Extreme thrombocytosis in a young cat
Identifieur interne : 000243 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000242; suivant : 000244Extreme thrombocytosis in a young cat
Auteurs : Emma Hooijberg ; Ernst Leidinger ; Georges Kirtz ; Mario PichlerSource :
- Comparative Clinical Pathology [ 1618-5641 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
A 7-month-old unvaccinated domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of inappetence and hypersalivation. Clinical examination revealed fever, gingivitis and oral ulceration. An initial blood sample revealed a severe leukopenia and neutropenia and a feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) titre of 1:640; a second titre 10 days later was 1:2,560. A feline calicivirus (FCV) titre was 1:320 and the initial clinical signs and laboratory findings were attributed to a coinfection with FPV and FCV. The cat was treated with interferon omega. A blood sample taken 10 days later revealed a severe thrombocytosis of 3,448 × 109/L (reference range 200–500 × 109/L) confirmed by blood smear examination. The platelet count on day 35 was 4,990 × 109/L. No bone marrow examination was carried out. Two differential diagnoses for an extreme thrombocytosis are a reactive thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia (ET). ET is a hemic neoplasia that causes a severe and persistent thrombocytosis, and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Reactive thrombocytosis is generally mild to moderate and of shorter duration than described here, but an excessive response could have been caused by infection. The influence of additional factors such as an initial thrombocytopenia, age and interferon treatment are not clear but can be speculated on. Although the exact pathophysiology in this case remains unclear, such high, persistent thrombocyte numbers have not been reported in cats in the absence of a neoplastic process.
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DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1036-z
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7087589
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Extreme thrombocytosis in a young cat</title><author><name sortKey="Hooijberg, Emma" sort="Hooijberg, Emma" uniqKey="Hooijberg E" first="Emma" last="Hooijberg">Emma Hooijberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leidinger, Ernst" sort="Leidinger, Ernst" uniqKey="Leidinger E" first="Ernst" last="Leidinger">Ernst Leidinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirtz, Georges" sort="Kirtz, Georges" uniqKey="Kirtz G" first="Georges" last="Kirtz">Georges Kirtz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pichler, Mario" sort="Pichler, Mario" uniqKey="Pichler M" first="Mario" last="Pichler">Mario Pichler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Tierklinik Meidling, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7087589</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087589</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7087589</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00580-010-1036-z</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000243</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000243</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Extreme thrombocytosis in a young cat</title><author><name sortKey="Hooijberg, Emma" sort="Hooijberg, Emma" uniqKey="Hooijberg E" first="Emma" last="Hooijberg">Emma Hooijberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leidinger, Ernst" sort="Leidinger, Ernst" uniqKey="Leidinger E" first="Ernst" last="Leidinger">Ernst Leidinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirtz, Georges" sort="Kirtz, Georges" uniqKey="Kirtz G" first="Georges" last="Kirtz">Georges Kirtz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pichler, Mario" sort="Pichler, Mario" uniqKey="Pichler M" first="Mario" last="Pichler">Mario Pichler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Tierklinik Meidling, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Comparative Clinical Pathology</title><idno type="ISSN">1618-5641</idno><idno type="eISSN">1618-565X</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A 7-month-old unvaccinated domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of inappetence and hypersalivation. Clinical examination revealed fever, gingivitis and oral ulceration. An initial blood sample revealed a severe leukopenia and neutropenia and a feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) titre of 1:640; a second titre 10 days later was 1:2,560. A feline calicivirus (FCV) titre was 1:320 and the initial clinical signs and laboratory findings were attributed to a coinfection with FPV and FCV. The cat was treated with interferon omega. A blood sample taken 10 days later revealed a severe thrombocytosis of 3,448 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L (reference range 200–500 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) confirmed by blood smear examination. The platelet count on day 35 was 4,990 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L. No bone marrow examination was carried out. Two differential diagnoses for an extreme thrombocytosis are a reactive thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia (ET). ET is a hemic neoplasia that causes a severe and persistent thrombocytosis, and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Reactive thrombocytosis is generally mild to moderate and of shorter duration than described here, but an excessive response could have been caused by infection. The influence of additional factors such as an initial thrombocytopenia, age and interferon treatment are not clear but can be speculated on. Although the exact pathophysiology in this case remains unclear, such high, persistent thrombocyte numbers have not been reported in cats in the absence of a neoplastic process.