Articular Eminence Inclination, Height, and Condyle Morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Identifieur interne : 000465 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000464; suivant : 000466Articular Eminence Inclination, Height, and Condyle Morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Auteurs : Dilhan Lgüy [Turquie] ; Mehmet Lgüy [Turquie] ; Erdo An Fi Ekçio Lu [Turquie] ; Semanur Döleko Lu [Turquie] ; Nilüfer Ersan [Turquie]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 2356-6140 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/761714
PubMed: 24696193
PubMed Central: 3947926
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Articular Eminence Inclination, Height, and Condyle Morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography</title><author><name sortKey=" Lguy, Dilhan" sort=" Lguy, Dilhan" uniqKey=" Lguy D" first="Dilhan" last=" Lgüy">Dilhan Lgüy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Lguy, Mehmet" sort=" Lguy, Mehmet" uniqKey=" Lguy M" first="Mehmet" last=" Lgüy">Mehmet Lgüy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fi Ekcio Lu, Erdo An" sort="Fi Ekcio Lu, Erdo An" uniqKey="Fi Ekcio Lu E" first="Erdo An" last="Fi Ekçio Lu">Erdo An Fi Ekçio Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doleko Lu, Semanur" sort="Doleko Lu, Semanur" uniqKey="Doleko Lu S" first="Semanur" last="Döleko Lu">Semanur Döleko Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ersan, Nilufer" sort="Ersan, Nilufer" uniqKey="Ersan N" first="Nilüfer" last="Ersan">Nilüfer Ersan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24696193</idno><idno type="pmc">3947926</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947926</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3947926</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/761714</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000774</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000774</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000774</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000774</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000465</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000465</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Articular Eminence Inclination, Height, and Condyle Morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography</title><author><name sortKey=" Lguy, Dilhan" sort=" Lguy, Dilhan" uniqKey=" Lguy D" first="Dilhan" last=" Lgüy">Dilhan Lgüy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Lguy, Mehmet" sort=" Lguy, Mehmet" uniqKey=" Lguy M" first="Mehmet" last=" Lgüy">Mehmet Lgüy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fi Ekcio Lu, Erdo An" sort="Fi Ekcio Lu, Erdo An" uniqKey="Fi Ekcio Lu E" first="Erdo An" last="Fi Ekçio Lu">Erdo An Fi Ekçio Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doleko Lu, Semanur" sort="Doleko Lu, Semanur" uniqKey="Doleko Lu S" first="Semanur" last="Döleko Lu">Semanur Döleko Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ersan, Nilufer" sort="Ersan, Nilufer" uniqKey="Ersan N" first="Nilüfer" last="Ersan">Nilüfer Ersan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34728 Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">2356-6140</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Aim</italic>. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between articular eminence inclination, height, and thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa (RGF) according to age and gender and to assess condyle morphology including incidental findings of osseous characteristics associated with osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). <italic>Materials and Methods</italic>. CBCT images of 105 patients were evaluated retrospectively. For articular eminence inclination and height, axial views on which the condylar processes were seen with their widest mediolateral extent being used as a reference view for secondary reconstruction. Condyle morphology was categorized both in the sagittal and coronal plane. <italic>Results</italic>. The mean values of eminence inclination and height of males were higher than those of females (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). There were significant differences in the RGF thickness in relation to sagittal condyle morphology. Among the group of OA, the mean value of the RGF thickness for “OA-osteophyte” group was the highest (1.59 mm), whereas the lowest RGF values were seen in the “OA-flattening.” <italic>Conclusion</italic>. The sagittal osteoarthritic changes may have an effect on RGF thickness by mechanical stimulation and changed stress distribution. Gender has a significant effect on eminence height (Eh) and inclination.
