as the Early Cretaceous. Here, high-resolution, digital biomechanical models of the skull of the Cretaceous therizinosaur <italic>Erlikosaurus andrewsi</italic> are used to investigate the functional significance of these morphological specialisations and adaptations occurring in non-avian, maniraptoriform dinosaurs. Results of finite-element analyses provide evidence that keratinous beaks play an important role in enhancing cranial stability by mitigation stress and strain during feeding and represent an evolutionary innovation developed early in derived theropod dinosaurs.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Maniraptoriformes, the speciose group of derived theropod dinosaurs that ultimately gave rise to modern birds, display a diverse and remarkable suite of skeletal adaptations. Apart from the evolution of flight, a large-scale change in dietary behavior appears to have been one of the main triggers for specializations in the bauplan of these derived theropods. Among the different skeletal specializations, partial or even complete edentulism and the development of keratinous beaks form a recurring and persistent trend in from the evolution of derived nonavian dinosaurs. Therizinosauria is an enigmatic maniraptoriform clade, whose members display these and other osteological characters thought to be correlated with the shift from carnivory to herbivory. This makes therizinosaurians prime candidates to assess the functional significance of these morphological characters. Based on a highly detailed biomechanical model of <italic>Erlikosaurus andrewsi</italic>, a therizinosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, different morphological configurations incorporating soft-tissue structures, such as a keratinous rhamphotheca, are evaluated for their biomechanical performance. Our results indicate that the development of beaks and the presence of a keratinous rhamphotheca would have helped to dissipate stress and strain, making the rostral part of the skull less susceptible to bending and displacement, and this benefit may extend to other vertebrate clades that possess rhamphothecae. Keratinous beaks, paralleled by edentulism, thus represent an evolutionary innovation developed early in derived theropods to enhance cranial stability, distinct to postulated mass-saving benefits associated with the origin of flight.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>functional morphology</kwd><kwd>computer modelling</kwd><kwd>finite element analysis</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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