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bass, Mc" uniqKey="Bass M">MC Bass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schultze, Ae" uniqKey="Schultze A">AE Schultze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buss, Dh" uniqKey="Buss D">DH Buss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cashell, Aw" uniqKey="Cashell A">AW Cashell</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, Ml" uniqKey="O Connor M">ML O'Connor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dame, C" uniqKey="Dame C">C Dame</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sutor, Ah" uniqKey="Sutor A">AH Sutor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dan, K" uniqKey="Dan K">K Dan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunn, Jk" uniqKey="Dunn J">JK Dunn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Mf" uniqKey="Heath M">MF Heath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jefferies, A" uniqKey="Jefferies A">A Jefferies</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Green, Ra" uniqKey="Green R">RA Green</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hammer, As" uniqKey="Hammer A">AS Hammer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hammer, As" uniqKey="Hammer A">AS Hammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Couto, Cg" uniqKey="Couto C">CG Couto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Getzy, D" uniqKey="Getzy D">D Getzy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harvey, J" uniqKey="Harvey J">J Harvey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hopper, Pe" uniqKey="Hopper P">PE Hopper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mandell, Cp" uniqKey="Mandell C">CP Mandell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turrel, Jm" uniqKey="Turrel J">JM Turrel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hsu, T C" uniqKey="Hsu T">T-C Hsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tzang, B C" uniqKey="Tzang B">B-C Tzang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, C N" uniqKey="Huang C">C-N Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jain, N" uniqKey="Jain N">N Jain</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaser, A" uniqKey="Kaser A">A Kaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brandacher, G" uniqKey="Brandacher G">G Brandacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steurer, W" uniqKey="Steurer W">W Steurer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaushansky, K" uniqKey="Kaushansky K">K Kaushansky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimura, H" uniqKey="Kimura H">H Kimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Segal, Gm" uniqKey="Segal G">GM Segal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, My" uniqKey="Lee M">MY Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mandell, Cp" uniqKey="Mandell C">CP Mandell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, La" uniqKey="Mitchell L">LA Mitchell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, F" uniqKey="Rizzo F">F Rizzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tappin, Sw" uniqKey="Tappin S">SW Tappin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tasker, S" uniqKey="Tasker S">S Tasker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schafer, Ai" uniqKey="Schafer A">AI Schafer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sellon, Dc" uniqKey="Sellon D">DC Sellon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Jf" uniqKey="Levine J">JF Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, K" uniqKey="Palmer K">K Palmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stockham, Sl" uniqKey="Stockham S">SL Stockham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Ma" uniqKey="Scott M">MA Scott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tasker, S" uniqKey="Tasker S">S Tasker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cripps, Pj" uniqKey="Cripps P">PJ Cripps</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackin, Aj" uniqKey="Mackin A">AJ Mackin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Comp Clin Path</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Comp Clin Path</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Comparative Clinical Pathology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1618-5641</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1618-565X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer-Verlag</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7087589</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1036</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00580-010-1036-z</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Extreme thrombocytosis in a young cat</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Hooijberg</surname><given-names>Emma</given-names></name><address><email>emma.hooijberg@invitro.at</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leidinger</surname><given-names>Ernst</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kirtz</surname><given-names>Georges</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pichler</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Labor