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2356-6140</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24696193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3947926</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/761714</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Articular Eminence Inclination, Height, and Condyle Morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>İlgüy</surname><given-names>Dilhan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>İlgüy</surname><given-names>Mehmet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fişekçioğlu</surname><given-names>Erdoğan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dölekoğlu</surname><given-names>Semanur</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ersan</surname><given-names>Nilüfer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bağdat Caddesi No. 238, Göztepe Kadıköy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Dilhan İlgüy: <email>dilhan.ilguy@yeditepe.edu.tr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: H.-J. Cha and C. Rossa Jr.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>761714</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Dilhan İlgüy et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Aim</italic>. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between articular eminence inclination, height, and thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa (RGF) according to age and gender and to assess condyle morphology including incidental findings of osseous characteristics associated with osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). <italic>Materials and Methods</italic>. CBCT images of 105 patients were evaluated retrospectively. For articular eminence inclination and height, axial views on which the condylar processes were seen with their widest mediolateral extent being used as a reference view for secondary reconstruction. Condyle morphology was categorized both in the sagittal and coronal plane. <italic>Results</italic>. The mean values of eminence inclination and height of males were higher than those of females (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). There were significant differences in the RGF thickness in relation to sagittal condyle morphology. Among the group of OA, the mean value of the RGF thickness for “OA-osteophyte” group was the highest (1.59 mm), whereas the lowest RGF values were seen in the “OA-flattening.” <italic>Conclusion</italic>. The sagittal osteoarthritic changes may have an effect on RGF thickness by mechanical stimulation and changed stress distribution. Gender has a significant effect on eminence height (Eh) and inclination.
</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a) The points and planes used in this study, (b) the best-fit line method, and (c) the top-roof line method. F: Frankfort horizontal, F1: the parallel line to the F passing through the highest point of the condylar process, F2: the parallel line to the F passing through the highest point of the fossa, Ebf plane: the best-fit plane of the articular eminence inclination connecting the point, at which the F1 line cut the eminence posterior surface, Etr plane: the plane passing through the highest point of the condylar process and the highest point of the condylar process, and Eh: Eminence height.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-761714.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The coronal condyle morphology: (a) convex, (b) round, (c) flat, and (d) angled and other.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-761714.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>The sagittal condyle morphology: (a) without osteoarthritis (OA), (b) flattening, (c) erosion, and (d) osteophyte.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-761714.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The articular eminence and RGF thickness measurements according to gender.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female </th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Best-fit line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.66 ± 6.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.58 ± 6.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.033</italic></bold>*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Top-roof line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.19 ± 6.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.99 ± 6.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.014</italic></bold>*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RGF thickness (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 ± 0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24 ± 0.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.717</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33 ± 1.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.69 ± 1.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.001</italic></bold>**</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Student's <italic>t</italic>-test; **<italic>P</italic> < 0.01; *<italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>The articular eminence and RGF thickness measurements according to age groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Age groups</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><30</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39 </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49 </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59 </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥60 </th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Best-fit line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.02 ± 7.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.22 ± 6.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.45 ± 6.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.91 ± 5.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.59 ± 6.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.001</italic></bold>**</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Top-roof line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.17 ± 7.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.73 ± 7.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.71 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.17 ± 4.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.08 ± 5.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.001</italic></bold>**</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RGF thickness (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 ± 0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37 ± 0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 ± 0.47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 ± 0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.001</italic></bold>**</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Art eminence height (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.64 ± 1.47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.19 ± 1.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.66 ± 1.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.91 ± 1.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.11 ± 1.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.169</italic></bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>One-way ANOVA test; **<italic>P</italic> < 0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The mean values of the articular eminence and roof of the glenoid fossa thickness according to sagittal condyle morphology.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Sagittal condyle morphology</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Without OA</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">With OA</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flattened </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Osteophyte </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erosion </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Best-fit line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.50 ± 7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.06 ± 6.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.13 ± 5.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.44 ± 7.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.785</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Top-roof line (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.15 ± 6.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6 ± 5.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.41 ± 3.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.04 ± 6.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.963</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RGF thickness (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21 ± 0.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.59 ± 0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48 ± 0.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.014</italic></bold>*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.74 ± 1.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.05 ± 1.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.07 ± 0.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.44 ± 1.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>0.361</italic></bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Kruskal-Wallis test; 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