InVitro, Rennweg 95, Vienna, 1030 Austria</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Tierklinik Meidling, Vienna, Austria</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>579</fpage><lpage>584</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>A 7-month-old unvaccinated domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of inappetence and hypersalivation. Clinical examination revealed fever, gingivitis and oral ulceration. An initial blood sample revealed a severe leukopenia and neutropenia and a feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) titre of 1:640; a second titre 10 days later was 1:2,560. A feline calicivirus (FCV) titre was 1:320 and the initial clinical signs and laboratory findings were attributed to a coinfection with FPV and FCV. The cat was treated with interferon omega. A blood sample taken 10 days later revealed a severe thrombocytosis of 3,448 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L (reference range 200–500 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) confirmed by blood smear examination. The platelet count on day 35 was 4,990 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L. No bone marrow examination was carried out. Two differential diagnoses for an extreme thrombocytosis are a reactive thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia (ET). ET is a hemic neoplasia that causes a severe and persistent thrombocytosis, and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Reactive thrombocytosis is generally mild to moderate and of shorter duration than described here, but an excessive response could have been caused by infection. The influence of additional factors such as an initial thrombocytopenia, age and interferon treatment are not clear but can be speculated on. Although the exact pathophysiology in this case remains unclear, such high, persistent thrombocyte numbers have not been reported in cats in the absence of a neoplastic process.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Cat</kwd><kwd>Interleukin-6</kwd><kwd>Panleukopenia</kwd><kwd>Platelets</kwd><kwd>Reactive thrombocytosis</kwd><kwd>Thrombopoietin</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Case presentation</title><p>A 7-month-old, male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented to his veterinarian with a complaint of inappetence and a swaying gait. The cat was allowed to go outside and was unvaccinated. The cat shared a household with a female littermate that had received only the first part of the primary vaccination 3 months previously.</p><p>Upon examination, the cat was found to be pyrexic (temperature 41°C), and an examination of the oral cavity revealed an ulcerative gingivostomatitis. The gait abnormality was identified by the veterinarian as a hindlimb ataxia.</p><p>A blood sample was collected and sent to the InVitro Diagnostic Laboratory. Hematology was performed (CELL-DYN. 3500 with Veterinary Package Software, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) and revealed severe leukopenia (WBC 1.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, reference interval 6.0–15.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) with severe neutropenia (0.2 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, reference interval 3.6–10.5 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) and mild lymphopenia (0.7 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, reference interval 1.0–3.2 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L). The platelet count was 314 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L (reference interval 200–500 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L. Clinical chemistry analysis (Dade Behring Dimension RxL, Dade Behring, Marburg Germany) showed hyperproteinemia (85 g/L, reference interval 60–75 g/L) and hyperglobulinemia (54 g/L, reference interval 35–42 g/L).</p><p>An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (MegaScreen FLUO CPV, Megacor Diagnostik, Hörbranz, Austria) for feline parvovirus was performed and was positive at a titre of 1:640 (borderline titre 1:80). A tentative diagnosis of feline panleukopenia was made and treatment was started with interferon omega therapy (Virbagen® Omega, Virbac, Vienna, Austria).</p><p>The female littermate presented 5 days later with fever and oral ulceration, and had a feline parvovirus titre of 1:1280. She was also given interferon omega therapy.</p><p>Both cats improved clinically; although the hindlimb ataxia in the male cat improved, it did not resolve. A blood sample for routine hematology and biochemistry was taken from the male patient for monitoring purposes 10 days after the initial sample. A second feline parvovirus IFAT was positive at a titre of 1:2560, the fourfold increase in titre confirming the diagnosis of feline panleukopenia. A feline calicivirus (FCV) titre (MegaScreen FLUO FCV, Megacor Diagnostik, Hörbranz, Austria) was also performed at this time, and the positive result (titre 1:320, borderline titre 1:40) together with the oral ulceration seen in both cats supported a coinfection with FCV.</p><p>A third sample was analysed 35 days after initial sampling. The results of the samples from day 10 and day 35 are presented in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>.
<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Laboratory data day 10 and day 35 after initial sampling</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Analyte</th><th>Day 10</th><th>Day 35</th><th>Reference interval</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hematocrit</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.28–0.47</td></tr><tr><td>Red blood cell count (×10<sup>12</sup>/L)</td><td>6.8</td><td>8.5</td><td>5.5–10.0</td></tr><tr><td>Hemoglobin (g/L)</td><td>100</td><td>144</td><td>80–170</td></tr><tr><td>Mean cell volume (fL)</td><td>42</td><td>44</td><td>40–55</td></tr><tr><td>Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (g/L)</td><td><bold>350</bold></td><td><bold>380</bold></td><td>310–340</td></tr><tr><td>WBC (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>10.8</td><td><bold>17.6</bold></td><td>6.0–15.0</td></tr><tr><td>Band neutrophils (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0–0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Segmented neutrophils (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>7.6</td><td>9.5</td><td>3.6–10.5</td></tr><tr><td>Lymphocytes (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>2,2</td><td><bold>3.9</bold></td><td>1.0–3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Monocytes (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>0.8</td><td><bold>1.4</bold></td><td>0.0–0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Eosinophils (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>0.1</td><td><bold>2.5</bold></td><td>0.0–0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Basophils (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0–0.3</td></tr><tr><td>Platelets (×10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td><bold>3,448</bold></td><td><bold>4,990</bold></td><td>200–450</td></tr><tr><td>Total protein (g/L)</td><td>Not performed</td><td><bold>79</bold></td><td>60–75</td></tr><tr><td>Albumin (g/L)</td><td>Not performed</td><td>30</td><td>26–36</td></tr><tr><td>Globulin (g/L)</td><td>Not performed</td><td><bold>49</bold></td><td>35–42</td></tr><tr><td>Iron (μmol/L)</td><td>Not performed</td><td>1.8</td><td>1.8–3.2</td></tr><tr><td>FPV (IFAT)</td><td>1:2560</td><td>Not performed</td><td>Borderline titre 1:80</td></tr><tr><td>FCV (IFAT)</td><td>1:320</td><td>Not performed</td><td>Borderline titre 1:40</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>Tests for feline leukemia virus and feline corona virus performed on day 0 and for <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> and feline herpes virus performed on day 10 were negative.</p><p>A manual platelet estimation performed on a blood smear, using a method previously described by Tasker et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1999</xref>), supported the automated platelet count found on day 10.</p><p>The blood smear examined on day 10 is shown in Figs. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> and <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>.
<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Blood smear from the male cat showing a marked thrombocytosis. Modified Wright–Giemsa, ×40 objective</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="580_2010_1036_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Higher magnification of the blood smear. Some megaplatelets are present. Modified Wright–Giemsa, ×100 objective</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="580_2010_1036_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig></p><p>Platelets were distributed evenly throughout the smear and platelet clumping was minimal. Platelet size varied, with small numbers of platelets larger than erythrocytes present (megaplatelets). Many platelets showed partial activation according to a description by Harvey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2001</xref>). No abnormal forms or megakaryocytes were seen.</p><p>The automated platelet count measured by the Cell Dyn on day 35 was 2,390 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L. A manual platelet count using a Neubauer hemocytometer gave a result of 4,990 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L. A blood smear was also examined and findings were similar to that of day 10. As the original measured red cell count on day 35 was raised and the mean cell volume (MCV) decreased, it was assumed that the Cell Dyn had erroneously counted a large number of platelets as red blood cells, as has been previously reported (Green <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1999</xref>). Red blood cell parameters were accordingly corrected (corrected values are displayed in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>).</p><p>A bone marrow examination was suggested, but permission was not granted by the owner.</p><p>Blood samples from the female cat revealed no abnormalities apart from a mild thrombocytosis (700 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, Cell Dyn 3500), confirmed by a smear examination.</p><p>The male cat developed no further clinical signs. A fourth and final blood sample taken 4 months after initial presentation revealed a mild persistent thrombocytosis (714 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, Cell Dyn 3500, confirmed by a smear examination).</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The number of platelets in circulation in a healthy animal depends on negative and positive feedback mechanisms and on the rate of their production, consumption and destruction. Platelet production is regulated mainly by thrombopoietin (Tpo), which causes the lineage-specific differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into committed megakaryocytic progenitor cells, and the proliferation and further differentiation of megakaryoblasts to megakaryocytes (Dame and Sutor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2005</xref>). Tpo is produced primarily by hepatocytes but also by renal tubular cells and bone marrow stromal cells (Kaushansky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2005</xref>).</p><p>A negative feedback loop exists between the levels of Tpo and the number of platelets: circulating Tpo binds to and is taken up by platelets and destroyed. A greater mass of platelets will therefore result in lower levels of Tpo which in turn will result in decreased platelet production. In thrombocytopenic states, lower numbers of platelets mean less Tpo binding, uptake and destruction, leading to higher Tpo levels and thus increased thrombopoiesis (Kaushansky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2005</xref>). This process is illustrated in Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>.
<fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>The relationship between thrombopoietin and platelet production. High Tpo levels lead to an increase in platelet mass. A greater platelet mass results in more Tpo being removed from circulation by the platelets. The resulting decrease in Tpo levels leads to a decrease in platelet mass and consequently an increase in Tpo. In health, Tpo is produced at a constant rate by hepatocytes; cytokines especially IL-6 stimulate increased production of Tpo</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="580_2010_1036_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p><p>Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine released from monocytes and macrophages during inflammation, has been shown to induce the production of Tpo in hepatocytes (Kaser et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2001</xref>).</p><p>The two differential diagnoses that could be considered for an extreme thrombocytosis are essential thrombocythemia (ET) and a reactive thrombocytosis.</p><p>ET is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of the megakaryocytic system resulting in a marked and persistent thrombocytosis in the blood. ET has been reported in four dogs, one cat and suspected in a horse (Bass and Schultze <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1998</xref>; Dunn et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">1999</xref>; Hammer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">1990</xref>; Hopper et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1989</xref>; Sellon et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">1997</xref>). Platelet counts in the reports concerning dogs and the cat ranged from 925 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L to 4,950 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L and were accompanied by an anemia, either regenerative or nonregenerative. ET is a diagnosis of exclusion; in humans, a scheme of diagnostic criteria released by the Polycythemia Study Group is used (Mandell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2000</xref>). These criteria include a platelet count of greater than 600 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, a hematocrit less than 0.4 (i.e. anemia), stainable bone marrow iron/normal serum ferritin, no or minimal bone marrow fibrosis, no evidence for a myelodysplastic syndrome or cause for reactive thrombocytosis.</p><p>A bone marrow sample could unfortunately not be obtained, and feline serum ferritin measurements are not available in Europe so the iron status of the cat could not be fully ascertained. Serum iron levels measured on day 35 were low normal. Iron deficiency has been associated with reactive thrombocytosis in humans; the pathogenesis is unclear (Dan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">2005</xref>).</p><p>As a clear temporal relationship between the viral infections and the thrombocytosis existed, a diagnosis of reactive thrombocytosis was made. The age of the animal, absence of abnormal platelets on the blood smear and continuing survival of the cat without the development of any additional clinical signs further support the unlikelihood of ET in this case.</p><p>Various inflammatory conditions can result in a reactive thrombocytosis. A number of cytokines are released from monocytes and macrophages during inflammation, including IL-6. IL-6 has been shown to induce the production of Tpo by hepatocytes (Kaser et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2001</xref>). This leads to an increase in the thrombocyte count due to the effect of increased levels of Tpo on platelet production. In humans, IL-6 levels have been shown to be raised in patients with reactive thrombocytosis (Dan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">2005</xref>; Schafer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2004</xref>).</p><p>Reactive thrombocytosis has been described in cats, dogs, horses and other animal species, and two retrospective studies have been published concerning reactive thrombocytosis in cats (Hammer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1991</xref>; Rizzo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2007</xref>). In the earlier study by Hammer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1991</xref>), in which results from 17 cats were examined, the most common causes overall were found to be neoplastic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, urinary and hematological disorders. In the more recent study by Rizzo et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2007</xref>) of thrombocytosis in 51 cats, it was found that reactive thrombocytosis occurred most commonly secondary to gastrointestinal, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, hematological and musculoskeletal diseases. None of the diagnoses specifically mentioned feline parvovirus; however, there was a case of calicivirus in the latter study. Reactive thrombocytosis has also been reported in neoplasia and due to corticosteroid and antineoplastic drug use (Jain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1993</xref>).</p><p>In the study involving 17 cats, the mean platelet count was 767 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L and two cats had platelet counts above 1,000 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L (Hammer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1991</xref>). The maximum platelet count found in these cats is not mentioned. Viral enteritis is recorded as a cause for a platelet count of greater than 1,000 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L in this study; however, whether this was a dog or cat is not clear.</p><p>In the second study concerning 51 cats, the median platelet count was 801 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L with a maximum count of 1,895 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L (Rizzo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2007</xref>). In this more recent study, the platelet count is reported only once for each patient and no information regarding duration of the abnormality was gathered. No reports of platelet counts in a cat as high as those recorded in the case here could be found. In humans, the majority of platelet counts in patients with reactive thrombocytosis are below 1,000 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, but counts higher than this have been reported (Buss et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1994</xref>).</p><p>In the earlier study, the mean age of cats with thrombocytosis was 8.3 years old and there was no statistical difference in platelet numbers between age groups. In the more recent study, however, 25.4% of the cases were younger than 1 year old, but an association between young age and thrombocytosis was not confirmed. In humans, reactive thrombocytosis shows an age-dependant pattern with the highest incidence occurring in children under 2 years of age (Dame and Sutor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2005</xref>). Suggested causes include increased expression of Tpo in the bone marrow and increased sensitivity of progenitor cells to Tpo.</p><p>The reasons for the extremely high platelet counts found in this cat can only be speculated on and several factors may be involved. It is highly likely that an unusually high level of Tpo was the primary stimulus for increased platelet production. Figure <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref> illustrates how these factors may have caused an increase in Tpo and thus platelet numbers.
<fig id="Fig4"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>Possible mechanisms contributing to the increase in platelet numbers in this cat. A transient thrombocytopenia resulting from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection and interferon omega treatment leads to an increase in Tpo due to its decreased removal from circulation by the decreased platelet mass. IL-6 production caused by inflammation relating to FPV and FCV further increases Tpo levels which in turn leads to a large increase in platelet mass. A possible age-related sensitivity to Tpo may contribute to the extreme increase in platelets</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="580_2010_1036_Fig4_HTML" id="MO4"></graphic></fig></p><p>As well as the typical panleukopenia, which occurs 4–6 days post infection, feline parvovirus infection can also cause a thrombocytopenia (Jain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1993</xref>). This cat was treated with interferon omega, which has been described as causing a mild and transient thrombocytopenia in clinical trials in cats (Information from European Medicines Agency Virbagen Omega Scientific Discussion <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">2009</xref>). The life span of platelets is 5–10 days and thus a decrease in platelet count to below normal levels would take longer to occur than neutropenia after a bone marrow insult (Stockham and Scott <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">2008</xref>). It is possible that a transient thrombocytopenia was present after day 0 but before day 10 as a result of the parvovirus and/or interferon omega, but as no blood sample was taken during this time, this cannot be proven. Theoretically decreased platelet numbers would have resulted in an increase in Tpo levels as explained in Figs. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref> and <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref> and a rebound thrombocytosis. Platelet numbers can increase rapidly—in a study concerning rats with induced thrombocytopenia, maximum rebound thrombocytosis (platelet count 1,720 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) occurred 4–5 days after the lowest platelet count (101 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) was recorded (Kimura et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1985</xref>). Data from a splenectomized dog with a normal platelet count (377 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L) pre-splenectomy and a platelet count of 1,197 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L 1 day and 1,395 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L 5 days post-splenectomy indicate that platelet numbers can increase greatly in a very short time and that an increase from a theoretical thrombocytopenia in the first few days following day 0 to a platelet count of 3,448 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L on day 10 is plausible (Jain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1993</xref>). However, it is probably unlikely that a thrombocytopenia alone would result in such high platelet numbers.</p><p>An inflammatory process was present in this case, which would have lead to increased production and release of IL-6 which in turn leads to increased Tpo production. Whether particularly high IL-6 levels are related to feline parvovirus or calicivirus infection is not known. The nonstructural protein (NS1) of human parvovirus B19 has been shown to directly cause increased expression and secretion of IL-6 (Hsu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2006</xref>; Mitchell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2002</xref>). Unfortunately, no assays for feline Tpo or IL-6 are commercially available, and although measurement of these substances may have been interesting, lack of reference data would make interpretation difficult.</p><p>Thus, high levels of thrombopoietin due to increased production related to raised IL-6 and decreased consumption as a result of a transient thrombocytopenia, as well as an age-related sensitivity to Tpo, may have caused the unusually extreme reactive thrombocytosis seen here. Interestingly, the blood samples of the littermate of this patient that displayed similar clinical signs and received the same treatment displayed only a mild thrombocytosis (700 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, Cell Dyn 3500, confirmed on blood smear) on hematological examination. 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